abhishek pal -project report 2012

7/31/2019 Abhishek Pal -Project Report 2012

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A PROJECT REPORT ON

INTERNET PROTOCOL

(IP) ADDRESSING

L a x m i D e v i I n s t i t u t e o f

E n g i n e e r i n g & T e c h n o l o g y

C h i k a n i , A l w a r , R a j a s t h a n

M o b i l e : - + 9 1 9 5 3 0 2 - 3 7 1 1 6

9 J u l y 2 0 1 2

Abhishek Pal

[This Project Report described Internet Protocol Addressing,

IP Classes, Subnet Mask, Private and Public IP and

differences between IP v4 and IPv6.]


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Submitted by: Abhishek Pal,

Laxmi Devi Institute of Engineering &

Technology, Chikani, Alwar.

Submitted to: Mr.Mohit Sharma,

MTS India, Jaipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and thank Mr.

Mohit Sharma for his guidance and invaluable help without which this

project would not have been possible.

I must also acknowledge the invaluable help provided by Mr.Dipesh Ji

Teaching Assistant to Mr. Mohit Sharma during this project.


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INDEX

1.IP ADDRESS2.IP ADDRESS CLASSES3.SUBNET MASK4.SUBNETS5.PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES6.PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES7.BROADCAST ADDRESS8.DRAWBACKS OF IPv4 AND COMPARISON

WITH IPv6


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INTRODUCTION

The internet as we see today is a network of networks, a virtual worldwhere any computer on internet appears to be connected to every other

computer present on Internet.

The glue that holds the internet together is the IP (Internet Protocol). It

was designed from beginning with internetworking in mind. Its job is to

provide is to provide best-efforts way to transport datagrams from source

to destination, without regard to whether these machines are on the same

network or whether there are other networks in between them.

The Internet Protocol also has the task of routing data packets between

networks, and IP Addresses specify the locations of the source and

destination nodes in the topology of the routing system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)


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The above window is used to manually configure the IP Address of any PC

running Microsoft Windows. In this the first half is used to configure IP

Address and the second half is used to configure the DNS server.

When the Obtain an IP address automatically is checked the computer

itself finds a DHCP server in the network and obtains an IP address

dynamically from it.

When the Use the following IP address is checked we can manually

assign an IP address to the current Network Interface. It has 3 entries:

IP address: The IP address to be assigned to current Network

Interface. Subnet Mask: This entry is done automatically by the

computer seeing the IP address assigned. It can also be assigned

manually. Default Gateway: This entry is the IP address of the Gateway

through which the computer can connect to other networks.

IP ADDRESS

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical identification and

logical address that is assigned to devices participating in a computer

network utilizing the Internet Protocol for communication between its

nodes. Although IP addresses are stored as binary numbers, they are

usually displayed in human-readable notations, such as 208.77.188.166

(for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:1:1 (for IPv6).


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The designers of TCP/IP defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this

system, now named Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today.

However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the resulting

depletion of the address space, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128

bits for the address, was developed in 1995 and last standardized in 1998.

Every host and router on the internet has an IP address, which encodes its

network number and host number. The combination is unique: inprinciple, no two machines on the internet have the same IP address. An

IP address does not actually refer to a host, it really refers to network

interface, so if a host is on two network, it must have two IP addresses.

IP versions

The Internet Protocol (IP) has two versions currently in use, the IPv4

and the IPv6. Because of its prevalence, the generic termIP address

typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4.

IP version 4 addresses


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IPv4 uses 32-bit (4-byte) addresses, which limits the address space to32

4,294,967,296 (2) possible unique addresses. IPv4 reserves some addresses

for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or

multicast addresses (~270 million addresses). This reduces the number of

addresses that can be allocated to end users and, as the number of

addresses available is consumed, IPv4 address exhaustion is inevitable.

This foreseeable shortage was the primary motivation for developing IPv6,

which is in various deployment stages around the world and is the only

strategy for IPv4 replacement and continued Internet expansion.

IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation (four

numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g.208.77.188.166). Each part represents 8 bits of the address, and is

therefore called an octet.

