abap workbench - mod

7/30/2019 ABAP Workbench - Mod

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INTRODUCTION TO ABAP


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Who ? Why ?

Introductions

Your objectives


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What is SAP?

SystemApplicationProducts in Data Processing

1972 Founded by 4 IBM employees in a small German Town

(Walldrof). SAP AG R/2 (Real Time / Two Tier)

1992 R/3 was introduced.

1995 SAP ranked fifth independent software vendors.


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SAP Modules

FI

MM

PP

QA

PM

HR

SD

CO

AM

PS

OC

IS

R/3Client/Server

ABAP

Sales and

Distribution

Materials

Management

Production

Planning

Quality

Assurance

Financial

Accounting

Controlling

Fixed Assets

Accounting

Project

System

Office &

Communi-

cation

HumanResources

Plant

Maintenance

Industry

Solutions


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Course Outline

Client/Server Architecture

Uses of ABAP

The Development Environment

Packages and Transport request

ABAP program structure

Debugging


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System Architecture

Hardware

Database Engine

Interface

Application

MM, SD, FI,

CO, PA, PS etc.

Informix,Oracle,

SQL/Server etc.

IBM, HP,

SUN, HP etc.


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System Architecture

DATABASE

SERVER

APPLICATIONSERVERS

PRESENTATION

SERVERS

DATA

BASE

DATA FLOW


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Architecture of ABAP applications

Client/Server architecture

First level

Presentation level (SAP Gui). Contains the user interface whereby an end user can access anapplication, enter new data and receive the results of a work process.

Second level

Application level. ABAP program runs in this level, consists of both the applications provided bySAP and the ones you develop yourself. ABAP programs work with data called up from thedatabase level and store new data there as well.

Third level

Database level. Data in here is managed with the help of a relational database managementsystem (RDBMS). In addition to master data and transaction data, programs that describes the

R/3 System are stored and managed here.


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COURSE OUTLINE


Uses of ABAP




Debugging


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A Powerful Tool

Advanced Business Application Programming

NB Before version 4.0 (1998), the official name was ABAP/4

The system is written in it

SAP can be shaped to the Clients particular needs

Adds value to the implementation ?


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A Dangerous Weapon

Avoid changing the source code

SAP will not support a system that has been improperly changed.

Poor design = poor performance

Many projects get a reputation based on the performance of a smallnumber of ABAPs

Is your ABAP really necessary?


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Reporting Alternatives

Performance - time to develop compared to time to run.

Standard SAP

Existing Reports

SAP (ABAP) Query

Report Writer

LIS

Extended SAP

Business Information Warehouse

Third Party - though ABAP code often needed for data

extraction


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Data Loading Alternatives

Standard SAP

Data Transfer Workbench

Data reformatting and conversion ABAPs still need to be written

Extended SAP

Legacy System Migration Workbench (LSMW)

Data reformatting and conversion ABAPs are generated by the tools

provided


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(AB)uses of ABAP

Paper Reporting

Interactive Reporting

Data Export

Data Import

Batch Input

Transaction Development


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COURSE OUTLINE


Uses of ABAP




Debugging


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Navigation

Eg on setting up a newserver


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Logging on

The logon screen

To change password:

1. The system will prompt thechange password box atinitial logon screen (firsttime logging into thesystem)

2. Click on New passwordat the logon screen if youwish to change again


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SAP Easy Access Menu


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Favorite list and user menu


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Command field

SAP Easy Access &Favorite lists


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List of useful commands:

1. /n To cancel the current transaction

2. /nxxxx To call transaction (where xxxx is your t-code name)

directly from another transaction.

3. /o To open a new session.

4. /oxxxx To open a transaction in a new session (where xxxx is your

t-code name) directly from another transaction.

5. /nend To end the logon session with a confirmation dialog box.

6. /nex To end the logon session without a confirmation dialog box.

7. /i To delete the session.


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Display F1 help


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Display F4 help


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Where-use list


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Exercise 01

Task 1:

Logon to the system. Try to change the password. Once in the

system, try to familiarize with the screen. Navigate to a transaction

code (e.g. SE11) and return to the SAP easy access menu.

Task 2:

What is the maximum number of parallel sessions that you can open

using System -> Create session?

Task 3:

What is the name of the function you reach if you choose Tools ->

Administration -> Monitor -> System Monitoring -> User Overview?


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Exercise 01

Task 4:

Familiarize with F1 and F4 help uses and do a where-used list on a

table via SE11. Sample of tables that can be used (e.g. MARA,

MARC)

Task 5:

Add a new transaction to the SAP easy access menu into the

favorites. Any transaction codes like (SM04, SE11, SE80) could be

added. Delete it once this is added.


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COURSE OUTLINE


Uses of ABAP




Debugging


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Packages and transports

ABAPs are examples ofDevelopment Objects. Otherexamples are:

Table Definitions

Screens

Development Objects are organized into Development

Classes.

This enables objects to be assigned to Transportsfor

transport to other systems.

Lo cal Objectsare not transportable, but can be reassigned to

development classes


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Packages and transports

Ver 4.6 Tools > ABAP Workbench > Overview > Object Navigator -

this is transaction SE80

Note that in earlier releases the menu path was different, but the

transaction was the same.You are then faced with a choice of view options, the most useful

are:

Development Class

Local Objects - defaults to objects local to your ID

Program

Press display to see the list of components


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Creating package

A package can be created via SE80. When creating, it will prompt to enter

description (meaningful names) and assigning a transport number to it.


