about reasonably achievable balance between economy and ... 5/group 1/breakout... · grigory...
TRANSCRIPT
Grigory Ponomarenko
OKB ldquoGIDROPRESSrdquo Podolsk Russian Federation
OKB GP
About Reasonably Achievable
Balance between Economy and
Safety indices in WWERs
IAEA
INPRO DF8
Vienna
26-29 August 2014
2
Contents
1 Safety vs Economy
2 What is the better combination for
ldquoEconomy +Safetyrdquo
3 Fuel efficiency increase in WWERs
OKB GP
3
Here I would like to emphasize how the
permanent process of modifications of FAs
active core and fuel cycle in the WWERs
intended first of all for the total economy
improvement leads to inevitable some
worsening of safety and even economy
itself
And what should help in this conflict of
opposites to improve economy and maintain
the necessary level of safety
OKB GP
4
Safety vs Economy
Build-up of engineering safety systems
including their diversification leads not
only to the Safety enhancement but also
to the complexity and rise in price
It was noted at the previous INPRO
meeting DF7 which took place on 2012
year
So here it should be achieved a
reasonable balance between Economy
and Safety
OKB GP
5
What is the better combination for ldquoEconomy
+Safetyrdquo
Frequently there is not an unambiguous answer
for this question
For example
- much more CPS CRs (EP) in WWERs than in
PWRs
- in PWRs are used the external neutron source for
more safe reactor start-up from the subcritical state
but in WWERs are not used
- much more SPND+TC for neutronics and thermal
monitoring in WWERs than in PWRs
OKB GP
6
OKB GP
EP with 61 CRs
(Serial
WWER-1000)
EP with 121 CRs
(advanced
WWER-1200)
7
OKB GP
Core
RMS
NFMS
PSS
After filling by CB
the monitoring is
executed by PSS
channels
Then after return
of PSS indications
to ldquozerordquo values ndash
by RMS channels
There is not the
necessity to use
the external
neutron source
8
OKB GP
54 NTMC
(SPND+ТC) in
FAs of the
ldquoBushehrrdquo
core
SPNDndash 54 х
7 pcs (by
height)
9
OKB GP
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
2
Contents
1 Safety vs Economy
2 What is the better combination for
ldquoEconomy +Safetyrdquo
3 Fuel efficiency increase in WWERs
OKB GP
3
Here I would like to emphasize how the
permanent process of modifications of FAs
active core and fuel cycle in the WWERs
intended first of all for the total economy
improvement leads to inevitable some
worsening of safety and even economy
itself
And what should help in this conflict of
opposites to improve economy and maintain
the necessary level of safety
OKB GP
4
Safety vs Economy
Build-up of engineering safety systems
including their diversification leads not
only to the Safety enhancement but also
to the complexity and rise in price
It was noted at the previous INPRO
meeting DF7 which took place on 2012
year
So here it should be achieved a
reasonable balance between Economy
and Safety
OKB GP
5
What is the better combination for ldquoEconomy
+Safetyrdquo
Frequently there is not an unambiguous answer
for this question
For example
- much more CPS CRs (EP) in WWERs than in
PWRs
- in PWRs are used the external neutron source for
more safe reactor start-up from the subcritical state
but in WWERs are not used
- much more SPND+TC for neutronics and thermal
monitoring in WWERs than in PWRs
OKB GP
6
OKB GP
EP with 61 CRs
(Serial
WWER-1000)
EP with 121 CRs
(advanced
WWER-1200)
7
OKB GP
Core
RMS
NFMS
PSS
After filling by CB
the monitoring is
executed by PSS
channels
Then after return
of PSS indications
to ldquozerordquo values ndash
by RMS channels
There is not the
necessity to use
the external
neutron source
8
OKB GP
54 NTMC
(SPND+ТC) in
FAs of the
ldquoBushehrrdquo
core
SPNDndash 54 х
7 pcs (by
height)
9
OKB GP
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
3
Here I would like to emphasize how the
permanent process of modifications of FAs
active core and fuel cycle in the WWERs
intended first of all for the total economy
improvement leads to inevitable some
worsening of safety and even economy
itself
And what should help in this conflict of
opposites to improve economy and maintain
the necessary level of safety
OKB GP
4
Safety vs Economy
Build-up of engineering safety systems
including their diversification leads not
only to the Safety enhancement but also
to the complexity and rise in price
It was noted at the previous INPRO
meeting DF7 which took place on 2012
year
So here it should be achieved a
