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Academic Libraries: 2008 First Look

DECEMBER 2009

Tai Phan National Center for Education Statistics

Laura Hardesty Cindy Sheckells Governments Division U.S. Census Bureau

Denise Davis Office for Research & Statistics American Libraries Association NCES 2010-348 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

U.S. Department of Education Arne Duncan Secretary Institute of Education Sciences John Q. Easton Director National Center for Education Statistics Stuart Kerachsky Acting Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries.

NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you.

Please direct your comments to

National Center for Education Statistics Institute of Education Sciences U. S. Department of Education 1990 K Street NW Washington, DC 20006-5651 December 2009 The NCES World Wide Web Home Page is: http://nces.ed.gov/ The NCES World Wide Web Electronic Catalog is: http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch. This publication is only available online. To download, view and print as a PDF file, go to NCES World Wide Web Electronic Catalog address shown above. Suggested Citation Phan, T., Hardesty, L., Sheckells, C., and Davis, D. (2009). Academic Libraries: 2008 (NCES 2010–348). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Content Contact: Tai Phan (202) 502-7431 [email protected]

http://nces.ed.gov/

http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch

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Acknowledgments This publication and the collection of academic library data have been a collaborative effort. First, we would like to thank the academic librarians who provided the information upon which the report is based and the library representatives from each state who assisted in this data collection. The American Library Association (ALA) Office for Research and Statistics and the Academic Libraries Survey Technical Working Group were instrumental in designing the survey. Members of the Academic Libraries Survey Technical Working Group during the time of the study were as follows: C. Colleen Cook, Texas A&M University Libraries; Terri Fishel, Macalester College Library; Martha Kyrillidou, Association of Research Libraries; William Miller and Rita Pellen, Florida Atlantic University Libraries; Patricia Profeta, Indian River State College Library; Mary Jane Petrowski, ALA Association of College and Research Libraries.

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Contents

Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................v Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 Selected Findings.............................................................................................................................2 Tables...............................................................................................................................................3 References......................................................................................................................................17 Appendix A: Technical Notes........................................................................................................19 Appendix B: Glossary................................................................................................................... 31 Appendix C: Survey Questionnaire and Instructions ....................................................................33

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List of Tables Table Page 1. Total circulation, interlibrary loan transactions, and documents received from

commercial services at academic libraries, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008 ......................................................................4

2. Number of academic libraries, by public service hours per typical week, control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fall 2008 .........................................5 3. Gate count, reference transactions per typical week in academic libraries, and total information service to groups, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: 2008...............................................................................................................6 4. Number of academic libraries, by volumes held at end of Fiscal year, control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008........................................7 5. Number of volumes, units, and subscriptions held at the end of the Fiscal year at academic libraries, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008 ...................................................................................................................8 6. Number of volumes, units, and subscriptions added during the Fiscal year at academic libraries, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008 ...................................................................................................................9 7. Number and percentage distribution of different types of full-time equivalent (FTE) staff at academic libraries across institutional characteristics, and number and percentage distribution of FTE across staff types within institutional characteristics, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fall 2008.....................10 8. Number of academic libraries, by total academic library expenditures, control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008............................11 9. Expenditures on different functions at academic libraries and salaries and wages as a

percentage of total expenditures, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008...............................................................................................12

10. Expenditures for different types of information resources at academic libraries, by

control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008...............13 11. Operating expenditures for equipment and other selected expenditures at academic

libraries, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008 .................................................................................................................14

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Table Page 12. Percentage of academic libraries with selected electronic services, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fall 2008.................................................15 13. Percentage of academic libraries reporting information literacy activities, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: 2008 ............................16 A-1. Number and percentage of responding academic libraries, by level, control of institution, and item: Fiscal year 2008 .............................................................24 A-2. Number and percentage of non-responding academic libraries, by level, control of

institution, and state: Fiscal year 2008 ..............................................................................27 A-3. Total number of academic libraries, by level, control of institution, and state: Fiscal year 2008 .................................................................................................................29

Introduction This report presents tabulations for the 2008 Academic Libraries Survey (ALS) conducted by the United States Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), within the Institute of Education Sciences. An academic library is defined as an entity in a postsecondary institution that provides all of the following: an organized collection of printed or other materials, or a combination thereof; a staff trained to provide and interpret such materials as required to meet the informational, cultural, recreational, or educational needs of the clientele; an established schedule in which services of the staff are available to the clientele; and the physical facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule. This definition includes libraries that are part of learning resource centers. Branch and independent libraries are defined as auxiliary library service outlets with quarters separate from the central library that houses the basic collection. The central library administers the branches. In ALS, libraries on branch campuses that have separate NCES identification numbers are reported as separate libraries. When academic libraries are referred to in this report, they will always be entities that are informational resources within degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the United States, including institutions that are eligible for Title IV aid and branch campuses of Title IV-eligible institutions. NCES has conducted the Academic Libraries Survey since 1966 at various intervals. Beginning with the 1988 survey though, the Academic Libraries Survey has been conducted on a 2-year cycle. The survey focuses on library services, collections, library staff, expenditures, electronic services, and information literacy. Only selected findings are presented because the purpose of this report is to introduce new data through the presentation of tables containing descriptive information. These findings have been chosen to demonstrate the range of information available when using the ALS rather than to discuss all of the observed differences, and they are not meant to emphasize any particular issue. Three appendixes follow this report. Appendix A contains technical notes, survey methodology, methodological tables. Appendix B contains the glossary. Appendix C contains the survey questionnaire and instructions.

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Selected Findings Services • During Fiscal year (FY) 2008, there were about 138.1 million circulation transactions from

academic libraries’ general collection (table 1). • Academic libraries loaned some 11.1 million documents to other libraries in FY 2008 (table 1).

Academic libraries also borrowed approximately 10.7 million documents from other libraries and commercial services. Documents from commercial services accounted for about 936,000 of those documents borrowed.

• The majority of academic libraries, 2,530, were open between 60-99 hours during a typical week in FY 2008 (derived from table 2). Another 683 academic libraries were open between 40-59 hours per typical week, and 532 were open more than 100 hours per typical week.

• During a typical week in the fall of 2008, approximately 1.1 million academic library reference transactions were conducted, including computer searches (table 3).

Collections • At the end of FY 2008, there were 226 academic libraries that held 1 million or more books,

serial backfiles, and other paper materials including government documents (table 4). • Academic libraries held approximately 102.5 million e-books and about 3.6 million electronic

reference sources and aggregation services at the end of FY 2008 (table 5). • In FY 2008, academic libraries added approximately 24.0 million books, serial backfiles, and

other paper materials, including government documents (table 6). Staff • Academic libraries reported 93,438 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff working in academic

libraries during the fall of 2008 (table 7). • Academic libraries reported 27,030 FTE librarians during the fall of 2008 (table 7). Librarians

accounted for about 29 percent of the total number of FTE staff in academic libraries during the fall of 2008.

Expenditures • Academic libraries’ expenditures totaled approximately $6.8 billion during FY 2008 (table 8). • During FY 2008, academic libraries spent about $3.3 billion on salaries and wages, representing

approximately 49 percent of total library expenditures (table 9). • Academic libraries spent about $2.7 billion on information resources during FY 2008 (table 9). • Academic libraries spent approximately $133.6 million for electronic books, serial backfiles, and

other materials in FY 2008 (table 10). Expenditures for electronic current serial subscriptions were about $1.0 billion.

• During FY 2008, academic libraries spent approximately $113.4 million for bibliographic utilities, networks, and consortia (table 11).

Electronic Services • In Fall 2008, some 72 percent of academic libraries provided library reference service by e-mail or

the Web (table 12). • Nearly half (49 percent) reported providing technology to assist patrons with disabilities in Fall 2008

(table 12). Information Literacy • During FY 2008, some 46 percent of academic libraries reported that their postsecondary institution

defined information literacy or the information literate student (table 13). • During FY 2008, about 33 percent of academic libraries reported that their postsecondary institution

had incorporated information literacy into its mission (table 13).

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Tables

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Table 1. Total circulation, interlibrary loan transactions, and documents received from commercial services at academic libraries, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification Table 1. of institution: Fiscal year 2008

Totalnumber of General Reserve Non- Non- From commercial

Institutional characteristic libraries collection collection Total Returnable returnable1 Total Returnable returnable services2

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 138,102,762 40,663,408 11,095,168 6,722,510 4,372,658 10,695,342 5,535,056 4,224,658 935,628

Control Public 1,576 88,140,474 27,745,430 6,969,185 4,055,965 2,913,220 6,386,661 3,212,660 2,609,690 564,311 Private 2,251 49,962,288 12,917,978 4,125,983 2,666,545 1,459,438 4,308,681 2,322,396 1,614,968 371,317

Level3

Total 4-year and above 2,393 120,659,016 34,858,810 10,224,099 5,906,554 4,317,545 9,590,300 4,983,340 4,145,816 461,144 Doctor’s 721 88,575,059 24,553,121 7,672,219 4,126,298 3,545,921 6,948,306 3,479,113 3,116,616 352,577 Master’s 911 21,614,197 6,788,944 1,833,711 1,249,443 584,268 1,920,870 1,051,301 773,188 96,381 Bachelor’s 730 10,167,574 3,333,073 646,045 477,095 168,950 696,503 433,742 250,931 11,830 Less than 4-year 1,434 17,443,746 5,804,598 871,069 815,956 55,113 1,105,042 551,716 78,842 474,484

Size (FTE enrollment)4

Less than 1,000 1,455 7,254,621 1,309,653 478,677 319,192 159,485 433,184 234,577 164,209 34,398 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 19,700,007 6,072,357 1,733,162 1,186,090 547,072 2,075,379 1,024,631 629,254 421,494 3,000 to 4,999 475 11,348,108 3,802,823 1,004,578 737,372 267,206 1,250,549 570,980 345,551 334,018 5,000 to 9,999 405 17,603,179 7,147,469 1,606,989 1,011,634 595,355 1,466,773 805,270 638,360 23,143 10,000 to 19,999 238 30,324,749 10,941,609 2,366,472 1,370,518 995,954 2,271,595 1,197,314 1,014,968 59,313 20,000 or more 118 51,872,098 11,389,497 3,905,290 2,097,704 1,807,586 3,197,862 1,702,284 1,432,316 63,262

Carnegie classification3

Doctoral/Research 275 73,067,019 19,929,179 6,193,270 3,333,160 2,860,110 5,478,954 2,836,010 2,391,647 251,297 Master's I and II 603 23,803,770 7,856,874 2,055,420 1,279,380 776,040 2,249,835 1,077,664 1,019,840 152,331 Baccalaureate 557 13,877,587 4,774,230 1,300,092 988,402 311,690 1,338,889 871,651 444,607 22,631 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 951,931 270,388 50,998 45,988 5,010 46,598 35,222 11,356 20 Associates 1,474 18,788,529 6,056,288 905,467 842,863 62,604 1,128,355 564,219 82,151 481,985 Specialized 645 7,337,352 1,712,195 579,703 227,666 352,037 435,868 142,510 266,072 27,286 Not classified 177 276,574 64,254 10,218 5,051 5,167 16,843 7,780 8,985 78

4 Full-time equivalent (FTE) enrollment is calculated by adding one-third of part-time enrollment to full-time enrollment.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Academic Libraries Survey (ALS), 2008.

NOTE: The number of doctoral, master's, and bachelor's level institutions does not sum to the total number of 4-year and above institutions because there are 4-year and above institutions that grant "other" degrees and are thus not included in the breakdown.

Loans provided to other librariesCirculation

Loans and documents received Interlibrary loan transactions and documents received from commercial services

2"Documents delivered from commercial services" refers to all documents from commercial document delivery services received by the library’s users. This includes all transactions that the library pays for, even if library staff is not involved in the transaction.3 While "level" and "Carnegie classification" are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. "Level" refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the institution. The "Carnegie classification" is based on criteria such as institutional mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie classification was developed by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 2005 Edition.

