a network architecture for localized electrical energy
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy Reduction,
Generation and SharingDavid Culler
Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, and TeamUniversity of California, Berkeley
“Energy permits things to exist; information, to behave purposefully.” W. Ware, 1997
![Page 2: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy Reduction,
Generation and SharingDavid Culler
Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, and TeamUniversity of California, Berkeley
“Energy permits things to exist; information, to behave purposefully.” W. Ware, 1997
![Page 3: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A new kind of Roadmap for CS
2
Qua
ds
19731949 2005 2030 2050
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A new kind of Roadmap for CS
2
Qua
ds
19731949 2005 2030 2050
![Page 5: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A new kind of Roadmap for CS
2
Qua
ds
19731949 2005 2030 2050
1990
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A new kind of Roadmap for CS
2
Qua
ds
19731949 2005 2030 2050
1990
![Page 7: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A new kind of Roadmap for CS
2
Qua
ds
19731949 2005 2030 2050
199050%
![Page 8: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A new kind of Roadmap for CS
2
Qua
ds
19731949 2005 2030 2050
199050%
80%
![Page 9: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A new kind of Roadmap for CS
2
Qua
ds
19731949 2005 2030 2050
199050%
80%
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Towards an “Aware” Energy Infrastructure
3
Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Oblivious Loads
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Towards an “Aware” Energy Infrastructure
3
Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Oblivious Loads
TransmissionGeneration DemandDistribution
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Towards an “Aware” Energy Infrastructure
3
Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Oblivious Loads
Non-Dispatchable Sources
TransmissionGeneration DemandDistribution
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Towards an “Aware” Energy Infrastructure
3
Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Oblivious Loads
Non-Dispatchable Sources Aware Interactive
Loads
TransmissionGeneration DemandDistribution
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Towards an “Aware” Energy Infrastructure
3
Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Oblivious Loads
Non-Dispatchable Sources
Communication
Aware Interactive Loads
TransmissionGeneration DemandDistribution
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Towards an “Aware” Energy Infrastructure
3
Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Oblivious Loads
Communication
Non-Dispatchable Sources
Communication
Aware Interactive Loads
TransmissionGeneration DemandDistribution
![Page 16: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Towards an “Aware” Energy Infrastructure
3
Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Oblivious Loads
Communication
Non-Dispatchable Sources
Communication
Aware Interactive Loads
TransmissionGeneration DemandDistribution
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Where to Start?
4
Renewable energy consumption
Electricity source
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Where to Start?
• Buildings– 72% of electrical consumption (US), – 40-50% of total consumption, – 42% of GHG footprint– US commercial building consumption
doubled 1980-2000, 1.5x more by 2025 [NREL]
4
Renewable energy consumption
Electricity source
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Where to Start?
• Buildings– 72% of electrical consumption (US), – 40-50% of total consumption, – 42% of GHG footprint– US commercial building consumption
doubled 1980-2000, 1.5x more by 2025 [NREL]
• Where Coal is used
4
Renewable energy consumption
Electricity source
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Where to Start?
• Buildings– 72% of electrical consumption (US), – 40-50% of total consumption, – 42% of GHG footprint– US commercial building consumption
doubled 1980-2000, 1.5x more by 2025 [NREL]
• Where Coal is used• Prime target of opportunity for
renewable supplies
4
Renewable energy consumption
Electricity source
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Load-following Supply
5
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Load-following Supply
5
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Load-following Supply (really !)
6Source: EEX spot prices.
Growing proportion of renewables leads to higher price volatility. October 2008 to March 2010:
-500.02Daily minimum price (indicated in red when negative)Daily maximum price
494.26
€/M
Wh
Merit-orderaveragerange
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Start from Scratch?
7
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Start from Scratch?
• No!
7
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Grid Exists
8
Conventional Electric Grid
GenerationTransmission
DistributionLoad
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Internet Exists
9
Conventional Electric Grid
GenerationTransmission
DistributionLoad
Conventional Internet
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Intelligent Energy Network as Overlay on Both
10
Conventional Electric Grid
GenerationTransmission
DistributionLoad
Conventional Internet
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Intelligent Energy Network as Overlay on Both
10
Conventional Electric Grid
GenerationTransmission
DistributionLoad
Intelligent Energy Network
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
Conventional Internet
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Intelligent Energy Network as Overlay on Both
10
Conventional Electric Grid
GenerationTransmission
DistributionLoad
Intelligent Energy Network
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
Conventional Internet
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Intelligent Energy Network as Overlay on Both
10
Conventional Electric Grid
GenerationTransmission
DistributionLoad
Intelligent Energy Network
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
Conventional Internet
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11
Intelligent Power Switch
• Scalable Building Block– Network + Power– Monitor, Predict, Communicate, Control
• Decouple: Buffering vs Scheduling
Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)
Energy Network
Power-Comm Interface
EnergyStorage
PowerGeneration
Host Load
energy flows
information flows
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A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
powerInternet
Grid
AHU
Chill
CT
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A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
powerInternet
Grid
IPS
IPS
IPS
AHU
Chill
CT
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A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
powerInternet
Grid
IPS
IPS
IPS
AHU
Chill
CT
IPS
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A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
power
now
Load profile
w
Internet
Grid
IPS
IPS
IPS
AHU
Chill
CT
IPS
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A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
power
now
Load profile
w$now
Price profile
w
Internet
Grid
IPS
IPS
IPS
AHU
Chill
CT
IPS
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A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
power
now
Load profile
w$now
Price profile
w
now
Actual load
w
Internet
Grid
IPS
IPS
IPS
AHU
Chill
CT
IPS
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A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
power
now
Load profile
w$now
Price profile
w
now
Actual load
w
Internet
Grid
IPS
IPS
IPS
AHU
Chill
CT
IPS
IPS
Bldg Energy Network
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A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
power
now
Load profile
w$now
Price profile
w
now
Actual load
w
IPS
IPS
IPSInternet
Grid
IPS
IPS
IPS
AHU
Chill
CT
IPS
IPS
Bldg Energy Network
![Page 41: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
power
now
Load profile
w$now
Price profile
w
now
Actual load
w
IPS
IPS
IPSInternet
GridData center
IPS
IPS
M/R Energy
Net
IPS
IPS
IPS
AHU
Chill
CT
IPS
IPS
Bldg Energy Network
![Page 42: A Network Architecture for Localized Electrical Energy](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051520/627f66630f0d7b1adc4436fe/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
A Cooperative Grid
12
comm
power
now
Load profile
w$now
Price profile
w
now
Actual load
w
IPS
IPS
IPSInternet
GridData center
IPS
IPS
M/R Energy
Net
IPS
IPS
IPS
AHU
Chill
CT
IPS
IPS
Bldg Energy Network Power proportional services
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Stages of Energy Effectiveness
13
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Stages of Energy Effectiveness
• Waste elimination– Do Nothing Well !!!