reasonable balance between Economy
and Safety
OKB GP
5
What is the better combination for ldquoEconomy
+Safetyrdquo
Frequently there is not an unambiguous answer
for this question
For example
- much more CPS CRs (EP) in WWERs than in
PWRs
- in PWRs are used the external neutron source for
more safe reactor start-up from the subcritical state
but in WWERs are not used
- much more SPND+TC for neutronics and thermal
monitoring in WWERs than in PWRs
OKB GP
6
OKB GP
EP with 61 CRs
(Serial
WWER-1000)
EP with 121 CRs
(advanced
WWER-1200)
7
OKB GP
Core
RMS
NFMS
PSS
After filling by CB
the monitoring is
executed by PSS
channels
Then after return
of PSS indications
to ldquozerordquo values ndash
by RMS channels
There is not the
necessity to use
the external
neutron source
8
OKB GP
54 NTMC
(SPND+ТC) in
FAs of the
ldquoBushehrrdquo
core
SPNDndash 54 х
7 pcs (by
height)
9
OKB GP
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
4
Safety vs Economy
Build-up of engineering safety systems
including their diversification leads not
only to the Safety enhancement but also
to the complexity and rise in price
It was noted at the previous INPRO
meeting DF7 which took place on 2012
year
So here it should be achieved a
reasonable balance between Economy
and Safety
OKB GP
5
What is the better combination for ldquoEconomy
+Safetyrdquo
Frequently there is not an unambiguous answer
for this question
For example
- much more CPS CRs (EP) in WWERs than in
PWRs
- in PWRs are used the external neutron source for
more safe reactor start-up from the subcritical state
but in WWERs are not used
- much more SPND+TC for neutronics and thermal
monitoring in WWERs than in PWRs
OKB GP
6
OKB GP
EP with 61 CRs
(Serial
WWER-1000)
EP with 121 CRs
(advanced
WWER-1200)
7
OKB GP
Core
RMS
NFMS
PSS
After filling by CB
the monitoring is
executed by PSS
channels
Then after return
of PSS indications
to ldquozerordquo values ndash
by RMS channels
There is not the
necessity to use
the external
neutron source
8
OKB GP
54 NTMC
(SPND+ТC) in
FAs of the
ldquoBushehrrdquo
core
SPNDndash 54 х
7 pcs (by
height)
9
OKB GP
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
5
What is the better combination for ldquoEconomy
+Safetyrdquo
Frequently there is not an unambiguous answer
for this question
For example
- much more CPS CRs (EP) in WWERs than in
PWRs
- in PWRs are used the external neutron source for
more safe reactor start-up from the subcritical state
but in WWERs are not used
- much more SPND+TC for neutronics and thermal
monitoring in WWERs than in PWRs
OKB GP
6
OKB GP
EP with 61 CRs
(Serial
WWER-1000)
EP with 121 CRs
(advanced
WWER-1200)
7
OKB GP
Core
RMS
NFMS
PSS
After filling by CB
the monitoring is
executed by PSS
channels
Then after return
of PSS indications
to ldquozerordquo values ndash
by RMS channels
There is not the
necessity to use
the external
neutron source
8
OKB GP
54 NTMC
(SPND+ТC) in
FAs of the
ldquoBushehrrdquo
core
SPNDndash 54 х
7 pcs (by
height)
9
OKB GP
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
6
OKB GP
EP with 61 CRs
(Serial
WWER-1000)
EP with 121 CRs
(advanced
WWER-1200)
7
OKB GP
Core
RMS
NFMS
PSS
After filling by CB
the monitoring is
executed by PSS
channels
Then after return
of PSS indications
to ldquozerordquo values ndash
by RMS channels
There is not the
necessity to use
the external
neutron source
8
OKB GP
54 NTMC
(SPND+ТC) in
FAs of the
ldquoBushehrrdquo
core
SPNDndash 54 х
7 pcs (by
height)
9
OKB GP
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
7
OKB GP
Core
RMS
NFMS
PSS
After filling by CB
the monitoring is
executed by PSS
channels
Then after return
of PSS indications
to ldquozerordquo values ndash
by RMS channels
There is not the
necessity to use
the external
neutron source
8
OKB GP
54 NTMC
(SPND+ТC) in
FAs of the
ldquoBushehrrdquo
core
SPNDndash 54 х
7 pcs (by
height)
9
OKB GP
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
8
OKB GP
54 NTMC
(SPND+ТC) in
FAs of the
ldquoBushehrrdquo
core
SPNDndash 54 х
7 pcs (by
height)
9
OKB GP
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
9
OKB GP
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
Fuel efficiency in WWERs has been
considerably increased during last 20 years
particularly due to
- replacement of steel elements in active part of
Fuel Assemblies by Zr elements
- transition from two-years fuel cycle to three and
then four-year cycle and
- reduction of lateral neutron leakage (L3P) It