1"Non-returnables" refers to materials that the supplier/lending library does not expect to have returned. Examples of non-returnables include photocopies or facsimiles, fiche-to-fiche copies, print copies from microfilm, electronic full-text documents, and gratis print copies of unpublished reports and/or departmental working papers.

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Totalnumber of Less

Institutional characteristic libraries than 20 20 - 39 40 - 59 60 - 79 80 - 99 100 - 119 120 - 167 1681

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 20 62 683 1,577 953 410 89 33

Control Public 1,576 1 4 255 754 357 144 48 13 Private 2,251 19 58 428 823 596 266 41 20

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,393 5 27 217 747 880 403 82 32 Doctor’s 721 0 5 36 125 265 207 68 15 Master’s 911 3 6 66 249 446 123 7 11 Bachelor’s 730 2 16 110 369 159 62 6 6 Less than 4-year 1,434 15 35 466 830 73 7 7 1


Less than 1,000 1,455 20 53 467 681 180 42 5 7 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 0 8 158 446 376 127 15 6 3,000 to 4,999 475 0 0 30 221 161 57 4 2 5,000 to 9,999 405 0 0 22 148 153 66 13 3 10,000 to 19,999 238 0 1 5 71 60 73 22 6 20,000 or more 118 0 0 1 10 23 45 30 9


Doctoral/Research 275 0 1 3 8 80 115 56 12 Master's I and II 603 0 1 7 88 371 119 9 8 Baccalaureate 557 0 3 16 145 269 111 7 6 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 0 1 22 52 17 1 3 0 Associates 1,474 12 28 433 901 83 9 6 2 Specialized 645 2 20 122 316 120 54 6 5 Not classified 177 6 8 80 67 13 1 2 01 These libraries are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.



Table 2. Number of academic libraries, by public service hours per typical week, control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fall 2008

Public service hours per typical week

2 While "level" and "Carnegie classification" are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. "Level" refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the institution. The "Carnegie classification" is based on criteria such as institutional mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie classification was developed by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 2005 Edition .


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Table 3. Gate count, reference transactions per typical week at academic libraries, and total information service to groups, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classificationTable 3. of institution: 2008

Total Information service to groups, Fiscal year 2008number of Reference transactions, Total number of Total number

Institutional characteristic libraries Gate count1 including computer searches presentations served

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 20,274,423 1,079,770 498,337 8,967,559

Control Public 1,576 13,238,737 727,046 323,006 6,153,856 Private 2,251 7,035,686 352,724 175,331 2,813,703

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,393 15,661,190 708,135 356,293 6,254,102 Doctor’s 721 9,640,623 426,522 218,079 3,795,776 Master’s 911 4,285,287 169,007 88,752 1,624,958 Bachelor’s 730 1,626,198 106,676 47,366 798,877 Less than 4-year 1,434 4,613,233 371,635 142,044 2,713,457


Less than 1,000 1,455 1,218,368 130,657 39,098 608,461 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 3,714,979 194,543 94,862 1,564,532 3,000 to 4,999 475 2,591,602 128,749 65,993 1,207,170 5,000 to 9,999 405 3,621,103 172,090 92,724 1,669,575 10,000 to 19,999 238 4,328,134 226,436 100,209 1,834,200 20,000 or more 118 4,800,237 227,295 105,451 2,083,621


Doctoral/Research 275 7,159,593 292,535 156,696 2,787,418 Master's I and II 603 4,533,195 209,969 105,527 1,906,206 Baccalaureate 557 2,360,543 74,027 41,034 677,525 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 250,583 16,196 8,158 146,231 Associates 1,474 4,890,329 401,013 155,103 2,941,041 Specialized 645 1,003,464 75,747 27,484 440,453 Not classified 177 76,716 10,283 4,335 68,685



During typical week in Fall 2008



1"Gate count" is the number of persons who physically enter library facilities over the course of a typical week. A single person can be counted more than once.

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Table 4. Number of academic libraries, by volumes held at end of Fiscal year, control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008

Volumes Number of books, serial backfiles, and other paper materials, including government documentsheld at Less than 5,000 to 10,000 to 20,000 to 30,000 to 50,000 to 100,000 to 250,000 to 500,000 to 1,000,000

Institutional characteristic end of year Total 5,000 9,999 19,999 29,999 49,999 99,999 249,999 499,999 999,999 or more

All U.S. academic libraries 1,052,531,290 3,827 657 191 238 213 466 665 709 280 182 226

Control Public 634,628,677 1,576 33 49 94 124 267 377 217 141 115 159 Private 417,902,613 2,251 624 142 144 89 199 288 492 139 67 67

Level1

Total 4-year and above 995,603,669 2,393 251 110 116 87 205 341 604 274 179 226 Doctor’s 745,363,343 721 22 10 14 15 45 62 156 101 85 211 Master’s 178,895,540 911 55 37 39 24 63 150 329 133 70 11 Bachelor’s 68,168,300 730 174 61 58 46 92 124 111 36 24 4 Less than 4-year 56,927,621 1,434 406 81 122 126 261 324 105 6 3 0


Less than 1,000 60,279,904 1,455 564 122 143 87 186 185 143 22 1 2 1,000 to 2,999 138,826,826 1,136 77 53 74 98 176 219 317 80 36 6 3,000 to 4,999 75,234,526 475 6 12 17 28 72 129 114 71 23 3 5,000 to 9,999 156,441,807 405 4 2 4 0 29 101 76 89 71 29 10,000 to 19,999 249,255,851 238 4 1 0 0 3 30 52 14 45 89 20,000 or more 372,492,376 118 2 1 0 0 0 1 7 4 6 97


Doctoral/Research 623,013,219 275 5 0 1 3 2 4 15 23 33 189 Master's I and II 200,182,855 603 8 7 0 6 14 68 224 150 99 27 Baccalaureate 115,061,778 557 7 4 15 11 26 133 245 64 43 9 Baccalaureate/Associates 4,298,097 96 22 21 6 8 9 21 8 0 1 0 Associates 60,802,800 1,474 387 98 120 129 275 340 113 9 3 0 Specialized 47,246,280 645 95 46 86 52 135 94 99 34 3 1 Not classified 1,926,261 177 133 15 10 4 5 5 5 0 0 0





Number of libraries

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Table 5. of institution: Fiscal year 2008Table 5. Number of volumes, units, and subscriptions held at the end of the Fiscal year at academic libraries, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification

Books, serial backfiles,Total and other paper Audiovisual Electronic reference

number of materials, including Microform Current serial materials sources and Institutional characteristic libraries government documents E-books units subscriptions units aggregation services1

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 1,052,531,290 102,502,182 1,157,364,947 25,342,205 110,092,234 3,569,348

Control Public 1,576 634,628,677 55,679,674 789,995,608 13,708,953 76,234,370 1,843,054 Private 2,251 417,902,613 46,822,508 367,369,339 11,633,252 33,857,864 1,726,294

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,393 995,603,669 87,538,635 1,131,982,277 23,669,528 105,356,658 3,215,521 Doctor’s 721 745,363,343 56,039,252 859,056,049 15,228,254 89,679,424 1,646,622 Master’s 911 178,895,540 17,594,748 233,684,587 5,783,511 11,703,946 1,015,628 Bachelor’s 730 68,168,300 13,700,676 28,940,791 2,502,846 3,901,858 548,229 Less than 4-year 1,434 56,927,621 14,963,547 25,382,670 1,672,677 4,735,576 353,827


Less than 1,000 1,455 60,279,904 10,345,875 29,379,158 2,082,316 3,965,256 879,339 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 138,826,826 22,950,420 105,514,213 5,199,958 9,253,677 775,836 3,000 to 4,999 475 75,234,526 9,400,889 84,308,569 2,322,184 4,808,459 279,395 5,000 to 9,999 405 156,441,807 12,826,118 207,402,717 4,705,241 8,210,159 503,846 10,000 to 19,999 238 249,255,851 20,137,841 290,672,409 5,547,907 26,077,552 678,664 20,000 or more 118 372,492,376 26,841,039 440,087,881 5,484,599 57,777,131 452,268


Doctoral/Research 275 623,013,219 46,340,847 721,532,418 11,369,376 84,037,171 1,099,341 Master's I and II 603 200,182,855 16,612,056 310,677,542 6,478,553 9,184,590 929,094 Baccalaureate 557 115,061,778 16,441,390 69,615,341 3,462,009 5,981,484 581,095 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 4,298,097 1,300,641 2,158,114 330,369 389,977 34,929 Associates 1,474 60,802,800 16,975,721 26,543,089 1,843,909 5,044,979 338,606 Specialized 645 47,246,280 4,256,365 26,551,477 1,653,077 5,382,445 347,744 Not classified 177 1,926,261 575,162 286,966 204,912 71,588 238,539





1"Electronic reference sources, and aggregation services" include citation indexes and abstracts; full-text reference sources (e.g., encyclopedias, almanacs, biographical and statistical sources and other quick fact-finding sources); full-text journal and periodical article collection services (e.g., EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Academic Universe, and INFOTRAC OneFile); dissertation and conference proceedings databases. Licensed electronic resources also include those databases that institutions mount locally.

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Table 6. Number of volumes, units, and subscriptions added during the Fiscal year at academic libraries, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008

Books, serial backfiles,Total and other paper Audiovisual Electronic reference

number of materials, including Microform Current serial materials sources and Institutional characteristic libraries government documents E-books units subscriptions units aggregation services1

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 23,990,187 20,021,312 6,997,677 3,462,722 3,399,654 610,916

Control Public 1,576 14,355,746 11,692,097 4,523,843 2,006,276 1,880,932 296,021 Private 2,251 9,634,441 8,329,215 2,473,834 1,456,446 1,518,722 314,895

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,393 21,702,698 17,434,555 6,782,827 3,276,163 3,063,353 564,418 Doctor’s 721 15,946,933 11,351,359 5,297,377 2,247,726 2,377,869 221,191 Master’s 911 4,012,279 3,481,727 949,507 650,572 449,789 206,786 Bachelor’s 730 1,656,709 2,564,416 423,722 368,791 232,000 134,006 Less than 4-year 1,434 2,287,489 2,586,757 214,850 186,559 336,301 46,498


Less than 1,000 1,455 1,872,908 1,604,409 307,778 228,612 186,467 173,585 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 3,425,661 3,793,855 799,762 727,114 427,077 155,097 3,000 to 4,999 475 1,759,127 1,663,576 442,159 274,589 230,997 46,178 5,000 to 9,999 405 3,116,449 2,193,908 768,321 559,450 358,331 64,418 10,000 to 19,999 238 5,332,088 4,663,669 1,487,104 732,120 622,251 139,248 20,000 or more 118 8,483,954 6,101,895 3,192,553 940,837 1,574,531 32,390


Doctoral/Research 275 13,280,021 9,466,385 4,375,500 1,765,799 2,148,730 176,059 Master's I and II 603 3,996,717 3,575,885 1,419,404 715,185 373,509 126,930 Baccalaureate 557 2,501,524 2,912,190 649,010 489,118 256,402 121,294 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 140,864 302,104 28,705 24,560 17,489 3,567 Associates 1,474 2,465,825 2,869,892 226,438 195,494 365,166 43,495 Specialized 645 1,460,130 845,622 293,437 253,082 228,293 117,853 Not classified 177 145,106 49,234 5,183 19,484 10,065 21,718





1"Electronic reference sources, and aggregation services" include citation indexes and abstracts; full-text reference sources (e.g., encyclopedias, almanacs, biographical and statistical sources and other quick fact-finding sources); full-text journal and periodical article collection services (e.g., EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Academic Universe, and INFOTRAC OneFile); dissertation and conference proceedings databases. Licensed electronic resources also include those databases that institutions mount locally.