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Creating transport

A transport can be created via transaction SE10 / SE01.


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Transport Request types

Workbench Request

Request that involves changes to cross-client Customizing and

Repository Objects. The objects are independent of the client. Therefore

the requests are used for transferring and transporting changed

Repository objects and changed system settings from cross-client

tables.

Customizing Request

Request that involves changes recorded to client-specific Customizing

objects .These client specific requests are used for copying and

transporting changed system settings from client-specific tables.


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Releasing transport

To release a transport, click on the truck button.

Note: Do NOT click on this unless instructed to doso

Note: If accidentally created a TR, click on the

trash button to delete the transport.

CO S O


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COURSE OUTLINE


Uses of ABAP




Debugging

P O tli


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Program Outline

A program does something - divided up as follows:

INPUT (from the screen, the system etc)

PROCESS (calculate, manipulate)

OUTPUT (to the screen, to the system etc)

PROCESSINPUT OUTPUT

Program Str ct re I


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Program Structure I

Typical Report :

REPORT ......

* DECLARATION SECTION

TYPES: ......

DATA: ......

* STATEMENT SECTION

SELECT BUKRS BUTXT FROM T001

........


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Lets write an ABAP

From the Object Browser (SE80)

Choose the Development Class or develop as a Loc al Object .

If this is the first program in this category, then double click on

Development class object type, then the Programtab.

If programs already exist in this category, choose the Programfolderand Right Mouse Click - Create

Disable the option With Top Includ e- otherwise you will be creating

the wrong kind of ABAP.

Names - an ABAP name can be up to 30 characters long

To keep SAP and client-written ABAPs separate, all client-written

ABAPs should begin with Y or Z

C ti


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Creating new program

To create a new ABAP program,we can do it via transaction

SE38 (ABAP editor)

SE80 (Object Navigator)

Enter program name

C ti k


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Creating new program access key

To be able to create ABAP programs, you will need to be givenan access key. Normally, you request this from the Basis team.

The developer access key is

20 characters in length.

You only need to enter this

key ONCE.

C ti


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Creating new program

Description

Type

Executable program

Include program

Module pool

Function group

etc.

Th D l t E i t


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Right Mouse Click on a folder or object within a folder.

This activates a Context Menu - different options

depending on what the context is - folder or type of

object.

In SE80

C ti t ti d


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Creating transaction code

Going into the editor


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Going into the editor

Save/activate(Ctrl-F3)

Save (Ctrl-S)

Syntax check(Ctrl-F2)

Display/Changemode(Ctrl-F1)

Execute (F8) Display objectlist

Exercise 02


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Exercise 02

Task 1:

Create an ABAP program via SE38 or SE80 which will be called

Zuu_exNN_

uu is your ABAPER number

NN refers to the exercise number

Please stick to these rules

FOR THIS COURSE ONLY - ALL ABAPS SHOULD BE LOCAL PRIVATE

OBJECTS - NO TRANSPORT

Task 2:

Write a simple program (eg. Write: / Hello World. ). Perform syntax check,

save, activation and execute the program. Get yourself familiar with the

shortcut keys and the screen.

Exercise 02


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Exercise 02

Task 3:

Copy program Z00_TEST_TCODE, create a transaction code for the

program. Name your transaction Zuu_NN_tcode

uu is your ABAPER number

NN refers to the exercise number

Task 4:

Add the newly created transaction code to the favourites in the SAPeasy access menu.

COURSE OUTLINE


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COURSE OUTLINE


Uses of ABAP




Debugging

PROGRAM DEBUGGING


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PROGRAM DEBUGGING

A powerful tool to show what a program is doing

Enables us to walk through code step-by-step

Enables us to check values of certain fields at each step

Debugging of standard SAP is also possible The downside is the impact it has on response

Starting


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Starting

You have no idea where the error is:

Switch on Debugger in the Editor initial screen via Program =>

Execute => Debuggin g

Executethe program

You may find yourself debugging SAP standard code eg

selection-screen processing.

You have an idea where the program is starting to go wrong

Set a Break Point -the program will process up to that point then

stop in the debugger.

Break Points


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Break Points

BREAK POINTS are points at which we want to stop the

program to start debugging. There are 2 types:

DYNAMIC

These are session specific - you loose them when you sign

off

Set on Active programs via the icon

Can be cleared via the menu or within the debugger

STATIC.

Set directly into code via the Editor

User-independent - visible in program code

MUST BE REMOVED FOLLOWING TESTING

Screen Display I


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Screen Display I

7 Different Views - same basic structure

Fields(default) - Displays a fields contents and technical

characteristics

Table- Displays the contents of an internal table

Breakpoints- Gives a scrollable display of up to 30 breakpoints

defined in the program

Watchpoints- Displays up to 5 watchpoints

Call Stack- Displays an active event chain up to the currentbreakpoint

Overview- Displays the structure of the program being debugged

Sett ings-

Screen Display II


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Screen Display II

There are a number of ways of stepping through theprogram code using the debugger:

SINGLE STEP- executes a program statement by

statement

EXECUTE(subroutines treated as a single step)

CONTINUE- up to the next BREAK or WATCH POINT

RETURN- to the calling program. Used from within a

subroutine call

Field contents


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Field contents

To display the contents of critical fields used in the program

Use Fieldsview

Double Click on the field name to bring it into the display

Click on to display Hexadecimal value

Click on to replace the value - this can be used to force the program

through pathways that it is difficult to find data for.