promoted also the collateral increase the RPV life
time (due to decrease FN Fluence) and increase of
EP effectiveness
OKB GP
10
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
However there is a competition in safety and
economical parameters between different variants
Any implemented improvement has not only the
positive influence but also the negative one
For example the very favorable for safety and
economy implementation of L3P loading scheme leads
also to some disadvantages in safety ndash worsening of
Power Peaking Factor (Kq) and Temperature
Coefficient of Reactivity (TCR)
Another example is a competition between strategies
of often reloadings (reactor campaign 6-12 months
with maximal Burn-up) and rare ones (reactor
campaign 18-24 months with maximal Load Factor)
OKB GP
11
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
12
ОКБ ГП
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Cycle length EFPD
Av
era
ge
bu
rnu
p o
f u
nlo
ad
ed
FA
s
MWmiddotdaykgU
40
42
44
46
4850
3642
4854
6066
7278
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
13
OKB GP
To improve economy and at the same time to
maintain the necessary level of safety may
help the following measures
evolution of safety methodology to BE-
approach and BE- codes
the coupled simulation of 3D effects in the
link NFTGHD
harmonization of DSA and PSA
Risk- Informed Approach to decision making
by the optimum balance of safety and
efficiency in the RI projects and
optimization of NTD in the field of AE 13
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
14
ОКБ ГП
Characteristic Times
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Designation TVS-2 TVS-2M TVS-4
Fuel height m
353 368 368
Diameter of fuel pellet
mm
757 76 78
Diameter of fuel pellet
central hole mm
14 12 0
Fuel mass rel
100 106 115
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
OKB GP
Cost of natural
uranium USD kg
26
Cost of Separating
Work Unit
USD SWU
90
Base price parameters (approximate)
15
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
Economical profit due to implementation of the
axial profiling of fuel enrichment
Reactor campaign
(refueling)
Gain in the
cycle
length
Sum gain
Sum gain
103 $(year
unit)
Basic (ref - no profiling)
00 00 0
First Transition 13 32 - 35 470 - 510
Second Transition
05 24 - 27 350 - 390
Third Transition 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
Forthhellip -01 18 - 21 260 - 300
Equilibrium 00 19 - 22 280 - 320
OKB GP
16
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
$10 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Gain ndash Decrease of ldquoNatural U + enrichmentrdquo costs
Implemented
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
$ 45 106 (year unit)
Axial
blankets
$032 106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
$058106 (year unit) in equilibrium cycle
Implemented partly
Implemented
partly Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease of
cladding
thickness
Will be soon
Implemented
OKB GP
17
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
Transition from SS elements to ZR in FAs + from 2 to 4 years campaign + LLLP (in-in-out)
30
Axial
blankets
22
Fuel
length
increase
+ Axial
blankets
4
Implemented Implemented partly
Implemented
partly
Increase of
fuel mass
in FRs
decrease
of
cladding
thickness
48
Will be soon
Implemented
Decrease of specific consumption of Natural U
18
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
19
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from st-
steel to Zr
in Spacer
Grids and
Guiding
Tubes in FAs
Substantial
increase of fuel
utilization
Efficiency due to
removal of a
parasitic steel
absorber of
neutrons
Rigidity
lowering against
FA bow
Increase of the
degree of
freedom on FArsquos
bow due to
increase of inter-
assembly gaps at
heating-up
additional
local power
peaks
PWR
WWER
19
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
20
OKB GP
20
Real FA max bowing
Real FA max inter-assembly gap
Calc forecast for FA max bowing
Years
mm
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
21
OKB GP
21
But for the hexagonal FAs made by Westinghous (W-
FA) namely for Temelin NPP (Chech Republic) and
South-Ukrainian NPP (Ukraine) there is a problem
with W-FAs bowing and even loss of their leak-
tightness This is a complex and money loosing task
Therefore several years ago the Temelin NPP