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Table 7. Number and percentage distribution of different types of full-time equivalent (FTE) staff at academic libraries across institutional characteristics, and number and Table 7. percentage distribution of FTE across staff types within institutional characteristics, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fall 2008

Total Total Other Studentnumber of FTE paid staff assistants

Institutional characteristic libraries staff 1 Percent FTE Percent FTE Percent FTE Percent FTE Percent FTE Percent

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 93,438 100.0 34,520 36.9 27,030 28.9 7,491 8.0 34,808 37.3 24,110 25.8

Control Public 1,576 56,019 60.0 20,021 21.4 15,666 16.8 4,355 4.7 22,425 24.0 13,572 14.5 Private 2,251 37,419 40.0 14,500 15.5 11,364 12.2 3,136 3.4 12,382 13.3 10,537 11.3

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,393 80,431 86.1 29,230 31.3 22,797 24.4 6,433 6.9 29,886 32.0 21,315 22.8 Doctor’s 721 56,617 60.6 20,330 21.8 15,367 16.4 4,964 5.3 22,465 24.0 13,822 14.8 Master’s 911 16,716 17.9 6,128 6.6 5,143 5.5 984 1.1 5,430 5.8 5,158 5.5 Bachelor’s 730 6,572 7.0 2,550 2.7 2,093 2.2 456 0.5 1,823 2.0 2,200 2.4 Less than 4-year 1,434 13,007 13.9 5,290 5.7 4,233 4.5 1,058 1.1 4,922 5.3 2,794 3.0


Less than 1,000 1,455 6,692 7.2 2,971 3.2 2,331 2.5 640 0.7 1,488 1.6 2,232 2.4 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 14,630 15.7 5,552 5.9 4,534 4.9 1,018 1.1 4,509 4.8 4,569 4.9 3,000 to 4,999 475 9,298 10.0 3,625 3.9 2,955 3.2 670 0.7 3,259 3.5 2,414 2.6 5,000 to 9,999 405 14,665 15.7 5,419 5.8 4,443 4.8 976 1.0 5,636 6.0 3,610 3.9 10,000 to 19,999 238 20,625 22.1 7,127 7.6 5,541 5.9 1,586 1.7 8,660 9.3 4,838 5.2 20,000 or more 118 27,528 29.5 9,827 10.5 7,226 7.7 2,601 2.8 11,255 12.0 6,446 6.9


Doctoral/Research 275 44,539 47.7 15,868 17.0 11,736 12.6 4,132 4.4 18,309 19.6 10,362 11.1 Master's I and II 603 19,043 20.4 6,797 7.3 5,695 6.1 1,103 1.2 6,631 7.1 5,614 6.0 Baccalaureate 557 9,112 9.8 3,256 3.5 2,717 2.9 540 0.6 2,654 2.8 3,202 3.4 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 807 0.9 344 0.4 267 0.3 77 0.1 202 0.2 261 0.3 Associates 1,474 13,821 14.8 5,557 5.9 4,492 4.8 1,066 1.1 5,233 5.6 3,030 3.2 Specialized 645 5,577 6.0 2,368 2.5 1,891 2.0 478 0.5 1,702 1.8 1,506 1.6 Not classified 177 537 0.6 329 0.4 233 0.2 96 0.1 75 0.1 134 0.11 Full-time equivalent (FTE) staff is calculated by dividing the total number of hours for all part-time positions by the number of hours the library defines as a full-time position.



Librarians and other professionals

NOTE: The number of doctoral, master's, and bachelor's level institutions does not sum to the total number of 4-year and above institutions because there are 4-year and above institutions that grant "other" degrees and are thus not included in the breakdown. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.


OtherTotal Librarians professional staff

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Table 8. Number of academic libraries, by total academic library expenditures, control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008

Total academic library expendituresTotal Less $20,000 $50,000 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $500,000 $1,000,000 $2,000,000

number of Total than to to to to to to to orInstitutional characteristic libraries expenditures $20,000 $49,999 $99,999 $199,999 $299,999 $499,999 $999,999 $1,999,999 more

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 $6,785,542,230 47 294 384 496 351 526 654 444 631

Control Public 1,576 4,031,306,389 1 4 34 146 175 249 339 230 398 Private 2,251 2,754,235,841 46 290 350 350 176 277 315 214 233

Level1

Total 4-year and above 2,393 6,145,053,984 21 116 184 286 173 302 385 329 597 Doctor’s 721 4,750,800,315 3 5 17 53 24 55 65 102 397 Master’s 911 991,237,874 8 19 40 91 69 143 219 170 152 Bachelor’s 730 354,907,564 10 92 125 141 76 102 97 47 40 Less than 4-year 1,434 640,488,246 26 178 200 210 178 224 269 115 34


Less than 1,000 1,455 328,512,540 47 278 333 360 155 166 68 32 16 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 855,629,075 0 15 48 122 170 259 305 133 84 3,000 to 4,999 475 558,486,301 0 1 2 9 24 87 163 121 68 5,000 to 9,999 405 1,016,623,343 0 0 0 4 2 13 103 109 174 10,000 to 19,999 238 1,642,416,446 0 0 0 1 0 1 14 49 173 20,000 or more 118 2,383,874,525 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 116


Doctoral/Research 275 3,910,036,444 0 0 1 1 1 5 7 15 245 Master's I and II 603 1,203,207,160 0 1 6 8 13 53 129 171 222 Baccalaureate 557 544,321,495 3 9 9 40 62 123 155 91 65 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 37,367,284 0 7 16 26 15 13 12 3 4 Associates 1,474 678,457,360 25 152 203 230 185 241 279 121 38 Specialized 645 384,335,793 13 47 104 166 70 85 66 39 55 Not classified 177 27,816,694 6 78 45 25 5 6 6 4 2





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Classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008Table 9. Expenditures on different functions at academic libraries and salaries and wages as a percentage of total expenditures, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Table 9.

Total Salaries Salaries and wagesnumber of Total and as a percentage Information Operating

Institutional characteristic libraries expenditures wages of total expenditures resources total1 expenditures2

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 $6,785,542,230 $3,342,081,820 49.3 $2,663,081,820 $780,378,590

Control Public 1,576 4,031,306,389 2,046,549,366 50.8 1,537,511,561 447,245,462 Private 2,251 2,754,235,841 1,295,532,454 47.0 1,125,570,259 333,133,128

Level3

Total 4-year and above 2,393 6,145,053,984 2,883,234,013 46.9 2,534,240,364 727,579,607 Doctor’s 721 4,750,800,315 2,136,205,944 45.0 2,025,495,761 589,098,610 Master’s 911 991,237,874 533,938,179 53.9 359,242,872 98,056,823 Bachelor’s 730 354,907,564 193,061,382 54.4 124,325,930 37,520,252 Less than 4-year 1,434 640,488,246 458,847,807 71.6 128,841,456 52,798,983


Less than 1,000 1,455 328,512,540 185,336,563 56.4 110,694,627 32,481,350 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 855,629,075 447,781,717 52.3 317,052,253 90,795,105 3,000 to 4,999 475 558,486,301 311,764,264 55.8 187,816,416 58,905,621 5,000 to 9,999 405 1,016,623,343 528,702,506 52.0 384,766,925 103,153,912 10,000 to 19,999 238 1,642,416,446 777,643,996 47.3 669,621,735 195,150,715 20,000 or more 118 2,383,874,525 1,090,852,774 45.8 993,129,864 299,891,887


Doctoral/Research 275 3,910,036,444 1,727,188,817 44.2 1,685,437,698 497,409,929 Master's I and II 603 1,203,207,160 631,434,430 52.5 450,647,507 121,125,223 Baccalaureate 557 544,321,495 268,554,367 49.3 216,803,945 58,963,183 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 37,367,284 23,607,409 63.2 10,793,004 2,966,871 Associates 1,474 678,457,360 483,951,369 71.3 138,104,464 56,401,527 Specialized 645 384,335,793 191,588,281 49.8 151,297,994 41,449,518 Not classified 177 27,816,694 15,757,147 56.6 9,997,208 2,062,3391 Includes books, serial backfiles, current serial subscriptions, document delivery/interlibrary loan, preservation, and other expenditures for information resources.





2 Includes computer hardware and software; bibliographic utilities, networks, and consortia; furniture and equipment; maintenance costs; and other expenditures not reported elsewhere.

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Total Information Document Other expendituresnumber of resources delivery/inter- for information

Institutional characteristic libraries total1 Total Electronic Audiovisual Total Electronic library loan Preservation resources

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 $2,663,081,820 $788,627,781 $133,586,086 $43,849,233 $1,704,298,887 $1,004,393,298 $30,495,790 $41,590,609 $98,068,753

Control Public 1,576 1,537,511,561 427,042,609 74,148,629 25,109,653 1,017,904,643 628,441,467 18,730,294 23,307,199 50,526,816 Private 2,251 1,125,570,259 361,585,172 59,437,457 18,739,580 686,394,244 375,951,831 11,765,496 18,283,410 47,541,937

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,393 2,534,240,364 717,513,435 125,493,143 34,870,596 1,650,938,333 977,243,151 29,622,399 40,867,748 95,298,449 Doctor’s 721 2,025,495,761 559,447,024 103,394,645 21,842,988 1,327,878,515 823,754,288 23,187,664 33,895,503 81,087,055 Master’s 911 359,242,872 107,491,794 14,441,681 8,445,279 232,683,297 113,945,863 4,807,243 4,827,412 9,433,126 Bachelor’s 730 124,325,930 46,975,784 6,075,614 4,445,947 71,192,206 34,693,655 1,550,150 1,874,685 2,733,105 Less than 4-year 1,434 128,841,456 71,114,346 8,092,943 8,978,637 53,360,554 27,150,147 873,391 722,861 2,770,304


Less than 1,000 1,455 110,694,627 38,144,192 6,345,073 2,866,101 65,513,688 28,117,990 959,018 1,596,171 4,481,558 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 317,052,253 98,806,785 11,736,018 8,949,807 198,899,789 101,098,846 3,990,798 4,418,532 10,936,349 3,000 to 4,999 475 187,816,416 59,801,846 8,494,703 5,262,997 120,067,823 61,214,589 2,141,597 2,098,323 3,706,827 5,000 to 9,999 405 384,766,925 108,702,180 19,010,829 7,606,676 254,691,941 139,473,553 3,775,908 5,748,840 11,848,056 10,000 to 19,999 238 669,621,735 190,392,504 31,764,978 9,121,773 440,285,665 264,874,589 6,410,250 10,106,562 22,426,754 20,000 or more 118 993,129,864 292,780,274 56,234,485 10,041,879 624,839,981 409,613,731 13,218,219 17,622,181 44,669,209


Doctoral/Research 275 1,685,437,698 474,046,700 90,541,016 16,471,975 1,092,261,983 690,888,848 19,353,778 29,598,004 70,177,233 Master's I and II 603 450,647,507 124,253,040 16,316,044 9,178,314 304,181,928 158,137,216 5,661,793 5,378,663 11,172,083 Baccalaureate 557 216,803,945 69,526,661 8,073,765 5,405,183 135,627,722 66,401,183 3,169,795 3,837,951 4,641,816 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 10,793,004 5,582,194 792,086 590,326 4,741,577 2,602,677 53,663 67,665 347,905 Associates 1,474 138,104,464 76,601,591 9,209,426 9,602,218 56,708,205 28,610,892 914,607 754,425 3,125,636 Specialized 645 151,297,994 34,323,950 7,923,962 2,209,452 106,201,337 55,506,072 1,291,792 1,918,079 7,562,836 Not classified 177 9,997,208 4,293,645 729,787 391,765 4,576,135 2,246,410 50,362 35,822 1,041,2441 "Information resources total" includes books, serial backfiles, current serial subscriptions, document delivery/interlibrary loan, preservation, and other expenditures for information resources.





