a. the barbarians

A. The BarbariansA. The Barbarians The conversion of Europe, & the The conversion of Europe, & the

Xianizing of the whole western world, Xianizing of the whole western world, may owe its accomplishment to what may owe its accomplishment to what appeared at first as a disaster to both appeared at first as a disaster to both Xianity & the empire: the invasion of Xianity & the empire: the invasion of vast hordes of barbarians.vast hordes of barbarians.

1. From Invasion To Conversion1. From Invasion To Conversion– Already we have seen Alaric & the Already we have seen Alaric & the

Visigoths sack Rome in 410.Visigoths sack Rome in 410.– While Augustine was dying in 430, the While Augustine was dying in 430, the

Vandals were besieging Hippo.Vandals were besieging Hippo.– Barbarian invasions were to last for 600 Barbarian invasions were to last for 600

yrs.yrs.

A. The BarbariansA. The Barbarians 1. From Invasion To Conversion1. From Invasion To Conversion

– Already we have seen Odoacer of the Already we have seen Odoacer of the Ostrogoths dethrone the last of the Ostrogoths dethrone the last of the western emperors in 476.western emperors in 476.

– In rapid succession of a number of In rapid succession of a number of barbaric kingdoms were set up:barbaric kingdoms were set up: Visigoths (415-711) in Spain & southern Visigoths (415-711) in Spain & southern

GaulGaul Ostrogoths (493-554) in ItalyOstrogoths (493-554) in Italy Burgundians (443-543) in southeastern GaulBurgundians (443-543) in southeastern Gaul Vandals (429-533) in North AfricaVandals (429-533) in North Africa Franks under the Merovingians (486-752)Franks under the Merovingians (486-752)


– In rapid succession of a number of In rapid succession of a number of barbaric kingdoms were set up:barbaric kingdoms were set up: Lombards (586-774) in northern ItalyLombards (586-774) in northern Italy Angles, the Saxons, & the Jutes left Denmark Angles, the Saxons, & the Jutes left Denmark

& n. Germany & settled in south Britain (443-& n. Germany & settled in south Britain (443-485)485)

Slavic tribes also moved into the eastern Slavic tribes also moved into the eastern empire.empire.

– Culturally, the invaders were not Culturally, the invaders were not savages; neither were they nomads.savages; neither were they nomads.

– They were agricultural people who sought They were agricultural people who sought new lands because of overcrowding.new lands because of overcrowding.


– In the arts they were not primitive.In the arts they were not primitive.– The Germanic people brought precise The Germanic people brought precise

principles of law which later furnished principles of law which later furnished the basis for the ecclesiastical practice the basis for the ecclesiastical practice of penance & indulgences.of penance & indulgences.

– Salvian (5Salvian (5thth c. Xtian) claimed the c. Xtian) claimed the barbarians were morally more chaste barbarians were morally more chaste than the nobility of the empire, & he than the nobility of the empire, & he especially commended Gaiseric, the especially commended Gaiseric, the Vandal, for closing the brothels of Vandal, for closing the brothels of Carthage.Carthage.


– Religiously, the barbarians were of 2 Religiously, the barbarians were of 2 backgrounds.backgrounds.

– There were pagans; but many There were pagans; but many barbarians already claimed to be Xtians barbarians already claimed to be Xtians of the Arian variety.of the Arian variety.

– Most of the Goths had come to embrace Most of the Goths had come to embrace Arian Xtianity under Ulphilas, the Arian Xtianity under Ulphilas, the apostle of the Goths, who had given apostle of the Goths, who had given them an alphabet & translated the Bible them an alphabet & translated the Bible into their tongue.into their tongue.

– All of the Teutonic tribes were All of the Teutonic tribes were eventually converted to Xtianity.eventually converted to Xtianity.


– From the Visigoths Xtianity came to the From the Visigoths Xtianity came to the Ostrogoths, the Vandals & the Ostrogoths, the Vandals & the Lombards.Lombards.

– One of the most notable conversions of One of the most notable conversions of the period was that of Clovis, King of the the period was that of Clovis, King of the Franks (Gaul).Franks (Gaul).

– At the repeated insistence of his wife, At the repeated insistence of his wife, Queen Clotilde, a Catholic Burgundian Queen Clotilde, a Catholic Burgundian princess, C. finally embraced Xtianity, princess, C. finally embraced Xtianity, was baptized, & compelled his entire was baptized, & compelled his entire army to be baptized.army to be baptized.

Baptism of Clovis

Clovis I was king of the Franksfrom 481 to 511. In 496 he con-verted to Christianity, which gain-ed him the support of the RomanCatholic Church for his conquestsof other tribes in western andCentral Europe. During his ruleClovis enlarged the Frankish territory to include most ofmodern France and Germany.


– Using his new religion as a political Using his new religion as a political weapon, C. overthrew the Arian king of the weapon, C. overthrew the Arian king of the Visigoths, Alaric II, & consolidated his Visigoths, Alaric II, & consolidated his dominions with the aid of Catholic bishops dominions with the aid of Catholic bishops & Roman officials.& Roman officials.

– His codification of the Salic law & his efforts His codification of the Salic law & his efforts to fuse the Romans & the Teutons laid the to fuse the Romans & the Teutons laid the foundations of the modern French nation.foundations of the modern French nation.

– The e.g. of C. was repeated throughout all The e.g. of C. was repeated throughout all of Europe.of Europe.

– Naturally there was little evidence of Naturally there was little evidence of individual conversion in these mass individual conversion in these mass conversions.conversions.


– Thus the people brought their old beliefs Thus the people brought their old beliefs & mores into the ch.& mores into the ch.

– For Clovis, Jesus was a tribal war god; For Clovis, Jesus was a tribal war god; the people saw X as the heavenly ruler the people saw X as the heavenly ruler rather than the suffering redeemer.rather than the suffering redeemer.

– The archangel Michael of the flaming The archangel Michael of the flaming sword became a spiritual champion & sword became a spiritual champion & his name was given to the citadel of his name was given to the citadel of Mont St. Michel.Mont St. Michel.

– Chs & monasteries were built in great Chs & monasteries were built in great numbers, but people & rulers fell far numbers, but people & rulers fell far short of NT standards.short of NT standards.


– After defeat by Clovis, the Arian Visigoths After defeat by Clovis, the Arian Visigoths settled in Spain & continued in Arianism settled in Spain & continued in Arianism until Recared, King of Spain was until Recared, King of Spain was converted to orthodox Xtianity in 587.converted to orthodox Xtianity in 587.

– The Burgundians were the 1The Burgundians were the 1stst barbarians barbarians to give up Arianism for orthodoxy; they to give up Arianism for orthodoxy; they provided the pagan Clovis with his Xtian provided the pagan Clovis with his Xtian queen.queen.

– The Arian Ostrogoths in Italy capitulated The Arian Ostrogoths in Italy capitulated to orthodoxy after defeats at the hands to orthodoxy after defeats at the hands of Justinian in 553.of Justinian in 553.


– The barbarian states were established The barbarian states were established because they had the military might to because they had the military might to subdue the Roman Empire, but they did subdue the Roman Empire, but they did not have the education or experience to not have the education or experience to govern it.govern it.

– Everywhere they were a minority, with Everywhere they were a minority, with the majority being Roman & Catholic.the majority being Roman & Catholic.