IPv4 Header:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space


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IPv4 networks

In the early stages of development of the Internet protocol network

administrators interpreted an IP address as a structure of network number

and host number. The highest order octet (most significant eight bits) was

designated the network numberand the rest of the bits were called the host

identifierand were used for host numbering within a network. This method

soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were

independent from the existing networks already designated by a network

number. The Internet addressing specification was revised with the

introduction of Classful Network Architecture.


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IP Address Classes

Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual networkassignments. The first four bits of the most significant octet of an IP

address was defined as the class of the address. Three classes,A,B, and C

were defined for universal unicast addressing and Class D was defined for

multicast and Class Ewas reserved for future use. Depending on the class

derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments

of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the

network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher

order classes (B and C). The following table gives an overview of this

system.

Table
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicast


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Class A: Class A addresses are specified to networks with large number of

total hosts. Class A allows for 126 networks by using the first octet for thenetwork ID. The first bit in this octet, is always set and fixed to zero. And

next seven bits in the octet is all set to one, which then complete network

ID. The 24 bits in the remaining octets represent the hosts ID, allowing 126

networks and approximately 17 million hosts per network. Class A

network number values begin at 1 and end at 127.

Class B: Class B addresses are specified to medium to large sized of

networks. Class B allows for 16,384 networks by using the first two

octets for the network ID. The two bits in the first octet are always set andfixed to 1 0. The remaining 6 bits, together with the next octet, complete

network ID. The 16 bits in the third and fourth octet represent host ID,

allowing for approximately 65,000 hosts per network. Class B network

number values begin at 128 and end at 191.


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Class C: Class C addresses are used in small local area networks (LANs).

Class C allows for approximately 2 million networks by using the first

three octets for the network ID. In class C address three bits are always set

and fixed to 1 1 0. And in the first three octets 21 bits complete the total

network ID. The 8 bits of the last octet represent the host ID allowing for254 hosts per one network. Class C network number values begin at 192

and end at 223.

Class D and E: Classes D and E are not allocated to hosts. Class D

addresses are used for multicasting, and class E addresses are not available

for general use: they are reserved for future purposes.

Subnet Mask

The subnet mask is used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a


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host is on the local subnet or on a remote network.

In TCP/IP, the parts of the IP address that are used as the network and

host addresses are not fixed, so the network and host addresses abovecannot be determined unless you have more information. This

information is supplied in another 32-bit number called a subnet mask.

Applying a subnet mask to an IP address allows you to identify the

network and node parts of the address. The network bits are represented by

the 1s in the mask, and the node bits are represented by the 0s. Performing

a bitwise logical AND operation between the IP address and the subnet

mask results in theNetwork Address or Number. The routeruses the Boolean AND operation with an incoming IP address to lose

the host portion of the IP addresses i.e. the bits that are '0', and match the

network portion with its routing table. From this, the router can determine

out of which interface to send the datagram. This means that the 'Don't care

bits' are represented by binary 0's whilst the 'Do care bits' are represented

by binary 1's.

For example, using our test IP address and the default Class B subnetmask, we get:

10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 140.179.240.200 Class B IP

Address 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.000.000

Default Class B Subnet Mask 10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000

140.179.000.000 Network Address

Default subnet masks:

Class A -255.0.0.0 -11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Class B

-255.255.0.0 -11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 Class C -

255.255.255.0 -11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000


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The same mask is applied throughout the physical networks that share

the same subnet part of the IP address. All devices connected to the

networks that compose the subnet must have the same mask.

Subnets

All hosts on a network must have the same network number. This

property of IP addressing can cause problems as networks grow. The

problem is the rule that a single class A, B or C address refers to one

network not a collection of LANs. Thus when many computers are

connected the broadcast requests and other network traffic lead tonetwork blockages. To avoid this situation we have two options:

Acquire a new network address for each network

Divide the current network into more sub-networks.

Getting a new network address for each sub-network may not be

economical and the IP addresses of the current network get wasted.

The solution is to allow a network to be split into several parts for internal

use but still act like a single network to the outside world. The parts of the

networks are called Subnets.

Sub-netting breaks a network into smaller realms that may use existing


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address space more efficiently, and, when physically separated, may

prevent excessive rates of Ethernet packet collision in a larger network.

The technique of sub-netting can operate in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.

The IP address is divided into two parts: the network address and the hostidentifier.

Variable Length Subnet Mask

Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is used by the ISPs to reduce

Wastage of IP Addresses.

A Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a means of allocating IP

addressing resources to subnets according to their individual need rather

than some general network-wide rule.

For Example: We require 6 different sub-networks having different

number of computers. Since we require maximum 30 computers in any

network we can take 3 MSBs of Host ID into network ID.

The following comparison shows the wastage of IP Addresses in

Subnetting and VLSM technique:

Requirement Subnetting Wastage Sub-netting Wastage

(A) Before (B-A) After (C-A)

VLSM (B) VLSM(C)

30 30 00 30 00

20 30 10 20 10

10 30 20 14 04


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74 180 106 86 22

The VLSM was introduced as a technique to delay the IPv4 Exhaustion. It was based not on the

number of sub-networks required but on the

number of hosts in any particular network. This technique considerably reduced IP wastage but

lead to another problem of routing. VLSM was not supported by many older routers and switches

and hence implementing them required some hardware up-gradation which was not economical.

The comparison between IP Network IDs for Subnetting and VLSM

Simple Subnetting Variable Length Subnet Mask

Network ID Subnet Mask Network ID Subnet Mask

192.168.0.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.32 255.255.255.224

192.168.0.64 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.64 255.255.255.224

192.168.0.96 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.96 255.255.255.240

192.168.0.128 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.112 255.255.255.240

192.168.0.160 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.128 255.255.255.248

192.168.0.192 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.136 255.255.255.252

Private IP Addresses

In the Internet addressing architecture, a P rivate Network is a network

that uses private IP address space, following the standards set by RFC

1918 and RFC 4193. These addresses are commonly used for home, office,

and enterprise local area networks (LANs), when globally routable


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addresses are not mandatory, or are not available for the intended network

applications. Private IP address spaces were originally defined in an effort

to delay IPv4 address exhaustion, but they are also a feature of the next

generation Internet Protocol, IPv6.

These addresses are characterized as private because they are not

globally delegated, meaning they are not allocated to any specific

organization, and IP packets addressed by them cannot be transmitted

onto the public Internet. Anyone may use these addresses without

approval from a regional Internet registry (RIR). If such a private

network needs to connect to the Internet, it must use either a network

address translator (NAT) gateway, or a proxy server.

The most common use of these addresses is in residential networks, since

most Internet service providers (ISPs) only allocate a single routable IP

address to each residential customer, but many homes have more than one

networked device, for example, several computers and a video game

console. In this situation, a NAT gateway is usually used to enable Internet

connectivity to multiple hosts. Private addresses are also commonly used

in corporate networks, which for security reasons, are not connected

directly to the Internet. In both cases, private addresses are often seen as

enhancing security for the internal network, since it is difficult for an

Internet host to connect directly to an internal system.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has directed the Internet

Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to reserve the following IPv4

address ranges for private networks, as published in RFC 1918:


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RFC19

18

name

IP address

range

number

of

address

es

classfuldescrip

tion

largest CIDR

bl ock (subnet

mask)

hos

t id

siz

e

10.0.0.0

24-bit

block10.255.255.2

55

16,777,2

16

single class A 10.0.0.0/8

(255.0.0.0)

24

bits

172.16.0.0

20-bit 172.31.255.2 1,048,57 16 contiguous 172.16.0.0/12 20block 55 6 class B's (255.240.0.0) bits

192.168.0.0

16-bit

block192.168.255.

255

65,536 256 contiguous

class C's

192.168.0.0/16

(255.255.0.0)

16

bits

Public IP Addresses

The IP Addresses provided by the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are

called Public IP Addresses. These addresses are recognizable on the

internet and any machine connecting to internet must have a Public IPAddress. These addresses are provided by the Regional Internet Registries

to the ISPs.

The machines which are assigned Private IP Address must go on the

Internet via NAT server having Public IP Address.


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The IP Address Ranges not included in the Private IP Address Ranges are

Public IP Ranges.

Broadcast Address

Broadcast address refers to the ability to address a message that is

broadcast to all stations or hosts on a network. Ethernet networks are

shared-media networks in which computers transmit signals on a cable

that all other computers attached to the cable can receive. Thus, all the

computers are part of the same "broadcast domain."

A broadcast address is an IP address that allows you to target all systems

on a specific subnet instead of single hosts. The broadcast address of any

IP address can be calculated by taking the bit compliment of the subnet

mask, sometimes referred to as the reverse mask, and then applying it with

a bitwise OR calculation to the IP address in question.