Books, serial backfiles and Current serialother materials subscriptions

Table 10. Expenditures for different types of information resources at academic libraries, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008

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Total number Computer hardware Bibliographic utilities, Other operatingInstitutional characteristic of libraries and software networks, consortia expenditures

All U.S. academic libraries 3,827 $158,698,289 $113,427,308 $508,252,993

Control Public 1,576 100,238,695 64,961,468 282,045,299 Private 2,251 58,459,594 48,465,840 226,207,694

Level1

Total 4-year and above 2,393 145,700,680 102,599,799 479,279,128 Doctor’s 721 116,716,438 69,272,729 403,109,443 Master’s 911 20,556,845 23,950,333 53,549,645 Bachelor’s 730 7,754,354 8,882,074 20,883,824 Less than 4-year 1,434 12,997,609 10,827,509 28,973,865


Less than 1,000 1,455 7,498,617 7,633,480 17,349,253 1,000 to 2,999 1,136 19,733,441 20,911,102 50,150,562 3,000 to 4,999 475 10,785,184 13,140,667 34,979,770 5,000 to 9,999 405 21,876,581 17,793,978 63,483,353 10,000 to 19,999 238 32,779,259 23,321,664 139,049,792 20,000 or more 118 66,025,207 30,626,417 203,240,263


Doctoral/Research 275 95,522,406 52,717,863 349,169,660 Master's I and II 603 27,495,288 26,535,158 67,094,777 Baccalaureate 557 10,786,492 14,441,053 33,735,638 Baccalaureate/Associates 96 673,465 833,177 1,460,229 Associates 1,474 13,515,036 11,672,662 31,213,829 Specialized 645 10,115,556 6,974,203 24,359,759 Not classified 177 590,046 253,192 1,219,101



Table 11. Operating expenditures for equipment and other selected expenditures at academic libraries, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Table 11. Classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008

1 While "level" and "Carnegie classification" are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. "Level" refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the institution. The "Carnegie classification" is based on criteria such as institutional mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie classification was developed by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 2005 Edition.


Operating expenditures

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Table 12. Percentage of academic libraries with selected electronic services, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fall 2008

Documents digitized by Library reference service by Technology to assist patrons Electronic theses andInstitutional characteristic library staff e-mail or the Web with disabilities dissertations produced

All U.S. academic libraries 35.7 72.1 48.8 13.3

Control Public 40.4 85.5 75.3 14.4 Private 32.4 62.7 30.2 12.5

Level1

Total 4-year and above 46.2 75.9 46.6 20.6 Doctor’s 65.7 84.0 62.8 48.3 Master’s 48.1 81.1 48.1 12.6 Bachelor’s 24.4 61.5 28.8 3.8 Less than 4-year 18.2 65.8 52.4 1.0


Less than 1,000 19.5 51.5 21.3 5.3 1,000 to 2,999 36.9 79.7 52.2 9.7 3,000 to 4,999 41.5 86.5 65.9 10.5 5,000 to 9,999 52.8 88.4 83.0 22.0 10,000 to 19,999 65.1 92.4 87.0 40.3 20,000 or more 83.1 97.5 90.7 72.9


Doctoral/Research 85.8 96.4 85.1 73.8 Master's I and II 60.4 89.9 68.2 25.5 Baccalaureate 47.8 81.5 44.3 9.5 Baccalaureate/Associates 17.7 62.5 36.5 7.3 Associates 18.1 67.0 52.4 0.9 Specialized 29.8 58.1 21.9 10.9 Not classified 13.6 42.9 14.7 4.0




NOTE: Total number of institutions responding to each question is shown in Appendix A, table A-1. Data were not imputed for non-response.

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Table 13. Percentage of academic libraries reporting information literacy activities, by control, level, size, and Carnegie classification of institution: Fiscal year 2008

Defined information Incorporated information Incorporated information Has institution-wide committee to The strategic plan formallyliteracy or information literacy into literacy into institution's implement strategic plan recognizes the library's role in

Institutional characteristic literate student1 institution's mission strategic plan for information literacy information literacy instruction

All U.S. academic libraries 46.3 32.5 30.3 17.8 24.2

Control Public 55.6 36.3 34.1 18.9 26.1 Private 39.8 29.8 27.6 17.1 22.9

Level2

Total 4-year and above 46.3 33.0 30.1 17.6 24.4 Doctor’s 46.2 34.1 31.8 17.1 24.8 Master’s 49.9 34.8 31.1 18.3 25.7 Bachelor’s 43.0 30.3 27.7 17.4 22.6 Less than 4-year 46.2 31.6 30.5 18.3 24


Less than 1,000 32.3 26.7 25.4 16.4 21.4 1,000 to 2,999 50.4 34.2 30.9 17.3 25.5 3,000 to 4,999 58.7 35.6 34.7 17.7 25.3 5,000 to 9,999 60.2 38.8 37.0 20.7 28.1 10,000 to 19,999 60.1 40.3 32.8 21.0 24.4 20,000 or more 52.5 37.3 38.1 25.4 28.8


Doctoral/Research 50.9 38.9 32.4 19.3 25.5 Master's I and II 60.7 38.8 39.0 20.9 30.3 Baccalaureate 47.8 30.7 26.8 14.4 22.1 Baccalaureate/Associates 56.3 42.7 37.5 25.0 34.4 Associates 47.2 32.4 30.9 18.9 24.6 Specialized 29.8 26.8 23.4 14.7 18.8 Not classified 32.2 22.0 24.3 15.3 19.21"Information literacy" is the set of skills needed to find, retrieve, analyze, and use information.




NOTE: Total number of institutions responding to each question is shown in Appendix A, table A-1. Data were not imputed for non-response.

References

Data Files Phan, T., Hardesty, L., and Sheckells, C. (2009) Documentation for the Academic Libraries Survey (ALS) Restricted-Use Data File: 2008 (NCES 2010-311). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Other Information Sources Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 2005 Edition. Alexander C. McCormick. Menlo Park, CA: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 2005 (http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/index.asp). Higher Education Directory, 2000 Edition. Falls Church, VA: Higher Education Publications (http://www.hepinc.com).

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Appendix A: Technical Notes

Technical Notes History of Academic Library Survey data collection From 1988 to 1998, the Academic Libraries Survey (ALS) was a part of the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). IPEDS is the U.S. Department of Education’s vehicle for collecting data from all postsecondary institutions in the United States. Topics included within IPEDS are institutional characteristics, fall enrollment, completions, finance, faculty salaries, and fall staff. Beginning in the year 2000, the ALS began collecting data independent from IPEDS data collection; however, data from the ALS can still be linked to IPEDS data using the institution’s UNITID number. IPEDS serves as the frame, or universe of degree-granting postsecondary institutions, from which eligible institutions are selected for the current ALS administration.

Topics covered and time frames The tables in this publication summarize library services (including electronic services), library staff, library collections, and library expenditures for libraries in degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Library staff data are for the fall of 2008. Library circulation, interlibrary loans, operating expenditures, and library collections data are for Fiscal year (FY) 2008.

Library services that took place during a typical week in the fall of 2008 reflected a time period that was neither unusually busy nor unusually slow. A typical week did not include a time when key staff were on vacation, or days when unusual events were taking place on the campus or in the library. A typical week for data collection was chosen during which the library was open its regular hours. A typical week was defined as any seven consecutive calendar days. If waiting for a typical week in the fall of 2008 would delay the data collection, data from a typical week from the preceding fiscal year was used. If the library had data for the entire year, that number was divided by the number of weeks that the library was open.

Changes in the survey form and definitions of key terms since 2000 On an as-needed basis, NCES revises the ALS survey form to reflect changes that have occurred in the services, collections, expenditure accounting, and staffing of academic libraries. For example, in 1996, a number of questions were added on electronic services. In 1998, a substantial number of additional changes were made, especially in the collections and expenditures sections. These changes reflect the extensive changes in library services that occurred with regard to the development of electronic media. For more information about the 2008 Academic Libraries Survey, refer to http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/libraries/.

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Methodology Scope The Academic Libraries Survey (ALS) was fielded in the fall of 2008 as a Web-based survey. This survey collects data on libraries in degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the United States. The Academic Libraries data file and this report cover all academic libraries in degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the United States, including institutions that are Title IV program participants and branch campuses of Title IV program participating institutions.

Coverage and response rates There were 3,827 degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia that had academic libraries in 2008. The response rate among these 3,827 institutions was approximately 87 percent.

Methodological tables A-1 and A-2 present further information on response rates. The first two rows of table A-1 present the number of academic libraries and the number and percentage of respondents by level and control of institution. Row 2 shows unit response rates. The remaining rows show the number and percentage of libraries responding for each item (i.e., item response rates). Item response rates, at the total level, range from about 86 percent to 72 percent. Table A-2 shows the number and percentage of nonrespondents by control and level of institution and by state (unit response rates).

Data collection procedures The U.S. Census Bureau, Governments Division collected and processed the ALS data for NCES. In 1990, an NCES/IPEDS (Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System) Academic Libraries Survey Improvement Project was begun with the assistance of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) and the American Library Association’s Office of Research and Statistics (ALA-ORS). The project identified a librarian in each state to work with IPEDS state data coordinators in submitting library data to NCES. For the 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1998 data collections, many of those library representatives took major responsibility for collecting data in their states. Since 2000, the ALS is no longer a component of the IPEDS package of surveys. ALS data can still be linked to IPEDS institutional data using the institution’s UNITID number. For the 2008 Web-based data collection, state-level library representatives were available to provide prompt responses from librarians and to assist in problem resolution when anomalies were discovered in responses from the academic librarians.

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Editing and Imputation Editing The Web-based data collection application features internal edit checks. An edit check tool alerted the respondent to questionable data via interactive "edit check warnings" during the data entry process and through edit check reports that could be viewed on screen or printed. The edit check program enabled the respondent to submit an edited data to NCES, which usually required little or no follow-up for data problems. The edit check tool includes seven types of edits:

• Summations – Reported totals are compared with the sums of the component data items. If they are not equal, a warning message is generated.

• Relational edit checks – The program compares responses entered in one section of the questionnaire with responses entered in another section of the questionnaire for consistency. For example, if a librarian reports that books and bound serials were added during the fiscal year, the program would look for some expenditure to be reported for books and bound serials. If the former is reported without the latter, an error message is generated. Another example is that the number of volumes of print materials added during the fiscal year cannot exceed the total number of volumes held at the end of the fiscal year.

• Range checks – An error message is generated if responses are above or below expected amounts. For example, if e-books added during the fiscal year was greater than 250,000, an error message is generated. If the reported hours of service are greater than 168 hours per week, an error message is generated.

• Current year/prior year comparisons – Current year data must fall within the “acceptable range” for the prior reporting period.

• Ratios – The ratio of one item to another must not exceed a limit, such as the ratio of program attendance to number of presentations exceeds an upper limit and is not reasonable.

• Item comparison – One item should not exceed another, such as books added during the year should not exceed books held at the end of the year.

• Missing or blank items – An item is not reported by a respondent, such as total expenditures is missing.

After responses were received, the U.S. Census Bureau reviewed the data and contacted respondents with questionable data to request verification or correction of that data. Data records were then aggregated into preliminary draft tables, which were reviewed by NCES and the U.S. Census Bureau for data quality issues.

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Imputation When responses to surveys are sent to the Census Bureau for processing, sometimes answers are not given for every data item. In order to make complete datasets for constructing estimates of totals, we need to impute for the missing data items. This section describes the imputation methods that were used to fill in for the missing data.

For imputation, institutions were grouped into 27 imputation cells. The imputation cells were determined based on sector and full-time equivalent (FTE) enrollment of the institution. The sector categories used are (1) public, 4-year or above; (2) private non-profit, 4-year or above; (3) private for profit, 4-year or above; (4) public, 2-year; (5) private non-profit, 2-year; and (6) private for profit, 2-year. The following imputation methodologies were used:

• If values were missing and prior year (FY 2006) data were available and were not expected to change, then missing values were filled with the value in the prior year. For example, the number of reported Branches and Independent Libraries (Item 100) is likely to remain constant from year to year, so the prior year value was brought forward.