– Besides the Anglo-Saxons in England, Besides the Anglo-Saxons in England, the only barbarian kingdoms which the only barbarian kingdoms which survived at the close of the 6survived at the close of the 6thth c. were c. were the Franks in Gaul & the Visigoths in the Franks in Gaul & the Visigoths in Spain, & they were both solidly Catholic.Spain, & they were both solidly Catholic.

A. The BarbariansA. The Barbarians 2. Gregory The Great2. Gregory The Great

– The barbarian invasion provided the The barbarian invasion provided the setting for the ascendancy of one of setting for the ascendancy of one of Catholicism’s most famous leaders—Catholicism’s most famous leaders—Gregory I (546-604).Gregory I (546-604).

– He was the 4He was the 4thth & last of the traditional & last of the traditional Latin “Doctors of the Church” (with Latin “Doctors of the Church” (with Ambrose, Augustine & Jerome).Ambrose, Augustine & Jerome).

– He was pope from 590 to his death (604) He was pope from 590 to his death (604) & became father of the medieval papacy.& became father of the medieval papacy.

– Of the 180 bishops of Rome between Of the 180 bishops of Rome between Constantine & the Reformation, none Constantine & the Reformation, none was more influential than Gregory.was more influential than Gregory.

Dove (Holy Spirit) dictatingto Gregory the Homilies on Ezekiel.

Homilies on

Ezekiel


– The last of the Germanic tribes to enter the The last of the Germanic tribes to enter the Roman Empire, the Arian Lombards, invaded Roman Empire, the Arian Lombards, invaded Italy in 568 & the ineffective imperial governor Italy in 568 & the ineffective imperial governor was unable to combat them.was unable to combat them.

– This actually had a positive effect on the This actually had a positive effect on the position of the ch at Rome; the R. bishop position of the ch at Rome; the R. bishop became the leader & protector of the people.became the leader & protector of the people.

– Gregory was the son of a Roman nobleman & Gregory was the son of a Roman nobleman & at 1at 1stst sought a career in civil administration. sought a career in civil administration.

– He entered monasticism in 574, selling his He entered monasticism in 574, selling his family estates, founding 7 monasteries, & family estates, founding 7 monasteries, & giving the rest to the poor.giving the rest to the poor.


– The pope made him an envoy to the The pope made him an envoy to the court at Constantinople.court at Constantinople.

– He returned to R. in 585 to become abbot He returned to R. in 585 to become abbot of his monastery.of his monastery.

– When the pope (Pelagius II) died (one of When the pope (Pelagius II) died (one of the 1the 1stst victims of the bubonic plague), the victims of the bubonic plague), the people of R. unanimously chose Gregory.people of R. unanimously chose Gregory.

– He was the 1He was the 1stst pope to have been a monk pope to have been a monk & from this time Benedictine monasticism & from this time Benedictine monasticism was closely allied with the papacy; these was closely allied with the papacy; these 2 institutions gave medieval Catholicism 2 institutions gave medieval Catholicism its distinctive character.its distinctive character.


– a. Peace with the Lombards.a. Peace with the Lombards.– G. found Italy in an alarming state, G. found Italy in an alarming state,

devastated by famine, pestilence & devastated by famine, pestilence & Lombard invasion.Lombard invasion.

– According to legend, the bubonic plague According to legend, the bubonic plague was miraculously ended.was miraculously ended.

– G. set the civil affairs of R. in order, G. set the civil affairs of R. in order, collected taxes, provided for welfare, collected taxes, provided for welfare, repaired buildings & streets & raised & repaired buildings & streets & raised & trained an army to repel the Lombards.trained an army to repel the Lombards.


– a. Peace with the Lombards.a. Peace with the Lombards.– Although he was technically under the Although he was technically under the

emperor, he acted independently, emperor, he acted independently, garrisoned his army, sent orders to garrisoned his army, sent orders to generals in the field, & negotiated with the generals in the field, & negotiated with the Lombards.Lombards.

– No bishop or pope before G. had dared to No bishop or pope before G. had dared to do half as much.do half as much.

– He appointed governors over certain areas He appointed governors over certain areas & increased his papal authority until the & increased his papal authority until the papacy was the largest, wealthiest, & most papacy was the largest, wealthiest, & most powerful institution in Italy.powerful institution in Italy.


– b. Conversion of Britain.b. Conversion of Britain.– As a monk, G. had been deeply moved As a monk, G. had been deeply moved

by the sight of some attractive young by the sight of some attractive young children in the slave market.children in the slave market.

– When he found they were “Angli” from When he found they were “Angli” from England & pagans, he determined to be England & pagans, he determined to be a missionary to that land.a missionary to that land.

– After he became pope, he commissioned After he became pope, he commissioned Augustine, prior of his monastery in R., Augustine, prior of his monastery in R., to accomplish this mission for him.to accomplish this mission for him.


– b. Conversion of Britain.b. Conversion of Britain.– Ethelbert, king of the Jutes in Kent, was Ethelbert, king of the Jutes in Kent, was

one of A’s first & most notable converts; one of A’s first & most notable converts; he & 10,000 subjects were baptized on he & 10,000 subjects were baptized on Xmas Day, 597.Xmas Day, 597.

– Ethelbert was also overlord of the Ethelbert was also overlord of the neighboring kingdoms of Essex and East neighboring kingdoms of Essex and East Anglia & so Catholic Xtianity came to 3 Anglia & so Catholic Xtianity came to 3 or 12 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.or 12 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.


– b. Conversion of Britain.b. Conversion of Britain.– G. appointed A. archbishop & King E. gave G. appointed A. archbishop & King E. gave

the new archbishop his own palace in the new archbishop his own palace in Canterbury, which became the 1Canterbury, which became the 1stst episcopal center in England.episcopal center in England.

– A. met opposition from the Celtic ch, A. met opposition from the Celtic ch, which refused to adopt the Roman which refused to adopt the Roman tradition of baptism or the Roman dating tradition of baptism or the Roman dating of Easter.of Easter.

– Later, after A’s death, at the Synod of Later, after A’s death, at the Synod of Whitby, 664, England severed her Whitby, 664, England severed her connection with the old Iro-Celtic ch in connection with the old Iro-Celtic ch in favor of Rome.favor of Rome.


– c. Gregory’s Contributions.c. Gregory’s Contributions.– G. left an indelible imprint on G. left an indelible imprint on

ecclesiastical & theological issues.ecclesiastical & theological issues.– As a theologian, he was not original, As a theologian, he was not original,

building mainly on the works of building mainly on the works of Augustine of Hippo.Augustine of Hippo.

– He did, however, initiate several enduring He did, however, initiate several enduring practices.practices.

– He est. the mass as a repetition of the He est. the mass as a repetition of the sacrifice of X that would benefit the living sacrifice of X that would benefit the living or the dead.or the dead.


– c. Gregory’s Contributions.c. Gregory’s Contributions.– He formulated the doctrine of purgatory, He formulated the doctrine of purgatory,

which played so large a part in the which played so large a part in the religion of the Middle Ages.religion of the Middle Ages.

– He was interest in liturgy & popularized He was interest in liturgy & popularized the Gregorian chants.the Gregorian chants.

– His contributions to the medieval His contributions to the medieval papacy were even more noteworthy.papacy were even more noteworthy.

– He repudiated the Patriarch of He repudiated the Patriarch of Constantinople when he used the title Constantinople when he used the title “Ecumenical Patriarch” (universal “Ecumenical Patriarch” (universal bishop).bishop).