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Normally, one computer transmits frames to only one other computer on

the network by placing the MAC address of the destination computer in the

frame. This frame is then transmitted on the shared media. Even though

other computers see this frame on the network, only the target receives it.A broadcast message is addressed to all stations on the network. The

destination address in a broadcast message consists of all 1s

(0xFFFFFFFF). All stations automatically receive frames with this

address. Normally, broadcast messages are sent for network management

and diagnostic purposes.

On IP networks, the IP address 255.255.255.255 (in binary, all 1s) is the

general broadcast address. You can't use this address to broadcast a

message to every user on the Internet because routers block it, so all you

end up doing is broadcasting it to all hosts on your own network. The

broadcast address for a specific network includes all 1s in the host portion

of the IP address. For example, on the class C network 192.168.1.0, the last

byte indicates the host address (a 0 in this position doesn't refer to any

host, but provides a way to refer to the entire network). The value 255 in

this position fills it with all 1s, which indicates the network broadcastaddress, so packets sent to 192.168.1.255 are sent to all hosts on the

network.

Drawbacks of IPv4

On todays Internet, IPv4 has the following disadvantages:

Limited address space. The most visible and urgent problem with

using IPv4 on the modern Internet is the rapid depletion of public

addresses. Due to the initial address class allocation practices of the

early Internet, public IPv4 addresses are becoming scarce. Flat routing


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infrastructure, i.e. the IP address ranges are not allocated according to

any meaningful hierarchy. In the early Internet, address prefixes were

not allocated to create a summarizable, hierarchical routing

infrastructure. Instead, individual address prefixes were assigned andeach address prefix became a new route in the routing tables of the

Internet backbone

routers. Todays Internet is a mixture of flat and hierarchical

routing, but there are still more than 85,000 routes in the routing

tables of Internet backbone routers. Thus to reach a router from one

country to another the packet might need to go to a backbone router

in a third country thereby increasing cost and delay. Security for

IPv4 is specified by the use of Internet Protocol security (IPSec).

However, IPSec is optional for IPv4 implementations. Because an

application cannot rely on IPSec being present to secure traffic, an

application might resort to other security standards or a proprietary

security scheme. The need for built-in security is even more

important today, when we face an increasingly hostile environment

on the Internet.


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Another drawback was the 32 bit header which had much of the values

which were generally never used and which only increased the bandwidth

usage. A final challenge has been the real-time delivery of multimedia

content and the necessary bandwidth allocation that goes along with it. A

bandwidth allocation method called Quality of Service (QoS) has been

used with IPv4. While QoS does work, there are a number of different

interpretations of the IPv4 QoS standards. This means that not all QoS-

compliant devices are compatible with one another.

Internet Protocol Version 6


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Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next-generation Internet

Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4, the first

implementation used in the Internet that is still in dominant use currently.

It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. Themain driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol is the foreseeable

IPv4 address exhaustion.

The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space, despite conservation

techniques, prompted the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to

explore new technologies to expand the Internet's addressing capability.

The permanent solution was deemed to be a redesign of the Internet

Protocol itself. This next generation of the Internet Protocol, aimed to

replace IPv4 on the Internet, was eventually namedInternet Protocol

Version 6(IPv6) in 1995.IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4.

This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses128 38

only 32 bits. The new address space thus supports 2(about 3.410)

addresses.

This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing

traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation

(NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4

address exhaustion.

The new design is not based on the goal to provide a sufficient quantity of

addresses alone, but rather to allow efficient aggregation of subnet routing

prefixes to occur at routing nodes. As a result, routing table sizes aresmaller, and the smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet

64

for 2hosts, which is the size of the square of the size of the entire IPv4

Internet. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of

entire networks should the global connectivity or the routing policy change
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force


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without requiring internal redesign or renumbering.

Benefits of IPv6

Hierarchical routing infrastructureThe Internet is hierarchical in nature, and the IPv6 protocol is designed

with this in mind. Think about it. The computer you're using right now

doesn't have a direct connection to an Internet backbone. Instead, you're

probably behind a NAT firewall, which is connected to an ISP. That ISP

may be connected to another ISP or to a backbone router. Either way, apacket must make quite a few hops to go from an Internet backbone router

to you.

