A Total Ship-Crew Model to

Achieve Human Systems Integration

Dr. Loretta DiDonato

CDR Joseph B. Famme USN (ret.)

LCDR Alan Nordholm USN

Senior Chief Alan Lemon

I/ITSEC

December 7, 2004

I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 2

Abstract

Requirements for new ships in an era of increasing threats, escalating personnel costs and fiscal constraints have escalated the priority of Human Systems Integration (HSI). The challenge is to create and use metrics for ship and human engineered systems that optimize human performance within ships that are designed with complex automated propulsion, auxiliary and weapon systems. Total Ship Systems Engineering (TSSE) includes techniques for manning analysis to characterize and validate the crew duty requirements in an associated sailor profile data base that describes the composite knowledge-task-time demand for each crew position across all mission profiles in the context of advanced automation technologies and survivable hull forms. A technology considered but not currently implemented in the manning analysis process is a Total Ship-Crew Model (TS-CM) that adds the attribute of dynamic time to the analysis of coupled ship systems-crew performance. This paper will address the use of a TS-CM analysis tool to validate ship systems processes and reduced crew manning while capturing the ship-crew model for future use in support of HSI objectives over the ship lifecycle.

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Human Systems Integration

1. Human Engineering

2. Manpower

3. Personnel

4. Training

5. Safety & Health

6. Maintainability

7. Habitability

8. Personnel Survivability

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Three Domains

I Human

Performance Analysis

II Ship

Performance Analysis

III Total Ship-Crew Model

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Two Approaches to HSI Manning Analysis

0 30

75

114

325

245

175

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Initial Rev n Rev n … Final

Zero Base

Decrement

Extension

SA’AR-5 /LCS

CG / DDGBaseline

FF / FFG

DDXObjective

Crew Size

Design Iterations Ref: J. Famme, ASNE Intelligent Ship Symposium, 1994

Also see J. Famme INNC 1997, South Hampton, UK

@ www.ITEinc.US, TAB Technical Papers

CG SmartShipDDG SmartShip?

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Domain IHuman Performance Analysis

Creating the Crew Performance Model

• Sailor System• Navy Skills Data Base• MANPRINT• DoD Architecture Framework• SME Interviews• DDG-51 Class Reduced Manning Studies• Advanced Human Modeling Initiatives

– Human Attribute Modeling

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Sailor System

• The DD(X) Design Agent “Sailor System Specification” (S3) ensure systems designed to implement the capabilities of the sailors who will ultimately maintain and operate the ship

• Interoperability of all ship systems integration and engineering design elements

• Verify HSI concepts and validate operability through human performance modeling and testing

• Sailor System Specification provides traceability among segment, element, component, and Computer Software Configuration Item (CSCI)

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Navy Skills Data Base

• Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) program began with the Navy leasing several ships for trials and crew experience

• Outcome of trials is realization of the complex cross-tasks/skills requirements

• Navy rate structure by itself has been found to be too limited– Reflected in current CSOSS, EOSS and EOCC Procedures

• Navy Collecting Sailor “Skills” Data Base for basis of assignment

• See SkillsNet website for information about the Five-vector plan for advancement (Navy Times, 2003).

– http://www.skillsnet.org/navy%20sailors.htm

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MANPRINT

• MANPRINT is concerned with the identification and integration of all relevant information in each of eight human performance domains (slide 3)

• Manpower Personnel Integration (MANPRINT) as applied through the systems engineering process.

• Goal: System design process to meet acquisition system performance goals

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Department of Defense Architecture Framework

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development, and Acquisition (ASN-RDA) Chief Engineer’s Office has developed human-centered architecture

• Total systems engineering approach • As one of the costliest system elements over the ship life

cycle, the role of the warfighter directly impacts system cost-effectiveness.

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Subject Matter Expert (SME) Interviews

• Tool for HSI driven ship manning analysis is the interview of SME’s (crew members) of current ships concerning their performed tasks and skills including an estimate of the time required to perform each task.

• DDG51 Crew Interviews used, in part, for DDX • Comments

– DDG51: a sailor represents ~1/325th of the crew tasks with little automation support. For the DD(X) a sailor represents ~1/114th

– DDG = low automation– DDX = approaches “autonomic” automation– Does not address human factors that are not necessarily

intuitive such as situational factors of perception, comprehension, and projection

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DDG-51 Class Reduced Manning Studies

• SME interview technique discussed above, with added sophistication and comprehensive analysis

• DDG51 class manning reduction • Revealed that the process to evaluate Return on

Investment (ROI) and the TOC impact for manning reduction initiatives is difficult.

• Case of USS COLE, it was not sheer numbers that saved the ship, but the actions of a handful of very experienced people

• Comments – “Navy ships need to be prototyped now to ensure preparedness

for the introduction of a new generation of warfighting ships”– DDG51: a real-time survivability model has never been created

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Advanced Human Modeling Initiatives

• Office of Naval Research (ONR) cognitive science research is a scientific revolution in understanding the human operator

• Research is yielding computational theories of human cognition and perceptual/motor activity, provides precise quantitative predictions variables such as times required to learn and complete tasks

• TS-CM paper does not include the modeling potential of emerging ONR human attributes pending access to more complete research results– Human Attribute Modeling as nodes in an “autonomic” control

systems

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Domain IIShip Performance Analysis

Creating the Ship Performance Model

• Ship Performance Modeling• Enabling Technology

– CAD– PBD

• CAD – PBD Integration• Element of Dynamic Time• Creating the Ship Performance Model

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ElectronicData

Integration

Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Physics Based Design (PBD)

Dynamic Time

Ship Performance Modeling

Enabling Technology:

Electronic Data Integration

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A user may drill into any configured shipA user may drill into any configured shipprocess system to the smallest process system to the smallest level of detail for process engineering level of detail for process engineering Design and Training.Design and Training.