• If values were missing, a prior year value was available, and the value is expected to change from the prior year, then the missing value was filled with the prior year value multiplied by the median growth rate within the imputation cell. For example, the number of Full-time Librarians (Item 200, column 1) is expected to change from year to year, so this imputation method is used.

• If values were missing and prior year data were unavailable, then a value was imputed using the current year median cell distribution ratio. For example, impute E-books Added (Item 401, column 1) using the value of E-books Held (Item 401, column 2) multiplied by the median cell distribution ratio of E-books Added to E-books Held.

• If there were missing current year data that prevented the use of a current year median cell distribution ratio, then the current year cell median was used. For example, if it was not possible to impute E-books Added using a current year median cell distribution ratio because E-books Held was missing, then E-books Added was imputed with the current year cell median.

• After imputation, if a total was missing or known to need adjustment, then the total was readjusted to equal the sum of its detail items.

The use of institution FTE enrollment to determine imputation cells and the use of medians instead of means for imputation was not employed until 2002 and represents a change from previous survey cycles. While research indicates that the effect of the change in imputation procedure was not large, caution should be exercised in making comparisons with 2000 or earlier reports.

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23

Classifications used in the report The tables in this report present the data by control (public, private); level of highest degree offered--a categorization based on the IPEDS classification of the highest degree awarded by the institution (doctor’s, master’s, bachelor’s, and less than 4-year); size of full-time equivalent (FTE) enrollment (less than 1,000; 1,000 to 2,999; 3,000 to 4,999; 5,000 to 9,999; 10,000 to 19,999; 20,000 or more); and the institution’s 2005 Carnegie classification. Previous reports used the 2000 Carnegie classification and different FTE enrollment sizes. Caution on the use of data by state, and by level and control of institution This is a descriptive report that focuses on information from a census of academic libraries in 2008. The presentation of numbers, proportions, and percentages is descriptive only of libraries in the period referenced. While data were imputed for nonresponse, the number of unit nonresponses can vary by state and affect the reliability of the state data. See Methodological table A-1 for item response rates by level and control of institution. Methodological table A-2 presents the distribution of the set of unit nonrespondents by state and by level and control of institution. The data user should be especially cautious in using data at a level of detail where the nonresponse rate was 15 percent or greater. Methodological table A-3 gives the number of academic libraries by state, level, and control of institution.

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See notes at end of table.

Total 4-year institutions Less than 4-year Public Privatepost- Total 4-year Highest level of degree

secondary institutions Doctor's Master's Bachelor'sdegree Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

granting res- res- res- res- res- res- res-institutions Percent ponding Percent ponding Percent ponding Percent ponding Percent ponding Percent ponding Percent ponding Percent

All institutions 3,827 100.0 2,393 100.0 721 100.0 911 100.0 730 100.0 1,434 100.0 1,576 100.0 2,251 100.0Responding libraries 3,318 86.7 2,084 87.1 644 89.3 829 91.0 584 80.0 1,234 86.1 1,504 95.4 1,814 80.6

Part B-Library staffNumber of FTEs

Librarians 3,301 86.3 2,077 86.8 643 89.2 825 90.6 582 79.7 1,224 85.4 1,502 95.3 1,799 79.9Other professional staff 3,298 86.2 2,076 86.8 643 89.2 825 90.6 581 79.6 1,222 85.2 1,501 95.2 1,797 79.8Total librarians and

other professional staff 3,298 86.2 2,076 86.8 643 89.2 825 90.6 581 79.6 1,222 85.2 1,501 95.2 1,797 79.8All other paid staff 3,293 86.0 2,073 86.6 642 89.0 824 90.5 580 79.5 1,220 85.1 1,501 95.2 1,792 79.6Student assistants 3,289 85.9 2,069 86.5 640 88.8 823 90.3 580 79.5 1,220 85.1 1,497 95.0 1,792 79.6Total FTE staff 3,283 85.8 2,067 86.4 640 88.8 824 90.5 577 79.0 1,216 84.8 1,496 94.9 1,787 79.4

Salaries and WagesTotal librarians and

other professional staff 3,127 81.7 1,974 82.5 623 86.4 779 85.5 546 74.8 1,153 80.4 1,462 92.8 1,665 74.0All other paid staff 3,212 83.9 2,019 84.4 630 87.4 798 87.6 565 77.4 1,193 83.2 1,471 93.3 1,741 77.3Student assistants 3,122 81.6 1,980 82.7 622 86.3 785 86.2 547 74.9 1,142 79.6 1,431 90.8 1,691 75.1Total salaries and wages 3,067 80.1 1,956 81.7 615 85.3 777 85.3 538 73.7 1,111 77.5 1,424 90.4 1,643 73.0

Employee fringe benefits 3,245 84.8 2,037 85.1 629 87.2 814 89.4 568 77.8 1,208 84.2 1,486 94.3 1,759 78.1

Part C-Library expendituresTotal salaries and wages 3,067 80.1 1,956 81.7 615 85.3 777 85.3 538 73.7 1,111 77.5 1,424 90.4 1,643 73.0Information resources:Books, serial backfiles, and

other materials 3,139 82.0 1,991 83.2 625 86.7 804 88.3 537 73.6 1,148 80.1 1,470 93.3 1,669 74.1Electronic 2,749 71.8 1,753 73.3 565 78.4 714 78.4 453 62.1 996 69.5 1,326 84.1 1,423 63.2Audiovisual 2,906 75.9 1,821 76.1 555 77.0 739 81.1 504 69.0 1,085 75.7 1,376 87.3 1,530 68.0

Current serials 3,142 82.1 1,994 83.3 622 86.3 809 88.8 538 73.7 1,148 80.1 1,465 93.0 1,677 74.5Electronic serials 2,845 74.3 1,831 76.5 580 80.4 754 82.8 475 65.1 1,014 70.7 1,381 87.6 1,464 65.0

Other information resources:Document delivery/interlibrary loan 3,139 82.0 1,992 83.2 624 86.5 803 88.1 540 74.0 1,147 80.0 1,463 92.8 1,676 74.5Preservation 3,139 82.0 1,989 83.1 621 86.1 803 88.1 540 74.0 1,150 80.2 1,463 92.8 1,676 74.5Other expenditures for

information resources 3,124 81.6 1,980 82.7 621 86.1 798 87.6 536 73.4 1,144 79.8 1,459 92.6 1,665 74.0Operating expenditures Computer hardware and software 3,137 82.0 1,989 83.1 624 86.5 802 88.0 538 73.7 1,148 80.1 1,466 93.0 1,671 74.2 Bibliographic utilities, networks,

and consortia 3,135 81.9 1,991 83.2 622 86.3 807 88.6 537 73.6 1,144 79.8 1,463 92.8 1,672 74.3All other operating expenditures 3,130 81.8 1,986 83.0 621 86.1 802 88.0 538 73.7 1,144 79.8 1,463 92.8 1,667 74.1Total expenditures 2,975 77.7 1,905 79.6 602 83.5 767 84.2 512 70.1 1,070 74.6 1,407 89.3 1,568 69.7

Table A-1. Number and percentage of responding academic libraries, by level, control of institution, and item: 2008

25

Table A-1. Number and percentage of responding academic libraries, by level, control of institution, and item: 2008—Continued




Part D-Library collections Library collection entirely electronic 3,192 83.4 2,021 84.5 631 87.5 812 89.1 552 75.6 1,171 81.7 1,472 93.4 1,720 76.4

Books, serial backfiles, and otherpaper materials, added 3,069 80.2 1,956 81.7 620 86.0 788 86.5 523 71.6 1,113 77.6 1,445 91.7 1,624 72.1

Books, serial backfiles, and otherpaper materials, EOFY 3,086 80.6 1,967 82.2 622 86.3 792 86.9 527 72.2 1,119 78.0 1,454 92.3 1,632 72.5

E-Books, added 2,911 76.1 1,865 77.9 581 80.6 758 83.2 504 69.0 1,046 72.9 1,401 88.9 1,510 67.1E-Books, EOFY 2,894 75.6 1,871 78.2 591 82.0 764 83.9 492 67.4 1,023 71.3 1,398 88.7 1,496 66.5Microforms, added 2,891 75.5 1,862 77.8 590 81.8 754 82.8 494 67.7 1,029 71.8 1,397 88.6 1,494 66.4Microforms, EOFY 2,904 75.9 1,881 78.6 605 83.9 760 83.4 491 67.3 1,023 71.3 1,411 89.5 1,493 66.3Audiovisual materials, added 3,024 79.0 1,925 80.4 601 83.4 778 85.4 523 71.6 1,099 76.6 1,428 90.6 1,596 70.9Audiovisual materials, EOFY 3,006 78.5 1,928 80.6 613 85.0 777 85.3 514 70.4 1,078 75.2 1,427 90.5 1,579 70.1Current serial subscriptions, added 2,988 78.1 1,893 79.1 581 80.6 775 85.1 513 70.3 1,095 76.4 1,406 89.2 1,582 70.3Current serial subscriptions, EOFY 3,059 79.9 1,952 81.6 616 85.4 790 86.7 521 71.4 1,107 77.2 1,445 91.7 1,614 71.7Electronic reference sources, added 2,840 74.2 1,806 75.5 561 77.8 740 81.2 483 66.2 1,034 72.1 1,363 86.5 1,477 65.6Electronic reference sources, EOFY 2,930 76.6 1,875 78.4 589 81.7 770 84.5 494 67.7 1,055 73.6 1,394 88.5 1,536 68.2

Part E-Library servicesInterlibrary loans provided

Returnable 3,011 78.7 1,911 79.9 591 82.0 785 86.2 511 70.0 1,100 76.7 1,429 90.7 1,582 70.3Non-returnable 3,011 78.7 1,911 79.9 591 82.0 785 86.2 511 70.0 1,100 76.7 1,429 90.7 1,582 70.3Total provided 3,050 79.7 1,943 81.2 616 85.4 789 86.6 513 70.3 1,107 77.2 1,447 91.8 1,603 71.2

Interlibrary loans receivedReturnable 3,022 79.0 1,918 80.2 589 81.7 788 86.5 516 70.7 1,104 77.0 1,431 90.8 1,591 70.7Non-returnable 3,023 79.0 1,919 80.2 590 81.8 788 86.5 516 70.7 1,104 77.0 1,432 90.9 1,591 70.7

Documents delivered fromcommercial services 3,059 79.9 1,949 81.4 615 85.3 791 86.8 518 71.0 1,110 77.4 1,448 91.9 1,611 71.6Total received 3,033 79.3 1,927 80.5 596 82.7 788 86.5 518 71.0 1,106 77.1 1,437 91.2 1,596 70.9

General circulation transactions 3,079 80.5 1,967 82.2 618 85.7 795 87.3 529 72.5 1,112 77.5 1,453 92.2 1,626 72.2Reserve circulation transactions 2,967 77.5 1,885 78.8 584 81.0 774 85.0 502 68.8 1,082 75.5 1,424 90.4 1,543 68.5Number of presentations 3,080 80.5 1,961 81.9 612 84.9 791 86.8 533 73.0 1,119 78.0 1,456 92.4 1,624 72.1Total attendance at all presentations 3,051 79.7 1,936 80.9 609 84.5 785 86.2 517 70.8 1,115 77.8 1,449 91.9 1,602 71.2

Part F-Library services, typical weekHours open, typical week 3,144 82.2 1,998 83.5 626 86.8 803 88.1 543 74.4 1,146 79.9 1,461 92.7 1,683 74.8Gate count, typical week 3,016 78.8 1,910 79.8 595 82.5 767 84.2 527 72.2 1,106 77.1 1,411 89.5 1,605 71.3Reference transactions, typical week 3,129 81.8 1,988 83.1 623 86.4 797 87.5 543 74.4 1,141 79.6 1,458 92.5 1,671 74.2

See notes at end of table.