Watchpoints


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Watchpoints

Set a WATCH POINT to check when a field contents changes

Conditional WATCH POINT - e.g. stop execution when the document

number is 4900012345

Execute by choosing CONTINUE - program will stop when the

chosen field contents change or hit a certain value

Debugging 1


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Debugging 1

An important tool for ABAP programmers. This can be done in various

ways.

1. Click on Stop icon.

Debugging 2


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Debugging 2

2. Using keyword break-point or break

Debugging 3


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Debugging 3

3. Enter /h in the command field in the standard toolbar and press enter.

Help


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Help

SAP provide 2 forms of help:

CD ROM / Library Help

HELP

then type in the keyword F1 on the key word

On the web:

https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn

https://websmp206.sap-ag.de/

COURSE OUTLINE
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdnhttps://websmp206.sap-ag.de/https://websmp206.sap-ag.de/https://websmp206.sap-ag.de/https://websmp206.sap-ag.de/https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn


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COURSE OUTLINE

ABAP syntax

Report specific selection

Data: Data Types / Message Types

Data: Tables

Data Access: The SELECT statement

Internal tables

ABAP Syntax I


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ABAP Syntax I

Not unlike other major programming languages (e.g. COBOL)

Similar commands

WRITE

PERFORM

MOVE

Similar structures

IF/ELSE

DO/WHILE

CASE etc.

ABAP Syntax II


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ABAP Syntax II

A program is made up of statements which must end with a .

DATA MY_FIELD(1) TYPE C.

MOVE MY_FIELD TO YOUR_FIELD.

YOUR_FIELD = MY_FIELD.

The words in a statement must be separated by at least 1 space

Statements can be indented for easy reading

Make use of the Pretty Printer push-button to auto-indent your codes.

Statements can spread over several lines The first word in a statement is often a key word

ABAP Syntax III- Chaining


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ABAP Syntax III Chaining

Where several statements use the same key word, they can bechained (via a colon :) - the statements being separated by

commas.

WRITE My name is.

WRITE first_name.

WRITE family_name.

Equivalent to:

WRITE: My name is,

first_name,

family_name.

System Fields I


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System Fields I

Automatically available to you

SY-DATUM - Date

SY-UZEIT - Time

SY-UNAME - Your Logon ID

SY-REPID - The ABAP being run

SY-SUBRC - Return Code (0 = Success)

Format color


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Format color

In a list, we can design the screen by adding colors. Below are the

attributes that we can add.

Exercise 03


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Exercise 03

Task 1:

Create an ABAP program which will be called Zuu_exNN_

Task 2:

Display your Logon ID, Date and Time

Write Statement II


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Write Statement II

WRITE:/p(w) Text.

Text - Better to use numbered texts (see later)

/ - New Line (or use syntax NEW-LINE)

p - Position on the Screen (w) - Field Width

Example:

WRITE:/2(3) HELLO. => HEL

Other examples in HELP WRITE

Exercise 03


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Exercise 03

COPY Exercise 2

Line up the columns of data

Control Statements


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Control Statements

LOGIC FLOW

IF ... ENDIF.

ON CHANGE OF ... END ON.

CASE ... ENDCASE.

LOOPS

DO ENDDO.

WHILE ENDWHILE.

OTHERS

CHECK

CONTINUE

EXIT

The IF Statement


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The basic syntax is:

IF .

.... Processing done when true

ELSE. Optional

.... Processing done when false

ENDIF.

Conditionals - the IF statement


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Conditionals the IF statement

IF NE .

IF AND .

IF OR .

IF NOT ( ).

IF .

...

ELSEIF .

...

IF Operations


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IF Operations

These operations can be used within IF clauses to comparecertain values:

Relational Operators (Letters or Symbols)

EQ = NE > GE >= =>

LT < LE


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String Comparisons

As well as comparing values, we can also use the IFstatement to check character strings against certain

criteria using the following:

CO CONTAINS ONLY

CA CONTAINS ANY

CS CONTAINS STRING

CP CONTAINS PATTERN

THECASESTATEMENT


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CASE .

WHEN

...

WHEN

...

WHEN OTHERS - CATCH ALL

...

ENDCASE.

Do, While


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,

DO TIMES . can be a constant or

.... field.

ENDDO.

DO. Must have an EXIT inside.

....

ENDDO.

WHILE .

....

ENDWHILE.

The EXIT statement


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TERMINATES PROCESSING OF CURRENT LOOP OUTSIDE A LOOP - TERMINATES THE ABAP

Used to prevent program behaving unpredictably or crashing

under certain conditions

Example:

IF .

- processing, e.g. error message

EXIT.

ENDIF.

The CHECKStatement


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Check a condition is satisfied before continuing processing

Syntax:

CHECK .

CHECK: ,

. AND implied

CHECK: OR .

IF THE CHECK SUCCEEDS:

CONTINUE PROCESSING

IF THE CHECK FA ILS:

SUBSEQUENT STATEMENTS IN PROCESSING BLOCK NOT

EXECUTED

The CHECKStatement


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WHILE COUNTER LT 100.

statements

CHECK Entry NE SPACE.

statements

ENDWHILE.

CHECK within loop

FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

TOP-OF-PAGE.

