a workshop by dr. junaid ahmed zubairi visiting associate professor

Teaching Operating Systems With Programming and FreewareLecture 2: Concurrency Issues, processor scheduling (Lab2 and 3)

A workshop by

Dr. Junaid Ahmed ZubairiVisiting Associate Professor

CIT, Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Operating Systems Workshop CIT, Arid Agriculture University Aug 2002

Workshop Overview

Operating Systems Course Outline

Topics Suited for Programming Assignments

Process Model and IPC (Lab1)

Concurrency Issues (Lab2)

Processor Scheduling (Lab3)

Disk Scheduling and RAID

Programming Project


Concurrency

Concurrent processing involves a set of two or more processes that run at the same time (apparently or physically)

Multiple applications run concurrently through Multiprogramming whereas a structured application may be a set of concurrent processes


Difficulties with Concurrency

Sharing global resources with read/write permissions

Management of allocation of resources to avoid starvation and deadlocks

Programming errors become difficult to locate (and fix)


A Simple Example

void echo()

{

chin = getchar();

chout = chin;

putchar(chout);

}


A Simple ExampleProcess P1 Process P2

. .chin = getchar(); .. chin = getchar();chout = chin; chout = chin;putchar(chout); .. putchar(chout);. .


Operating System Concerns

Keep track of active processesAllocate and deallocate resources Processor time Memory Files I/O devices

Protect data and resourcesResult of process must be independent of the speed of execution of other concurrent processes


Process Interaction

Processes unaware of each other

Processes indirectly aware of each other

Process directly aware of each other


Competition Among Processes for ResourcesMutual ExclusionCritical sections

Only one program at a time is allowed in its critical section

Example only one process at a time is allowed to send command to the printer

Deadlock

Starvation


Cooperation Among Processes by Sharing

Writing must be mutually exclusive

Critical sections are used to provide data integrity


Cooperation Among Processes by

CommunicationMessages are passesMutual exclusion is not a control requirement

Possible to have deadlockEach process waiting for a message from

the other process

Possible to have starvationTwo processes sending message to each

other while another process waits for a message


Requirements for Mutual Exclusion

Only one process at a time is allowed in the critical section for a resource

A process that halts in its non-critical section must do so without interfering with other processes

No deadlock or starvation


Requirements for Mutual Exclusion

A process must not be delayed access to a critical section when there is no other process using it

No assumptions are made about relative process speeds or number of processes

A process remains inside its critical section for a finite time only


First Attempt

Busy WaitingProcess is always checking to see if it can

enter the critical sectionProcess can do nothing productive until it

gets permission to enter its critical section


Second Attempt

Each process can examine the other’s status but cannot alter itWhen a process wants to enter the critical section it checks the other processes firstIf no other process is in the critical section, it sets its status for the critical sectionThis method does not guarantee mutual exclusionEach process can check the flags and then proceed to enter the critical section at the same time


Third Attempt

Set flag to enter critical section before checking other processes

If another process is in the critical section when the flag is set, the process is blocked until the other process releases the critical section

Deadlock is possible when two process set their flags to enter the critical section. Now each process must wait for the other process to release the critical section


Fourth Attempt

A process sets its flag to indicate its desire to enter its critical section but is prepared to reset the flag

Other processes are checked. If they are in the critical region, the flag is reset and later set to indicate desire to enter the critical region. This is repeated until the process can enter the critical region.


Fourth Attempt

It is possible for each process to set their flag, check other processes, and reset their flags. This scenario will not last very long so it is not deadlock. It is undesirable


Correct Solution

Each process gets a turn at the critical section

If a process wants the critical section, it sets its flag and may have to wait for its turn


Mutual Exclusion:Hardware Support

Special Machine InstructionsPerformed in a single instruction cycleNot subject to interference from other

instructionsReading and writingReading and testing



Test and Set Instructionboolean testset (int i) {

if (i == 0) {i = 1;return true;

}else {

return false;}

}



Exchange Instruction

void exchange(int register, int memory) {

int temp;

temp = memory;

memory = register;

register = temp;

}


Mutual Exclusion Machine Instructions

AdvantagesApplicable to any number of processes on

either a single processor or multiple processors sharing main memory

It is simple and therefore easy to verify It can be used to support multiple critical

sections


Mutual Exclusion Machine Instructions

DisadvantagesBusy-waiting consumes processor timeStarvation is possible when a process leaves a

critical section and more than one process is waiting.

Deadlock If a low priority process has the critical region and a

higher priority process needs it , the higher priority process will obtain the processor to wait for the critical region


Semaphores

Special variable called a semaphore is used for signaling

If a process is waiting for a signal, it is suspended until that signal is sent

Wait and signal operations cannot be interrupted

Queue is used to hold processes waiting on the semaphore


Semaphores

Semaphore is a variable that has an integer valueMay be initialized to a nonnegative numberWait operation decrements the semaphore

valueSignal operation increments semaphore

value


Wait Pseudocode

struct semaphore {int count;queueType queue;}void wait(semaphore s){s.count--;if (s.count < 0){place this process in s.queue;block this process}}


Signal Pseudocode

void signal(semaphore s){s.count++;if (s.count <= 0){remove a process P from s.queue;place process P on ready list;}}


Semaphore Example

Semaphore door=1;

Process p1 executes wait (door), the final value of door=0 and p1 enters the critical section

Process p2 now executes wait (door), the value of door = -1 and p2 is blocked outside the critical section


