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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2017, pp. 423–448, Article ID: IJMET_08_11_047
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=11
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
A REVIEW ON GUIDELINES RELATED TO THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF A CONFINED SPACE
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan
Chelliapan, Saárdin Abdul Aziz
Department of Engineering UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
Nurazean Maarop
Advanced Informatics School (AIS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to identify, review, and compare seven Guidelines, mainly
focusing on risk assessment elements related to confined space activities. This is due
to the lack of a specific approach regarding Guidelines for confined spaces such as
entry procedure requirements, risk assessment methods, rather general existing risk
assessment practices, and additional references that are required for conducting risk
assessments, which could lead to industry non-compliance. The selected Guidelines
are summarized in terms of requirements, followed by a review of Guideline
contribution factors towards: (i) practical application; (ii) enhancing a safe system of
work; and (iii) suitability as elements of risk assessment. The final section presents a
brief comparative study of the Guidelines. The results from the study contribute
towards the formulation of an ideal method to develop effective risk assessment tools
for working safely in confined spaces. Furthermore, several literatures have been
referred to provide additional input for developing these risk assessment tools.
Keywords: Guideline Requirements, Risk Assessment, Confined Space, Guideline
Comparison
Cite this Article: Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty
Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop, A
Review on Guidelines Related to the Risk Assessment Of A Confined Space,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(11), 2017,
pp. 423–448.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=11
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 424 [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
Every task that is carried out in an organization requires specific safety and health guidelines
to ensure any risk involved in the work is controlled and the safety, health, and welfare of
workers are taken care of. This includes working in confined spaces, which requires special
attention prior to the work starting such as applications of Permit to Work systems and
Atmospheric Gas Testing. On top of that, management participation is also a key requirement
to ensuring the safety of the entrant during occupancy. This is done by ensuring the
procedures are adhered to according to an established safe work system. By definition, a
confined space is an enclosed or partially enclosed space at atmospheric pressure during
occupancy and not intended or designed primarily as a place of work. It is liable at any time to
have an atmosphere, which contains potentially harmful levels of contaminants, an oxygen
deficiency or excess, and cause engulfment and restricted means of entry and exit. Examples
of confined spaces are storage tanks, tankers, boilers, silos, pipes, sewers, tunnels, shafts, and
ducts. The definition of risk assessment can be described as a process of evaluating the risks
to safety and health arising from hazards at work [1].
The review of seven Guidelines carried out in this study applies to the United Kingdom,
the United States of America, and Malaysia. The Guidelines are taken from the UK Ministry
of Defense Health and Safety Handbook: Safe Working in Confined Space UK [2], HSE UK-
Confined Space: A brief Guide to Working Safely, British Compressed Gas Association: The
Application of the Confined Spaces Regulations to the Drinks Dispense Industry [3], US
ASHRAE Guideline: Guideline for the Risk Management of Public Health and Safety in
Buildings [4], Malaysia Industrial Code Of Practice 2010: Safe Working in Confined Space
[5], Malaysia Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control [6],
and Malaysia Guidelines on the Occupational Safety and Health Management System [7]. The
selection of Guidelines is observed through the main elements presented-whether or not these
are able to assist in the development of an effective risk assessment tool for a confined space.
In addition, the risk assessment tools used in confined space risk assessment require further
enhancement due to the lack of a specific approach for confined space work such as entry
procedure requirements, risk assessment methods, rather general existing risk assessment
practices, and additional references that are required for conducting risk assessments, could
lead to poor response from industries. Therefore, this paper aims to identify, review, and carry
out a comparison of seven Guidelines where the main focus is on risk assessment elements
related to confined space activities. The outcome of the study will be used to contribute
towards developing effective risk assessment tools for working safely in a confined space.
In this study, several literatures are referred to in regard to the review of Guidelines, risk
assessment, and safe confined space entry. In designing an effective risk assessment tool for
confined space entries, Vienney [8] stated that the Guidelines used are an important input
during the tool development process. For example, the risk estimation process involve various
work conditions such as usage of machines, building constructions, and oil and gas
operations. For building construction risk assessment, Aneziris [9] proposed a risk assessment
based on the Occupational Risk Model for quantifying occupational risk in order to mitigate
risk more effectively prior to confined space entry. In the oil and gas industry, Aneziris [10]
presented an integrated risk assessment framework for Liquefied Natural Gas terminals,
which could be useful for enhancing existing safe systems of work being practiced. The above
study on risk assessment aims to clearly demonstrate the importance of industrial Guidelines
as reference documents during the risk estimating process, mainly for works related to
confined space entry.
The selected Guidelines focus on the risk assessment concept where their entire content
will be reviewed in order to ascertain input relevancy for the risk assessment of a confined
A Review on Guidelines Related to the Risk Assessment of A Confined Space
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space. The list of Guidelines in Table 1 outlines the objectives and application, similarity,
difference, and significance of the Guideline content.
Based on the summary of content listed in Table 1, the Guideline requirements are
identified. A review of each Guideline with respect to risk assessment elements of a confined
space is then conducted. The review of Guidelines is based on the current industrial practice.
It will provide an overall conclusion to the suitability and practicability of each Guideline
towards enhancing health and safety standards for confined space work.
2. GUIDELINES
The summarized Guidelines are further elaborated in regard to their requirements, and their
contributing factors towards confined space risk assessment described in the next section.
Table 1 Summary of the Seven Guidelines
GUIDELINE OBJECTIVE & APPLICATION
SIMILARITY DIFFERENCE SIGNIFICA
NCE
MoD UK
(Ministry of
Defense,
United
Kingdom)
Applicable for all MoD
UK facilities either in the
United Kingdom or
abroad. The Guidelines
are not applicable for
shipboard activities,
mining operations, diving
operations, confined
space containing
petroleum products, and
any task involving works
at height.
Introduction None None
Roles and duties,
general
arrangements,
management
arrangements,
confined space
entry procedure,
training, health
requirements, and
example of forms
& signage.
Confined
space entry
procedure.
HSE UK
(Health and
Safety
Executive,
United
Kingdom)
The Guidelines are
purposely formulated for
industries in the United
Kingdom. It is also used
to comply with Confined
Space Regulations 1997.
Introduction None None
Type of confined
space, dangers of
confined space,
related laws, avoid
entering confined
space, safe system
of works,
emergency
procedures, and
capability of
rescuers.
Safe system
of work,
emergency
procedures.
BCGA UK
(British
Compressed
Gas
Association,
United
Kingdom)
To establish a common
standard for working in a
confined space in the
drink dispenser industry
and is applicable for all
businesses involved in
the use of drink dispenser
gases as well as gas
suppliers.
Introduction Scope None
Key properties of
gases used for
drink dispensers,
related confined
space regulation,
assessment of risk,
actions resulting
from assessment,
competence &
training, and
Personal
Protective
Equipment.
Assessment
of risk,
actions
resulting from
assessment.
ASHRAE US To provide guidance for None Scope Purpose, Risk management Risk
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
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GUIDELINE OBJECTIVE & APPLICATION
SIMILARITY DIFFERENCE SIGNIFICA
NCE
(American
Society of
Heating,
Refrigerating
and Air-
conditioning
Engineer,
United States)
the practical evaluation,
design, and
implementation of
measures to reduce
multiple risks in new and
existing buildings. To
address the aspect of
building performance
that affect occupant
health and safety.
definition approach, design
for new and
existing facilities,
and operation &
maintenance of
buildings.
management
approach,
example
methods for
assessing risk.
HIRARC MY
(Hazard
Identification,
Risk
Assessment,
Risk Control,
Malaysia)
Provides a systematic
and objective approach
for assessing hazards and
their associated risks;
provides an objective
measure of the hazard
being identified and
followed with risk
control measures. It is
applicable for all types of
industries in Malaysia.