CHECK SY-PAGNO GT 1.

statements

CHECK outside loop

FALSE

CONTINUE


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This is a version of CHECK that has no logical expression

It is used to move on to the next iteration within the loop without

having to process the rest of the code in the loop

In older ABAPs the same function was achieved by:

CHECK 0 = 1. Always false

Comments


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* - Marks a complete line as a comment

- Marks the remainder of a line as a comment (USE THEM!)

You can comment / uncomment blocks of code:

Select > Block/Buffer > Insert or Delete Comment

PATTERN - useful for code template generation

Pattern XANSA is a sample template for the start of the ABAP

Write Statement I


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Displays data on the screen which can be printed out.

Basic Syntax:

WRITE .

Fields are automatically separated by 1 space

An output list will be wrapped around automatically

Check and Save


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Do this as you go.

The syntax checker stops at the first error.

Remember the Scales of Justice.

Activation


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For ABAPs this is new in version 4.6

When code is changed in an ABAP it is set Inactive

To Activate an ABAP press

Note: You can activate an ABAP with syntax errors, but it is not

advised. You can only release and transport an active ABAP

Other users in the system can only access the active version of your

ABAP -ABAPs are client independent.

Activate Deactivate


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Copy an ABAP - The Active source goes to an Inactive target

Rename - does not change the status

Save - makes the program Inactive

Activate - also saves

Breakpoints - can only be set on an Active program

You can toggle between Active and Inactive versions

In Active mode, you can delete the Inactive Version. Utilities >

Versions > Return to Active Version

COURSE OUTLINE


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ABAP syntax


Data: Data Types / Message

Types

Data: Tables

Data Access: The SELECT

statement

Internal tables

Parameters


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Defines fields to be filled on the Selection Screen

Names must have a maximum of 8 characters

Example:

PARAMETERS: pa_name(8) TYPE C.

DEFAULT - Value preset

OBLIGATORY - Must be entered

Parameters


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PARAMETERS are one way of supplying values to a program at run

time

PARAMETERS: pa_plant TYPE mard-werks

DEFAULT READ OBLIGATORY.

SELECT werks lgort labst

INTO stockstr

FROM MARD

WHERE werks = pa_plant....

ENDSELECT.

REPORT SPECIFIC SELECTION


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To cause a selection range to appear on the SelectionScreen:

SELECT-OPTIONS: FOR .

This is a special kind of internal table containing 4 fields:-SIGN I(nclusive) E(xclusive)-OPTION Value (EQ, BT etc)-LOW Start of the range

-HIGH End of the range

SELECT-OPTIONS


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SELECT-OPTIONS FOR .

DATA: WA_COUNTRY TYPE Z9A01-COUNTRY.

SELECT OPTIONS:

SO_CNTRY FOR WA_COUNTRY

DEFAULT GB TO US.

Sign Option Low High

I BT GB USScreen:

S_CNTRY GB US

Internal table

VALUE SETS


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Screen:

C_CNTRY

(Press on )

Extended selections for COUNTRY:

Single Value Selections:

BE

FR

Ranges:

GB US

Sign Option Low High

I EQ BE

I EQ FR

I BT GB US

Internal table SO_CNTRY

VALUE SETS ALLOW FOR MULTIPLE SELECTIONS

ORIMPLIED

...

REPORT SPECIFIC SELECTION


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Using these to select data:

SELECT

INTO (, , )

FROM WHERE IN .

If a SELECT-OPTIONS is left empty on the selection screen, the ABAPwill select all data.

Select-options


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In select options, there are a few options that is available

The POWER and the GLORY


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POWER

Small amount of ABAP coding necessary Define SELECT-OPTIONS

Code the IN

Add in Select ion Texts

GLORY

You have provided a very flexible selection tool to the user

PARAMETERS vs SELECT-OPTIONS


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PARAMETERS

PO_PARM TYPE

Support only a single value

SELECT-OPTIONS

SO_OPT FOR

Allow for flexible data selection /exclusion

Both follow the rules:

Maximum of 8 characters as a name Screen Description via Selectio n Texts

Initial value set by DEFAULT option

Exercise 04


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Task 1: An ABAP Calculator

Define 3 PARAMETERS

2 input integer numbers

1 input operand ( + , - , * , / )

Output the result to 2 decimal places

Allow for invalid operators and division by zero

This can be achieved using ifelse..endif, caseendcase. Tryusing both methods

Exercise 05


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Task 1:

Write an ABAP program to display contents of SFLIGHT table using a

parameter selection. The program will prompt the user to enter (CARRID)

carriage ID as the parameter selection criteria. Display all flights with the

following information: SFLIGHT-CARRID

SFLIGHT-CONNID

SFLIGHT-FLDATE

SFLIGHT-PLANETYPE

SFLIGHT-SEATSMAX

SFLIGHT-SEATSOCC

Exercise 06


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Task 1:

Write an ABAP making use of the select-options selection. Distinguishthe difference between no intervals and no-extensions usage.

Task 2: Write an ABAP program to display contents of SFLIGHT table using a

select-options selection. The program will prompt the user to enter a

range of (CARRID) carriage ID as the selection criteria. Display all flightswith the following information: SFLIGHT-CARRID

SFLIGHT-CONNID

SFLIGHT-FLDATE

SFLIGHT-PLANETYPE

SFLIGHT-SEATSMAX SFLIGHT-SEATSOCC

Notice the difference using select-options

COURSE OUTLINE


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ABAP syntax



Types

Data: Tables


statement

Internal tables

Declarations - Data


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Definition of variables (fields) used in the program

You can either:

Define it based on an SAP Dictionary Type. This makes it have

the same characteristics as an existing SAP field.