26




Part G-Electronic servicesLibrary services provided:

Documents digitized by library staff 3,174 82.9 2,010 84.0 628 87.1 808 88.7 548 75.1 1,164 81.2 1,465 93.0 1,709 75.9

Library reference service bye-mail or Web 3,177 83.0 2,013 84.1 630 87.4 809 88.8 548 75.1 1,164 81.2 1,465 93.0 1,712 76.1

Technology to assist patronswith disabilities 3,173 82.9 2,011 84.0 629 87.2 808 88.7 548 75.1 1,162 81.0 1,464 92.9 1,709 75.9

Electronic theses and dissertationsproduced by students 3,174 82.9 2,011 84.0 629 87.2 808 88.7 548 75.1 1,163 81.1 1,464 92.9 1,710 76.0

Part H-Information LiteracyDefinition of information literacy or of

an information literate student 3,159 82.5 2,002 83.7 624 86.5 806 88.5 546 74.8 1,157 80.7 1,463 92.8 1,696 75.3Incorporated information literacy into

the institution's mission 3,157 82.5 2,001 83.6 624 86.5 805 88.4 546 74.8 1,156 80.6 1,463 92.8 1,694 75.3Incorporated information literacy into

the institution's strategic plan 3,154 82.4 1,998 83.5 624 86.5 804 88.3 544 74.5 1,156 80.6 1,463 92.8 1,691 75.1Institution-wide committee to implement

the strategic plan for informationliteracy 3,150 82.3 1,996 83.4 623 86.4 804 88.3 543 74.4 1,154 80.5 1,461 92.7 1,689 75.0

The strategic plan formally recognizesthe library's role in informationliteracy instruction 3,105 85.8 1,992 87.3 597 90.0 788 87.4 582 84.7 1,113 83.4 1,438 91.6 1,667 81.4

NOTE: EOFY = Held at end of fiscal year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Academic Libraries Survey, 2008.

Table A-1. Number and percentage of responding academic libraries, by level, control of institution, and item: 2008—Continued

27

Table A-2. Number and percentage of non-responding academic libraries, by level, control of institution, and state: 2008

Total Less than 4-year Public Privatepostsecondary Highest level of degree

degree-granting Doctor's Master's Bachelor'sState institutions Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States 509 13.3 309 12.9 77 10.7 82 9.0 146 20.0 200 13.9 72 4.6 437 19.4

Alabama 3 4.5 2 5.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 13.3 1 3.7 0 0.0 3 11.1Alaska 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Arizona 13 22.8 8 27.6 2 28.6 1 14.3 4 28.6 5 17.9 3 12.5 10 30.3Arkansas 3 6.5 2 9.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 22.2 1 4.2 1 3.0 2 15.4California 67 18.7 42 20.8 10 13.9 12 16.4 19 36.5 25 15.9 14 9.5 53 25.0

Colorado 11 16.4 4 10.5 1 8.3 2 20.0 1 6.3 7 24.1 1 3.8 10 24.4Connecticut 6 13.3 4 13.8 0 0.0 1 11.1 3 37.5 2 12.5 3 13.6 3 13.0Delaware 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0District of Columbia 3 20.0 3 20.0 0 0.0 2 33.3 1 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 23.1Florida 32 19.9 24 22.0 4 19.0 8 19.5 12 26.1 8 15.4 0 0.0 32 26.2

Georgia 10 8.5 4 6.2 1 5.9 2 7.4 1 5.0 6 11.5 3 4.5 7 14.0Hawaii 4 21.1 2 16.7 1 25.0 0 0.0 1 25.0 2 28.6 1 11.1 3 30.0Idaho 2 15.4 2 22.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 50.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 33.3Illinois 13 7.9 10 9.5 6 14.6 2 6.5 2 6.1 3 5.1 1 1.7 12 11.5Indiana 14 17.3 12 19.4 3 21.4 5 18.5 4 19.0 2 10.5 2 7.1 12 22.6

Iowa 3 4.8 3 6.5 0 0.0 1 5.9 2 9.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 6.8Kansas 4 6.9 1 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 7.7 3 10.7 3 9.4 1 3.8Kentucky 6 8.8 4 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 25.0 2 7.1 1 4.2 5 11.4Louisiana 7 13.7 3 10.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 42.9 4 18.2 0 0.0 7 28.0Maine 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

Maryland 11 20.0 7 19.4 4 26.7 2 11.1 1 33.3 4 21.1 1 3.3 10 40.0Massachusetts 10 8.6 7 7.5 3 9.7 4 10.0 0 0.0 3 13.0 1 3.2 9 10.6Michigan 21 21.6 16 24.6 2 10.5 3 13.6 11 50.0 5 15.6 4 9.1 17 32.1Minnesota 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Mississippi 2 5.0 1 5.0 1 16.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 5.0 2 7.7 0 0.0

Missouri 20 18.5 12 16.0 4 17.4 0 0.0 8 27.6 8 24.2 1 3.0 19 25.3Montana 2 9.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 18.2 2 12.5 0 0.0Nebraska 5 12.5 4 14.3 0 0.0 1 7.1 3 33.3 1 8.3 0 0.0 5 20.0Nevada 3 17.6 2 18.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 28.6 1 16.7 0 0.0 3 30.0New Hampshire 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 See notes at end of table.

4-year institutionsTotal 4-yearinstitutions

28

Table A-2. Number and percentage of non-responding academic libraries, by level, control of institution, and state: 2008—Continued

Total Less than 4-year Public Privatepostsecondary Highest level of degree

degree-granting Doctor's Master's Bachelor'sState institutions Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number PercentNew Jersey 4 7.3 3 8.6 0 0.0 1 6.7 2 40.0 1 5.0 1 3.1 3 13.0New Mexico 7 17.9 5 26.3 0 0.0 3 33.3 2 28.6 2 10.0 2 7.1 5 45.5New York 60 21.1 46 22.4 19 27.5 13 14.6 14 31.8 14 17.5 3 3.8 57 27.8North Carolina 5 3.9 5 7.8 0 0.0 2 9.1 3 11.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 9.6North Dakota 2 10.0 1 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.3 1 12.5 1 7.1 1 16.7

Ohio 29 17.0 10 10.8 3 12.5 4 9.1 2 9.1 19 24.4 4 8.0 25 20.7Oklahoma 5 9.6 4 11.4 0 0.0 1 5.9 3 27.3 1 5.9 1 3.4 4 17.4Oregon 5 9.3 2 5.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 22.2 3 15.0 1 4.0 4 13.8Pennsylvania 35 18.0 10 8.3 4 8.3 3 6.1 3 12.5 25 34.2 3 8.1 32 20.4Rhode Island 1 7.1 1 8.3 1 20.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 33.3 0 0.0

South Carolina 15 23.1 11 27.5 0 0.0 5 27.8 6 40.0 4 16.0 3 9.1 12 37.5South Dakota 3 13.0 2 11.8 0 0.0 1 10.0 1 50.0 1 16.7 0 0.0 3 27.3Tennessee 8 8.5 5 7.7 2 11.1 0 0.0 3 12.0 3 10.3 0 0.0 8 11.1Texas 26 12.9 7 6.7 2 3.9 0 0.0 4 16.0 19 19.4 4 3.8 22 22.4Utah 2 8.0 1 6.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.3 1 11.1 0 0.0 2 12.5

Vermont 2 10.0 1 5.3 0 0.0 1 7.7 0 0.0 1 100.0 0 0.0 2 13.3Virginia 14 14.1 9 14.3 2 10.0 2 11.8 5 20.8 5 13.9 2 5.1 12 20.0Washington 7 10.3 5 12.8 2 20.0 0 0.0 3 23.1 2 6.9 1 2.4 6 22.2West Virginia 1 3.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 11.1 0 0.0 1 5.9Wisconsin 3 4.5 2 4.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 18.2 1 4.8 1 3.2 2 5.6Wyoming 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0NOTE: Percentages are derived using table A-3 counts.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Academic Libraries Survey (ALS), 2008.

4-year institutionsTotal 4-yearinstitutions

29

Total postsecondarydegree-granting Total 4-year Highest level of degree Less than

State institutions institutions Doctor's Master's Bachelor's 4-year Public Private

United States 3,827 2,393 721 911 730 1,434 1,576 2,251

Alabama 66 39 11 13 15 27 39 27Alaska 6 4 1 2 1 2 5 1Arizona 57 29 7 7 14 28 24 33Arkansas 46 22 6 7 9 24 33 13California 359 202 72 73 52 157 147 212

Colorado 67 38 12 10 16 29 26 41Connecticut 45 29 11 9 8 16 22 23Delaware 9 6 4 2 0 3 5 4District of Columbia 15 15 7 6 1 0 2 13Florida 161 109 21 41 46 52 39 122

Georgia 117 65 17 27 20 52 67 50Hawaii 19 12 4 4 4 7 9 10Idaho 13 9 3 2 4 4 7 6Illinois 164 105 41 31 33 59 60 104Indiana 81 62 14 27 21 19 28 53

Iowa 63 46 8 17 21 17 19 44Kansas 58 30 5 12 13 28 32 26Kentucky 68 40 8 16 16 28 24 44Louisiana 51 29 11 10 7 22 26 25Maine 29 19 4 6 9 10 15 14

Maryland 55 36 15 18 3 19 30 25Massachusetts 116 93 31 40 19 23 31 85Michigan 97 65 19 22 22 32 44 53Minnesota 98 64 16 20 26 34 42 56Mississippi 40 20 6 9 5 20 26 14

Missouri 108 75 23 23 29 33 33 75Montana 21 10 2 5 3 11 16 5Nebraska 40 28 5 14 9 12 15 25Nevada 17 11 2 2 7 6 7 10New Hampshire 26 18 5 6 7 8 11 15 See notes at end of table.

Table A-3. Total number of academic libraries, by level, control of institution, and state: 2008

4-year institutions

30

Total postsecondarydegree-granting Total 4-year Highest level of degree Less than

State institutions institutions Doctor's Master's Bachelor's 4-year Public PrivateNew Jersey 55 35 15 15 5 20 32 23New Mexico 39 19 3 9 7 20 28 11New York 285 205 69 89 44 80 80 205North Carolina 127 64 16 22 26 63 75 52North Dakota 20 12 3 2 7 8 14 6

Ohio 171 93 24 44 22 78 50 121Oklahoma 52 35 7 17 11 17 29 23Oregon 54 34 9 16 9 20 25 29Pennsylvania 194 121 48 49 24 73 37 157Rhode Island 14 12 5 4 2 2 3 11

South Carolina 65 40 6 18 15 25 33 32South Dakota 23 17 5 10 2 6 12 11Tennessee 94 65 18 21 25 29 22 72Texas 202 104 51 27 25 98 104 98Utah 25 16 3 6 7 9 9 16

Vermont 20 19 2 13 4 1 5 15Virginia 99 63 20 17 24 36 39 60Washington 68 39 10 16 13 29 41 27West Virginia 32 23 3 12 7 9 15 17Wisconsin 67 46 12 23 11 21 31 36Wyoming 9 1 1 0 0 8 8 1SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Academic Libraries Survey, 2008.