None None Purpose,
definition
Basic concept,
planning &
implementing of
HIRARC,
documenting
HIRARC,
consultation and
training.
Concept for
conducting
HIRARC.
OSHMS MY
(Occupational
Safety and
Health
Management
System,
Malaysia)
To provide guidance for
any organization or
industry in Malaysia on
the implementation of
MS 1722: 2011
None Scope Purpose,
definition
The OSHMS in
the organization.
Description of
OSH
management
elements in
an
organization.
ICOP MY
(Industrial
Code of
Practice,
Malaysia)
To provide guidance for
industries involved in
confined space entry to
prevent exposure to
hazards and thereby
prevent collapse, injury,
illness or death arising
from exposure to these
hazards. Not applicable
to underground mining
works and spaces in other
than atmospheric
pressure.
None None None
Preliminary,
confined space
entry program,
detailed
requirements, and
duties of the
responsible
person.
Confined
space entry
program and
detailed
requirements.
A Review on Guidelines Related to the Risk Assessment of A Confined Space
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2.1. UK Ministry of Defense Health and Safety Handbook: Safe Working in
Confined Space
The Legislation requirements for MoD UK is outlined in Table 2:
Table 2 Guideline Requirements for MoD UK
NO. REQUIREMENTS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
1 Roles and duties
Summarizes the roles
and duties of the
Authorizing Engineer,
Authorized Person,
Person in Charge, and
Work Team.
The role of each
personnel in a confined
space that are outlined
could be used as a
reference and guideline
for appointing key
personnel for confined
spaces.
This is part of risk control
measures and is much
related to the risk
assessment process for
confined spaces the
consideration of its
requirements for the process
of developing risk
assessment tools.
2 General
Arrangements
Describes the nature of
the confined space,
initial classification to
define features of the
confined space,
categorization of
confined space, and
safe work procedures.
The brief description of
the confined space is
suitable for the
management to plan for
confined space
occupancy by
considering the
prevention of risk to be
faced.
The description of confined
space is relevant because the
hazards generated by the
confined space depend on
the physicality and type of
work to be carried out in
order to conduct an effective
risk assessment process.
3 Management
arrangements
Lists the arrangement
by management for a
confined space
document center,
confined space register,
confined space
schedule, confined
space records,
equipment register, key
register, management
of remote sites, safety
signs, and safety rule
books.
The approach to manage
documentation and
records for confined
space can be used as
reference to ensure the
data is traceable if any
changes were made.
The effectiveness in
managing documentation is
not much related to the
process of risk assessment
but it still contributes in
terms of revision history of
records.
4 Operational
procedures
Explains the
requirements to adhere
to prior to entry such as
risk assessment, level
of control, safety
program, Permit to
Work, and procedure to
entry.
It is highly suited as a
reference for key
elements prior to
confined space entry,
especially in determining
the level of control of an
Authorized person for
the confined space and
procedure for
management for entry
into a confined space.
The requirements that are
described are related to the
process of risk assessment
for confined spaces through
the provision of several
sample forms and the risk
likelihood, severity, and risk
action table.
5 Training
Provides requirements
for training for the
Authorized Engineer,
The training
requirements for related
personnel for confined
The training requirements,
part of which are under
administrative control, is
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NO. REQUIREMENTS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
Authorized Person,
Person in charge, and
Work team.
space is compulsory and
the example list of
training standards is
could be referred to as a
basic guideline.
relevant as an input for the
risk assessment process for
a confined space.
6 Health requirements
Describes the fitness
level of employees,
correct method of
wearing PPE, and viral
infections.
These are suitable
requirements to be
referred to by employers
to ensure all workers
involved in hazardous
atmospheres are healthy
and free from infected
diseases.
The health requirements is
an important part to include
in risk assessment for a
confined space, especially
when exposed to a toxic
atmosphere and viruses.
2.1.1. A Review of MoD UK
This review on the Ministry of Defense Health and Safety Handbook: Safe Working in
Confined Space, United Kingdom (MoD UK), is in accordance with the identified
requirements that are outlined in Table 2, where the review approach is based on the most
practical implementation relevant to the process of risk assessment for a confined space.
The requirements of MoD UK are reviewed in terms of roles and responsibilities, general
arrangements, management arrangements, operational procedures, and training and health
requirements. The roles and responsibilities of each key personnel involved in confined space
entry have been clearly defined to secure the safety and health of all workers throughout the
entry period. Examples of key personnel for confined spaces are the Entry Supervisor,
Authorized Gas Tester, Standby Person, and Authorized Entrant. The initial arrangement
made by the employer is to provide information to workers on the danger, type, characteristic
of confined space, and relevant safe work procedures that must be complied with prior to
occupancy. Besides that, all documentation related to confined space must be documented for
easy reference and tracking purposes. Examples of confined space documents are Permit to
Work, Safe Work Procedure, and equipment register. During confined space entry, all
workers are briefed about the safety rules that they must comply with such as risk assessment,
the Permit to Work system, procedure for entry, and emergency response. For training
requirements, all workers are required to attend awareness training conducted by the employer
to ensure that they acquire the skill, knowledge, and competency to work in a confined space.
Workers who intend to enter a confined space are required to undergo medical check-up by a
certified occupational doctor. Only fit workers that are free from viral infections are allowed
to work in a confined space. Apart from all these requirements, the quality of risk assessment
that is carried out also plays a major role in controlling risks and preventing accidents. In light
of this, a study conducted by Pinto [11] surveyed and ensured the quality of occupational
safety risk assessment (OSRA) by examining the current occupational safety risk assessment
method in order to improve its quality and relevance to the task being assessed.
The outcome of the results showed that most safety experts agreed on the proposed OSRA
process, including giving positive feedback from Questionnaires, which can be used as the
basis for researchers to evaluate the quality of OSRA in future studies. This is relevant to the
process of risk assessment for a confined space. The enhancement of the quality of risk
assessment would contribute to an effective safety program and efficient use of resources. In
the next section, the MoD UK requirements are further reviewed based on three factors that
contribute to the process of risk assessment for a confined space, as follows:
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a. Practical application for confined space safety activities
At MoD UK, there is a wealth of useful information that could be utilized as valuable
references. It is also possible to apply the information provided in daily confined space safety
activities. The requirements that could directly be applied to confined space safety activities
are the roles and responsibilities of the Authorizing Engineer, Authorized Person, Person in
Charge, and Work Team. The method of application could be done by conducting regular
safety briefings with all personnel. In addition, the responsibilities of each personnel should
be attached to the Permit to Work document. In the safety program requirements, several
approaches that could be applied are the servicing of equipment’s, isolation from gases and
electrical equipment, wearing Personal Protective Equipment, ensuring sufficient ventilation,
conducting the process of cleaning and purging, and communication amongst the work team.
In addition, Permit to Work is also applicable for implementation in confined spaces,
followed by conducting regular training for all confined space personnel. Besides that, all
entrants are required to regularly check on their health condition prior to occupancy.
b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work for confined spaces
The requirements that could enhance the safe system of work include establishing a procedure
regarding the roles and duties of key personnel for confined spaces such as the Authorizing
Engineer, Authorized Person, Person in Charge, and Work Team. In the beginning, prior to
occupancy, it is practical to include the definition of the features and categorization of
confined space in the confined space procedure. This is then followed with the confined space
register, confined space schedule, and equipment register, which would be used for tracking
purposes in case any issues related to confined space arise. Furthermore, the safety rule
handbook could also be relevant to enhancing the safe system of work for a confined space. In
the entry procedure that is outlined, it is relevant to include all elements to enhance the safe
system of work. As an example, in determining the level of control for an Authorized Person
of the Confined space, the flowchart provided would be beneficial for reference, as a
precaution prior to confined space entry. The procedure for entry under Permit to Work
should be provided with a flowchart to ensure all work teams understand the process of entry.