Define it based on a Standard Data Type

Based on an SAP Dictionary Type -Syntax

DATA: TYPE .

Declarations- Data


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Based on a Standard Data Type

DATA: (l) TYPE t.

l = length in bytes

t = data type. Possibilities are:

C - Character

D - Date (YYYYMMDD)

P - Packed (2l - 1 digits, decimals)

I - Integer

N - Numeric text (1 byte/digit)

Declarations - Data and numbers


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Use Type P for accuracy (decimal places)

Use Type I for speed (counters)

Use Type N for Input/Output only

Declarations - Data field names


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Local to the program

Try to select meaningful field names

Avoid:

dashes spaces

Declarations - Data values


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VALUE x - preassigns value x to a field

Example (fixed point):

DATA: TEMP_FIELD(3) TYPE P

DECIMALS 2 VALUE 123.45.

Declarations - Constants


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DATA fields may be changed by operations within the ABAP

CONSTANT fields cannot be changed within the ABAP

Example:

CONSTANTS: PI(3) TYPE P DECIMALS 4 VALUE 3.1428.

PI = 3.9999. - syntax error

Partial Fields


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For types C,N,D it is possible to refer to part of a field:

+O(L)

O is the offset (zero is the first position)

L is the length

Example:

TEMP_NAME = JOHN ARMYTAGE

TEMP_NAME+5(4) contains ARMY

Under certain conditions O and L can be variables

Numbered Texts


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WRITE: TEXT-nnn will display the contents of numbered text nnn

(nnn is a 3 character identifier)

Maintained through Text Elements or Double Click on the TEXT in

the ABAP

TEXTS are language dependent

Message types


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Type Description Behavior Appearance

I Information Program continues after

interruption

Model dialog box

S Success Program continues w/o

interruption

Status bar

W Warning Context dependent Status bar or dialog

box

E Error Context dependent Status bar or dialogbox

A Termination Program cancels Model dialog box

x Short dump Runtime error triggered Short dump

Message tnnn(message class) with v1 v2.

Exercise 07


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Task 1:

Copy program from exercise 5. Add additional logic to check when

the user enters invalid data. If the input is invalid, prompt an error

message. Else, the program should have a success message

displayed.

Test the other message types namely ( W, S, E, A, and I) to see

how the program handles it.

COURSE OUTLINE


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ABAP syntax



Types

Data: Tables


statement

Internal tables

Data Access I - Tables


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Data is stored in SAP as tables

What do they look like?

Help then Table/Structure/View

We may need to reference table fields from within our ABAP e.g. MARD-MATNR = Material Number

Note the dash !

TABLE SFLIGHT


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Marked fields form the table key

Fields have a name, data type, length and description (these are all

set up in Data Dictionary)

Will be used to introduce the next set of concepts

COURSE OUTLINE


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ABAP syntax



Types

Data: Tables


statement

Internal tables

Accessing Data


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DATABASE

(where the data sits)

APPLICATION

SERVER

(where the ABAP

runs)

SELECTED DATA

The Select Statement


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Basic Syntax

SELECT something - a list of table fields

INTO somewhere - a target area in the program

FROM a table

WHERE selection conditions

The SELECT statement does allow you to retrieve data from more

than 1 table, but this is beyond the scope of this course.

Optimising SELECT


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Optimising the design of this process is vital to ABAP Design

This section will focus on 2 areas:

SELECTing from a single table

Multiple SELECTs

In practice, Basis monitoring is needed to determine if the table

needs:

Buffering - most suitable for small, config type tables not often updated.

Indexing- most suitable for large data tables frequently accessed via

non key fields.

SELECT from a single table


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Small Buffered Tables

Consider reading the table once into an internal table (possibly sorting

it)

Large Tables

Indexes to improve selection on non key fields (e.g. Material Number in

table MSEG)

New database techniques to extract summarised data from the table on

the database

Any Table

Only SELECT the fields you need

Select Endselect


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SELECT

INTO

FROM

WHERE .

.....

ENDSELECT.

Each selected record will be made available in turn within the

SELECT ... ENDSELECT

SY-SUBRC will not be zero if no data is selected

SY-DBCNT will show the number of successful SELECTs

SELECT SINGLE


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Retrieve a single record from an external table

Full Key must be specified (apart from the client)

SY-SUBRC must be checked to determine if the access is

successful (0 -> success)

No ENDSELECT needed - the read is either a success or it is not.

SELECT INTO TABLE


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One Step Build of an Internal Table

No ENDSELECT needed

Avoid the use of INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF - this

causes each entry in the database table to be checked in turn

MULTIPLE SELECTs


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Many ABAPs need to SELECT data from several tables - there are

several ways of doing this.

Nested SELECTs

SELECT INTO & SELECT ... FOR ALL ENTRIES IN

Views

Logical Databases

In this situation a poorly designed method can cause severe

performance problems

NESTED SELECTs


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SELECT FROM KNA1.....

ENDSELECT.

SELECT FROM KNB1

WHERE KUNNR = KNA1-KUNNR.....

ENDSELECT.