– c. Gregory’s Contributions.c. Gregory’s Contributions.– G. called this a flagrant violation of the G. called this a flagrant violation of the

primacy of R., & referred to himself as primacy of R., & referred to himself as “the Servant of the Servants of God.”“the Servant of the Servants of God.”

– While Leo I is often recognized as “the While Leo I is often recognized as “the first pope,” G. is the 1first pope,” G. is the 1stst to exercise to exercise universal authority & openly declare universal authority & openly declare himself to be pope.himself to be pope.

– In deed as well as name, he was In deed as well as name, he was patriarch of the West.patriarch of the West.


– c. Gregory’s Contributions.c. Gregory’s Contributions.– He ordered the African bishops to He ordered the African bishops to

oppose the Donatists & punished those oppose the Donatists & punished those who had fallen into Manichaeism—who had fallen into Manichaeism—setting the precedent for the setting the precedent for the subsequent inquisitions.subsequent inquisitions.

– He brought Spain from Arianism into He brought Spain from Arianism into orthodoxy, directed the mission orthodoxy, directed the mission campaign in Britain & took the Emperor campaign in Britain & took the Emperor Maurice to task over his restrictions on Maurice to task over his restrictions on soldiers entering sacred orders.soldiers entering sacred orders.


– c. Gregory’s Contributions.c. Gregory’s Contributions.– Anywhere & everywhere he did whatever he Anywhere & everywhere he did whatever he

deemed necessary to govern the entire ch.deemed necessary to govern the entire ch.– G’s period as pope, by its extension of the G’s period as pope, by its extension of the

pope’s authority, marks the transition from pope’s authority, marks the transition from the ancient world of imperial R. to medieval the ancient world of imperial R. to medieval Xtendom united by the Roman Catholic Ch.Xtendom united by the Roman Catholic Ch.

– The Medieval Period (Middle Ages) is so The Medieval Period (Middle Ages) is so called because of its chronological position called because of its chronological position between ancient & modern times.between ancient & modern times.


– c. Gregory’s Contributions.c. Gregory’s Contributions.– It forms the transition from Greco-It forms the transition from Greco-

Roman civilization to the Romano-Roman civilization to the Romano-Germanic civilization which was to Germanic civilization which was to control the future of the western world.control the future of the western world.

– Pope G. stood on the threshold between Pope G. stood on the threshold between the old & the new order of things.the old & the new order of things.

– He was the last Church Father as well as He was the last Church Father as well as the 1the 1stst medieval theologian. medieval theologian.

– He was the last Roman bishop & the 1He was the last Roman bishop & the 1stst medieval pope.medieval pope.

A. The BarbariansA. The Barbarians 3. Missions On The Continent.3. Missions On The Continent.

– Xtians in the R. Empire immediately saw & Xtians in the R. Empire immediately saw & met the challenge of converting the met the challenge of converting the barbarians who had come to them.barbarians who had come to them.

– But there were some with a wider vision But there were some with a wider vision who were awakened to the possibility of who were awakened to the possibility of missions in the homelands of the invaders missions in the homelands of the invaders & beyond.& beyond.

– a. Willibrord in the Netherlands (658-739)a. Willibrord in the Netherlands (658-739)– Wilfrid began with a brief preaching tour in Wilfrid began with a brief preaching tour in

Frisia on a trip to Rome; on his return to Frisia on a trip to Rome; on his return to Eng. he called for missionaries for Frisia & Eng. he called for missionaries for Frisia & monks swarmed over north-western monks swarmed over north-western Europe.Europe.

Willibrord

Willibrord Stamp


– a. Willibrord in the Netherlands (658-a. Willibrord in the Netherlands (658-739)739)

– The most successful was Willibrord of The most successful was Willibrord of Saxon Northumbria, the “Apostle to the Saxon Northumbria, the “Apostle to the Netherlands.”Netherlands.”

– W. went to Frisia in 690 & was made W. went to Frisia in 690 & was made archbishop of Frisia in 695.archbishop of Frisia in 695.

– By his death he had established the By his death he had established the archepiscopal see of Utrecht & had archepiscopal see of Utrecht & had converted most of the people of the converted most of the people of the southern part of the Low Countries.southern part of the Low Countries.


– b. Boniface in Germany (680-754).b. Boniface in Germany (680-754).– Willibrord’s assistant for 3 yrs was Willibrord’s assistant for 3 yrs was

Winifrid who became known as Winifrid who became known as Boniface, “doer of good,” who became Boniface, “doer of good,” who became known as the “Apostle of Germany.”known as the “Apostle of Germany.”

– He was so successful that Pope Gregory He was so successful that Pope Gregory II made him missionary bishop to II made him missionary bishop to Germany in 722.Germany in 722.

– One of B’s major achievements was the One of B’s major achievements was the consolidation of existing chs into one consolidation of existing chs into one ecclesiastical body.ecclesiastical body.


– b. Boniface in Germany (680-754).b. Boniface in Germany (680-754).– Extremely popular, he single-handedly Extremely popular, he single-handedly

demolished their superstitions, nature demolished their superstitions, nature divinations & ritual incantations.divinations & ritual incantations.

– Before he was 60 he had converted Before he was 60 he had converted practically the whole territory east of the practically the whole territory east of the Rhine & north of the Danube.Rhine & north of the Danube.

St. Boniface

Martyrdom of St. Boniface (15th c. French painting


– c. Scandinavian Missions.c. Scandinavian Missions.– Denmark & Sweden were first Denmark & Sweden were first

evangelized by Anskar (801-865), the evangelized by Anskar (801-865), the “Apostle of the North.”“Apostle of the North.”

– Norway was Christianized from Eng. thru Norway was Christianized from Eng. thru the efforts of 2 Norwegian kings, Olaf the efforts of 2 Norwegian kings, Olaf Tlryggvason (995-1000) & Olaf Haraldson Tlryggvason (995-1000) & Olaf Haraldson (1015-30).(1015-30).

– The 1The 1stst Xtian king in Sweden was Olaf Xtian king in Sweden was Olaf Lapking, baptized in 1007.Lapking, baptized in 1007.

– From the Scandinavian countries Xtianity From the Scandinavian countries Xtianity spread to Iceland, Finland, & Greenland.spread to Iceland, Finland, & Greenland.


– d. Slavic Missions.d. Slavic Missions.– ““The Apostles of the Slavs” were 2 The Apostles of the Slavs” were 2

brothers from a Gk family in brothers from a Gk family in Thessalonica, Cyril & Methodius.Thessalonica, Cyril & Methodius.

– Emperor Michael III sent them as Emperor Michael III sent them as missionaries to what is now Moravia.missionaries to what is now Moravia.

– Cyril invented an alphabet for the people Cyril invented an alphabet for the people called Glagolithic (also Cyrillic) & became called Glagolithic (also Cyrillic) & became the founder of Slavonic literature.the founder of Slavonic literature.

– A Xtian princess brought Xtianity to A Xtian princess brought Xtianity to Bohemia, & from there it spread to Bohemia, & from there it spread to Poland & Hungary.Poland & Hungary.

B. The MoslemsB. The Moslems While Xtianity was making great While Xtianity was making great

gains among the barbarian tribes of gains among the barbarian tribes of western Europe, a new storm was western Europe, a new storm was swirling down upon the empire from swirling down upon the empire from the deserts of Arabia.the deserts of Arabia.

Marching under the banner of a new Marching under the banner of a new theocracy called Islam, they posed theocracy called Islam, they posed the greatest external threat yet to the greatest external threat yet to both empire & Xtendom.both empire & Xtendom.