In addition, the training procedures that are outlined are a useful guidance, including the list
of training plans to be conducted. Lastly, the emergency and rescue procedure is also key
towards enhancing the safe work system for a confined space.
c. Suitability for inclusion in the elements of risk assessment
The elements of risk assessment that could be included are the assigning of roles and duties of
confined space key personnel such as the Authorizing Engineer, Authorized Person, Person in
Charge, and Work Team. All relevant personnel must be briefed about the confined space to
be entered, effectiveness, and practicality of risk assessment (a sample of likelihood table,
severity table, and risk action table should be provided), requirements for isolation from
electricity or any other potential sources, criteria in selecting Personal Protective Equipment,
suitability of ventilation, purging and cleaning method, communication method, emergency
response readiness and effectiveness, approval and validity of Permit to Work, and provision
for the health declaration of all workers.
From the review, it can be concluded that the MoD UK requirements contribute towards
the process of risk assessment even though some of the requirements do not directly mention
confined space risk assessment. However, examples of forms provided such as Confined
Space Schedule, Confined Space Operation Record, Confined Space Safety Sign, Confined
Space Risk Assessment, Safety Program, and Permit to Work are useful for reference and as
additional input for improving the process of risk assessment for a confined space.
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
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2.2 Health and Safety Executive UK: Confined Spaces: A Brief Guide to Working
Safely
The Guideline requirements for HSE UK are outlined in Table 3:
Table 3 Guideline Requirements for HSE UK
NO. REQUIREM
ENTS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
1
What is
confined
space
Defines confined space, and
type and categories of
confined space.
The definition of confined
space provides useful
knowledge and information
for industries when
identifying a hazardous
workplace.
Different types of confined
spaces contribute to
different types of hazards.
This is important
information that must be
collected while conducting
the risk assessment
process.
2
What are the
dangers of
confined
space
Lists the dangers of a
confined space, which arise
from the hazardous
atmosphere and
occupational hazards.
The list of dangers could be
used by industries as a
useful guideline prior to
confined space entry.
A basic input regarding the
dangers arising from
confined spaces is very
much related to the
development process of
confined space risk
assessment tools.
3 What the law
says
Risk assessment
requirements by Health and
Safety at Work Regulations
1999
The general arrangement of
risk assessment and the
proposal on the preventive
measures for working in a
confined space is useful as a
reference prior to entering a
confined space.
The input from the laws
about confined space risk
assessment is relevant to
the process of risk
assessment for confined
space work.
4
Avoid
entering
confined
space
Proposes alternative ways to
carry out works in a
confined space such as using
robotic methods or special
devices.
The consideration in
deciding whether or not it
entering a confined space is
required is a useful guide for
employers to minimize the
risk to their workers.
The decision making for
confined space entry
determination is relevant
as an input in the risk
assessment process for a
confined space.
5 Safe system
of work
Describes a safe system of
work such as appointment of
Supervisor, selection of
workers, Permit to Work,
testing of atmosphere,
breathing apparatus,
communication, and
emergency response.
The elements of a safe
system of work are useful to
practice at the workplace to
ensure all persons involved
in confined space works are
protected from accidents.
The contribution input
from the safe system of
work is very much related
to confined space risk
assessment tools to be
developed due to the
critical information
obtained.
6 Emergency
procedures
Sets out the requirements
during emergency situations
such as Emergency response
& preparedness, rescue
team, and rescue
equipment’s.
Emergency response and
preparedness is part of the
important criteria to be
practiced prior to confined
space entry for which
employers should make this
information a priority.
The emergency procedure
is much related to risk
assessment activities for
confined spaces and the
input of each element
would contribute towards
minimizing risk during
emergency situations.
A Review on Guidelines Related to the Risk Assessment of A Confined Space
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NO. REQUIREM
ENTS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
7 Capabilities
of rescuers
Sets out the requirements for
the Rescue team
competency and ability to
respond effectively during
emergency.
The requirements outline the
responsibilities of
employers to provide a
required competency for the
rescue team as well as fire
drill exercises.
The competency of the
rescue team will be part of
the elements in the risk
assessment checklist to
identify the risk level
during occupancy in case
of any emergency.
8 The law
Confined Space Regulations
1997, The Provision and use
of Work Equipment
Regulations 1998
(PUWER), Workplace
(Health, Safety and Welfare)
Regulations 1992, The
Personal Protective
Equipment Regulations
2002
The list of laws is useful as
further information to
improve the safe work
system that is implemented.
The additional information
on the law contributes as
additional input towards
developing confined space
risk assessment tools.
2.2.1. A Review of HSE UK
This review on the Health and Safety Executive-Confined Space: A brief Guide to working
Safely (HSE UK) is performed according to the identified requirements outlined in Table 3,
where the review approach is based on the most practical implementation relevant to the
process of risk assessment for a confined space.
The review on HSE UK requirements targets confined space definition, dangers from
confined space, relevant laws, option for working in a confined space, safe system of work,
emergency procedures, and capabilities of rescuers. The definition of confined space is a basic
requirement that must be provided as information for all confined space personnel.
Information on the type and category of confined space must be clearly described in order to
increase the awareness of all entrants prior to occupancy. This is followed with the dangers
arising from confined spaces such as the hazardous atmosphere and any works that might
contribute to hazards such as the welding process. Besides that, there is also an option for
doing certain activities in a confined space by deciding whether or not the entry is required.
For example, the task of measurement and inspection works could be delegated to remote
devices such as robots. Another important approach to be implemented for confined spaces is
the safe system of work. The effectiveness of a safe system of work depends on the
management leadership and co-operation from all levels of workers. Examples of a safe
system of work include the Permit to Work, atmosphere measurement, and communication
procedure. During emergency situations, all workers need to have the knowledge to prepare
themselves in evacuations and rescue events. The procedure for emergency response and
preparedness must be provided and explained to all personnel to prevent panic.
Apart from that, the capabilities of rescuers also plays an important role in the rescuing
process such as response time, skill, and rescue equipment’s. The relevant laws pertaining to
confined space requirements are also practical for inclusion as a reference in complying and
improving the present procedures that are practiced. Vienney [12] compared four risk
assessment tools for confined spaces by applying them in three hazardous scenarios in order
to determine the weakness and distinctive parts of the tools. The four tools used in the study
were presented in the form of a checklist without risk estimation, a checklist with risk scale,
risk calculation without formal hazard identification stage, a questionnaire, and followed by a
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
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risk matrix. This approach proved to be a useful method in determining the best risk analysis
tools that could be used for confined space risk assessment. The HSE UK requirements are
further reviewed in regard to three factors that contribute to the process of risk assessment for
a confined space, as follows:
a. Practical application for confined space safety activities
Referring to the HSE UK Guidelines, several practical applications are observed useful for
application in confined space safety activities. Examples of practical applications are safety
briefings, Job Safety Analysis, Permit to Work, inspection, and consultation. The definition of
confined space and the explanation of confined space categories are useful information that
could be practiced for confined space activities. This could be done through safety briefings
and consultation. Even though the information provided is generic, it could still give valuable
input to all workers. The dangers of a confined space must be described in all aspects relevant
to confined space entry such as health hazards and safety hazards. Besides that, the
requirements, which mention the alternative approach to work in a confined space, can be
practically applied where it could directly eliminate risk exposure to entrants. Another input
to be applied is emergency and rescue where all workers are recommended to attend
emergency response training in order to assist in rescue works in case of emergency. In the
safe system of work explanation, several important topics that could be practiced are isolation
of confined space, cleaning before entry, and ventilation.
b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work
The safe system of work is clearly explained in the HSE UK Guidelines. All elements of a
safe system of work described in the Guidelines can be included for enhancement purposes.