SELECT FROM BSIDWHERE KUNNR = KNA1-KUNNR

AND BUKRS = KNB1-BUKRS.

....

ENDSELECT.

SELECT INTO TABLE I


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SELECT ... FROM KNA1 INTO TABLE CUSTABA.

SELECT ... FROM KNB1 INTO TABLE CUSTABB

FOR ALL ENTRIES IN CUSTABA

WHERE KUNNR = CUSTABA-CUSTNO.

SELECT ... FROM BSID INTO TABLE DOCTAB

FOR ALL ENTRIES IN CUSTABB

WHERE BUKRS = CUSTABB-COCODE

AND KUNNR = CUSTABB-CUSTNO.

Selecting into a table will NOT require ENDSELECTs

SELECT INTO TABLE II


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Use nested LOOPs to report by

LOOP AT CUSTABA.

....

ENDLOOP.

LOOP AT CUSTABB

WHERE CUSTNO = CUSTABA-CUSTNO.

....

ENDLOOP.

LOOP AT DOCTAB

WHERE COCODE = CUSTABB-COCODE.

.....

ENDLOOP.

Defining a Target Area I


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DATA: plant TYPE mard-werks,

store TYPE mard-lgort,

stock TYPE mard-labst.

* Note where the commas, spaces and brackets are


INTO (plant, store, stock)

FROM mard WHERE ...

...

ENDSELECT.

Defining a Target Area II - Structures


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DATA: BEGIN OF custstr,

name TYPE z9a01-name,

city TYPE z9a01-city,

country TYPE z9a01-country,END OF custstr.

NAME CITY COUNTRY

Filling the Structure


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FIELD BY FIELD:

CUSTSTR-NAME = Z9A01-NAME.

... (etc)

CODING SHORTCUT:

MOVE-CORRESPONDING Z9A01 TO CUSTSTR .

Using SELECT

Select Intro (Structure)


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DATA: BEGIN OF stockstr,

plant TYPE mard-werks,

store TYPE mard-lgort,

stock TYPE mard-labst,END OF stockstr.


INTO stockstr FROM MARD WHERE ....

...ENDSELECT.

Authorization check


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Fields: CARRID

ACTVT

CARRID =

ACTVT = 02

CARRID =

ACTVT = 03

Authorization object S_CARRID

Change Display

E.g. To display all CARRID, you can include *

To create authorization object: SU21/SE80

Exercise 08


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Task 1:

Create a program to show how a select.endselect works. Retrieve

the following fields (CARRID, CONNID, FLDATE, PLANETYPE,

SEATSMAX, SEATSOCC) using the following conditions:

CARRID = P_CARRID

Where P_CARRID is the parameter from the selection screen.

Display the records in a list format. If there are no records found,

inform the user that No records have been selected.

Exercise 09


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Task 1:

Create a program to show how a select single works. Retrieve the following

fields (CARRID, CONNID, FLDATE, PLANETYPE, SEATSMAX,

SEATSOCC) using the following conditions:

CARRID = AA

CONNID = 0017

FLDATE = 20070930

Display the records in a list format. If there are no records found, inform the

user that No records have been selected.

Try to store them in both variable and structure format.

Exercise 10


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Task 1:

Create a program to show how a selectinto table works. Retrieve

the following fields (CARRID, CONNID, FLDATE, PLANETYPE,

SEATSMAX, SEATSOCC) using the following conditions:

CARRID = P_CARRID

Where P_CARRID is the parameter from the selection screen.

Display the records in a list format. If there are no records found,

inform the user that No records found.

Exercise 11


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Task 1:

Create a program with parameter CARRID.

Check whether the user has authorization for the airline AA. Use

authorization object S_CARRID.

If the user is authorized, display a list of all the airline records.

Else if the user is not authorized, inform the user that he/she is not

authorized.

COURSE OUTLINE


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ABAP syntax



Types

Data: Tables


statement

Internal tables

INTERNAL TABLES


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These are tables internal to an ABAP and are used to store and

process data.

There are 3 parts to their use that we shall consider:

DEFINITION - in the DATA statement

FILLING THE TABLE - APPEND, COLLECT or APPEND SORTED BY

PROCESSING THE TABLE - LOOP AT . Only process a table when it

has been completely built.

INTERNAL TABLES


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Table type Standardtable

Sorted table Hashed table

Index Access

Key Access

Uniqueness of

key

Non-unique Unique/Non-

unique

Unique

Access Primarily index

access

Primarily key

access

Exclusively

key access

Exercise 12


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Task 1:

Create a program to show how the 3 different table type works.

Standard table

Sorted table using non-unique keys of PLANETYPE and SEATSOCC

Hashed table using unique keys of CARRID CONNID FLDATE

INTERNAL TABLE DEFINITION


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There are several (over 10) different ways to define these.

Many date from earlier releases and still supported for compatibility

reasons

We will focus on the Standard type with Work Area - this is the

default format for ver 4.6

Internal table w/o Header Line


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TYPES: BEGIN OF custstr ,

country TYPE z9a01-country,



turnover TYPE z9a01-turnover,END OF custstr.

*

DATA: wa_cust TYPE custstr, Work Area

it_cust TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF custstr INITIAL SIZE 100.

Internal table with Header Line


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TYPES: BEGIN OF custstr ,

country TYPE z9a01-country,



turnover TYPE z9a01-turnover,

END OF custstr.