unloaded from the core all 163 W-FAs and loaded
into the core all 163 fresh FAs of Russian design
At the SU NPP a similar situation was with several
trial W-FAs Now a real dangerous may occur of
irresponsible usage of such unreliable W-FAs on
Ukrainian NPPs in the connection with certain events
in the Ukraine
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
22
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Transition
from discrete
BAR to IFBA
(tvegs)
Increase of fuel
utilization due to
better burn-up of
integrated with fuel
burnable absorber
(IFBA)
No spent
burnable absorber
rods (BARs)
More flexibility for
improving of TCR
and power peaking
factors in the FAs
and core
More strict
limitations and
acceptance
criteria for IFBA
(due to less
thermal
conductivity and
less melting
temperature)
PWR
WWER
22
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
23
OKB GP
Fuel and
Fuel Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease
(up to
Zero) of the
central hole
diameter in
the fuel
pellet
Fuel-
fullness of
the Core
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Increase of the
loading Fuel
mass
Decrease of
the free
volume
Potential
aggravation of
safety margin
in accidents
PWR
WWER -
in
progress
23
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
24
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Decrease of
the cladding
thickness in
the fuel rods
(the inner
diameter of
claddings is
increased via
decreasing
the minimal
wall
thickness to
054 mm)
Increase of
fuel usage
Efficiency
Improve of
the Fuel rods
cooling
Decrease
of the
mechanical
strength of
the cladding
PWR
WWER - in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
24
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
25
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-tation
Increase of
fuel pellet
diameter and
decrease of
gas gap
between pellet
and cladding
Fuel-fullness
of the Core
Improving
of fuel
usage
Increase of
the loading
Fuel mass
Decrease
of the free
volume
Potential
aggravation
of safety
margin in
accidents
PWR
WWER- in
progress
(It requires
to decrease
the
tolerances
at
fabrication
of Fuel
Rods)
25
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
26
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle
Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase
of the fuel
Burn-up
Fuel cycle
flexibility
and long
reactor
campaigns
up to 18-24
months
Total
increase of
economical
indices in
spite of the
worsen of fuel
usage
Decrease of the
mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
additional local
power peaks
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff of
Reactivity
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
26
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
27
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Increase of
the fuel Burn-
up More of
the fuel
refuelings
(from 2-years
to 3-4-5-6-
years fuel
campaign
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Decrease of
the mechanical
strength of fuel
rods and FArsquos
structure
FArsquos
deformation
Many outages
due to
refuelings
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
27
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
28
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction of
radial
leakage of
neutrons from
the core In-
inhellip-out or
Low
Leakage
Loading
Patterns
Improve
of the fuel
utilization
Increase
of EP
efficiency
Reduction
of fluence
of FN on
RPV
Worsen of the
radial power
peaking factor
Worsen of the
Temper Coeff
of Reactivity
PWR
WWER
28
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
29
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Reduction
of axial
leakage of
neutrons
from the
core (axial
fuel
blankets)
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Worsen of
the axial power
peaking factor
Local worsen
of differential
eff of WG
Increase of
max burn-up
of pellets
Some
PWR
WWER-
in
progress
29
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
30
OKB GP
Fuel and Fuel
Cycle Innovation
Advantages
Possible
Disadvantages
Implemen-
tation
Implement
of the axial
profiling of
the fuel rods
enrichment
and of the
BArsquos
concentratio
ns
Improve of
the axial power
peaking factor
Improve of
the fuel
utilization
Lowering of
the power
jumps after
fuel refuellig
Worsen of
the stability
index on
Xenon
ocsill
Some
PWR
WWER-
is suitable
30
Thanks for your attention
Thanks for your attention