The arrangements provided in HSE UK pertaining to a safe system of work are supervisor
engagement, inexperienced workers, isolation from sources, recommendation of cleaning
prior to entry, checking for access into the confined space, air testing, usage of special tools
and lighting, breathing apparatus, emergency arrangements, rescue harness, communication
with entrant, and necessity of Permit to Work. Even though explanations on the topic are
quite general, these would still give a basic idea for the development of a comprehensive safe
work procedure.
c. Suitability for inclusion in the elements of risk assessment
In the HSE UK Guidelines, several requirements that can be practically included in the
elements of risk assessment are identified. Firstly, the explanation on the dangers of confined
space could be included in risk assessment elements due to the nature of confined space being
a hazardous workplace. Examples of dangers that commonly lead to accidents include lack of
oxygen, poisonous gas, fire and explosion, and dust. In safe system work requirements,
several significant requirements have been identified for inclusion in the elements of risk
assessment. The requirements are: (1) isolation of confined space from vapors, gas or fumes;
(2) cleaning of confined space prior to entry that would assist in minimizing the exposure to
vapors; (3) ventilation of the confined space as much as possible through mechanical
ventilation or manhole openings; (4) testing of the air inside the confined space to determine
atmospheric condition; (5) usage of special tools and lighting such as low voltage lighting or
non-spark tools; (6) emergency preparation in order to increase the effectiveness of rescue
response; (7) communication amongst confined space personnel; and (8) Permit to Work
application.
From the review, the HSE UK requirements indeed contribute towards the process of risk
assessment where its contents directly recommend working safely in confined spaces. Despite
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the requirements not purposely describing risk assessment tools, it is still of much help in the
practical application of confined space safety activities, further enhancing the safe system of
work, and is also suitable for inclusion as risk assessment elements.
2.3. British Compressed Gas Association: The Application of Confined Space
Regulations to the Drink Dispenser Industry
The Guideline requirements for BCGA UK are outlined in Table 4:
Table 4 Guideline Requirements for BCGA UK
NO. REQUIREME
NTS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
1
Key properties
of gases used
for drink
dispensers
Lists key properties of
gases such as carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, air,
and mixed gases
including the hazards
of each gas if
accidentally released
to atmosphere.
The explanation on the risk
of gases by presenting its
concentration, effects, &
symptoms is a useful guide
prior to entering a confined
space. especially for carbon
dioxide and nitrogen.
The gases presented are
common toxic gases in a
confined space and are very
much related to confined space
works and the development of
effective risk assessment tools.
2 Confined space
regulations
HSE L101 (5), Safe
work in confined
spaces, Approved
code of practice, and
HSE INDG 258 ((9),
Safe work in confined
spaces.
The approach is more of a
reference to relevant
regulations for confined
space works in the UK.
Reference made by other
countries is according to the
suitability of the regulation
and works to be carried out.
The Laws being referred to are
observed as additional
information in complying with
safe working in a confined
space.
3 Assessment of
risk
The gas concentration
calculation, factors,
which affect the
overall assessment,
and procedure for the
calculation of risk are
outlined.
The method for conducting
pre-risk assessment is
suitable for practice such as
the calculation of carbon
dioxide concentration in air
and classification of risk
categories.
Preparation towards the
assessment of risk is much
related to confined space works
where it could be used as input
for developing risk assessment
tools.
4
Actions
resulting from
assessment
Procedure for
tolerable risk,
medium risk, and
high risk including
action to be taken is
described clearly.
The explanation on the
action to be taken for each
risk category is practical as
reference during the risk
assessment process.
The elements of risk action
categories are very much
related to confined space risk
assessment tools and would be
useful additional input during
the tool development stage.
5 Competence
and training
Sets out the
requirement for
competency training
for all related
personnel.
This could be used as a pre-
assessment checklist prior to
confined space entry and is
one of the important
elements to be adhered to.
It is a pre-condition for every
personnel to undergo
competency training for which
the approach is directly related
to the confined space risk
assessment process.
6
Personal
Protective
Equipment
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
requirements are
outlined in the
Personal Protective
The requirement for PPE
including the correct
selection of PPE is
compulsory for every
personnel and could be
This is an additional input for
the risk assessment process,
especially relating to confined
space activities.
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 434 [email protected]
NO. REQUIREME
NTS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
Equipment at Work
Regulation (2)
enforced and practiced prior
to confined space entry.
2.3.1. A Review of BCGA UK
This review on the British Compressed Gas Association: The Application of the Confined
Spaces Regulation to the Drink Dispenser Industry (BCGA UK) is according to the identified
requirements outlined in Table 4, where the review approach is based on the most practical
implementation relevant to the process of risk assessment for a confined space.
The review of BCGA UK requirements is in terms of the key properties of gases used for
dispensing drinks, confined space regulations, assessment of risk, actions resulting from
assessment, competence and training, and Personal Protective Equipment. The description of
key properties of gas is given to provide knowledge to all personnel on the characteristic of
gases as a precaution and a means of preparation for conducting risk assessments. This could
also apply to all confined space works to ensure the danger of certain gases and substance is
known for accident prevention strategies. The relevant confined space regulations or any code
of practice must also be included as a reference for complying with any requirements
outlined. The assessment of risk to be carried out involves the process of identifying all
hazards that might be present during works executed followed with a risk assessment and risk
estimation. This is a compulsory arrangement on behalf of the employers for all confined
space entries. In addition, appropriate action from the assessment must be carried out
adequately according to risk level such as low risk, medium risk, and high risk. For
competence and training, it is compulsory for all relevant confined space personnel to attend
training programs organized by the employer. All training topics to be delivered should be
listed and suited to confined space working requirements. Besides that, Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE), which is the last resort in the hierarchy of control, must be complied with
effectively such as the method of selection, usage, and type of PPE. A study on occupational
safety in a hazardous confined space was conducted by Stojkovic [13], which emphasized the
importance of toxic gases, air testing, ventilation, Personal Protective Equipment, and rescue.
The author also described all hazards that might be faced during occupancy and also studied
the core factors that caused confined space accidents.
The outcomes from this study show that most personnel involved in accidents are co-
workers that had attempted to perform rescue works with the main contributor of accidents
being asphyxiation. From the results, it is advisable that every confined space entry has its
own rescue team either from internal or external service. This could also be an important
input for conducting risk assessments for confined space works. In the next section, the
BCGA UK requirements are further reviewed in terms of three factors that contribute to the
process of risk assessment for a confined space:
a. Practical application for confined space safety activities
The requirements presented in BCGA UK are observed as practical for application to
confined space safety activities. Explanation on the effects of inhaling carbon dioxide and
inhaling reduced concentrations of oxygen could be shared during safety briefings, to be put
on the notice board, included in the on-site Job Safety Analysis, and attached to the Permit to
Work document. For carbon dioxide effects, the range of carbon dioxide concentration (%) is
ranked from 1% to 100% where loss of consciousness starts from 10% and above. For oxygen
effects, the range is from 0% to 19.5% where loss of consciousness starts from 10% and
below. Besides that, the requirements on hazard communications such as warning signs, could
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be posted at suitable locations to remind workers about hazardous work areas such as No
Smoking, No Authorized Access, Potential Asphyxiating atmosphere, and Gas Cylinder
Store. The requirements for training could also be applied to confined space safety activities
during safety briefings, either conducted by safety personnel or the team leader. In addition,
the requirements for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be made mandatory where
the correct selection of PPE depends on the nature of confined space and type of job to be
carried out.
b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work for a confined space
The requirements outlined by BCGA UK could potentially enhance the safe system of work
for confined spaces. The list of key properties of gases that might affect workers while
carrying out jobs could be included in the safe system of work in a confined space. This can
be done through providing a detailed explanation on the effects and symptoms of the
identified gases, which are carbon dioxide and oxygen. The safe system of work could also be
enhanced by improvising on the hazard communication procedure such as introducing
warning signs. In the risk management procedure, the inclusion of factors that affect the
overall assessment, procedure for calculating risk, and actions resulting from the assessment,
could raise the effectiveness of the safe system of work. The procedure could be further
enhanced with the addition of a flowchart that displays the method of risk reduction relating
to carbon dioxide gas cylinders. Additionally, competency and training and Personal
Protective Equipment requirements are other factors that could be included in the safe system
of work.