Semaphore Example

Process p1 completes its critical section and executes signal (door), thus incrementing door to 0. When a signal operation results in a value less than the initial value (1), it means some processes are sleeping on this semaphore. Thus the system will wake up the process at the head of the queue (i.e. p2)


Using BACI

BACI (Ben-Ari Concurrent Interpreter) is developed to help in teaching concurrencyObtain and install BACI from http://www.mines.edu/fs_home/tcamp/baci/

BACI supports C, Pascal and C++

It is originally based on Pascal

BACI uses some special concurrent constructs


Using BACI

Multiple blocks can be run concurrently by using cobegin {…} constructcobegin construct appears in the main function and all processes listed within cobegin{…} start running at the same timeBACI includes semaphores, binary semaphores and monitors


Using BACI

initialsem(sem,int) initializes the semaphore sem to the value intp(sem) and wait(sem) calls decrement sem by one if sem is greater than zero and block the caller if sem is already zerov(sem) or signal(sem) calls increment sem by 1 or wake up a process if sem is found to be zeroempty(sem) returns true if there are no processes waiting on sem and false otherwise


Using BACI

atomic keyword: if a function is defined as atomic, then the function is non-preemptible. void suspend ( void ): puts the calling thread to sleep. void revive ( int process_id ): revives the process with the given id. int which_proc( void ): returns the process number of the current thread. int random (int range): returns a "randomly chosen" integer between 0 and range -1, inclusive


Example Source Codesemaphore door;

void coordinate() {initialsem(door,1);}

void myturn() {int ct;wait(door);cout<<"MANGO: My turn is now\n";signal(door);}

void yourturn() {wait(door);cout<<"APPLE: No it is my turn\n";signal(door);}


Example Source Code

void theirturn() {wait(door);cout<<"ORANGE: No it is now my game\n";signal(door);}void main() {coordinate();cobegin {myturn();yourturn();theirturn();}


How to Run the Program

Enter and save the sample source code in a file whose name ends in .cm

Use “bacc filename” to compile and obtain a pcode file whose name ends in .pco

Run the interpreter by using “bainterp filename”


Programming Assignment 1 Lab 2

Modify the example program by defining a global variable int count. The critical section in each function will modify the count based on user input. Show , with displayed messages, how one process acquires the critical section and the other process blocks for the critical section


Barbershop Problem


Barbershop Problem

The number of barber chairs is 3 so the semaphore chair will be initialized to 3Only four customers can sit on the sofa so the semaphore sofa will be initialized to 4Complete the barbershop program (limit chairs to 1, sofa to 3, customers to 5 and barbers to 1)Use messages to see what is going on and don’t panic on barber’s deadlock condition as far as it does not stop the customers from getting haircut


Readers/Writers Problem

Any number of readers may simultaneously read the fileOnly one writer at a time may write to the fileIf a writer is writing to the file, no reader may read itIt is left as an exercise problem for the participants


Processor Scheduling


Short-Term Scheduling

Known as the dispatcher

Executes most frequently

Invoked when an event occursClock interrupts I/O interruptsOperating system callsSignals


Decision Mode

Nonpreemptive Once a process is in the running state, it will

continue until it terminates or blocks itself for I/O

Preemptive Currently running process may be interrupted and

moved to the Ready state by the operating system Allows for better service since any one process

cannot monopolize the processor for very long


Process Scheduling Example


First-Come-First-Served(FCFS)

Each process joins the Ready queue

When the current process ceases to execute, the oldest process in the Ready queue is selected

0 5 10 15 20

1

2

3

4

5


First-Come-First-Served(FCFS)

A short process may have to wait a very long time before it can execute

Favors CPU-bound processes I/O processes have to wait until CPU-

bound process completes


Round-Robin

Uses preemption based on a clock

An amount of time is determined that allows each process to use the processor for that length of time

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1

2

3

4

5


Round-Robin

Clock interrupt is generated at periodic intervals

When an interrupt occurs, the currently running process is placed in the read queueNext ready job is selected

Known as time slicing


Shortest Process Next

Nonpreemptive policy

Process with shortest expected processing time is selected next

Short process jumps ahead of longer processes

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1

2

3

4

5


Shortest Process Next

Predictability of longer processes is reduced

If estimated time for process not correct, the operating system may abort it

Possibility of starvation for longer processes


Shortest Remaining Time

Preemptive version of shortest process next policy

Must estimate processing time

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2

3

4

5


Highest Response Ratio Next (HRRN)

Choose next process with the lowest ratio time spent waiting + expected service time

expected service time

1

2

3

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5

0 5 10 15 20


Feedback

Penalize jobs that have been running longer

Don’t know remaining time process needs to execute

0 5 10 15 20

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2

3

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5


Traditional UNIX Scheduling

Multilevel feedback using round robin within each of the priority queues

Priorities are recomputed once per second

Base priority divides all processes into fixed bands of priority levels

Adjustment factor used to keep process in its assigned band


Programming Assignment Lab3

Use the sample code provided to generate random numbers and store them in an array. These numbers are assumed to indicate the length of a process

Use FCFS and SPN to display which process will be scheduled next


Sample Code

#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <time.h>void main(void){const int MAX_LIMIT=55;int key;srand( (unsigned)time( NULL ) );key = rand()%MAX_LIMIT;printf("%d\n",key);}

a workshop by dr. junaid ahmed zubairi visiting associate professor

Documents

arid agriculture university

workshop bydr

teaching operating systems

resourcesresult of process

deadlockeach process

resourcea process

mutual exclusiona process

starvationtwo processes