B. The MoslemsB. The Moslems 1. Mohammed The Prophet1. Mohammed The Prophet

– The religion of Islam was the product of The religion of Islam was the product of the mind & spirit of a single individual, the mind & spirit of a single individual, Mohammed, its prophet (570-632).Mohammed, its prophet (570-632).

– Orphaned at 6, M. was reared by an Orphaned at 6, M. was reared by an uncle in the Quraysh tribe, which had uncle in the Quraysh tribe, which had control of the Kaaba, the national control of the Kaaba, the national religious shrine of the Arabs.religious shrine of the Arabs.

– The Kaaba contained the sacred Black The Kaaba contained the sacred Black Stone & the well reputedly kicked up by Stone & the well reputedly kicked up by the infant Ishmael when Hagar left him the infant Ishmael when Hagar left him to search for water (Gen. 21:8-21).to search for water (Gen. 21:8-21).

The Kaaba


– M. became disillusioned by the idolatrous M. became disillusioned by the idolatrous worship & degenerate behavior he worship & degenerate behavior he observed in connection with Arabian observed in connection with Arabian religion, & when he began making religion, & when he began making caravan trips to Syria & Palestine, his caravan trips to Syria & Palestine, his religious feelings increased.religious feelings increased.

– He became the business manager of a He became the business manager of a rich widow, Khadijah, whom he married.rich widow, Khadijah, whom he married.

– His 2 sons by Khadijah died in childhood, His 2 sons by Khadijah died in childhood, & only 1 of 4 daughgters, Fatima, & only 1 of 4 daughgters, Fatima, survived.survived.


– His wealth enabled him to have wider His wealth enabled him to have wider religious contacts & more leisure time for religious contacts & more leisure time for long periods of reflection on religion.long periods of reflection on religion.

– One night in the hills near Mecca, in a One night in the hills near Mecca, in a cave on Mt. Hira, he said that he had a cave on Mt. Hira, he said that he had a vision of the angel Gabriel telling him to vision of the angel Gabriel telling him to recite.recite.

– He went home & produced the entire 96He went home & produced the entire 96thth sura of the Koran.sura of the Koran.

– In a 2In a 2ndnd appearance, Gabriel appearance, Gabriel commissioned him a prophet of the Lord, commissioned him a prophet of the Lord, & subsequent revelations that make up & subsequent revelations that make up the Koran came frequently.the Koran came frequently.


– M. began proclaiming the Day of the M. began proclaiming the Day of the Lord in the marketplace.Lord in the marketplace.

– The day was to be one of resurrection, The day was to be one of resurrection, final judgment, & everlasting fire.final judgment, & everlasting fire.

– Though people were impressed with his Though people were impressed with his poetic oratory, after 4 yrs he had only poetic oratory, after 4 yrs he had only 40 converts.40 converts.

– Because of his attacks on the Kaaba, the Because of his attacks on the Kaaba, the Quraysh disturbed his meetings with Quraysh disturbed his meetings with violence, & he feared for his life.violence, & he feared for his life.


– 300 mi to the north, 6 men left the Medina 300 mi to the north, 6 men left the Medina to seek out Mohammed as the leader who to seek out Mohammed as the leader who might bring the tribes of Medina & Mecca might bring the tribes of Medina & Mecca together.together.

– They arrived in Mecca just in time to help They arrived in Mecca just in time to help him escape assassination.him escape assassination.

– Thus, in 622, M. & his followers made their Thus, in 622, M. & his followers made their great Hegira flight to Medina, marking the great Hegira flight to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.beginning of the Islamic calendar.

– In Medina he became the undisputed In Medina he became the undisputed leaders of a religious theocracy, defended leaders of a religious theocracy, defended the city against Meccan attacks & boldly the city against Meccan attacks & boldly attacked & captured Mecca itself.attacked & captured Mecca itself.


– Within 8 yrs M. had become the Within 8 yrs M. had become the strongest chieftain in all Arabia.strongest chieftain in all Arabia.

– He stripped the Kaaba of its idols & He stripped the Kaaba of its idols & images, but continued to pay tribute to images, but continued to pay tribute to the Black Stone.the Black Stone.

– By 632 M. was dead at 62, but he had By 632 M. was dead at 62, but he had instituted a new religion that would instituted a new religion that would unify the Arabian people into one unify the Arabian people into one brotherhood.brotherhood.


– The strict monotheistic faith of Islam The strict monotheistic faith of Islam made rigid moral & spiritual demands on made rigid moral & spiritual demands on the people which they eagerly accepted, the people which they eagerly accepted, for M. had convinced them that they for M. had convinced them that they were divinely appointed to bring all were divinely appointed to bring all peoples into submission to the will of peoples into submission to the will of God.God.

Medina

B. The MoslemsB. The Moslems 2. The Religion of Islam2. The Religion of Islam

– IslamIslam implies “submission to the will of implies “submission to the will of God,” & means “the submitters.”God,” & means “the submitters.”

– It must be understood in order to It must be understood in order to evaluate the historical developments of evaluate the historical developments of wars, conquests, & expansion.wars, conquests, & expansion.

– The fanatical followers of M. have The fanatical followers of M. have always been on a holy crusade to always been on a holy crusade to capture & convert the world for the God capture & convert the world for the God (Allah).(Allah).

– Islam is built around 5 basic doctrines:Islam is built around 5 basic doctrines:


– 1) There is no God but Allah, & M. is his 1) There is no God but Allah, & M. is his prophet.prophet.

– 2) God’s work is carried on among men 2) God’s work is carried on among men by angels, the mediating spirits of God.by angels, the mediating spirits of God.

– 3) The will of Allah is written down in the 3) The will of Allah is written down in the Koran, which contains all a Moslem Koran, which contains all a Moslem needs to know to obtain salvation.needs to know to obtain salvation.

– 4) The great figures of Judaism & 4) The great figures of Judaism & Xtianity are revered by Islam, but its Xtianity are revered by Islam, but its own prophet M. surpasses them all.own prophet M. surpasses them all.


– There are 6 great prophets: Adam, There are 6 great prophets: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus & Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus & Mohammed, the greatest of them all.Mohammed, the greatest of them all.

– 5) There will be a resurrection day & a 5) There will be a resurrection day & a final judgment for every individual; the final judgment for every individual; the followers of M. will cross into the followers of M. will cross into the Gardens of Paradise, & infidels (non-Gardens of Paradise, & infidels (non-Moslems) & sinful Moslems will fall into Moslems) & sinful Moslems will fall into the abyss of hell.the abyss of hell.

– There are 4 religious practices to which There are 4 religious practices to which every Moslem is bound:every Moslem is bound:


– There are 4 religious practices to which There are 4 religious practices to which every Moslem is bound:every Moslem is bound:

– 1) prayer, 5 times a day, facing Mecca in 1) prayer, 5 times a day, facing Mecca in the bodily position described in the Koran;the bodily position described in the Koran;

– 2) almsgiving, including both the Jewish 2) almsgiving, including both the Jewish tithe & additional charity;tithe & additional charity;

– 3) fasting from all gratifications of the 3) fasting from all gratifications of the senses during the entire month of senses during the entire month of Ramadan;Ramadan;

– 4) pilgrimage to Mecca during one’s 4) pilgrimage to Mecca during one’s lifetime, either personally or by proxy.lifetime, either personally or by proxy.