c. Suitability for inclusion in the elements of risk assessment for a confined space
Several requirements stated in the BCGA UK are observed as relevant for inclusion in the
element of risk assessment for confined spaces. The detailed explanation of the effect and
symptoms of carbon dioxide and oxygen can be practically included as elements of risk
assessment. For example, the effects and symptoms of carbon dioxide are that it starts to
increase the breathing rate as low as 1% volume in air, whereas for oxygen, unconsciousness
starts from 10% in volume of air and below. Moreover, the inclusion of factors that affect the
overall risk assessment, procedure in calculating risk, categorization of risk, and actions
resulting from the assessment can add value to the elements of risk assessment. For example,
the approach on the procedure for calculating risk can be practical as reference prior to
categorization of risk even though the gas calculation is purposely for drink dispenser gases.
The explanation of actions resulting from the risk assessment according to risk level such as
tolerable risk, medium risk, and high risk are also valuable. Besides that, the competency
requirements for personnel could also be included in the element of risk assessment for a
confined space.
From the above review, even though the BCGA UK guidelines for safe working in
confined spaces is targeted for the drink dispenser industry, there are still suitable documents
that can be used as reference and as a platform for the practical application of confined space
safety activities, further enhancing the safe system of work for confined spaces, and also
suitable for inclusion in the element of risk assessment for a confined space.
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 436 [email protected]
2.4. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineer
(ASHRAE)
The Guideline requirements for ASHRAE US are outlined in Table 5:
Table 5 Key Guideline Requirements for ASHRAE US
NO. REQUIREME
NTS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
1
Risk
management
approach
Outlines a general approach
for risk management in an
organization including the
risk assessment process, risk
management plan
implementation, and re-
evaluation of the plan after
implementation.
The risk management
framework for risk
management is part of
the elements that could
be used in planning risk
assessments. The risk
management
methodology provided
would serve as an
additional input for the
risk assessment process.
This is much related to the
stages of developing risk
assessment tools, especially
information on risk
management methodology.
2
Design for new
and existing
facilities
Outlines general concepts of
the protection of occupants
in the facilities, which
consider the requirements
for site planning & design,
utility system, building
planning & design, and
building occupancy types.
The method in
determining risk level
could be used as an
example for the risk
estimation process.
The qualitative method in
determining risk is relevant
for use as input in the risk
assessment process.
3
Operation and
maintenance of
buildings
Outlines the commissioning,
documentation, public
address system, site &
building security, plan for
normal operations, plan for
emergency operations, and
personnel protection.
The approach leans more
towards operation and
maintenance except for
the planning of
emergency operation,
which is a useful
reference.
Planning for emergency
operations is observed to be
an important element for
reference in developing risk
assessment tools.
2.4.1. A Review of ASHRAE US
This review on the American Society of Heating, refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineer
(ASHRAE) is according to the identified requirements outlined in Table 5, where the review
approach is based on the most practical implementation relevant to the process of risk
assessment for a confined space.
The reviewed requirements for ASHRAE include the general approach on risk
management, design for new and existing facilities, and operation and maintenance of
buildings. An organization is required to implement its own risk management concept in order
to manage risk, and assist in minimizing any threats that could affect its entire operation.
Participation from all functional units is required and the risk management committee must be
held accountable for effectively identifying the risk upfront. This must also apply to confined
space works where the requirements to implement early preparation on the assessment of risk
to prevent incident and injuries to workers are observed. The approach on the new design of
building and facilities could be referred to as a concept for the assessment of risk such as
moderate and high risk. For example, the safe design of the work area prior to occupancy
could minimize risk and result in high quality jobs. Another matter of concern is during
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operation and maintenance of the building where the consideration of emergency response
and preparedness should be made. Without appropriate planning for emergency situations,
rescue operations would become slow and stunted. During confined space entry, the
requirement for emergency preparedness is compulsory and authorization from competent
personnel is required. In terms of the risk matrices approach, either qualitative or quantitative,
the method utilized is important because the wrong concept of utilization would lead to
incorrect risk assessment results. A study on the recommendations of the use and design of
risk matrices was objectively conducted to explore their weakness and provide
recommendations on their use and design [14]. Based on the review of previous publications,
it was concluded that a probability sequence diagram with continuous scales be proposed. The
application of this approach is relatively new but could still be considered for the
development process of risk assessment tools for confined spaces. The ASHRAE
requirements are further reviewed in terms of three factors that contribute to the process of
risk assessment for a confined space in the next section:
a. Practical application for confined space safety activities
The risk management approach could be referred to as useful information and can also be
practiced and shared with all confined space personnel, especially during safety awareness
talks and daily briefings. Examples of practical implementations are the risk assessment
activities where all confined space personnel must be involved in developing and complying
with all control measures to be taken. Besides that, the approach for emergency response can
also be practically implemented by all personnel during the occupancy period.
b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work for a confined space
The selection of the most appropriate requirements to be included in a safe system of work is
required since most of the requirements are not relevant to occupational safety and health
approaches. Even though explanation on the risk management approach is more relevant for
building applications, it can still be used as input to establish a safe system of work for
working in confined spaces. The same goes for the explanation on risk assessment where the
process of assessment must be designed according to the suitability of confined space
applications. Moreover, the description regarding risk level such as negligible, minor,
moderate, and serious risk could be incorporated into the safe work procedure as well as in the
calculation of risk matrices and methods. Another part that could be added in the safe system
of work is the description of risk categories, which are defined as Critical, Serious, Moderate,
Minor, and/or Negligible. Moreover, the emergency response and rescue approach could also
be used as reliable input in enhancing the safe system of work for confined spaces.
c. Suitability for inclusion in the elements of risk assessment
The suitability of adding these requirements to the elements of risk assessment are observed
through the most practical approach since most of the requirements are about safety of
buildings. The requirements that are considered for inclusion are selected based on general
requirements such as the risk management approach. The inclusion of risk categories
assignment such as Critical, Serious, Moderate, Minor, and/or Negligible could be considered
as input for the elements of risk assessment as well as for emergency operation requirements.
Besides that, the risk matrices approach could also be used for additional input even though
the proposal and calculation is more relevant for building safety. Moreover, the description of
Risk Management Example such as identifying the risk, Estimating the probability of risk
occurrence, Assessing the value of loss for risk assessment, and Ranking the risks, are
observed as valuable input for the elements of risk assessment. Generally, even though most
of the requirements in the ASHRAE Guidelines are suitable for use as information and
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 438 [email protected]
reference, they are also beneficial as a basis in the development process of risk assessment
tools for a confined space.
From the above review, the requirements of the ASHRAE Guidelines are mostly relevant
for the safety of buildings. However several requirements can be observed and added to the
proposal for practical implementation of confined space safety activities, and to enhance the
safe system of work for confined spaces. It can also be included in the elements of risk
assessment for confined spaces.
2.5. Industrial Code of Practice for Safe Working in Confined Space Malaysia
The Guideline requirements for ICOP Malaysia are outlined in Table 6:
Table 6 Guideline Requirements for ICOP Malaysia
NO. REQUIREME
NTS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
1 Confined space
entry program
Describes the responsibilities of
employers during the confined
entry program, which include
Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment, and Risk Control,
stand-by person, monitoring of
multiple confined space, Permit
to Work system, sign-posting,
employee training, equipment,
means of communication,
external hazard protection,
identification of duties,
information to contractors,
coordination among
contractors, and conclusion of
entry.
