a technical report on (final)

8/3/2019 A Technical Report on (Final)

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Certificate

This is to certify that the given task of writing a technical report and its presentation has been

successfully completed by the students of S.E. Automobile.

Under the guidance ofProff. Darshana in the year 2011-2012.


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Dr. Moorthy

(Principal)

Proff. Darsha

(Department

Humanities

Letter Of Transmittal

November 14th

, 2011.

To

The Professor,

Humanities Department,

PIITE Panvel.

Dear Madam,

We are pleased to present our final report Internal Combustion on the past, the present and

the future aspects and scopes of the same in the field of automobiles. The report sketches the

details of the theoretical concepts, applications and advantages over other prevailing technique

in this field.

We hope that our project will be helpful for understanding internal combustion engines more

deeply. We are looking forward to present this report to you and the professors of our college.


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Sincerely,

S.E. (Auto).

Contents

Introduction 1

Classification 2

History 3

Ignition 4

Parts 9

Nomenclature 12

Working 13

Classification 18

Application 21

Conclusion 22

Reference 23


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AAnn IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn TToo TTyyppeess OOffEEnnggiinneess

HEAT ENGINE:A device which derives heat energy from combustion of fuel or

any other source andconverts it into mechanical work is termed as HeatEngine

1.External combustion engine (E.C Engine):In this engine the combustion of fuel take place outside the cylinder as incase of steamengine

2.Internal combustion Engines (I.C Engine):In this engine, combustion of fuel within the cylinder of the engine . Herecombustionof a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs in a combustionchamber.Advantages of I C. Engines1).Overall efficiency is high.2).Greater mechanical simplicity .

3).Weight to power ratio is generally low.4).Generally lower initial cost.5).Easy starting in cold condition6).Compactness.


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IC ENGINE

OPEN CYCLE

GAS TURBINE

WANKEL

ENGINE

GASOLINE

ENGINE

DIESEL

ENGINE

The rotary engine was an early

type of internal-combustion engine,

usually designed with an odd

number of cylinders per row in aradial configuration, in which the

crankshaft remained stationary and

the entire cylinder block rotated

around it. Its main application was

in aviation, although it also saw use

in a few early motorcycles and cars.

A reciprocating engine, also often

known as a piston engine, is a heat

engine that uses one or more

reciprocating pistons to convertpressure into a rotating motion. This

article describes the common features

of all types. The main types are: the

internal combustion engine, used

extensively in motor vehicles; the

steam engine, the mainstay of the

Industrial Revolution; and the niche

application Stirling engine.


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33.. OOrriiggiinn AAnndd DDeevveellooppmmeenntt The principle of the operating cycle of the very first I C

engine was laid down by French engineer Bea de Rochas i

1861.

One of the most important landmarks in engine designcame from Nicolaus Otto who in 1876 invented an

effective gas motor engine. Otto built the first practical

four-stroke I.C. engine and late he built it into a

motorcycle.

In 1879, Karl Benz , working independently was granteda patent for his two-stroke gas engine.

The development of the well-known diesel engine beganaround same time about 1883 by Rudolf Diesel . The

engine got patented in 1893 and is widely used in heavy

vehicles and machinery till date.


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44.. TTyyppeess OOffIIggnniittiioonnss

There Are TwoTypes of Ignitions:

A.Spark Ignition: Theterm spark-ignition

engine refers to internalcombustion engines,

usually petrol engines,

where the combustion

process of the air-fuel

mixture is ignited by a

spark from a spark plug.

B.Combustion Ignition: isan internal combustion

engine that uses the

heat of compression to

initiate ignition to burn

the fuel, which is

injected into thecombustion chamber


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Parts:

Cylinder Block

Cylinder

Piston

Piston Rings

Combustion Chamber

Inlet & Exhaust Valve

Connecting Rod

Crank Shaft

Crank Case

Camshaft

Cams

55.. PPaarrttss OOffAAnn II..CC.. EEnnggiinnee


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Governor

A vital component of all diesel engines is a mechanical or electronicGovernor which regulates the idling speed and maximum speed of

the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery

A diesel engine without a governor cannot have a stable idling speedand can easily over speed, resulting in its destruction.

Controlling the timing of the start of injection of fuel into the cylinderis a key to minimizing emissions, and maximizing fuel economy

(efficiency), of the engine.


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Spark Plug

It is an electrical devicethat fits into the cylinder

head of some internal

combustion engines, and

ignites compressed fuels

such as aerosol, gasoline,

ethanol, and liquefiedpetroleum gas by means

an electric spark.

Spark plugs have aninsulated central electrod

which is connected by a

heavily insulated wire to

an ignition coil or magnetcircuit on the outside,

forming, with a grounded

terminal on the base of

the plug, a spark gap

inside the cylinder.


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Index

S - Stroke

s- Distance between crank and wrist pin axes

- Crank angle

B Bore

r Connecting rod

a Crankshaft offset

Vc Clearance volume

Vd Displacement volume

TDC Top dead center

BDC Bottom dead center

66.. NNoommeennccllaattuurree


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77.. WWoorrkkiinngg CCyyccllee

Based on Beau de Rocha's principles, there are three m

working cycles of an IC engine:

a)The Otto Cycle for SI engine

b)The Diesel Cycle for CI engine

c) The Semi Diesel Cycle or Dual Cycle


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The Four-StrokeIdeal Otto Cycle for I.C.

engine

An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle which describes the functioning of

typical reciprocating piston engine, the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found

automobile engines.