B. The MoslemsB. The Moslems 3. The Moslem Conquests3. The Moslem Conquests

– Believing that they were divinely Believing that they were divinely commissioned to subdue all people to commissioned to subdue all people to God’s will, Moslems did not hesitate to God’s will, Moslems did not hesitate to organize, train & give military organize, train & give military expression to their missionary call.expression to their missionary call.

– In developing Arabian unity around In developing Arabian unity around Islam, M. used violent as well as Islam, M. used violent as well as nonviolent means with his own people.nonviolent means with his own people.

– Then he personally led them in their first Then he personally led them in their first military conquests of Xtianity in 629.military conquests of Xtianity in 629.


– It was not, however, until after his death It was not, however, until after his death that Islam spread like a devouring fire that Islam spread like a devouring fire over the East.over the East.

– Armed with the belief that death in Armed with the belief that death in combat on behalf of Allah would ensure combat on behalf of Allah would ensure entrance into paradise, the terrifying entrance into paradise, the terrifying Moslems swept down on Damascus in Moslems swept down on Damascus in 635, conquering it almost instantly.635, conquering it almost instantly.

– Jerusalem held out longer, but fell under Jerusalem held out longer, but fell under a bloody siege in 637.a bloody siege in 637.


– 638 saw the fall of Antioch, Tripoli, Tyre, 638 saw the fall of Antioch, Tripoli, Tyre, Caesarea & 15 other cities on the Caesarea & 15 other cities on the Mediterranean coast.Mediterranean coast.

– By the end of 639 nothing of the eastern By the end of 639 nothing of the eastern empire was left in Syria.empire was left in Syria.

– Mesopotamia surrendered, by 641 all of Mesopotamia surrendered, by 641 all of Egypt had been conquered, & the Egypt had been conquered, & the advance across N. Africa had begun.advance across N. Africa had begun.

– Iraq fell in 637, & by 649 had subdued Iraq fell in 637, & by 649 had subdued all of Persia; by 652 (only 12 yrs) all of Persia; by 652 (only 12 yrs) Moslems controlled most of Asia Minor.Moslems controlled most of Asia Minor.


– Attempting to capture Constantinople, Attempting to capture Constantinople, they were turned back by the awesome they were turned back by the awesome Taurus Mountains.Taurus Mountains.

– Determined to take C. they organized a Determined to take C. they organized a navy & took Cyprus (648), Aradus (649) navy & took Cyprus (648), Aradus (649) & Cos & Rhodes (654).& Cos & Rhodes (654).

– They defeated Emperor Constans II in a They defeated Emperor Constans II in a naval battle at Phoenix (655), but the naval battle at Phoenix (655), but the Moslems were spread too thin.Moslems were spread too thin.

– For 5 yrs (673-678) they tried to take C. For 5 yrs (673-678) they tried to take C. by land & sea, but were repeatedly by land & sea, but were repeatedly driven back.driven back.


– A peace of sorts was affected in 679, but A peace of sorts was affected in 679, but hostilities resumed in 695.hostilities resumed in 695.

– In 732 Charles Martel, ruler of the In 732 Charles Martel, ruler of the Franks, turned the tide in the West by Franks, turned the tide in the West by his decisive victory over the “Saracens” his decisive victory over the “Saracens” (a word used by medieval writers of (a word used by medieval writers of Arabs generally & later applied to the M. Arabs generally & later applied to the M. nations against whom the crusaders nations against whom the crusaders fought.fought.

– The Battle of Tours (732) was the The Battle of Tours (732) was the decisive event.decisive event.


– If the invading Arabs had not been If the invading Arabs had not been turned back at Tours, they might well turned back at Tours, they might well have engulfed all of Europe.have engulfed all of Europe.

– Though they had finally been stopped, Though they had finally been stopped, the Moslems in 45 yrs (633-678) had the Moslems in 45 yrs (633-678) had torn from the eastern empire some of its torn from the eastern empire some of its richest & most populous provinces, & richest & most populous provinces, & had left it only a shadow of its former had left it only a shadow of its former self.self.

– The occupation of the Holy Land by the The occupation of the Holy Land by the Moslems was especially offensive to Moslems was especially offensive to Xtians throughout the world.Xtians throughout the world.


– Centuries later, the Crusades of the 11Centuries later, the Crusades of the 11thth, , 1212thth & 13 & 13thth c. were undertaken to c. were undertaken to recover the Holy Land from the clutches recover the Holy Land from the clutches of Islam.of Islam.

B. The MoslemsB. The Moslems 4. Effect On Christianity4. Effect On Christianity

– Xtianity had been depleted like the Xtianity had been depleted like the empire.empire.

– The gains of Xtianity in the West had The gains of Xtianity in the West had been counterbalanced by excessive been counterbalanced by excessive losses in the East.losses in the East.

– a. a. The Consolidation of the Church.The Consolidation of the Church.– 3 of the patriarchs were now in Moslem 3 of the patriarchs were now in Moslem

territory.territory.– Rome was gaining political autonomy, & Rome was gaining political autonomy, &

C. was enjoying imperial patronage, but C. was enjoying imperial patronage, but Alexandria, Antioch, & Jerusalem had Alexandria, Antioch, & Jerusalem had been humiliated.been humiliated.


– The patriarchs of Alexandria & Antioch The patriarchs of Alexandria & Antioch lived abroad in exile, but Sophronius lived abroad in exile, but Sophronius stubbornly remained in Jerusalem.stubbornly remained in Jerusalem.

– Multitudes of Xtians found it more Multitudes of Xtians found it more expedient to exchange Xtianity for Islam, expedient to exchange Xtianity for Islam, & within a generation, the majority of the & within a generation, the majority of the population of N. Africa, Egypt, Syria, population of N. Africa, Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, & even Palestine became Mesopotamia, & even Palestine became Moslem.Moslem.

– The Xtianity that survived was greatly The Xtianity that survived was greatly modified, & faithful Xtians found modified, & faithful Xtians found themselves cut off from the rest of themselves cut off from the rest of Xtendom for centuries.Xtendom for centuries.


– These events were beneficial for the These events were beneficial for the consolidation of the ch.consolidation of the ch.

– The patriarch of C, which had been one The patriarch of C, which had been one among 4 equals, became the head of among 4 equals, became the head of eastern Catholicism.eastern Catholicism.

– The 424 dioceses throughout the Balkan The 424 dioceses throughout the Balkan peninsula & Asia Minor came under the peninsula & Asia Minor came under the direct rule of the see of C.direct rule of the see of C.

– The loyalty and integrity of the clergy The loyalty and integrity of the clergy were strengthened with new & stringent were strengthened with new & stringent requirements.requirements.


– Society in general appeared to be Society in general appeared to be intensely religious during this period.intensely religious during this period.

– Attendance at ch was large & regular.Attendance at ch was large & regular.– Worship developed into an exquisitely Worship developed into an exquisitely

beautiful art, with sacramental worship, beautiful art, with sacramental worship, rather than preaching, becoming central.rather than preaching, becoming central.

– Baptism was universally & officially Baptism was universally & officially conferred upon infants.conferred upon infants.

– Penance was not obligatory, but was Penance was not obligatory, but was encouraged.encouraged.


– Marriage was regulated & controlled by the chMarriage was regulated & controlled by the ch– Fasting before communion was required.Fasting before communion was required.– Theological writings were few & Theological writings were few &

inconsequential; there seemed to be an inconsequential; there seemed to be an abnormal desire to spurn the spiritual & abnormal desire to spurn the spiritual & intellectual, & to fix religion in concrete terms.intellectual, & to fix religion in concrete terms.