The list of the confined
space program is
beneficial for practice
by industry players in
ensuring effective
monitoring of confined
space works, especially
for the Hazard
Identification, Risk
Assessment, and Risk
Control process.
The program proposed
could be referred to as
input during the initial
stage of developing risk
assessment tools for
confined space works due
to its relevance to the
nature of working in a
confined space.
2 Detailed
requirements
Outlines the Permit to Work
system, isolation requirements,
safety of atmosphere
requirements, entry into
hazardous atmosphere, rescue
& emergency services, health
requirements of persons
working in confined space,
training, additional precautions
during occupancy of confined
space, and record keeping.
Most of the
requirements for
working in a confined
space are described
clearly and these are
the key elements that
need to be adhered to
by industries prior to
occupancy.
The description of each
requirement is much
related to the assessment
of risk prior to confined
space entry and the input
from the risk assessment
process could be used for
developing risk assessment
tools for a confined space.
3
Duties of the
responsible
person
Sets out the duties of the
employer as owner, duties of
employer as contractor, duties
of permit issuer, duties of entry
supervisor, duties of authorized
gas tester, duties of stand-by
person, and duties of authorized
entrant.
All responsible
personnel for the
confined space are
listed in terms of their
key duties. This is a
useful reference and is
a basic guidance in
appointing key
personnel for confined
space activities.
The duties outlined are
part of the control
measures (administrative
control), which could be
included in the process of
developing risk assessment
tools for a confined space.
A Review on Guidelines Related to the Risk Assessment of A Confined Space
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2.5.1. A Review of ICOP Malaysia
This review on the Industrial Code of Practice 2010: Safe Working in Confined Space (ICOP
MY) is according to the identified requirements outlined in Table 6, where the review
approach is based on the most practical implementation relevant to the process of risk
assessment for a confined space.
The reviewed ICOP MY requirements are the confined space program, confined space
detail requirements, and duties of the responsible person. A safety program for confined space
is part of accident prevention strategy where every organization involved in confined space
related activities should plan their own programs to suit their work environment. Examples of
such programs are Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control, atmosphere
monitoring, training, and means of communication. From the confined space program,
detailed requirements should be carried out prior to occupancy such as Permit to Work,
isolation, emergency response and rescue, and worker health. In every confined space
activity, all requirements that are planned must be carried out effectively and the performance
record of confined space entry surrendered to the employer for documentation. Apart from
that, the details of responsibilities of key personnel for the confined space must be established
and distributed accordingly. All responsible personnel such as the Stand-by person should
understand and commit to the task assigned to them, especially regarding the method of
communication among personnel.
Besides these requirements, emergency response is also a crucial issue that needs to be
addressed. Co-operation between the employer and Fire Department must be enhanced
accordingly to ensure effectiveness in rescue attempts. Wilson [15] conducted an assessment
of emergency response practices of the employer and Fire Department where its outcomes
could be used as a reference for improving rescue team effectiveness. This can be realized
through full support from the Fire Department in providing a well-trained and equipped on-
site rescue team, and provision of advanced life support equipment. From the study, it can be
observed that this approach could be useful for inclusion in all confined space procedures and
used as suitable input in the development process of risk assessment for a confined space. The
ICOP MY requirements are further reviewed based on three factors that contribute to the
process of risk assessment for confined spaces in the next section:
a. Practical application for confined space safety activities
The identified practical approach for the elements that could be practiced for confined space
safety activities specifically derived from the ICOP requirements are identified. The
requirements that can be practically applied are regularly conducting briefings about the
responsibilities of all confined space personnel, regulary referring to Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment, and Risk Control prior to occupancy, updating the Permit to Work
document, allocating suitable signages, checking the equipments for safe operation,
maintaining communication between the standby person and entrant, being alert of external
hazards, which might affect the entrant, measuring the confined space atmosphere, regularly
practicing emergency drills, assessing entrant health condition, and checking isolation
effectiveness.
b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work for confined space entry
The components of a safe system of work from the ICOP requirements, which have been
observed, include assigning responsibilities to all confined space personnel, procedure for
conducting Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, & Risk Control, safe instructions for
monitoring more than one confined space at the same time, procedure for applying Permit to
Work, hazard communication procedure, contractor safety rules, isolation procedure,
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 440 [email protected]
instruction for atmosphere testing, emergency and rescue procedures, and instruction on the
health status of entrants.
c. Suitability for inclusion in the elements of risk assessment for confined spaces
The ICOP requirements are stated solely for safe working in confined spaces, but are not
totally directed towards the risk assessment concept except in the ‘confined space entry
program’ section. However, it could still contribute as input for the elements of risk
assessment such as the assignment of competent personnel, review and update of Hazard
Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control, method in monitoring multiple confined
spaces, validity of Permit to Work, availability of hazard communication, training history,
service and calibration of equipment, method and equipment for communication, selection
method of contractors, isolation criteria, atmosphere monitoring criteria, emergency response
and preparedness readiness, and health status of entrant.
According to the above review, it can be concluded that the ICOP requirements directly
contribute towards the process of risk assessment for confined space works, specifically
regarding its practical application, enhancing the safe system of work, and as input for risk
assessment elements. Furthermore, examples of forms provided such as Risk Assessment,
Recommendation for the conduct of Hot work in confined space, Confined Space entry,
Recommendation for Cleaning Tasks in confined space, Recommendation for atmospheric
testing, Health Examination checklist, Health Fitness certificate, and Declaration of Health
Status by Authorized Entrant are also useful as guidance for organizations to further improve
their safe system of work in confined spaces.
2.6. Guidelines for Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control
(HIRARC)
The Guideline requirements for HIRARC Malaysia are outlined in Table 7:
Table 7 Guideline Requirements for HIRARC Malaysia
NO. REQUIREM
ENTS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
1 Basic concept
Gives a brief
description of risk and
a mathematical
equation of risk.
It is useful to understand the
definition of risk prior to
proceeding with risk assessment.
Mostly, the equation of
risk is used for all risk
assessment processes,
either specifically for
confined spaces or other
activities.
2
Planning and
conducting
HIRARC
Explains the purpose of
HIRARC, planning of
HIRARC activities, and
the process of
HIRARC.
It is useful information, which
has been described, especially
during the process of HIRARC
where the flowchart of the
HIRARC process presented is
clear. During analysis and
estimation of risk, the table
presents in detail the likelihood,
severity, risk matrix, and risk
action.
The overall process of
HIRARC is much related
to the risk assessment of
confined space and would
add value to the
development of risk
assessment tools.
3 Control
Describes the definition
of control, selection of
suitable control, types
of control, monitoring
The hierarchy of control is
suitable for recommending a
control measure during the risk
assessment process. The proposal
The approach on risk
control and additional
relevant inputs is much
related to the process of
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NO. REQUIREM
ENTS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
controls, safe work
procedures, and
Personal Protective
Equipment.
to review the risk control and
develop safe work procedures is
an additional input to ensure
effectiveness of risk control
measures.
developing risk assessment
tools for confined spaces.
4 Documenting
HIRARC
Explains the
requirements for
documentation such as
responsibility &
accountability, and the
documenting process.
The method of documenting,
especially HIRARC documents,
is useful in practice to ensure all
HIRARC processes conducted
are traceable in case any changes
are required.
The documentation
approach for confined
space works is required
especially on the PTW and
risk assessment, even
though the documentation
is not directly related to
the development of risk
assessment tools.
5 Consultation
Outlines the
consultation with health
and safety personnel
and employees for
effectively identifying
and controlling risk.
Engagement with health & safety
personnel and workers is
required for collecting further
information about workplace
hazards.
This is much related to the
development of confined
space risk assessment tools
to ensure the information
collected is genuine.
6 Training
Sets out the
requirements about the
importance of training
to all workers and
management to ensure
they have the
knowledge and skills
for identifying and
controlling risks.