Ship Firemain Process Detail

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and then, navigate within the ancillaryand then, navigate within the ancillaryprocess connections of the process connections of the multi-discipline SIMSMART™ multi-discipline SIMSMART™ environment.environment.

Ship Electric Plant Process Detail

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Ship compartments may be modeled forShip compartments may be modeled forflooding and progressive flooding, fire and flooding and progressive flooding, fire and

smoke spreadsmoke spread

The SIMSMART™ flooding model may beThe SIMSMART™ flooding model may belinked to dynamic ship stability calculationslinked to dynamic ship stability calculationsfor draft, GM, etc...for draft, GM, etc...

Ship Compartments / TanksBallast & Drain Process Details

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Total Ship ModelThe TS-CM Ship Performance Model

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Domain IIIShip-Crew Performance Model

Creating the Ship-Crew Performance Model

• Prototyping Benefits• TS-CM Objective• Building the TS-CM• Elements of the TS-CM• Sources of Crew Skill based Task Models• Event Time• Scenarios• Collecting & Evaluating Data• Optimizing / Trade-off Analysis• Expected Results

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Crew Tasks from EOCC Procedures

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Crew Tasks Inserted into the TS-CM

Tasks

Tasks

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Merging Ship & Crew Task Models into the Scenario

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PMS430 – BFTT - Total Ship Training & Operational Decision Aids Architecture

BOPCScenario Generation

& Control

IT21 LAN / SWAN

TPTSPlatform Simulation

Ship Interior Communications

TraineeTrainee

DebriefProducts

Central Control Station (CCS), Damage Control Central (DCC),Machinery Spaces, Repair Stations 2, 3, 5, 8, …

TraineeTrainee

Perceived Truth

Perceived Truth

IT21 SWAN & 2-Way Wireless LAN

Performance

Monitoring,

Training &

Assessment

GROUND TRUTH

Two-way

STOW LANDATA

COLLECTION LAN

PERCIEVED TRUTH

TrainerTrainer

TrainerTrainer

Ground Truth

Training Flags

DCAMS

MCSWearable Computers

USN & Coalition Combat Systems Training

TS-CM: Executing the Scenario

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TPTS Instructor Station (1)

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TPTS Operator Station (1)CG47 ECSE Upgrade

Courtesy Litton Integrated Systems

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TPTSInstructorStation (2)

Scenario & Instructor Control “Flooding”

“fire”, “smoke” & Equipment Damage & Repair

Operator

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TPTS Operator Station (3)Instructor

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Collecting Ship-Crew Task Performance Data

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Histograms:

Time-based Analysis of Systems and Crew Performance

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Histogram Analysis

C W Tem perature

0

50

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Tim e

Te

mp

(F

*)

C W Pressure

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Tim e

Pre

ss

ure

SPS Radar Status

0

0.5

1

1.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Tim e

Op

Sta

tus

Event A

Auto Response

Fails

R5 on Scene

Crew Decision = R5 Response

R5/8 CSOSS / EOCC Actions / Restore Control

Pressure Up / Temp

Down

System Restored

Key Technology: Natural vs. Signal Coupled Model

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TS-CM: Expected Results

Systems Design The prototype systems design should be readily adjustable for

designers by observance of model dynamics. The feedback will be rapid and insightful.

Crew Manning The prototype crew manning should be rapidly modifiable for

intended customers and designers by observation of the operating models to provide rapid and insightful feedback.

Validated Model Capture TS-CM prototype models will be electronically captured at every

phase of design and as a validated design that can be used for all of the benefits of rapid prototyping and support of HSI objectives over the ship’s life cycle, such as embedded training, as described in this paper.

Today, none of these models (computations / metrics) are captured or delivered to the Navy except in a few specialized reports

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Conclusions

• This paper has described the use of dynamic modeling as a new tool for manning analysis for ships now in design. The new ships must meet all Navy HSI requirements while achieving revolutionary crew reduction supported by autonomic-based control systems yet to be implemented. Existing ships can also use the TS-CM process to improve manning and automation analysis. TS-CM provides a prototyping and analysis environment to meet this requirement that balances the use of traditional human engineering performance factors such as skill based tasks analysis combined with a real-time dynamic total ship model created through the use of physics based design tools. The TS-CM environment is based on qualitative systems and crew performance in a quantitative, dynamic real-time model of ship systems and crew performance tasks. The TS-CM can be used during every phase of a ship’s design to verify that HSI compliant reduced manning levels are quantified, validated and captured for re-use over the ship’s lifecycle. Because the validated TS-CM model can be based on the system performance models that were used to verify the ship’s design, the TS-CM will be able to be reused for all of the future HSI functions of Embedded Training, Condition Assessment, Performance Monitoring, Readiness Assessment, Decision Aids, and Future Modernization.