a network architecture for localized electrical energy

A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy Reduction,

Generation and SharingDavid Culler

Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, and TeamUniversity of California, Berkeley

“Energy permits things to exist; information, to behave purposefully.” W. Ware, 1997

A new kind of Roadmap for CS

2

Qua

ds

19731949 2005 2030 2050


2

Qua

ds

19731949 2005 2030 2050

1990


2

Qua

ds

19731949 2005 2030 2050

199050%


2

Qua

ds

19731949 2005 2030 2050

199050%

80%

Towards an “Aware” Energy Infrastructure

3

Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Oblivious Loads

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3


TransmissionGeneration DemandDistribution







3


Non-Dispatchable Sources








3


Non-Dispatchable Sources Aware Interactive

Loads








3



Communication

Aware Interactive Loads








3


Communication


Communication

Aware Interactive Loads







Where to Start?

4

Renewable energy consumption

Electricity source

Where to Start?

• Buildings– 72% of electrical consumption (US), – 40-50% of total consumption, – 42% of GHG footprint– US commercial building consumption

doubled 1980-2000, 1.5x more by 2025 [NREL]

4


Electricity source

Where to Start?



• Where Coal is used

4


Electricity source

Where to Start?



• Where Coal is used• Prime target of opportunity for

renewable supplies

4


Electricity source

Load-following Supply

5

Load-following Supply (really !)

6Source: EEX spot prices.

Growing proportion of renewables leads to higher price volatility. October 2008 to March 2010:

-500.02Daily minimum price (indicated in red when negative)Daily maximum price

494.26

€/M

Wh

Merit-orderaveragerange

Start from Scratch?

7

Start from Scratch?

• No!

7

Grid Exists

8

Conventional Electric Grid

GenerationTransmission

DistributionLoad




























Internet Exists

9



DistributionLoad

Conventional Internet




























Intelligent Energy Network as Overlay on Both

10



DistributionLoad


Intelligent Energy Network as Overlay on Both

10



DistributionLoad

Intelligent Energy Network

Load IPS

Source IPS

energy subnet

Intelligent Power Switch


11


• Scalable Building Block– Network + Power– Monitor, Predict, Communicate, Control

• Decouple: Buffering vs Scheduling


(IPS)

Energy Network

Power-Comm Interface

EnergyStorage

PowerGeneration

Host Load

energy flows

information flows

A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

powerInternet

Grid

AHU

Chill

CT

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A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

powerInternet

Grid

IPS

IPS

IPS

AHU

Chill

CT

































A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

powerInternet

Grid

IPS

IPS

IPS

AHU

Chill

CT

IPS

































A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

power

now

Load profile

w

Internet

Grid

IPS

IPS

IPS

AHU

Chill

CT

IPS

































A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

power

now

Load profile

w$now

Price profile

w

Internet

Grid

IPS

IPS

IPS

AHU

Chill

CT

IPS

































A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

power

now

Load profile

w$now

Price profile

w

now

Actual load

w

Internet

Grid

IPS

IPS

IPS

AHU

Chill

CT

IPS

































A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

power

now

Load profile

w$now

Price profile

w

now

Actual load

w

Internet

Grid

IPS

IPS

IPS

AHU

Chill

CT

IPS

IPS

Bldg Energy Network

































A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

power

now

Load profile

w$now

Price profile

w

now

Actual load

w

IPS

IPS

IPSInternet

Grid

IPS

IPS

IPS

AHU

Chill

CT

IPS

IPS

Bldg Energy Network

































A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

power

now

Load profile

w$now

Price profile

w

now

Actual load

w

IPS

IPS

IPSInternet

GridData center

IPS

IPS

M/R Energy

Net

IPS

IPS

IPS

AHU

Chill

CT

IPS

IPS

Bldg Energy Network

































A Cooperative Grid

12

comm

power

now

Load profile

w$now

Price profile

w

now

Actual load

w

IPS

IPS

IPSInternet

GridData center

IPS

IPS

M/R Energy

Net

IPS

IPS

IPS

AHU

Chill

CT

IPS

IPS

Bldg Energy Network Power proportional services

































Stages of Energy Effectiveness

13


• Waste elimination– Do Nothing Well !!!

13



• Power Proportionality – Power : Performance (utilization)– Partial Load - from nothing to peakl

13




• Sculpting– Identify the energy slack and utilize it

13




• Sculpting– Identify the energy slack and utilize it

• Negotiated Grid / Load / Human Interaction– Plan, Forecast, Negotiate, Manage

13

14

Our Buildings

14

Envir

onm

enta

l

Our Buildings

14

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

Our Buildings

14

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

• Wasteful

Our Buildings

14

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.

Our Buildings

14

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.• Predictable

Our Buildings

14

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.• Predictable• Sculptable ?

Our Buildings

14

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.• Predictable• Sculptable ?

Our Buildings

Do nothing poorly

15

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

Our Buildings

15

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

Lighting

Our Buildings

15

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

Lighting

Our Buildings

HVAC

15

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

Lighting

Our Buildings

HVACIT and Plug Load

15

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

Lighting

Servers

PDUs, CRACs

Our Buildings


15

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

Lighting

Servers

PDUs, CRACs

Our Buildings


Design

15

Envir

onm

enta

lOpe

ratio

nal

Lighting

Servers

PDUs, CRACs

Our Buildings


DesignUse

Waste Less

16

The Data tells the story…

• Monitor Based Commissioning– Eliminate simultaneous heat/cool– AC91 on schedule

17

The Data tells the story…

• Monitor Based Commissioning– Eliminate simultaneous heat/cool– AC91 on schedule

17

?