Training is part of the important
criteria required for every
personnel and it is practical for
enforcement on all personnel
involved in confined space entry.
This is an additional
element to be added in risk
assessment and is related
to developing confined
space risk assessment
tools.
2.6.1. A Review of HIRARC Malaysia
This review on the Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control
(HIRARC MY) is according to the identified requirements outlined in Table 7, where the
review approach is based on the most practical implementation relevant to the process of risk
assessment for a confined space.
The reviewed HIRARC MY requirements are the basic concept of risk, planning and
conducting Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC), concept of
control, documenting HIRARC, consultation, and training. The basic concept of risk that is
described provides a basic understanding of risk, which is useful knowledge prior to
conducting a risk assessment. Proper planning on any task is required, especially for
HIRARC. The description of the purpose of HIRARC, activities of HIRARC, and process of
HIRARC that are described provide clear guidelines for conducting a complete HIRARC,
specifically when applied to confined space works. The concept of control is explained for
which the description of hierarchy of control such as elimination, substitution, isolation,
engineering, administration, and Personal Protective Equipment could be applied during the
process of HIRARC. Besides that, during the HIRARC process, consultation and discussion
with safety personnel and workers is required in order to obtain factual information for
inclusion in HIRARC.
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 442 [email protected]
The information provided is useful and practical for use as reference rather than
conducting HIRARC based on own observation and judgment. In addition, training
requirement must also be included for all personnel to provide them with relevant knowledge
in identifying hazards, assessing risk, and controlling risk. For easy reference and tracking
purposes, HIRARC documents must be documented by explaining the method for the
documentation process. In terms of the perfectness of risk matrices used in this Guideline,
Ball and Watt [16] examined the reliability and utility of risk matrices used for hazard ranking
purposes. Even though the context of the study involves public leisure activities, the outcome
from the study could still be used to improve current risk matrix tables, which are used
widely. For example, the study showed that different assessors might give different hazard
ranking results from the same hazard, which would affect the effectiveness of control
measures to be taken. Therefore, this is an important input to consider in the development
process of risk assessment tools for a confined space. The HIRARC MY requirements are
further reviewed based on three factors that contribute to the process of risk assessment for a
confined space, as follows:
a. Practical application for confined space safety activities
The HIRARC requirements that could be practically applied are conducting Hazard
Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) by developing a HIRARC
team, all of which consist of confined space personnel. The personnel would have their own
function in the HIRARC activities where the effectiveness of results from the findings would
be concluded and verified by the team leader. Prior to that, the personnel are required to
undergo training or workshops related to risk assessment to ensure they are equipped with the
required skills and knowledge for the HIRARC process. The approved HIRARC will then be
distributed and briefed to all relevant confined space personnel as guidance and reference
prior to occupancy.
b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work for confined spaces
In enhancing the safe system of work, all the HIRARC requirements could be used as
guidance—separated into sub-elements of HIRARC with each element described in detail
such as procedure in planning & conducting HIRARC, controlling method, documentation
procedure, and procedure for training, as suited to the selected workplace environment.
Examples of forms that are provided such as Workplace Hazards and Checklist for Workplace
Hazard could contribute towards enhancing the safe system of work for confined spaces.
c. Suitability for inclusion in the elements of risk assessment for a confined space
The risk assessment approach in the HIRARC Guidelines are suitable for use as input in the
elements of risk assessment for a confined space. The most significant sections - Planning &
conducting HIRARC and controlling the coverage - are clearly explained such as the process
of HIRARC, selection of suitable control, types of control, and monitoring the controls.
Examples of forms that are provided such as the HIRARC form, Worked Example: Scenario 1
& 2, Hazard Identification Technique, and Job Hazard Analysis could serve as valuable input
as elements of risk assessment for a confined space. From the review, it can be concluded that
the HIRARC Guidelines indeed contribute towards improving the risk assessment process for
a confined space, specifically for practical applications, enhancing the safe system of work,
and as elements of risk assessment for confined space work.
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2.7. Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management System
(OSHMS)
The Guideline requirements for OSHMS Malaysia are outlined in Table 8:
Table 8 Guideline Requirements of OSHMS Malaysia
NO. REQUIREMENTS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
1
Describes the OSH
MS in an
organization
according to 5
Categories of OSH
elements from the
ILO-OSH
conceptual
framework.
Policy—Occupational
Safety and Health policy
requirements are outlined
for every organization
and how to formulate the
policy. It also states
employee participation in
safety and health at the
workplace and how the
participation strategy is
undertaken by the
employer.
The requirements to
establish a policy in an
organization is suitable
for implementation, as it
would show full
commitment from the
employer in regard to
the health safety of their
workers.
The policy established
would be used as a
guide in ensuring all
safe work systems are
practiced accordingly,
especially during the
process of developing
risk assessment tools
for a confined space.
Organising—the
responsibility,
accountability, and
authority of an
employee, competency,
training & awareness,
and OSH MS
documentation (ILO-
OSH 2001
Implementation Manual)
and the importance of
communication amongst
all personnel in an
organization are
described.
This element could be
use a reference in the
effective ways of
organizing the
occupational safety and
health management in
workplace.
Effective organizing of
workplace health &
safety would resulted
in a high standard of
safety compliance
which would indirectly
contribute to teamwork
spirit during the
development process
of risk assessment.
Planning and
Implementation—Initial
Review or gap analysis
requirements,
occupational safety and
health objectives &
occupational safety and
health plan to ensure the
direction is on track,
Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment & Risk
Control requirements,
emergency prevention,
preparedness and
response requirements,
management of change
in organisation,
procurement
The element outlined is
useful as reference and
can be practiced in
organizations since it
covers most of the
hazard and risks
observed in a workplace
with additional elements
consisting of
administrative
approaches.
This approach is much
related to the process
of risk assessment
since it outlines the
elements consisting of
Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment &
Risk Control, which
could be used as input
for the development of
risk assessment tools
for a confined space.
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 444 [email protected]
NO. REQUIREMENTS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
CONCEPT SUITABILITY RELEVANCE
requirements, and
contracting requirements
are outlined.
Evaluation—
performance monitoring
& measurement
requirements, incident
investigation, audit and
management review are
outlined.
Measurement of safe
work system
implementation is part
of the requirements that
employers must
undertake to ensure the
effectiveness of the
system, which could be
used for further
improvements.
The sub-elements of
the evaluation stage
consists of closely
monitoring the
performance of the safe
work system in the
workplace, which
could be used and
relates to enhancing the
process of risk
assessment for a
confined space.
Action for
Improvement—
preventive & corrective
action and continual
improvement
requirements are
outlined.
The findings from the
performance
measurements will be
used as a basis for
further improvements
for which the
management must
practice and act pro-
actively.
The elements from
action for
improvements are not
directly related to the
risk assessment process
but the continual
improvement concept
that is practiced would
serve as a useful input
for enhancing risk
assessment tools for a
confined space.
2.7.1. A Review of OSHMS Malaysia
This review on the Guidelines of Occupational Safety and Health Management System
(OSHMS MY) is according to the identified requirements outlined in Table 7, where the
review approach is based on the most practical implementation relevant to the process of risk
assessment for a confined space.
The reviewed OSHMS MY requirements refer to the ILO-OSH Conceptual Framework,
which consists of policy, organizing, planning and implementation, evaluation, and action for
improvement. In every organization, there is a requirement to establish a policy, especially a
health and safety policy, to prove the commitment of the employer towards their employees.
Encouraging written words from the employer would also raise the spirits of the employee
when carrying out their duties. To achieve this objective, the employer should take the
initiative to ensure all employees are well-versed with the policy and understand the purpose
of the policy. The element of organizing describes the responsibilities of employees, the
competency requirements—including training and awareness - and communication amongst
all personnel. For planning and implementation, the initiative should be geared towards the
way forward for practicing occupational safety and health management systems. Examples of
this approach include occupational safety and health plan and objectives, requirements for
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control, and management of change. The
evaluation stage should review the performance of the approach implementation such as
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monitoring, audit, and management review where the outcomes from this evaluation will be
used as a platform for improvement.
