a report on radar system

Nnaemeka Nweke | Telecommunications Technology | March 19, 2014

A REPORT ON RADAR SYSTEM

A Report on Radar System, Federal University of Technology Owerri. 1 March 19, 2014

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS REPORT IS THE ORIGINAL

WORK OF;

NAMES REG. NUMBER

NWEKE FRANK NNAEMEKA

(GROUP LEADER)

20101742916

BECHEM COLLINS TABE 20101713336

BENSON FRANCIS 20101766106

KADURU EMEKA. A 20101729696

AMANDE EMEKA. F 20101742776

OFOEGBU CHRISTOPHER 20101753176

GEORGE WALTER 20101729646

UBADINMA CLEMENTINA 20101753256

NWANEGBO ONYEKA. G 20101725664

ANYOGU PETER TOCHUKWU 20101713316


INTRODUCTION

Radar (acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging) is an object-detection system that

uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can

be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather

formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or

microwaves that bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of

the wave's energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at the same site as the

transmitter.

Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and during World War II. The

term RADAR itself, not the actual development, was coined in 1940 by the United

States Navy as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging .[1][2] The term radar has

since entered English and other languages as the common noun radar, losing all

capitalization.

The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar

astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems ; marine radars to locate

landmarks and other ships; aircraft anti-collision systems; ocean surveillance systems,

outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation

monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided missile target locating

systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological observations.


CHAPTER ONE

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE SECONDARY SURVILLIENCE RADAR SYSTEM

AS USED IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC).

The following Air Traffic Control (ATC) surveillance, approach and landing radars are

commonly used in Air Traffic Management (ATM):

en-route radar systems,

Air Surveillance Radar (ASR) systems,

Precision Approach Radar (PAR) systems,

Surface movement radars, and

Special weather radars.

EN ROUTE RADARS

En-route radar systems operate in L-Band usually. This radar sets initially detect and

determine the position, course, and speed of air targets in a relatively large area up

to 250 nautical miles (NM).

A typically en-route radar Air Surveillance Radar (ASR)


Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) is approach control radar used to detect and display

an aircraft's position in the terminal area. These radar sets Operate usually in E-

Band, and are capable of reliably detecting and tracking aircraft at altitudes below

25,000 feet (7,620 meters) and within 40 to 60 nautical miles (75 to 110 km) of their

airport.

ASR-12 A typically Air Surveillance.

PRECISION APPROACH RADAR (PAR)

The ground-controlled approach is a control mode in which an aircraft is able to land

in bad weather. The pilot is guided by ground control using precision approach radar.

The guidance information is obtained by the radar operator and passed to the

aircraft by either voice radio or a computer link to the aircraft.


A typical diagram of PAR.

SURFACE MOVEMENT RADAR (SMR)

The Surface Movement Radar (SMR) scans the airport surface to locate the positions

of aircraft and ground vehicles and displays them for air traffic controllers in bad

weather. Surface movement radars operate in J- to Xband and uses an extremely

short pulse-width to provide an acceptable range-resolution. SMR are part of the

Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE).

SPECIAL WEATHER-RADAR APPLCATION

Weather radar is very important for the air traffic management. There are weather-

radars specially designed for the air traffic safety.


PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

The interrogator on the ground transmits coded pulses with different modes. Every

mode represents a different question. For conventional SSR the choice of question is

very simple. The controller wants to identify of the aircraft (‘WHO ARE YOU’). The

Radar gives a two dimensional position fix of the aircraft, but air traffic control is

very much a three dimensional positional fix. These different determine the MODE

of operation. The aircrafts transponder reply with a CODE. The chosen mode is

encoded in the coder. (By the different modes different questions can be defined to

the airplane). The transmitter modulates these coded impulses with the RF

frequency. Because another frequency than on the replay path is used on the

interrogation path, an expensive duplexer can be renounced. The antenna is usually

mounted on the antenna of the primary radar unit and turns synchronously to the

deflection on the monitor-frequency.

The diagram of the following operated principle is below;


CHAPTER TWO

RELATED SIGNAL PROCESSING SCHEME

Signal processing is an area of systems engineering, electrical engineering and

applied mathematics that deals with operations or analysis of analog as well as

digitized signals, representing time –varying or spatially physical quantities.

There are some other signals processing namely:

Digital signal processing

Nonlinear signal processing

Analog signal processing

Discrete signal processing


NONLINEAR SIGNAL PROCESSING

It involves the analysis and processing of signals produces from nonlinear system and

can be in the time, frequency, or spatio- temporal domain. Nonlinear system can

produce highly complex behavior including (Bifurcations, chaos, harmonics, and sub

harmonic) which cannot be produced or analyzed using linear methods.

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

In digital signal processing is of digitized discrete-time sampled signal. Processing is

done by general purpose computer or by digital circuits such as ASIC, field

programmable gate arrays processor. The typical operation includes fixed- point and

floating-point, real valued and complex valued multiplication and addition. Other

typical operation supported are circular buffers and look up tables examples of

algorithms are (FFT) finite impulse response (FIR) filters and adaptive filters such as

the wiener and kalman filters and infinite impulse response (IIR).