Table A-3. Total number of academic libraries, by level, control of institution, and state: 2008—Continued

4-year institutions

Appendix B: Glossary For a complete set of survey definitions and instructions, please refer to the instructions following the questionnaire in appendix C. Associate’s colleges: These institutions offer associate’s degree and certificate programs but, with few exceptions, award no baccalaureate degrees. This group includes institutions where, during the period studied, bachelor’s degrees represented less than 10 percent of all undergraduate awards. Baccalaureate/associate’s colleges: These institutions are undergraduate colleges where the majority of conferrals are below the baccalaureate level (associate’s degrees and certificates). During the period studied, bachelor’s degrees accounted for at least 10 percent of undergraduate awards. Baccalaureate colleges—general: These institutions are primarily undergraduate colleges with major emphasis on baccalaureate programs. During the period studied, they awarded less than half of their baccalaureate degrees in liberal arts fields. Baccalaureate colleges—liberal arts: These institutions are primarily undergraduate colleges with major emphasis on baccalaureate programs. During the period studied, they awarded at least half of their baccalaureate degrees in liberal arts fields. Bibliographic utilities, networks and consortia: Services provided by national, regional, and local bibliographic utilities networks, and consortia. Carnegie classification: A grouping of degree-granting postsecondary institutions into categories developed by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The categorization is based on a combination of levels of degrees awarded and research funding levels. The Carnegie classification categories used are as follows: Doctoral/Research; Master’s I and II; Baccalaureate; Baccalaureate/Associates; Associates; and Specialized. For table presentation, “level I” and “level II” of the Carnegie classifications were combined. Institutions that do not have a Carnegie classification are assigned to a “not classified” category. Control categories: Institutional control categories are public, private not-for-profit, and private for profit. Control (of institution): A specification of whether an institution (postsecondary) is operated by publicly elected or appointed officials (public control) or by privately elected or appointed officials and derives its major source of funds from private sources (private control) or public sources (public control). Degree-granting status: Degree-granting institutions offer an associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, doctor’s, or a first-professional degree. Non-degree-granting institutions offer certificates or other formal awards. Doctoral/research universities—extensive: These institutions typically offer a wide range of baccalaureate programs, and they are committed to graduate education through the doctorate level. During the period studied, they awarded 50 or more doctoral degrees per year across at least 15 disciplines.

31

Doctoral/research universities—intensive: These institutions typically offer a wide range of baccalaureate programs, and they are committed to graduate education through the doctorate level. During the period studied, they awarded at least ten doctoral degrees per year across three or more disciplines, or at least 20 doctoral degrees per year overall. IPEDS: The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System: IPEDS is the core postsecondary education data collection program for the National Center for Education Statistics. This data collection program is designed to collect information about all postsecondary institutions and organizations in the 50 States, District of Columbia, and the respective outlying areas. Level categories: Levels range from 4-year and higher (4 year), 2-but-less-than 4-year (2 year), and less than 2-year. Level (of institution): A specification of whether a postsecondary education institution’s programs are 4-year or higher (4 year), 2-but-less-than 4-year (2 year), or less than 2-year. Master’s colleges and universities I: These institutions typically offer a wide range of baccalaureate programs, and they are committed to graduate education through the master’s degree. During the period studied, they awarded 40 or more master’s degrees per year across three or more disciplines. Master’s colleges and universities II: These institutions typically offer a wide range of baccalaureate programs, and they are committed to graduate education through the master’s degree. During the period studied, they awarded 20 or more master’s degrees per year. Postsecondary Institution: Postsecondary education institution has as its sole purpose or one of its primary missions, the provision of formal instructional programs with a curriculum that is designed primarily for students who are beyond the compulsory age for high school. This includes academic, vocational, and continuing professional education programs, and excludes avocational and adult basic education programs. Sector (of institution): One of nine categories into which postsecondary institutions may be divided based on their control and level. Specialized Institutions: These institutions offer degrees, ranging from the bachelor’s to the doctorate, and typically award a majority of degrees in a single field. Title IV Institution: An institution that has a written agreement with the Secretary of Education that allows the institution to participate in any of the Title IV federal student financial assistance programs (other than the State Student Incentive Grant (SSIG) and the National Early Intervention Scholarship and Partnership (NEISP) programs).

32

Appendix C: Survey Questionnaire and Instructions

SURVEY ELIGIBILITY

You are eligible to complete the survey if your institution has its own library, defined as an entity that provides all of the following: a. Do you have an organized collection of printed or other materials or a

combination thereof? Yes/No

b. Do you have paid, trained library staff to provide and interpret library materials to meet the informational, cultural, recreational, or educational needs of clientele? Yes/No

c. Do you have established hours of operation during which paid, trained staff

are available to meet the informational service needs of clientele? Yes/No d. Does the library have the physical facilities necessary to support such a

collection, staff, and schedule? Yes/No

Data collected by NCES are used for statistical and directory purposes only.

33

ACADEMIC LIBRARIES SURVEY

OUTLETS & STAFF, FY 2008

Item Outlets Number 100 Branch and independent libraries – Exclude main or central library ______________

(Exclude maintenance and custodial staff, volunteers and contributed services staff.)

Report FTE data to two decimals.

FALL 2008 FY 2008 Number of full-time Salaries and wages Item Staff equivalents (FTEs) (whole dollars only) (1) (2) 200 Librarians _________________ 201 Other professional staff _________________ 202 Total librarians and other professional staff

(sum items 200 and 201) _________________ $_________________ 203 All other paid staff (except student assistants) _________________ $_________________ 204 Student assistants from all funding sources _________________ $_________________ 205 Total full-time equivalent (FTE) staff

(sum items 202, 203 and 204) _________________ $_________________

206 Are employee fringe benefits paid from the library budget? If no, select “N” and skip to item 300 _____ (Yes/No) 207 Employee fringe benefits (if paid from library budget) $ _______________

34


LIBRARY EXPENDITURES, FY 2008

See instructions for definitions.

Item Expenditures Amount (whole dollars only) 205 Total salaries and wages (from previous page): $_______________ Information resources: 300 One-time purchases of books, serial backfiles and other materials $_______________ 301 Electronic $ ________________ 302 Audiovisual $ ________________ 303 Ongoing commitments to serial subscriptions $_______________ 304 Electronic serials $ ________________ Other information resources: 305 Document delivery/interlibrary loan $_______________ 306 Preservation $ _______________ 307 Other expenditures for information resources $ _______________ Operating expenditures: 308 Computer hardware and software (include maintenance) $ _______________ 309 Bibliographic utilities, networks and consortia $ _______________ 310 All other operating expenditures $ _______________ 311 TOTAL EXPENDITURES (Sum 205, 300, 303 and 305 through 310) $ _______________

35


LIBRARY COLLECTIONS, FY 2008


Added during the Held at end of Item Collections Fiscal Year Fiscal Year (1) (2) 400 Books, serial backfiles and other paper

materials (include government documents) _______________ ____________ 401 E-Books _______________ ____________ 402 Microforms _______________ ____________ 403 Audiovisual materials _______________ ____________ 404 Current serial titles _______________ ____________ 405 Electronic reference sources and aggregation services _______________ _____________ 406 Is the library collection entirely electronic? Yes/No _______

36


LIBRARY SERVICES, FY 2008


Item Services Number Interlibrary loans and documents provided to other libraries: 500 Returnable _________ 501 Non-returnable _________ 502 Total provided (sum of items 500 and 501) _________ Interlibrary loans and documents received: 503 Returnable _________ 504 Non-returnable _________ 505 Documents received from commercial services _________ 506 Total received (sum of items 503, 504 and 505) _________ Circulation: 507 General circulation transactions _________ 508 Reserve circulation transactions _________ Information services to groups: 509 Number of presentations _________ 510 Total attendance at all presentations _________

37


LIBRARY SERVICES, TYPICAL WEEK, FALL 2008


Number in a Item Services typical week 600 Number of weekly public service hours __________ 601 Gate count in a typical week __________ 602 Reference transactions in a typical week __________

38


ELECTRONIC SERVICES, FY 2008

See instructions for definitions. Item Services Yes/No Does your library provide the following? 700 Documents digitized by the library staff ____ 701 Library reference service by e-mail or the Web ____ 702 Technology to assist patrons with disabilities (e.g., TDD, specially equipped

work stations) ____ 703 Electronic theses and dissertations produced by your students ____

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INFORMATION LITERACY, FY 2008

See instructions for definition.

Item Yes/No

Does your postsecondary institution have the following, or has it done the following? 800 A definition of information literacy or of an information literate student ____ 801 Incorporated information literacy in the institution’s mission ____

802 Incorporated information literacy in the institution’s strategic plan If no, select “N” and skip 803 and 804. ____ 803 An institution-wide committee to implement the strategic plans for information literacy ____ 804 The strategic plan formally recognizes the library’s role in information literacy instruction?

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE ACADEMIC LIBRARY SURVEY – FY 2008 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS Please respond to each item in this survey. If the appropriate answer for an item is zero or none, use "0." If you do not collect data for an item, provide your best estimate. PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE ITEMS BLANK. If an item is left blank, NCES will estimate a value using the average for institutions with similar characteristics. Include data for the main or central library and all branch and independent libraries that were open all or part of fiscal year 2008. LIBRARY - An entity that provides all of the following:

1. An organized collection of printed or other materials or a combination thereof; and

2. A paid, trained library staff to provide and interpret library materials to meet the informational, cultural, recreational, or educational needs of clientele; and

3. An established hours of operation during which paid, trained staff are available to meet the informational service needs of clientele; and

4. The physical facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule. This includes libraries that are part of learning resource centers. Number of Public Service Outlets, Fiscal Year 2008 Branch and independent libraries (item 100) - Report the number of branch and independent libraries at your institution that were open all or part of fiscal year 2008. EXCLUDE THE MAIN OR CENTRAL LIBRARY. Branch and independent libraries are defined as auxiliary library service outlets with quarters separate from the central library of an institution, which have a basic collection of books and other materials, a regular staffing level, and an established schedule. Branch and independent libraries are administered either by the central library or, as in the case of some libraries (such as law, medical, etc.), through the administrative structure of other units within the university. Departmental study/reading rooms are not included. Include data for all branch and independent libraries on the campus. Include libraries on branch campuses (i.e., located in another community) if those campuses are registered under the same NCES UNITID number as the main campus. Library Staff, Fall 2008 and Salaries/Wages, FY 2008 Column (1), Full-time equivalent (FTE) employees (items 200-205) - Report the number of filled or temporarily vacant FTE positions during Fall 2008. To compute FTEs for part-time employees and student assistants, take the TOTAL number of hours worked per week by part-time employees and divide it by the number of hours in the library’s full-time work week (e.g., 60 hours per week of part-time work divided by 40 hours per full-time week equals 1.50 FTE). Data should be reported to two decimal places.