– This was especially expressed in the This was especially expressed in the compulsion of people everywhere to see, compulsion of people everywhere to see, handle & kiss relics & icons.handle & kiss relics & icons.

– This widespread practice precipitated one of This widespread practice precipitated one of the greatest controversies in the eastern ch the greatest controversies in the eastern ch with effects in modern times.with effects in modern times.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– Icons, technically speaking, are flat Icons, technically speaking, are flat

pictures, usually painted in oil on wood, but pictures, usually painted in oil on wood, but also made in mosaic, ivory, & other also made in mosaic, ivory, & other materials, used to represent X, the Virgin materials, used to represent X, the Virgin Mary, or some saint.Mary, or some saint.

– Iconoclasm, used in our vocabulary as a Iconoclasm, used in our vocabulary as a synonym for destruction, means the synonym for destruction, means the shattering of something established to shattering of something established to make room for something new & different.make room for something new & different.

– In ch. hist. it refers to the effort to abolish In ch. hist. it refers to the effort to abolish images, pictures, or any material likenesses images, pictures, or any material likenesses of any sacred personage or event.of any sacred personage or event.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– The iconoclast thus were the destroyers The iconoclast thus were the destroyers

of icons or sacred images.of icons or sacred images.– The iconoclasts called the people who The iconoclasts called the people who

worshiped or venerated images the worshiped or venerated images the iconolaters.iconolaters.

– 1) Leo the Iconoclast.1) Leo the Iconoclast.– In 726, Emperor Leo III published an In 726, Emperor Leo III published an

edict declaring all images idols & edict declaring all images idols & ordering their destruction, thus ordering their destruction, thus becoming known as Leo the Iconoclast.becoming known as Leo the Iconoclast.

Icon—The Nativity of theTheotokos

Icon of theArchangel Michael


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– 1) Leo the Iconoclast.1) Leo the Iconoclast.– Leo believed that the use of icons was a Leo believed that the use of icons was a

chief obstacle to the conversion of Jews chief obstacle to the conversion of Jews & Moslems.& Moslems.

– The Jews were offended by icons The Jews were offended by icons because of the 2because of the 2ndnd com which forbids the com which forbids the making of graven images.making of graven images.

– As a soldier on the eastern frontier of As a soldier on the eastern frontier of the empire, Leo had been impressed the empire, Leo had been impressed with the Moslem rejection of idolatry in with the Moslem rejection of idolatry in any form.any form.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– 1) Leo the Iconoclast.1) Leo the Iconoclast.– When he became emperor, L. accepted When he became emperor, L. accepted

iconoclasm as a divine mission he was iconoclasm as a divine mission he was ordained of God to perform & set about to ordained of God to perform & set about to eliminate image worship from his empire.eliminate image worship from his empire.

– The b. of R. condemned Leo for his The b. of R. condemned Leo for his iconoclastic decree, & in retaliation the iconoclastic decree, & in retaliation the emperor reapportioned Sicily, southern emperor reapportioned Sicily, southern Italy, & the entire western part of the Italy, & the entire western part of the Balkans & Greece from R. to the Balkans & Greece from R. to the patriarchate of Constantinople.patriarchate of Constantinople.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– 1) Leo the Iconoclast.1) Leo the Iconoclast.– Disturbances erupted throughout the Disturbances erupted throughout the

empire, & a systematic persecution was empire, & a systematic persecution was loosed against the more ardent loosed against the more ardent defenders of the icons.defenders of the icons.

– John of Damascus wrote apologies John of Damascus wrote apologies against the iconoclasts, & Pope Gregory against the iconoclasts, & Pope Gregory III held two synods at Rome condemning III held two synods at Rome condemning Leo’s supporters.Leo’s supporters.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– 1) Leo the Iconoclast.1) Leo the Iconoclast.– In 741, was L. was succeeded by his son In 741, was L. was succeeded by his son

Constantine V who continued his Constantine V who continued his father’s policies.father’s policies.

– In 753, he called the Synod of Hieria; the In 753, he called the Synod of Hieria; the synod held that by representing only the synod held that by representing only the humanity of X, the icon worshipers humanity of X, the icon worshipers either divided his unity as the either divided his unity as the Nestorians or confounded the two Nestorians or confounded the two natures as the Monophysites.natures as the Monophysites.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– 1) Leo the Iconoclast.1) Leo the Iconoclast.– The synod also declared that the icons of The synod also declared that the icons of

the Virgin Mary & the saints were idols & the Virgin Mary & the saints were idols & decreed the destruction of all of them.decreed the destruction of all of them.

– 2) John of Damascus (675-749).2) John of Damascus (675-749).– The iconoclastic disputes produced the The iconoclastic disputes produced the

greatest medieval theologian of the greatest medieval theologian of the eastern ch who was also the ablest eastern ch who was also the ablest defender of images in the early days of defender of images in the early days of the controversy.the controversy.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– 2) John of Damascus (675-749).2) John of Damascus (675-749).– J. appealed to the images mentioned in J. appealed to the images mentioned in

the Bible, the brazen serpent in the the Bible, the brazen serpent in the wilderness, & the lions in Solomon’s wilderness, & the lions in Solomon’s temple, but his primary argument was temple, but his primary argument was from the incarnation & the Eucharist.from the incarnation & the Eucharist.

– If God himself became flesh, then If God himself became flesh, then physical things cannot be evil, & if X is physical things cannot be evil, & if X is bodily present in the bread & wine, then bodily present in the bread & wine, then sensory aids to religion are not wrong.sensory aids to religion are not wrong.

John of Damascus


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– 2) John of Damascus (675-749).2) John of Damascus (675-749).– He also argued from Plato’s notion that He also argued from Plato’s notion that

everything in this world is really an everything in this world is really an imitation of the eternal, original “form.”imitation of the eternal, original “form.”

– J’s work greatly influenced the 787 J’s work greatly influenced the 787 council at Nicaea where images were council at Nicaea where images were sanctioned again.sanctioned again.

– Under Constantine’s son, Leo IV (775-Under Constantine’s son, Leo IV (775-80), the persecution subsided.80), the persecution subsided.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– 2) John of Damascus (675-749).2) John of Damascus (675-749).– After his death, the Empress Irene, After his death, the Empress Irene,

acting as regent reversed the policy of acting as regent reversed the policy of her predecessors.her predecessors.

– She called the 7She called the 7thth General Council at General Council at Nicaea in 787 which undid the work of Nicaea in 787 which undid the work of the Synod of Hieria, set limits to icon the Synod of Hieria, set limits to icon veneration, & decreed their restoration veneration, & decreed their restoration throughout the country.throughout the country.

– Iconoclasm, however, retained a strong Iconoclasm, however, retained a strong following, especially in the army.following, especially in the army.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– In 814, the “Second Iconoclastic In 814, the “Second Iconoclastic

Controversy” took place under Leo V the Controversy” took place under Leo V the Armenian, a general elected emperor by Armenian, a general elected emperor by the army.the army.

– Again icons were removed from chs & Again icons were removed from chs & public buildings, & defenders of icons public buildings, & defenders of icons were exiled, imprisoned, & martyred.were exiled, imprisoned, & martyred.

– Leo was assassinated in 820; his son & Leo was assassinated in 820; his son & grandson followed his policies, but on grandson followed his policies, but on the death of the grandson, Theophilus, the death of the grandson, Theophilus, the tide turned once more.the tide turned once more.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– Theodora, widow of Theophilus, acting as Theodora, widow of Theophilus, acting as

regent, had the monk Mehtodius elected regent, had the monk Mehtodius elected patriarch in 843.patriarch in 843.

