A Second Global Conflict and the end of the European World Order

Old and New Causes of a Second World War

GuomindangChinese reunificationJapanese invadeManchuria, Manchuko, 1931

 GermanyResponse to Soviet Union, World War I losses

Italy - Ethiopia

Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific

Japanese invade China, 1937

Guomindang retreat

 Germany invades

Poland, 1939

Unchecked Aggression & the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific

The Conduct of a Second World War

West reacts slowly Nazi Blitzkrieg,

Stalemate, and the Long Retreat

GermanyConquers France, Low

Countries, Northern Africa

Britain - Winston ChurchillRussia - Germany

invades, 1941 1943, driven back

The Conduct of a Second World War

From Persecution to Genocide:

Hitler's War Against the Jews

Holocaust begins, 1942

Up to 12 million killed

6 million Jews

Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich

Pearl Harbor 1941United States joins Allies

Americans and BritishNorth Africa,

1942Success against Germans,

ItaliansFrance, 1944Germany surrenders,

1945

The Conduct of a Second World War

The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War

JapanAttacks U.S.,

1941Indonesia,

Malaya, Burma, Philippines

U.S.Some success by

late 1942Air attacks on

Japan, 1944Atomic bombs:

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

War’s End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff

United Nations

Security Council: U.S., Soviet Union,

Britain, France, China

War’s End: From Hot War to Cold War

Teheran Conference, 1944U.S., Britain, France

 Yalta, 1945

Germany, four occupation zones

Potsdam, 1945Germany, Austria divided, occupied

Except Yugoslavia, Greece

War’s End: From Hot War to Cold War

Japan invaded, loses territories Korea freed, divided into two

zones

ChinaRegains territoryCommunists v. Nationalists

 Baltic States

Become Soviet provinces

After World War II: A New International Setting for the West

The Cold WarEastern block formed

Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany

Marshall Plan, 1947Germany

allies rebuild, from 1946Russian blockade, 1947American airlift split, 1948

NATO, 1949Warsaw Pact

Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire

Soviet Union as SuperpowerExpands in Pacific, North

KoreaInfluence via aid

Chinese, Vietnamese communism, Nationalists in Africa, Middle East, Asia

Dominance of all but Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia

East Germans protest, 1953suppressedBerlin Wall, 1961to stop flight to west

Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions

Orthodox Church state controlParty ideals dictate art

literature retains vitalityAlexander Solzhenitsyn

Economy and SocietyIndustrialization by 1950s state control

Stalin dies, 1958Kruschev, 1956

attacks Stalinismfollowed by stagnationSpace, arms race

Rift with China, 1950sCuban missile crisis, 1962Invasion of Afghanistan, 1979

Nationalism and Decolonization

Atlantic Charter, 1941Self-determination

 Winning of Independence in

South and Southeast Asia

Indian National Congress

Quit India Movement, 1942

Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim

League 

Nationalism and Decolonization

British Labour government, 1945

 Hindu/Muslim conflict

India, Pakistan, 1947 Gandhi assassinated, 1948 Sri Lanka (Ceylon),

Myanmar (Burma)Peaceful independence

India (1945) vs. Egypt (1922)

Similarities population growth state stimulation of

economy Differences

military intervention Industrial and scientific

sectors Middle class numbers State intervention in

economy Access to international

capitalization.

Nationalism and Decolonization

The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia

 Philippines

U.S. grants independence Dutch

Lose Indonesia to nationalists, 1949

 French

Indochina

Nationalism and Decolonization: The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa: Two models

Radicale.g. British Gold Coast (Ghana)Kwame Nkrumah

Convention Peoples PartyStrikes, rallies, boycottsIndependence, 1957

 

PeacefulFrench, Belgian territories

Negotiatione.g. Senegal, Ivory CoastLéopold Sédar Senghor, Felix Houphouât-BoignyEconomic ties retained

  All French West African colonies freed by 1960Portuguese retain colonies

Nationalism and Decolonization: Repression and Guerrilla War

KenyaJomo Kenyatta

Peaceful efforts failLand Freedom ArmyGuerilla tacticsDefeated, Kenyatta imprisonedNegotiation with BritainIndependence, 1963Kenyatta president

 

AlgeriaViolentNational Liberation Front

Warfare, 1950sNegotiations

Independence, 1962

Nationalism and Decolonization: The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa

Angola, MozambiqueRevolutionIndependence,

1975 

Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)

Independence by 1980

 South Africa

AfrikanersWhite supremacy ideology

Nationalism and Decolonization: Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question

Arab nationsMost independent by 1960s

 Palestine

Zionist movementHolocaustMuslim revolt, 1936-19391948, Palestine dividedWarfare

Limits of Decolonization Won political

independence but little else

social hierarchies relatively undisturbed

economic power heavy influence of

Western culture; little disruption of

Western dominance continued economic

dependence on West or Pacific Rim