Accessory Accessory OrgansOrgans

Accessory Accessory OrgansOrgansNot part of the Not part of the digestive tractdigestive tract

BUT they are BUT they are necessary.necessary.

LIVERLIVER

First organ to receive First organ to receive blood after digestion.blood after digestion.

LIVERLIVER

FunctionsFunctions: (6): (6)1. Produces and 1. Produces and secretes bile (Stored in secretes bile (Stored in the gall bladder)the gall bladder)

LIVERLIVER

2. Breakdown 2. Breakdown blood cells and blood cells and hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

LIVERLIVER

3. Produces uria from 3. Produces uria from nitrogen breakdown.nitrogen breakdown.

LIVERLIVER

4. Makes many 4. Makes many proteins and proteins and enzymes.enzymes.

LIVERLIVER

5. Removes poison 5. Removes poison from blood. from blood. (Filtering system).(Filtering system).

LIVERLIVER

6. Glucose 6. Glucose homeostasis – homeostasis – maintaining blood maintaining blood sugar level. sugar level.

DISORDERSDISORDERS

JaundiceJaundice: Yellow skin: Yellow skinYellow eyesYellow eyesCuticles are yellowCuticles are yellowLiver isn’t functioningLiver isn’t functioning

Bilirubin is a byproduct of the normal Bilirubin is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells. The liver breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin so that it can be processes bilirubin so that it can be excreted by the body as waste. At birth, a excreted by the body as waste. At birth, a baby's liver is still developing its ability to baby's liver is still developing its ability to process bilirubin. Therefore, bilirubin process bilirubin. Therefore, bilirubin levels are a little high at birth and levels are a little high at birth and jaundice is present to some degree in jaundice is present to some degree in almost all newborns. This form of almost all newborns. This form of jaundice usually appears between day 2 jaundice usually appears between day 2 and 5 and clears by 2 weeks. It usually and 5 and clears by 2 weeks. It usually causes no problems.causes no problems.

PHOTOTHERAPYPHOTOTHERAPY

DISORDERSDISORDERS

GallstonesGallstones: Small : Small deposits of fat deposits of fat

Hard, not a problem Hard, not a problem until duct is blockeduntil duct is blocked

Bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile Bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile salts, proteins, and bilirubin. Bile salts salts, proteins, and bilirubin. Bile salts break up fat, and bilirubin gives bile and break up fat, and bilirubin gives bile and stool a yellowish color. If the liquid bile stool a yellowish color. If the liquid bile contains too much cholesterol, bile salts, contains too much cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin, under certain conditions it or bilirubin, under certain conditions it can harden into stones.can harden into stones.

Can your diet influence gallstones?Can your diet influence gallstones?

YESYES

Other causes:Other causes: Obesity, estrogen, ethnicity, gender, Obesity, estrogen, ethnicity, gender,

age, diabetes, fasting, rapid weight age, diabetes, fasting, rapid weight loss… All of which increase loss… All of which increase cholesterol levels in bile. cholesterol levels in bile.

DisordersDisordersHepatitisHepatitis: Inflammation : Inflammation of liver caused by of liver caused by viruses and/or bacteria. viruses and/or bacteria. Six recognized types (A, Six recognized types (A, B, C, D, E, G.B, C, D, E, G.

Hepatitis A: transmitted by Hepatitis A: transmitted by contaminated food/watercontaminated food/water

Hepatitis B: transmitted by blood, Hepatitis B: transmitted by blood, needles, sexual relations (body needles, sexual relations (body fluids)fluids)

Hepatitis C: (cause found in 1989) Hepatitis C: (cause found in 1989) Blood, Sexually transmitted, when Blood, Sexually transmitted, when chronic very dangerous.chronic very dangerous.

Hepatitis BHepatitis B

Hepatitis BHepatitis BThis woman is not pregnant.  This woman is not pregnant. 

She has hepatitis B and is She has hepatitis B and is suffering from liver cancer.  suffering from liver cancer.  Photo taken in a Thailand Photo taken in a Thailand refugee camp.  This woman refugee camp.  This woman was a Cambodian refugee.  was a Cambodian refugee.  She died four months after She died four months after she arrived in the camp she arrived in the camp (average life expectancy (average life expectancy after diagnosis of liver after diagnosis of liver cancer is four months.) cancer is four months.)

DisordersDisorders

CirrhosisCirrhosis: Tissue in : Tissue in the liver is replaced the liver is replaced with fat or scar tissue with fat or scar tissue caused by alcohol.caused by alcohol.

Clubbing Clubbing results from chronic low blood-results from chronic low blood-oxygen levels. The tips of the fingers enlarge oxygen levels. The tips of the fingers enlarge and the nails become extremely curved from and the nails become extremely curved from front to back.front to back.