– On the first Sunday of Lent a great feast On the first Sunday of Lent a great feast was celebrated in honor of the icons, a was celebrated in honor of the icons, a feast which has been solemnly kept ever feast which has been solemnly kept ever since in the eastern ch as the “Feast of since in the eastern ch as the “Feast of Orthodoxy.”Orthodoxy.”

– The long controversy was over.The long controversy was over.– The icons had persevered & won.The icons had persevered & won.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– The iconoclastic controversy in the East The iconoclastic controversy in the East

had very little theological repercussions had very little theological repercussions in the West, but it did have a profound in the West, but it did have a profound practical effect.practical effect.

– This particular controversy is usually This particular controversy is usually considered the last step toward the considered the last step toward the great schism between East & West, great schism between East & West, before the actual breach.before the actual breach.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– The iconoclastic issue was a showcase The iconoclastic issue was a showcase

example of Caesaropapism, the system example of Caesaropapism, the system whereby an absolute monarch has whereby an absolute monarch has supreme control over the ch within his supreme control over the ch within his dominions & exercises it even in dominions & exercises it even in doctrinal matters normally reserved to doctrinal matters normally reserved to ecclesiastical authority.ecclesiastical authority.

– The popes in R. viewed the flagrant The popes in R. viewed the flagrant Caesaropapism in the East during the Caesaropapism in the East during the icon dispute with growing apprehension.icon dispute with growing apprehension.


– b. b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.The Iconoclastic Controversy.– The unity achieved by imperial decree The unity achieved by imperial decree

at Nicaea in 787 & again in 843 proved at Nicaea in 787 & again in 843 proved to be temporary.to be temporary.

– With the development of the temporal With the development of the temporal power of the papacy, the way was power of the papacy, the way was prepared for the final separation prepared for the final separation between the independent ch of the West between the independent ch of the West & the ch of the Byzantine Empire.& the ch of the Byzantine Empire.

The East-West SchismThe East-West Schism A. The Holy Roman EmpireA. The Holy Roman Empire In the 700s the Lombards were again In the 700s the Lombards were again

threatening to overthrow Rome.threatening to overthrow Rome. But if R. were to maintain any But if R. were to maintain any

semblance of independence from semblance of independence from Constantinople, it would have to look for Constantinople, it would have to look for protection from some other source than protection from some other source than the emperor.the emperor.– 1. The Donation of Pepin1. The Donation of Pepin– In 739 Gregory III appealed to Charles In 739 Gregory III appealed to Charles

Martel for aid against the Lombards, but in Martel for aid against the Lombards, but in vain.vain.

The East-West SchismThe East-West Schism A. The Holy Roman EmpireA. The Holy Roman Empire

– 1. The Donation of Pepin1. The Donation of Pepin– When Charles Martel died, his son Pepin When Charles Martel died, his son Pepin

the Short became virtual ruler of the the Short became virtual ruler of the Franks.Franks.

– He quickly saw that he & the papacy could He quickly saw that he & the papacy could be of mutual assistance to each other.be of mutual assistance to each other.

– He desired the kingly title as well as the He desired the kingly title as well as the kingly power in France so he sought the kingly power in France so he sought the moral sanction of the ch for a revolution moral sanction of the ch for a revolution against the last of the Merovingians.against the last of the Merovingians.

– He received this approval from Pope He received this approval from Pope Zacharias.Zacharias.


– 1. The Donation of Pepin1. The Donation of Pepin– In 751 P. was formally made king of In 751 P. was formally made king of

France, crowned by no less than Boniface, France, crowned by no less than Boniface, the great missionary to Germany.the great missionary to Germany.

– In exchange for papal assistance, P. had In exchange for papal assistance, P. had agreed to drive the Lombards from Italy, agreed to drive the Lombards from Italy, which he did in 755 & 756.which he did in 755 & 756.

– P. has been eclipsed by his son P. has been eclipsed by his son Charlemagne, but he must be Charlemagne, but he must be remembered for establishing two critically remembered for establishing two critically important precedents.important precedents.


– 1. The Donation of Pepin1. The Donation of Pepin– The 1The 1stst was the acquiring of the throne was the acquiring of the throne

by the sanction of the pope.by the sanction of the pope.– Charlemagne’s coronation is much more Charlemagne’s coronation is much more

famous, but P’s was actually the 1famous, but P’s was actually the 1stst demonstration of the papacy’s power in demonstration of the papacy’s power in setting up governments, which led to setting up governments, which led to the reestablishment of the empire in the the reestablishment of the empire in the West.West.

– The 2The 2ndnd precedent was the granting of precedent was the granting of territory positions to the pope.territory positions to the pope.


– 1. The Donation of Pepin1. The Donation of Pepin– After defeating the Lombards, P. created After defeating the Lombards, P. created

the papal states, consisting of 22 cities the papal states, consisting of 22 cities & their environs, stretching across Italy & their environs, stretching across Italy from Rome to Ravenna.from Rome to Ravenna.

– In this action known as the “Donation of In this action known as the “Donation of Pepin” (756), he gave outright to the R. Pepin” (756), he gave outright to the R. ch & its bishops all the cities won by him ch & its bishops all the cities won by him from the Lombards.from the Lombards.

– This act was justified by the precedent This act was justified by the precedent of a fabled document called “The of a fabled document called “The Donation of Constantine.”Donation of Constantine.”


– 1. The Donation of Pepin1. The Donation of Pepin– In this document Constantine the Great In this document Constantine the Great

was supposed to have donated grants of was supposed to have donated grants of land to Pope Sylvester for curing him of land to Pope Sylvester for curing him of leprosy.leprosy.

– In this spurious account, C. gave In this spurious account, C. gave Sylvester & all succeeding popes all the Sylvester & all succeeding popes all the cities of Italy & the western regions.cities of Italy & the western regions.

– So Pepin appeared to be merely So Pepin appeared to be merely returning lands to their “rightful” returning lands to their “rightful” overlord.overlord.


– 1. The Donation of Pepin1. The Donation of Pepin– The “Donation of Constantine” was The “Donation of Constantine” was

generally accepted as authentic generally accepted as authentic throughout the Middle Ages, until its throughout the Middle Ages, until its forgery was exposed by Nicholas of forgery was exposed by Nicholas of Cusa in 1433 & Lorenzo Valla in 1440.Cusa in 1433 & Lorenzo Valla in 1440.

– The imp result of the “Donation of The imp result of the “Donation of Pepin” was the establishment of an Pepin” was the establishment of an entirely new commonwealth on the map entirely new commonwealth on the map of Europe, a commonwealth which was of Europe, a commonwealth which was to continue in existence from 756 until to continue in existence from 756 until the unification of Italy in 1870.the unification of Italy in 1870.

Lorenzo Valla on Donation of Con.


– 1. The Donation of Pepin1. The Donation of Pepin– P. had laid the foundation of the ch-states P. had laid the foundation of the ch-states

& constituted himself & his successors as & constituted himself & his successors as protectors of the Holy See.protectors of the Holy See.

– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– P. died in 768 & his kingdom was divided P. died in 768 & his kingdom was divided

between sons, Charles & Carloman; when between sons, Charles & Carloman; when Carloman died in 771, C. became sole Carloman died in 771, C. became sole ruler & began the legendary reign that ruler & began the legendary reign that fused his name with greatness—fused his name with greatness—Charlemagne (Charles the Great).Charlemagne (Charles the Great).