The list of actions for improvement must be implemented accordingly through an
appropriate corrective action strategy where the recommendation towards continual
improvement is warranted. Besides that, most organizations that practice the occupational
safety and health management system in the workplace still experience a number of accidents.
It is also observed that certain accidents reported are due to simple mistakes where the task
that was carried out lacked monitoring by the person in charge. Because of these reasons,
Jørgensen and Duijm [17] conducted a study to assess the potential risk that leads to accidents
and the ways to promote safety awareness to all workers by improving the risk assessment
approach. As an example, in their study, two occupations were identified and the risk profile
of each trade collected and analyzed. From the information gathered, an effective risk
assessment for employers and employees was proposed. From the study conducted, the
approach is also practical for use in the process of risk assessment for confined space work as
an accident prevention program via the selection of several critical tasks, which have a high
potential of accidents occurring. The OSHMS MY requirements are further reviewed based
on three factors that contribute to the process of risk assessment for confined spaces, as
follows:
a. Practical application for confined space activities
The requirements to develop a safety and health policy for an organization is observed as a
good method to prove the employer’s overall commitment towards its employees. For
confined space activities, the statement written in the policy could be applied in routine safety
activities while carrying out works as long as everyone is aware of the importance of this
policy. It is crucial that the workers inculcate the word ‘commitment’ in order to achieve the
objectives of the policy. Moreover, regular briefings with all personnel about their
accountability and responsibility are required and should be followed up with effective
communication amongst workers, conducting regular safety training for all workers,
competency validity audits, conducting a review on risk assessment such as Job Safety
Analysis, regularly practicing emergency drills and rescues and conducting safety inspections,
and taking actions for the proposed control measures.
b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work
From the Guideline requirements, inputs that could be added to enhance the safe system of
work are the establishment of a policy suited to the nature of work to be carried out, training
and competency of all relevant personnel, communication amongst all personnel, regular
review on the work process, development of safety and health plan for projects, procedure on
risk assessment, emergency response and preparedness, measurement of occupational safety
and health performance, conducting audits and inspections, and taking the appropriate action
regarding the proposed control measures.
c. Suitability for inclusion in the elements of risk assessment
The requirements stated in OSHMS MY Guidelines are not directly relevant to the risk
assessment approach except when it comes to the planning and implementation stage, which
describes the requirements to conduct Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk
Control. To this end, the requirements that can suitably be included in the element of risk
assessment are the competency of personnel involved in a confined space, relevant training
for jobs to be carried out, communication effectiveness, Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment, and Risk Control review, update, and effectiveness, emergency response
Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Nurazean Maarop
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 446 [email protected]
preparedness readiness, monitoring confined space atmosphere, and effectiveness of
corrective action.
Based on the above review, it can be concluded that the OSHMS MY could be used as
part of the contribution factor to enhance confined space risk assessment activities even
though not all requirements directly apply to risk assessment. However, the example of
formats provided such as safety and health policy, training plans, training records, emergency
management checklist, legal requirements, HIRARC, incident investigation, checklist
compliance audit, and corrective action, are a useful guide to further improve the practical
application, safe system of work, and as an element of risk assessment for confined space
work.
3. COMPARISON OF GUIDELINES
The seven Guidelines that have been reviewed are compared with the risk assessment
elements stated in each Guideline. The outcomes from this comparison will serve as a trigger
towards enhancing the risk assessment method prior to planning for working in a confined
space. Referring to the risk assessment comparison of each Guideline, MoD UK, BCGA UK,
ASHRAE US, ICOP Malaysia, and HIRARC Malaysia directly presented the risk assessment
element concept, whereas HSE UK and OSHMS Malaysia presented this indirectly through
an established management concept approach. Each Guideline also implemented its own
approach in conducting risk assessments. MoD UK conducted its risk assessment by referring
to the HSE Code of Practice L101 and supported by a set of forms. Prior to confined space
entry, the risk rating is determined by referring to the likelihood and severity scale. In
addition, Permit to Work is applied and supplemented by a relevant checklist. The HSE UK
Guideline stated safe working in confined space in general without a specific method for
assessing risk. The BCGA UK Guideline implemented its own method for calculating risk,
specifically for the drink dispenser industry. It also included its own risk category and control
action. The ASHRAE US Guideline provided a comprehensive method for assessing risk.
The quantitative and qualitative methods used are the best approach for this Guideline,
specifically for the management of risk in Public health and safety of buildings. Prior to that,
it also explained the risk management framework, which is useful for the management of risk
in an organization. The risk assessment approach of the ICOP Malaysia Guidelines detailed
out the confined space entry program. The procedure in assessing risk was stated with respect
to confined space work where the method for estimating risk was in accordance to the
HIRARC guideline. The HIRARC Malaysia guideline is aimed solely for Hazard
Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control. The method for conducting HIRARC was
explained in detail. A likelihood and severity table was provided to determine the risk level
and risk matrices of an activity and a risk action table was used for risk control strategy.
Finally, the OSH MS Malaysia Guidelines mentioned risk assessment requirements in the
planning and implementation stage. Its approach in conducting risk assessment is similar to
the HIRARC guideline including its likelihood, severity, risk matrices, and risk action table.
From this comparison, it can be concluded that each Guideline has its own method and
concept for assessing risk, specifically to suit the purpose of the Guideline. The best risk
assessment in confined space works was given by the Mod UK Guidelines. This can be
observed through the arrangement of a safe work system presented, which includes a
flowchart, diagram, and sample assessment forms. In terms of risk assessment techniques,
ASHRAE US is a good example to follow, due to the qualitative and quantitative approach it
applies throughout its Guidelines. In order to improve the Malaysian safe work practices for a
confined space, examples of the method for assessing risk and other relevant inputs from the
A Review on Guidelines Related to the Risk Assessment of A Confined Space
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Guidelines could be integrated to ensure that the risk assessment tools developed are practical
and suited to all tasks in a confined space.
Furthermore, the hazards that appear during the works must be recognized and acted upon
accordingly. These issues apply to all types of work sites to ensure they are well managed
since most workers would be present at their place of work. The importance of hazard
recognition and risk perception was mentioned in a study that measured the ability of
management personnel to recognize and perceive risk in their routine workplace [18]. A
recent study also showed that the main contributor towards fatality in a confined space in
Canada was due to the hazardous atmosphere [19].
4. CONCLUSION
The seven Guidelines, namely MoD UK, HSE UK, BCGA UK, ASHRAE US, ICOP
Malaysia, HIRARC Malaysia, and OSH MS Malaysia, are reviewed specifically in terms of
the identified requirements and contribution factors, as clearly described in the Guideline
requirements. With each Guideline requirement, it can be observed that the important
approach for risk assessment element is specifically carried out for the purpose of the
Guideline. This review of the Guidelines reveals that every Guideline has its own contributory
elements towards risk assessment, especially in regard to risk assessment methodologies for
confined space works. The comparison between Guidelines conducted in this study, which
specifically focuses on the risk assessment elements, showed that every Guideline has its own
unique method in assessing risk. These could be used to improve Malaysian safe work
practices for a confined space. For instance, the best approach for risk assessment identified
as useful could be integrated to form the basis for enhancing risk assessment tools for
confined space works. Finally, several literatures are referred, which provide useful input for
risk assessment improvement strategies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their greatest appreciation and utmost gratitude to the
Ministry of Higher Education, UTM Razak School of Engineering & Advanced Technology,
and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for all their support towards making this study a
success. UTM Vote No: Q.K130000.2540.15H36.
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