The IPv6 protocol is designed so that Internet backbone routers will


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have much smaller routing tables than they have now. Instead of

knowing every possible route, the routing tables will include routes to

only those routers connected directly to them. The IPv6 protocol will

contain the rest of the information necessary for a packet to reach itsdestination.

IPv6 addresses that are reachable on the IPv6 portion of the Internet,

known as global addresses, have enough address space for the hierarchy of

Internet service providers (ISPs) that typically exist between an

organization or home and the backbone of the Internet. Global addresses

are designed to be summarizable and hierarchical, resulting in relatively

few routing entries in the routing tables of Internet backbone routers.

Network securityNetwork security is integrated into the design of the IPv6 architecture.

Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) was originally developed for IPv6, but

found widespread optional deployment first in IPv4 (into which it was

back-engineered). The IPv6 specifications mandate IPSec implementation

as a fundamental interoperability requirement.

The IPv6 protocol has a newly designed IP header. It's designed to make

the protocol more efficient by keeping overhead to a minimum. An IP

packet header is made up of required components and optional

components; in IPv6, the required components are moved to the front of

the header. Optional components are moved to an extension header. This

means that if optional components aren't used, the extension headers aren't

necessary, reducing the packet size.

The downside to the new header is that it isn't compatible with IPv4. If a

router is to handle both IPv4 and IPv6, it must be configured to recognize

both protocols. You can't just set up a router to recognize IPv6 and expect


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it to be backward-compatible with IPv4.

New configuration optionsOne of the coolest things about IPv6 is the way it's configured. While you

can still manually configure IPv6, or lease an address from a DHCP server,

there is a new automatic configuration option available. If an un-

configured PC tries to connect to a network that doesn't offer a DHCP

server, the PC can look at either the network's router or the other PCs on

the network and determine an address that would be appropriate for it to

use. This technique is referred to as link local addressing.

Standardized QoS supportIPv6 also includes standardized support for QoS. The QoS implementation

is set up so that routers can identify packets belonging to an individual

QoS flow. This allows those routers to allocate the necessary amount of

bandwidth to those packets. Furthermore, QoS instructions are included in

the IPv6 packet header. This means that the packet body can be encrypted,

but QoS will still function because the header portion containing the QoS

instructions is not encrypted. This will make it possible to send streaming

audio and video over the Internet with IPSec encryption, but in a manner

that guarantees adequate bandwidth for real-time playback.

Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6

Description IPv4 IPv6


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Address 32 bits long (4

bytes). Address is

composed of a

network and a host

portion, whichdepend on address

class. Various

address classes are

defined: A, B, C, D,

or E depending on

initial few bits. The

total number of IPv4

addresses is

4,294,967,296. The

text form of the IPv4

address is

nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn,

where

0


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entity

Classless Inter- be allocated a/48 subnet prefix

Domain Routing length. This would leave 16 bits

for

(CIDR) are made. the organization to do subnetting.Allocation has not The address space is large enough

been balanced among to give every person in the world

institutions and their own /48 subnet prefix length.

nations.

Address Used to designate Not used.

mask network from host

portion.

Address Sometimes used to

Used to designate the subnet

prefix

prefix designate network

from host portion.

of an address. Written as /nnn (up

to 3 decimal digits, 0


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Address

scope

For unicast

addresses, the

concept does not

In IPv6, address scope is part of

the architecture. Unicast

addresses

apply. There are

designated privateaddress ranges and

loopback. Outside of

have two defined scopes,

including link-local and global;and multicast addresses have 14

scopes. Default address selection

for both source

that, addresses are

assumed to be

global.

and destination takes scope into

account.

Address

types

Unicast, multicast,

and broadcast.

Unicast, multicast, and anycast.

Configuratio

n You must configure

a newly installed

Configuration is optional,

depending on functions required.

system before it can IPv6 can be used with any

Ethernet

communicate with adapter and can be run over the

other systems; that

is,

loopback interface. IPv6

interfaces

IP addresses and are self-configuring using IPv6

routes must be stateless auto-configuration. You

assigned. can also manually configure the

IPv6 interface. So, the system

will

be able to communicate with

other

IPv6 systems that are local and

remote, depending on the type ofnetwork and whether an IPv6

router exists.