DESCRETE-TIME SIGNAL PROCESSING

It is for sampled signal defined only at discrete point in time but not in magnitude.

Analog discrete-time signal processing s a technology based on electronics devices

such as (sample and hold circuit, analog time division multiplexers, analog delay lines

and analog feedback shift register).this technology was a predecessor of digital signal

processing.

ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING

This is for signal that has not been digitalized, as in legacy radio, telephone, radar,

and television systems. This involves linear electronic circuits as well as non-linear

ones. The former are for instance (passive filters, active filters, additive filters and

delay lines) while non-linear circuits include compandors, multiplicators, frequency

mixers and voltage –controlled oscillators and phase- cocked loops.


CHAPTER THREE

FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIOUS BLOCKS OF MONOSTATIC PULSE RADAR

ANTENNA SYSTEM

It transfers the transmitter energy to signals in space with the required distribution

and efficiency. This process is applied in an identical way on reception.

INDICATOR

It produces a visual indication of the echo pulses in a manner

That, at a minimum, furnishes range and bearing information

RECEIVER

It amplifies the weak; electromagnetic pulses returned from the reflecting object and

reproduce them as video pulses that are sent to the indicator.

DUPLEXER SYSTEM: - It allows the antenna to be used for transmitting and receiving.

Timer: - it supplies the synchronizing signal that time the transmitter pulses, the

indicator, & other associated circuits.

TRANSMITTER: - This generates electromagnetic energy in the form of short,

powerful pulses.


CHAPTER FOUR

A LINK BUDGET OF A SATELLITE SYSTEM

The link budget determines the antenna size to deploy, power requirements, link

availability, bit error rate, as well as the overall customer satisfaction with the

satellite service. A link Budget is a tabular method for evaluating the power received

and the noise ratio in a radio link.

The following table for link budget may be implemented

Feature Data Results Unit

Maximum Distance 1160 KM

Transmission Power 25 dbm

Transmission Loss 1 dB

Transmission Antenna Gain 4,5 dB

EIRP 30,5 dB

Free Space Loss 161,47 dB

Atmospheric Absorption 1 dB

Polarization Loss 3 dB

Antenna Misalignment Loss 1 dB

Propagation Loss 166,47 dB

Satellite Antenna Gain 35 dB

System Noise Temperature 110,11 K

Figure of Merit 14,59 Db/K

Boltzmann Constant -228,6 Db/k/Hz

Pr/N0 77,22 dBHz

Bit Rate 9600 Bit/s

Eb/N0 37,4 dB

BER 10-5

Eb/N0 @ 10-5 9,6 dB

Downlink Margin 27,8 dB


SUMMARY

In conclusion, radar is something that is used all around us even though it is normally

invisible. When people use radar, they are usually trying to accomplish one of three

things; detecting the presence of an object at a distance, detect the speed of an object,

or to map something. All three of these activities can be accomplished simply by using

echo and Doppler shift. These two concepts are easy to understand because your ear

hears echo and Doppler shift every day. Radar makes use of the same techniques using

radio waves.

One particular usage of this radar technology is for transportation purposes. For many

people, speeding is a normal part of daily life. This law bending is so common and also

so accepted that there is even a special electronic equipment to help drivers get away

with it. Since their introduction in 1970s by Mike Churchman, radar detectors have

become a must have accessories for high-speed drivers. To understand how radar

detector work, you first have to know what they are detecting.


REFRENCE

Mir, H. S., and J. D. Wilkinson, “Radar Target Resolution Probability in a Noise-Limited

Environment,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 44(3), pp.

1234–1239, July 2008.

Morris, G. V., and L. Harkness (eds.), Airborne Pulsed Doppler Radar, 2d ed. Artech

House, Boston, MA, 1996.

Nathanson, F. E., (with J. P. Reilly and M. N. Cohen), Radar Design Principles, 2d

edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991.

Nitzberg, R., Radar Signal Processing and Adaptive Systems, 2d ed. Artech House,

Boston, MA, 1999.

Oppenheim, A. V., and R. W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2d ed. Prentice

Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1999.

Papoulis, A., The Fourier Integral and Its Applications, 2d ed. McGraw-Hill, New York,

1987.

Peebles, Jr., P. Z., Radar Principles. Wiley, New York, 1998.

Richards, M. A., J. A. Scheer, and W. A. Holm (eds.), Principles of Modern Radar: Basic

Principles.

SciTech Publishing, Raleigh, NC, 2010.

Scheer, J. A. and W. L. Melvin (eds.), Principles of Modern Radar: Radar Applications.

SciTech Publishing, Edison, NJ, to appear 2014.

Sherman, S. M., Monopulse Principles and Techniques. Artech House, Boston, MA,

1984.

Skolnik, M. I., Introduction to Radar Systems, 3d ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.

Soumekh, M., Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing with MATLAB Algorithms. J.

Wiley, New York, 1999.

a report on radar system

Documents

control radar

radar dish

term radar

radar sets

radar astronomy

radars enroute radar

introduction radar acronym

modern uses of radar