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Stroke 1-2 is an isentropiccompression of the air as the

piston moves from bottom deadcenter to top dead center.

(Compression)

Stroke 2-3 is a constant-volume heat transferto the air from an external source while thepiston is at top dead center. This process isintended to represent the ignition of the

fuel-air mixture and the subsequent rapidburning. (Combustion)

Stroke 3-4 is an isentropicexpansion (Power stroke).

Stroke 4-1 completes the cyclea constant-volume process in

which heat is rejected from thewhile the piston is a bottom de

center.


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The Four-Stroke Diesel Cycle for I.C engine


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TWO STROKE CYCLE

Cycle is completed in one revolution of the crankshOnly two strokes are required-Compression stroke a

Power Ex ansion stroke.


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77.. CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn OOffII..CC.. EEnnggiinnee

According to cycle of operation:1.Two stroke cycle IC Engine2.Four stroke cycle IC Engine.According to cycle of Combustion:1.Otto cycle engine2.Diesel cycle engine3.Dual combustion or Semi-combustion engine.According to arrangement of Engine:1.Horizontal engine2.Vertical engine3.V-type engine4.Radial engine.According to method of cooling:1.Air Cooled Engine2.Water Cooled Engine


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According to type of ignition:1.

Spark Ignitionengine

2.Compression Ignitionengine.

According to number ofcylinders

1.Single cylinder engine2.Multi-cylinder engine According to Valve

arrangement:1.Overhead Vale engine2.L-head type engine3.I-head type engine4.F-head type engine. According to type of

Governing:1.Hit and miss governed

engine2.Quality governed engine3.Quantity governed engine.


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99.. AApppplliiccaattiioonnss

PETROL ENGINE Four Stroke engine1.In Automobiles, buses and trucks2.Passenger Airplanes and Fighter Planes. Two Stroke engine1.In small scooters and Mopeds2.Lawnmowers and pumping motors3.Motor boats.

DIESEL ENGINE Four stroke engine:1.Construction machinery2.Tractor and Drillers3.Heavy Vehicles (buses and trucks). Two stroke engine:1.Ship propulsion.


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1100.. CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIOONN

From the whole discussion in IC Engine system it can be concluded

that IC Engine system is like a Heart. As life of a person depends on

the working of heart ,similarly working and the life of an automobile

solely depends on the proper working

of I.C Engine.

So, if IC Engine system is removed from an automobile then you will

have to go back in the times of bullock cart & horse rides .So, the

scope of IC Engine is very bright.


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1111.. RReeffeerreenncceess

"Physics In an Automotive Engine". Mb-soft.com.

Takashi Suzuki, Ph.D.,"The Romance of Engineshttp://www.autoeducation.comhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engine1.htmhttp://www.beamthescience.com
http://mb-soft.com/public2/engine.htmlhttp://mb-soft.com/public2/engine.htmlhttp://mb-soft.com/public2/engine.htmlhttp://www.autoeducation.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine1.htmhttp://www.beamthescience.com/http://www.beamthescience.com/http://www.beamthescience.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine1.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engine1.htmhttp://www.autoeducation.com/http://www.autoeducation.com/http://mb-soft.com/public2/engine.htmlhttp://mb-soft.com/public2/engine.html


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AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeenntt

The most pleasant part of the project is to express our gratitude, bestow honor

towards all those who directly and directly contributed to the smooth flow of the

project work. This has been a great opportunity.

Firstly, we would like to express our sincere thanks to Proff. Darshana for her help,

guidance, support and encouragement throughout the project. This project helped

us to know about I.C. Engines and its uses.
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EExxeeccuuttiivvee SSuummmmaarryy
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GGlloossssaarryy

AAviation: the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavie

air aircraft.

CCentrifugal: moving or directed outward from the center

Clearance: the distance between two objects; an amount of clear space

Compact: joined or packed together; closely and firmly united; dense; solid: compact soil.

Combustion: the act or process of burning.

Configuration: the relative disposition or arrangement of the parts or elements of a thing.

Crankshaft: a shaft having one or more cranks, usually formed as integral parts

IIdling: to operate at a low speed, disengaged from the load.

EEthanol: ethyl alcohol

Efficiency: accomplishment of or ability to accomplish a job with a minimum expenditure of time

effort

L

Lawnmowers: a hand-operated or motor-driven machine for cutting the grass of a lawn.

Liquefied: melt, fuse, dissolve, thaw; condense.

N

Niche: pertaining to or intended for a market niche; having specific appeal:
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P

Patent: The exclusive rights granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell

an invention for a certain number of years.

Piston: a disk or cylindrical part tightly fitting and moving within a cylinder, either to compress o

move a fluid collected in the cylinder, as air or water, or to transform energy imparted by a fluid

entering or expanding inside the cylinder, as compressed air, explosive gases, or steam, into a

rectilinear motion usually transformed into rotary motion by means of a connecting rod

RReciprocating: to move alternately backward and forward.

Radial: arranged like radii or rays.

TThermodynamics: the science concerned with the relations between heat and mechanical energ

work, and the conversion of one into the other: modern thermodynamics deals with the proper

systems for the description of which temperature is a necessary coordinate.

a technical report on (final)

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