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Exclude maintenance and custodial staff, volunteers, and contributed services staff, such as members of religious orders, whose services are valued by bookkeeping entries rather than by full cash transactions. Column (2), Salaries and wages (items 202-205) - Report expenditures in FY 2008 for full-time and part-time salaries and wages before deductions. Exclude employee fringe benefits provided by your institution for all regular library staff that may be reported in item 207. Librarians (item 200) - Report the total FTE of staff whose duties require professional education (the master's degree or its equivalent) in the theoretical and scientific aspects of librarianship. Other professional staff (item 201) - Report the total FTE of staff whose duties require education and/or training in related fields (e.g., academic disciplines, archives, media, computing). Total librarians and other professional staff (item 202) - Report the sum of items 200 and 201, column 1. All other paid staff (except student assistants) (item 203) - Report the total FTE of all other library staff, including technical and clerical staff who are paid annual salaries or hourly wages. Student assistants from all funding sources (item 204) - Report the total FTE of student assistants, employed on an hourly basis. Include salaries and wages from all sources (e.g., College Work Study Program). If not available leave line blank. Total FTE staff (item 205) - Report the sum of items 202 through 204, columns 1 and 2. Employee fringe benefits (item 206) — If benefits are paid from the library budget, select "Y" and report the amount in item 207. If benefits are not paid from the library budget, select "N" and skip to item 300. Benefits (item 207) - If benefits are paid from the library budget, report the amount here. Library Expenditures, Fiscal Year 2008 Total salaries and wages (item 205) - This line will automatically be filled in from the total Salaries and Wages Expenditures from the previous section. Expenditures on information resources and operations (items 300-311) - Report funds expended by the library in fiscal year 2008 (regardless of when received) from its regular budget and from all other sources; e.g., research grants, special projects, gifts and endowments, and fees for services. If items in this section are not paid from the library budget but can be easily identified in other parts of the institution's budget, report them here. Expenditures should be reported for the 12-month period that corresponds to your library's fiscal year between the calendar period June 1, 2007 to September 30, 2008. All expenditures should be reported in whole dollars in the most appropriate category to provide an unduplicated count of expenditures. Exclude expenditures for new buildings and building renovation. Information resources (items 300-307) - Books, serial backfiles, and other materials (one time purchases) (item 300) - Report expenditures for published

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materials in all formats except current subscriptions to serials. Electronic (item 301) - Report expenditures that are not current subscriptions to serials (i.e. are non-subscription, one-time, or monographic in nature) for software and machine-readable materials considered part of the collections. Examples include serial backfiles, literature collections, and one-time costs for electronic backfiles, etc. These expenditures have already been reported as part of item 300 above. Therefore, item 301 is not added into Total Expenditures (item 311). Audiovisual (item 302) - Report expenditures for all library materials that are displayed by visual projection or magnification or through sound reproduction, or both, including graphic materials, audio materials, motion pictures, video materials, and special visual materials such as three-dimensional materials. These expenditures have already been reported as part of item 300 above. Therefore, item 302 is not added into Total Expenditures (item 311). Current serial subscriptions (ongoing commitments) (item 303) - Report expenditures for ongoing subscriptions to serials in all formats. These are publications issued in successive parts, usually at regular intervals, and, as a rule, intended to be continued indefinitely. Serials include periodicals, newspapers, annuals (reports, yearbooks, etc.), memoirs, proceedings, and transactions of societies. Electronic serials (item 304) – Report subscription expenditures (or those which are expected to be ongoing commitments) for serial publications whose primary format is electronic. Examples include paid subscriptions for electronic journals and indexes/abstracts available via the Internet, CD-ROM serials, and annual access fees. These expenditures have already been reported as part of item 303. Therefore, item 304 is not added into Total Expenditures (item 311). Other Information Resources (items 305-307) - Document delivery/interlibrary loan (item 305) - Report expenditures for document delivery and interlibrary loan services. Include fees paid for photocopies, costs of facsimile transmission, royalties and access fees paid to provide document delivery or interlibrary loan. Include fees paid to bibliographic utilities if the portion paid for interlibrary loan can be separately counted. Do not count expenditures related to transactions between the main or central library and branches reported in item 100, transactions between branches (item 100), or expenditures for on campus delivery. Preservation (item 306) - Report expenditures associated with maintaining library and archival materials for use either in their original physical form or in some other usable way. This includes but is not limited to binding and rebinding, materials conservation, deacidification, lamination, and restoration. Also, include preservation-related contracts for services (e.g. digitization). Do not include staff salaries and wages. Other expenditures for information resources (item 307) - Report any other collection expenditures not already included in items 300, 303, 305, and 306, such as expenditures for cartographic materials and manuscripts. Include copyright fees and fees for database searches, e.g. (DIALOG, Lexis-Nexis). Operating Expenditures (items 308-310) - Computer hardware and software (item 308) - Report expenditures from the library budget for computer

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hardware and software used to support library operations, whether purchased or leased, local or remote. Include expenditures for maintenance. Include the expenditure for equipment used to run information service products when that expenditure can be separated from the price of the product. Exclude expenditures reported in item 304. Bibliographic utilities, networks, and consortia (item 309) - Report expenditures from the library operating budget for services provided by national, regional, and local bibliographic utilities, networks, and consortia. Exclude expenditures already reported on items 301, 304, and 305. All other operating expenditures (item 310) - Report all other expenditures from the library budget not already reported in items 205 through 309 except employee fringe benefits that are reported in item 207. Exclude expenditures for new buildings and building renovations. Include all expenditures for furniture and equipment except computer hardware, which should be reported in item 308. Include any related maintenance costs. Total Expenditures (item 311) - Report the sum of items 205, 300, 303, 305 through 310. Library Collections, Fiscal Year 2008 NOTE - This section of the survey collects data on selected types of material. It does not cover all materials. Column (1), Total number added during fiscal year - Report the gross number of each category added during FY 2008. Do not subtract the number withdrawn. Column (2), Total number held at end of fiscal year - Report the total number of each category held at end of FY 2008. To get this figure, take the total number held at the end of FY 2007, add the number added during FY 2008, and subtract the number withdrawn FY 2008. Books, serial backfiles and other paper materials (include government documents) (item 400) - Report the number of volumes using the ANSI/NISO Z39.7-1995 definition for volume, which is as follows: A single physical unit of any printed, typewritten, handwritten, mimeographed, or processed work, distinguished from other units by a separate binding, encasement, portfolio, or other clear distinction, which has been cataloged, classified, and made ready for use, and which is typically the unit used to charge circulation transactions. Include print photographs, duplicates and bound volumes of periodicals. For purposes of this questionnaire, unclassified bound serials arranged in alphabetical order are considered classified. Exclude microfilms, maps, nonprint materials, and uncataloged items. Include Government document volumes that are accessible through the library's catalogs regardless of whether they are separately shelved. "Classified" includes documents arranged by Superintendent of Documents, CODOC, or similar numbers. "Cataloged" includes documents for which records are provided by the library or downloaded from other sources into the library's card or online catalogs. E-Books (item 401) - Report the number of electronic monographs that have been cataloged by your library and are accessible through the library's catalog. Microforms (item 402) - Report units of all photographic reproduction of textual, tabular, or graphic materials reduced in size so that they can be used only with magnification. Examples of microforms are roll microfilm, microcard, microfiche, and ultrafiche.

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Audiovisual Materials (item 403) - Report units of all library materials that are displayed by visual projection or magnification or through sound reproduction, or both, including graphic materials, audio materials (include audio books), motion pictures, video materials, and special visual materials such as three-dimensional materials. Current serial subscriptions (item 404) - Report the total number of titles in all formats. If the title comes in both paper and electronic form, count it twice. Count each individual title if it is received as part of a publisher’s package. Include paper and microfilm government documents issued serially if they are accessible through the library’s catalog. Report indexing and abstracting services that may contain full-text in item 405. Electronic reference sources and aggregation services (item 405) –Report the total number of citation indexes and abstracts; full-text article databases; full-text reference sources (e.g., encyclopedias, almanacs, biographical and statistical sources and other quick fact-finding sources); dissertation and conference proceedings databases. Licensed electronic resources also include those databases that institutions mount locally. [Aggregation services are defined by NISO Z39.7-2004 as "4.10.3.2 Aggregated Full Text Databases: Collection of both bibliographic references and full text articles from periodical and/or other titles presented on a continuous basis that may relate to a common discipline or may provide multi-disciplinary coverage. This includes electronic reference and indexing tools that, if existed in print form, would be counted as periodicals. The content of aggregated full text databases consists predominately of full text articles rather than bibliographic references without associated full text, although both may be represented in the database."] Library Services, Fiscal Year 2008 Interlibrary loans and documents (items 500-506) – In items 500 and 501, report the number of filled requests for material provided to other libraries. In items 503 and 504, report the number of filled requests for material received from other libraries. Do not include transactions between the main or central library and branches reported in item 100, or transactions between branches (item 100). Returnables (item 500 and 503) - Report materials that the library expects to have returned. Examples of returnables include books, dissertations and theses, microfilm reels, sound recordings, and audiovisual material. Non-returnables (item 501 and 504) - Report materials that the library does not expect to have returned. Examples of non-returnables include photocopies or facsimiles, fiche-to-fiche copies, print copies from microfilm, electronic full-text documents, and gratis print copies of unpublished reports and/or departmental working papers. Documents delivered from commercial services (item 505) - Report the number of documents from commercial document delivery services received by your users. Count all transactions for which the library pays even if library staff is not involved in the transaction. Include documents received by regular or express mail, by fax, or in electronic form. Total loans (items 502 and 506) - Sum items 500 and 501 for item 502, and sum items 503, 504, and 505 for item 506. General circulation transactions (item 507) - Report the number of items lent from the general collection. Include both initial transactions and renewals.

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Reserve circulation transactions (item 508) – Report reserve transactions of all types. Include both initial transactions and renewals. Information services to groups (items 509 and 510) - Report the total number of presentations (item 509) and the total number of persons attending or served by those presentations (item 510). Information services to groups are presentations at which a staff member or person invited by a staff member provides information intended for a number of persons and planned in advance. These services may be either bibliographic instruction or library use presentations, or cultural, recreational, or educational presentations. Presentations both on and off the library premises should be included, as long as they are sponsored by the library. Self-paced tutorials and staff training should be excluded, as well as meetings sponsored by other groups using library meeting rooms. Include web-based presentations. Library Services - Typical Week, Fall 2008 Collect data during a typical week in the fall. A typical week is one that is neither unusually busy nor unusually slow. Avoid vacation periods for key staff or days when unusual events are taking place on the campus or in the library. Choose a week in which the library is open its regular hours. Include any seven consecutive calendar days. If waiting for a typical week in Fall 2008 will delay this form, please use typical week data from the preceding fiscal year. If you have data for the entire year, divide by the number of weeks that the library was open. Number of weekly public service hours (item 600) – Report an unduplicated count of the total public service hours for physical libraries per typical full-service week (i.e., no holidays or other special accommodations) across both main library and branches using the following method (corresponds to IPEDS): If a library is open from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, it should report 40 hours per week. If several of its branches are also open during these hours, the figure remains 40 hours per week. Should Branch A also be open one evening from 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., the total hours during which users can find service somewhere within the system becomes 42 hours per week. If Branch B is open the same hours on the same evening, the count is still 42, but if Branch B is open two hours on another evening, or remains open two hours later, the total is then 44 hours per week. Exclude 24-hour unstaffed reserve or similar reading rooms. The maximum total is 168 (i.e., a staffed reading room open 7 days per week, 24 hours per day). Gate count in a typical week (item 601) - Report the number of persons who physically enter library facilities in a typical week. It is understood that a single person may be counted more than once. If the library is virtual or entirely electronic, please leave the line blank. Reference transactions in a typical week (item 602) - Report the total number of reference transactions in a typical week. A reference transaction is an information contact that involves the knowledge, use, recommendation, interpretation, or instruction in the use of one or more information sources by a member of the library staff. Information sources include printed and non-printed materials, machine-readable databases (including assistance with computer searching), the Web, catalogs and other holdings records, and, through communication or referral, other libraries and institutions, and persons both inside and outside the library. Include transactions in person, by phone, by e-mail, by the Web, and count transactions that take place at the reference desk, as well as elsewhere. Include information and referral services. If a contact includes both reference and directional services, it should be reported as one reference transaction. When a staff member

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utilizes information gained from a previous use of information sources to answer a question, report as a reference transaction, even if the source is not consulted again during this transaction. Duration should not be an element in determining whether a transaction is a reference transaction. Do not report directional transactions here. A directional transaction is an information contact which facilitates the use of the library in which the contact occurs and which does NOT involve the knowledge, use, recommendation, interpretation, or instruction in the use of any information sources other than those which describe the library; such as schedules, floor plans, handbooks, and policy statements. Examples of directional transactions include giving instruction in locating, within the library, staff, library users, or physical features, etc., and giving assistance of a nonbibliographic nature with machines. Electronic Services This section requests information about the electronic services provided by the library. The questions require a "yes" or "no" response. If the answer was "yes" at any time during the academic year, respond "yes". Information Literacy This section requests information about institutional support for information literacy, which includes the set of skills needed to find, retrieve, analyze, and use information. The questions require a "yes" or "no" response. Items 800-804 ask about information literacy activities undertaken by the postsecondary institution, not by the library.