IT does nothing poorly too

18

“The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing,” Luiz André Barroso,Urs Hölzle, IEEE Computer December 2007 – study of 5,000 servers

IT does nothing poorly too

18


ave

IT does nothing poorly too• Designed for peak

18


ave

IT does nothing poorly too• Designed for peak• 10-50% Power Prop.

18


ave

IT does nothing poorly too• Designed for peak• 10-50% Power Prop.• As bad as buildings

18


ave

Where does the Power go?

• The Glue, not the processor

Core i7

Atom 333

Westmere

Power Proportional IT Cloud

20

Capacity

IPSRequests

Power

ForecastsAvailability

Energy “Slack”

21

Thermostatically Controlled Load

Energy “Slack”

21

Thermostatically Controlled Load

IPS

Energy “Slack”

21

Thermostatically Controlled Load Set Point

IPS

Supply-Following Loads

22

Cyber / Physical Buildings

BMS

Cyber Physical BuildingLi

ght

Tran

spor

tProcess Loads

Occupant Demand

Legacy Instrumentation & Control Interfaces

Pervasive Sensing

Activity/UsageStreams

BIM BITS

PIB

Activity Models

Multi-Objective Model-Driven

Control

Building IntegratedOperating System

External

HVA

C

Elec

tric

al

Faul

t, A

ttack

, Ano

mal

y D

etec

t &M

anag

emen

t

Control Plan and Schedule

Physical Models

Human-B

uilding

Interfac

e

Layered Arch. for Physical Info

24

Physical Building Systems SensorsComms Links

Logical Meta-Data Networks

ModelPhysical Information

Events Repositories

Analysis

Presentation

SimulationRecommissioning

Diagnosis

Portals User FeedbackOADR

Forecast

Narrow Waist ?

Electrical

Weather

GeographicalWater

EnvironmentalStructuralActuator

Occupancy

sMAP

Modeling

VisualizationContinuous

CommissioningControl

PersonalFeedback

DebuggingStorage LocationAuthentication

Actuation

App

licat

ions

Phys

ical

Info

rmat

ion

sMAP restful web services

/ # list resource under URI root [GET] /data # list sense points under resource data [GET] / [sense_point] # select a sense points [GET] /meter # meters provide this service [GET] /[channel] # a particular channel [GET] /reading # meter reading [GET] /format # calibration and units [GET/POST] /parameter # sampling parameter [GET/POST] /profile # history of readings [GET]/reporting # create and query periodic reports [GET/POST]

POST requests supply JSON objects as arguments: POST: http://meter1.cs.berkeley.edu/reporting/create { "ReportResource" : "/data/325/meter/*/reading", "ReportDeliveryLocation" : "http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/recv.php", "Period" : 0, "Minimum" : 50, "Maximum" : 100 }

Internet

Cell phonesMAP Gateway

sMAP

Modbus RS-485

sMAP

sMAP Gateway

EBHTTP / IPv6 / 6LowPANWireless Mesh Network

sMAP

sMAP

sMAP

sMAP

Edge Router

Temperature/PAR/TSR

Vibration / Humidity

AC plug meter

Light switch

Den

t ci

rcui

t m

eter

Prox

y Se

rver

EBH

TTP

Tran

slat

ion

California ISO

sMAP Gateway

sMAP Resources Applications

Google PowerMeter

WeathersMAP

Every Building

Database

IP everywhere / Real World Web

In an Intelligent Energy Network

28

Load IPS

Source IPS

energy subnet

















28

Load IPS

Source IPS

energy subnet


• Monitor, Model, Mitigate• Deep instrumentation• Waste elimination• Efficient Operation

• Shifting, Scheduling, Adaptation
















28

Load IPS

Source IPS

energy subnet




• Forecasting• Tracking• Market
















28

Load IPS

Source IPS

energy subnet




• Forecasting• Tracking• Market

• Availability• Pricing• Planning















Path Forward

29

Des

ign

Use

Path Forward

• Any Power Consumer can …– Measure its Performance and Consumption,– Communicate, and have Intelligence and Control

29

Des

ign

Use

Path Forward


• Eliminate waste

29

Des

ign

Use

Path Forward


• Eliminate waste• Schedule Consumption

29

Des

ign

Use

Path Forward


• Eliminate waste• Schedule Consumption• Adapt Quality of Service

29

Des

ign

Use

Thanks

30

Power Proportionality

• Measure of scaling down to partial load31

California Energy Mix

• Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS)• 36 of 50 states have set goals• Near-term goals range from 10% to 25%

• California RPS• 2008: 10%• 2010: 20%• 2020: 33%

Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency. http://www.dsireusa.org4/29

Building Grid

33

Building Grid

• large complex loads

33

Building Grid

• large complex loads• Monitor, Model, Mitigate

33

Building Grid

• large complex loads• Monitor, Model, Mitigate

33


Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Load
























Building Grid

• large complex loads• Monitor, Model, Mitigate• In concert with an intelligent

grid

33


Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Load
























Building Information

34


34

Load Tree


34

Load TreeClimate Plant


34


Operations and Environment


34

CT: mains power

monitoring

panel level power

monitoring

ACme: plug load energy monitor and controller




34

CT: mains power

monitoring

panel level power

monitoring

ACme: plug load energy monitor and controller

TemperatureHumidity

Vibration

Pressure



a network architecture for localized electrical energy

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