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– C. soon began his conquests—C. soon began his conquests—

Lombardy, Saxony, Bavaria, northern Lombardy, Saxony, Bavaria, northern Spain, Austria, etc.Spain, Austria, etc.

– Everywhere that C. marched & Everywhere that C. marched & conquered, he took the message & conquered, he took the message & organization of Roman Xtinaity.organization of Roman Xtinaity.

– His military conquests & accompanying His military conquests & accompanying missionary efforts were especially missionary efforts were especially appreciated by R.appreciated by R.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– He ratified the donation of his father, He ratified the donation of his father,

made a sacred compact with the pope, made a sacred compact with the pope, extended the territories of the states of extended the territories of the states of the ch, & promised his protection the ch, & promised his protection always.always.

– In response to Pope Leo III’s enemies, C. In response to Pope Leo III’s enemies, C. declared that “the Apostolic See has the declared that “the Apostolic See has the right to judge everyone but can itself be right to judge everyone but can itself be judged by no one.”judged by no one.”


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– 2 days later, on Xmas Day, 800, while C. 2 days later, on Xmas Day, 800, while C.

was kneeling at the altar in St. Peter’s, was kneeling at the altar in St. Peter’s, Pope Leo III, evidently with no warning to Pope Leo III, evidently with no warning to C., placed an imperial crown on his head.C., placed an imperial crown on his head.

– The assembled nobility & churchmen The assembled nobility & churchmen cried aloud: “To Charles Augustus, cried aloud: “To Charles Augustus, crowned by God, great and peaceful crowned by God, great and peaceful emperor of the Romans, long life and emperor of the Romans, long life and victory.”victory.”

– It signaled to Constantinople that C. was It signaled to Constantinople that C. was more than the king of France, he was more than the king of France, he was supreme ruler of the western world.supreme ruler of the western world.

Coronation ofCharlemagne


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– It also signaled to Con. that the center It also signaled to Con. that the center

of the empire had returned to Rome.of the empire had returned to Rome.– For the church, it announced that the For the church, it announced that the

new emperor was dependent for his new emperor was dependent for his authority upon the pope who had authority upon the pope who had voluntarily conferred it upon him.voluntarily conferred it upon him.

– a. a. The State of ReligionThe State of Religion– C. was devout, concerned & involved in C. was devout, concerned & involved in

affairs of the ch.affairs of the ch.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– a. a. The State of ReligionThe State of Religion– Every morning he went to mass & every Every morning he went to mass & every

evening to vespers.evening to vespers.– He took an active part in the life of the He took an active part in the life of the

ch, summoning councils & interfering ch, summoning councils & interfering with their decisions.with their decisions.

– The ch was virtually a department of The ch was virtually a department of state, but C. never ascribed to himself state, but C. never ascribed to himself any religious designation.any religious designation.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– a. a. The State of ReligionThe State of Religion– Instead, he preferred the role of David, Instead, he preferred the role of David,

who with his sword defended the Ark of who with his sword defended the Ark of the Lord.the Lord.

– There was outward reformation & inward There was outward reformation & inward revival of monasticism under C’s pursuit of revival of monasticism under C’s pursuit of genuine & spiritual Xtianity.genuine & spiritual Xtianity.

– New ch bldgs were erected, & a new New ch bldgs were erected, & a new architecture emerged which proved to be architecture emerged which proved to be the forerunner of the later Gothic style.the forerunner of the later Gothic style.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– a. a. The State of ReligionThe State of Religion– Because of C’s personal preference, the Because of C’s personal preference, the

Gregorian chant experienced a real Gregorian chant experienced a real revival.revival.

– Baptism by immersion was replaced by Baptism by immersion was replaced by pouring, and the baptistry gave way to pouring, and the baptistry gave way to the font.the font.

– The one abiding contribution which the The one abiding contribution which the West made to theology during this West made to theology during this period was the addition of the period was the addition of the filioquefilioque to to the Nicene-Constantinople creed.the Nicene-Constantinople creed.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– a. a. The State of ReligionThe State of Religion– Filioque Filioque means “from the Son,” & was means “from the Son,” & was

added to the creed as an affirmation added to the creed as an affirmation that the HS proceeds equally from the that the HS proceeds equally from the Father & the Son.Father & the Son.

– Although generally adopted in the West, Although generally adopted in the West, the East refused the addition, preferring the East refused the addition, preferring to say the HS proceeds from the Father to say the HS proceeds from the Father by the Son.by the Son.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– b. b. The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance– C inaugurated a revitalizing of culture C inaugurated a revitalizing of culture

and learning by inviting to his court the and learning by inviting to his court the most renowned scholars of his time to most renowned scholars of his time to from the nucleus of a palace school from the nucleus of a palace school where administrators for the state & ch where administrators for the state & ch could be trained.could be trained.

– The Anglo-Saxon Alcuin (735-804) was The Anglo-Saxon Alcuin (735-804) was head of the cathedral school at York head of the cathedral school at York when called to C’s court.when called to C’s court.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– b. b. The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance– As royal tutor he established a palace As royal tutor he established a palace

library; he also, as Abbot of Tours, set library; he also, as Abbot of Tours, set up an important school & library at the up an important school & library at the monastery.monastery.

– A. was the principal intellect & architect A. was the principal intellect & architect of the Carolingian Renaissance.of the Carolingian Renaissance.

– He revived the ancient disciplines of He revived the ancient disciplines of grammar, rhetoric & dialectic.grammar, rhetoric & dialectic.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– b. b. The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance– Classical Xtian culture was revived; A. Classical Xtian culture was revived; A.

dreamed of “a new Athens enriched by dreamed of “a new Athens enriched by the sevenfold fullness of the Holy Spirit.”the sevenfold fullness of the Holy Spirit.”

– A. informed C. that he was not to use his A. informed C. that he was not to use his sword, the political power of the state, sword, the political power of the state, to impose religion.to impose religion.

– He was the 1He was the 1stst to use the figure of the 2 to use the figure of the 2 swords with reference to the roles of ch swords with reference to the roles of ch & state.& state.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– b. b. The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance– Thru A. (& others scholars) C. promoted Thru A. (& others scholars) C. promoted

the revival of classical Xtian culture, & the revival of classical Xtian culture, & people were taught to read & write & people were taught to read & write & appreciate books.appreciate books.

– Perhaps more than any other sovereign Perhaps more than any other sovereign in history, Charlemagne was head over in history, Charlemagne was head over all things in his day.all things in his day.

– He was a warrior of great gifts, a patron He was a warrior of great gifts, a patron of learning, the kindly master of the ch, of learning, the kindly master of the ch, & the preserver of order. & the preserver of order.


– 2. The Reign of Charlemagne2. The Reign of Charlemagne– b. b. The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance– When he died, he ruled all of When he died, he ruled all of

modern France, Belgium, Holland, modern France, Belgium, Holland, nearly half of modern Germany & nearly half of modern Germany & Austria-Hungary, more than half of Austria-Hungary, more than half of Italy, & northeastern Spain.Italy, & northeastern Spain.

– He expanded his kingdom as He expanded his kingdom as conqueror, but stabilized it as conqueror, but stabilized it as benefactor & educator.benefactor & educator.

a. the barbarians

Documents

visigoths xtianity

arian xtianity

arian king

western andcentral europe

conversionin rapid succession

slavic tribes

number of barbaric kingdoms

teutonic tribes