*

DATA: wa_cust TYPE custstr, Work Area

it_cust TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF custstr WITH HEADER LINE.

TABLE STRUCTURE


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WORK AREA:

JP Sartre Paris 1234

INTERNAL TABLE :

Tintin Bruxelles 1111

Louis XIV VersaillesFR 2222

JPSartre ParisFR 1234

CUSTTAB-COUNTRY CUSTTAB-CITY

CUSTTAB-TURNOVER

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.(100 rows)

FR

CUSTTAB-NAME

BE

FILLING THE TABLE


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SELECT customer city country turnover

INTO wa_cust

FROM z9a01

WHERE .

APPEND wa_cust to it_cust.

ENDSELECT.

FILLING THE TABLE


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Fill the fields of the work area then: APPEND TO - New records added into the table

body at the end.

APPEND TO SORTED BY - Sort on

Descending Order. The number of entries stored is the value of the INITIAL

SIZE. COLLECT INTO - Accumulates numeric (type P or I)

data.

Where the source of data is an SAP table - the fastest way is an array

fetch

SELECT INTO TABLE

FROM

WHERE

Append


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1.APPEND .

2.APPEND SORTED BY SALES.

DE 400

AU 700

US 200

DE 400

AU 700

US 200

Country Sales

Country Sales

Collect


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COLLECT .

DE 600

DE 400

AU 100

US 200

DE 200

Country Sales

INTERNAL TABLES and the DEBUGGER


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The debugger can be used to see how an internal table is being

filled.

Can also adjust entries

MODIFY

DELETE

INSERT

APPEND

This is for the run of the program only

APPEND v COLLECT


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APPEND - entries added at the end of the table. No summarising,

fast table build.

COLLECT - searches the table for an entry for an entry where the

table line matches the header for all but P,I type fields.

If it does not find one, a new entry is added at the end of the table.

If it does find one, then it adds the contents of the P,I fields in the

header to the body.

Numeric data is summarised; table build is slower

PROCESSING THE TABLE - SORTING


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Sort the table only after it has been built

SORT . - Sorts by all non-numeric fields in the order specified

SORT BY COUNTRY.

SORT BY COUNTRY CITY DESCENDING.

Note that the field names are not qualified.

Try to define table fields in correct order (primary sort field first, etc)

to exploit powerful features

PROCESSING THE TABLE - LOOP AT


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LOOP AT INTO .

......

ENDLOOP.

SY-SUBRC NE 0 if the table is empty

CHECK within the LOOP goes on to the next entry

LOOP AT WHERE - Restrict the range of data selected

AT COMMANDS


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AT FIRST - First entry in the Table

AT LAST - Last entry in the Table

AT NEW ) Fields below this in the

AT END OF ) table are not available

SUM - Provides control break totals - note these are stored in the

header numeric fields

ENDAT to end the block

The order in which these are coded is the order in which they will

take place.

AT FIRST / AT LAST


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LOOP AT INTO .

... (processing)

AT FIRST.

... (processing to be performed during first loop

pass through the table)

ENDAT.

...

AT LAST.

... (processing to be performed during final loop pass

through the table)

ENDAT.

ENDLOOP.

AT NEW / AT END OF


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These are used as follows within LOOP ENDLOOP:

LOOP AT it_cust INTO wa_cust.

AT NEW country.

SKIP.

WRITE:/ Country:,

wa_cust-country.

ENDAT.

WRITE:/ wa_cust-city,

wa_cust-name,

wa_cust-turnover.

ENDLOOP.

SUM


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SUM is used within an AT ENDAT block as follows:

AT FIRST/LAST/NEW /END OF .

... (processing)

SUM.

... (processing relevant to sum)

ENDAT.

BRINGING IN THE DATA


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WORK AREA:

TAB LE :

Tintin Bruxelles BE 1111

LouisXIV Versailles FR 2222

JPSartre Paris FR 1234

CUSTTAB-NAME CUSTTAB-CITY

CUSTTAB-

COUNTRY

CUSTTAB-

TURNOVER

1

2

3

Delete table contents


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To delete the table contents: Refresh

Deletes entire content of the table

Clear

Use with internal tables without header lines (have the same effect as

refresh). For internal table with header line, it only clears the header.

Free

Deletes entire content of the table and releases the memory used

Exercise 13

T k 1


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Task 1:

Copy program from exercise 11.

Using APPEND, insert a new record into the internal table by adding the

following values:

CARRID = XX

CONNID = 123

FLDATE = SY-DATUM

PLANETYPE = 747-400

Task 2:

Using DELETE, delete the record which was appended in task 1.

Exercise 13


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Task 3:

Using INSERT, insert a new record into the internal table by adding the

following values to position 2 of the internal table content:

CARRID = XX

CONNID = 123 FLDATE = SY-DATUM

PLANETYPE = 747-400

Task 4:

Using MODIFY, modify value for PLANETYPE 747-400 to 123-456.

Exercise 13


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Task 5:

Sort the internal table by SEATSMAX (ascending/descending)

Display the list at the end of the program execution.