Fragments When a packet is too

big for the next link

over which it is to

For IPv6, fragmentation can only

occur at the source node, and


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travel, it can be

reassembly is only done at the

destination node. The

fragmented by the

sender (host orfragmentation extension header is


router). used.

IP headerVariable length of

20Fixed length of 40 bytes. There are

60 bytes, depending

on IP options

present.

no IP header options. Generally,

the IPv6 header is simpler than the

IPv4 header.IP header Various options that The IPv6 header has no options.

options might accompany an

IP header (before

any

Instead, IPv6 adds additional

(optional) extension headers. The

transport header). extension headers are AH and ESP

(unchanged from IPv4), hop-by-

hop, routing, fragment, and

destination. Currently, IPv6supports some extension headers.

IP header Used by QoS and Designates the IPv6 traffic class,

Type ofdifferentiated

servicessimilarly to IPv4. Uses different

Service to designate a traffic codes. Currently, IPv6 does not

(TOS) byte class. support TOS.

Loopback An interface with an The concept is the same as inIPv4.

address address of

127.*.*.*(typically

The single loopback address

is0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

127.0.0.1) that can

only be used by a

:0000:0001or ::1 (shortened

version). The virtual physical


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node to send packets

to itself. The

physical

interface is named LOOPBACK.

interface (line

description) isnamed

LOOPBACK.

Maximum Maximum IPv6 has an architected lower

Transmissiotransmission unit of

a

bound on MTU of 1280 bytes.

That

n Unit link is the maximum is, IPv6 will not fragment packets

(MTU)number of bytes that

a

below this limit. To send IPv6

over


particular link type, a link with less than 1280 MTU,

such as Ethernet or the link-layer must transparently

modem, supports.

Forfragment and defragment the IPv6

IPv4, 576 is the packets.

typical minimum.

Network Basic firewall Currently, NAT does not support

Address functions integrated IPv6. More generally, IPv6 does

Translation into TCP/IP not require NAT. The expanded

(NAT) configured using address space of IPv6 eliminates

iSeries Navigator. the address shortage problem and

enables easier renumbering.

Node info Does not exist. A simple and convenient network

query tool that should work like ping,

except with content: an IPv6 nodemay query another IPv6 node for

the target's DNS name, IPv6

unicast address, or IPv4 address.

Currently, not supported.

PING Basic TCP/IP tool to Same for IPv6 and IPv6 is


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test reach ability. supported.

Private andAll IPv4 addresses

are

IPv6 has an analogous concept,

but

public public, except for with important differences.

addresses three address rangesthat have been

designated as private

by IETF :10.*.*.*

(10/8),172.16.0.0

thro

ugh172.31.255.255

(172.16/12) ,

and192.168.*.*

(192.168/16). Private

address domains are

commonly used

Addresses are public ortemporary, previously termed

anonymous. Unlike IPv4 private

addresses, temporary addresses

can be globally routed. The

motivation is also different; IPv6

temporary addresses are meant to

shield the identity of a client when

it initiates communication (a

privacy concern). Temporary

addresses


within organizations.

Private addresses

have a limited lifetime, and do

not contain an interface identifier

that

cannot be routedacross the Internet.

is a link (MAC) address. They aregenerally indistinguishable from

public addresses.

IPv6 has the notion of limited

address scope using its

architected scope designations.

Quality of

service(QoS)

Quality of service

allows you to requestpacket priority and

bandwidth for

TCP/IP

Currently, the i5/OSimplementation of QoS does not

support IPv6.

applications.

Renumberin Done by manual Is an important architectural


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g reconfiguration, with element of IPv6, and is largely

the possible

exception of DHCP.

Generally,

automatic, especially within

the/48 prefix.

for a site ororganization, a

difficult and

troublesome process

to avoid if possible.

Route Logically, a mapping

of a set of IP

addresses (might

contain only one) toa physical interface

and a single next-hop

IP address. IP

packets whose

destination address is

defined as part of the

set are

Conceptually, similar to IPv4.

One important difference: IPv6

routes are associated (bound) to a

physical interface (a link, such asETH03) rather than an interface.

One reason that a route is

associated with a physical

interface is because source

address selection functions

differently for IPv6 than


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Thank You,

ABHISHEK PAL

abhishek pal -project report 2012

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