Exercise 14


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Task 1:

Create a new program. Retrieve CARRID, CONNID, FLDATE,PLANETYPE, SEATSMAX, SEATSOCC from SFLIGHT using conditions:

CARRID = P_CARRID

Using the records returned from SFLIGHT, retrieve CARRID, CONNID,

BOOKID, CUSTTYPE, SMOKER, LUGGWEIGHT from SBOOK into a

separate internal table. (Note: use for all entries addition in this select

statement) This will base on:

CARRID = I_SFLIGHT-CARRID

CONNID = I_SFLIGHT-CONNID FLDATE = I_SFLIGHT-FLDATE

Exercise 14


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Task 2:

The final report should show information of CARRID, CONNID, FLDATEPLANETYPE, SEATSMAX, SEATSOCC from SFLIGHT and CUSTTYPE,

SMOKER, LUGGWEIGHT from SBOOK.

Hints:

Sort the tables

Loop through the main table and read the next table with matching fields

Task 3:

The header should contain (Carriage ID, Connection ID, Flight Date, Plane

type, Seats max, Seats occ, Cust type, Smoker and Weight). Use color

format on to distinguish the header and the record items. (Hint: use format

color on)

COURSE OUTLINE


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Events & Sub programs

Function Modules & BAPIs

EVENTS


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INITIALIZATION.

AT SELECTION-SCREEN

START-OF-SELECTION. ABAP HAS PASSED

THE SELECTION SCREEN

GET

END-OF-SELECTION.

TOP-OF-PAGE.

END-OF-PAGE.

AT LINE-SELECTION.

AT USER-COMMAND.

EVENTS


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START-OF-SELECTION - the ABAP has passed the SelectionScreen but has not yet tried to GET any data

END-OF-SELECTION - there is no more data for the ABAP to GET

These statements should be used in all ABAPs particularly those

using Logical Databases


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PROGRAM MODULARITY


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A general programming concept

A MODULE is a discrete, self-contained chunk of code that performs

a specific task

A well-designed program will have a high degree of MODULARITY

Advantages:

Code is easier to understand

Programs are easier to test

Programs are easier to maintain

FORMS I

I t l S b ti


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Internal Subroutines

Local DATA declarations are allowed in FORMs

Basic syntax:

PERFORM .

.....FORM

.......

ENDFORM.

Create the skeleton FORM block by double-clicking on the name in

the PERFORM block.

FORMS II - USING


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Global data (eg Table fields) is known throughout the program,

including in all FORMs

We may want to pass different arguments to the FORM under

different circumstances.

Syntax:

PERFORM ... USING - passing the ACTUALparameters

FORM ... USING - using the FORMALparameters

Passing BY REFERENCE


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PERFORM USING ARG1 ARG2 RES1.

..........

FORM USING A1 A2 R1.

R1 = A1 + A2.

ENDFORM.

If A1 or A2 are changed in the Form, then ARG1 or ARG2 will

change in the main program

RES1 will be filled with the result

Passing BY VALUE


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PERFORM USING ARG1.

........

FORM USING VALUE(A1).

...

ENDFORM.

A1 is in a separate storage location to ARG1 - ARG1 will not be

changed

This method does not allow for any changes in the form to be

passed back to the main program.

Passing BY VALUE & RESULT


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PERFORM USING ARG1 CHANGING ARG2...........

FORM USING VALUE(A1)

CHANGING VALUE(A2).

...

ENDFORM.

Only ARG2 will be changed

Exercise 15


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Task 1:

Write a program displaying date field to hold SY-DATUM + 7 in the

initial selection screen.

Display the value on the list.

Hints: Make use of the events (initialization)

Exercise 16


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Task 1:

Create a program utilizing the subroutine. Set up constant data and

use this to simulate pass by value, reference and value-result.

COURSE OUTLINE


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Events & Sub programs Function Modules & BAPIs

FUNCTION MODULES


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What they are

How to find them

How to use them

How to write them will not be discussed here

FUNCTION MODULES


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Standard routines contained in the Function Builder They are used for a wide variety of tasks:

Currency Conversion

Interfaces - File uploads/downloads

Batch Input Control

Address formatting

Calendar Functions

Any ABAP can call them

FUNCTION GROUPS


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Function Modules are arranged in Function Groups

Groupings determined by whether the modules are logically related

and/or use the same global data variables

Function Group ID - up to 26 character code (+ description)

Function Module names - up to 18 characters

Example: Function Group ABCD contains:

Master ABAP: SAPLABCD

Global data stored in LABCDTOP

Function Module code stored in LABCDxxx

Function module

What is FM?


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What is FM?

Function modules are applied across applications and are available

throughout the SAP system. Function modules must be assigned to

a function group.

A function group is a placeholder which holds specific function

modules that are defined in it. Function group can be created via

SE37 or SE80

SE37 SE80

A Black Box

ABAP EXPORTSFUNCTION


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ABAP EXPORTS

TABLES

EXCEPTIONS

(errors)

ABAP IMPORTS

IMPORTS

EXPORTS

FUNCTION

MODULE

Use in ABAP I

Syntax (use the PATTERN button to generate this):


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CALL FUNCTION FUNCTION_NAME

EXPORTING

PARM1 =

.......

IMPORTING

PARM10 =

.........

EXCEPTIONS

NOT_FOUND = 1 .

Use in ABAP II

T t th FM i t th ABAP th P tt h b tt


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To enter the FM into the ABAP program, use the Pattern push-button.

Alternatively, the codes can be typed in as well.

CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION EXIT ALPHA INPUT'EXPORTING

The syntax will be copied

into the program. ABAPer

needs to fill in the input

and/or output variables.

abap workbench - mod

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