13
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Stages of Energy Effectiveness
• Waste elimination– Do Nothing Well !!!
• Power Proportionality – Power : Performance (utilization)– Partial Load - from nothing to peakl
13
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Stages of Energy Effectiveness
• Waste elimination– Do Nothing Well !!!
• Power Proportionality – Power : Performance (utilization)– Partial Load - from nothing to peakl
• Sculpting– Identify the energy slack and utilize it
13
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Stages of Energy Effectiveness
• Waste elimination– Do Nothing Well !!!
• Power Proportionality – Power : Performance (utilization)– Partial Load - from nothing to peakl
• Sculpting– Identify the energy slack and utilize it
• Negotiated Grid / Load / Human Interaction– Plan, Forecast, Negotiate, Manage
13
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14
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
l
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
• Wasteful
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.• Predictable
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.• Predictable
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.• Predictable• Sculptable ?
Our Buildings
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14
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
• Wasteful• <20 % Power Prop.• Predictable• Sculptable ?
Our Buildings
Do nothing poorly
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15
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Our Buildings
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15
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Lighting
Our Buildings
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15
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Lighting
Our Buildings
HVAC
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15
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Lighting
Our Buildings
HVACIT and Plug Load
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15
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Lighting
Servers
PDUs, CRACs
Our Buildings
HVACIT and Plug Load
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15
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Lighting
Servers
PDUs, CRACs
Our Buildings
HVACIT and Plug Load
Design
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15
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Lighting
Servers
PDUs, CRACs
Our Buildings
HVACIT and Plug Load
DesignUse
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15
Envir
onm
enta
lOpe
ratio
nal
Lighting
Servers
PDUs, CRACs
Our Buildings
HVACIT and Plug Load
DesignUse
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Waste Less
16
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Waste Less
16
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Waste Less
16
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The Data tells the story…
• Monitor Based Commissioning– Eliminate simultaneous heat/cool– AC91 on schedule
17
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The Data tells the story…
• Monitor Based Commissioning– Eliminate simultaneous heat/cool– AC91 on schedule
17
?
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The Data tells the story…
• Monitor Based Commissioning– Eliminate simultaneous heat/cool– AC91 on schedule
17
?
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IT does nothing poorly too
18
“The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing,” Luiz André Barroso,Urs Hölzle, IEEE Computer December 2007 – study of 5,000 servers
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IT does nothing poorly too
18
“The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing,” Luiz André Barroso,Urs Hölzle, IEEE Computer December 2007 – study of 5,000 servers
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IT does nothing poorly too
18
“The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing,” Luiz André Barroso,Urs Hölzle, IEEE Computer December 2007 – study of 5,000 servers
ave
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IT does nothing poorly too• Designed for peak
18
“The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing,” Luiz André Barroso,Urs Hölzle, IEEE Computer December 2007 – study of 5,000 servers
ave
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IT does nothing poorly too• Designed for peak• 10-50% Power Prop.
18
“The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing,” Luiz André Barroso,Urs Hölzle, IEEE Computer December 2007 – study of 5,000 servers
ave
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IT does nothing poorly too• Designed for peak• 10-50% Power Prop.• As bad as buildings
18
“The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing,” Luiz André Barroso,Urs Hölzle, IEEE Computer December 2007 – study of 5,000 servers
ave
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Where does the Power go?
• The Glue, not the processor
Core i7
Atom 333
Westmere
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Power Proportional IT Cloud
20
Capacity
IPSRequests
Power
ForecastsAvailability
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Power Proportional IT Cloud
20
Capacity
IPSRequests
Power
ForecastsAvailability
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Energy “Slack”
21
Thermostatically Controlled Load
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Energy “Slack”
21
Thermostatically Controlled Load
IPS
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Energy “Slack”
21
Thermostatically Controlled Load
IPS
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Energy “Slack”
21
Thermostatically Controlled Load
IPS
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Energy “Slack”
21
Thermostatically Controlled Load Set Point
IPS
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Energy “Slack”
21
Thermostatically Controlled Load Set Point
IPS
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Energy “Slack”
21
Thermostatically Controlled Load Set Point
IPS
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Supply-Following Loads
22
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Cyber / Physical Buildings
BMS
Cyber Physical BuildingLi
ght
Tran
spor
tProcess Loads
Occupant Demand
Legacy Instrumentation & Control Interfaces
Pervasive Sensing
Activity/UsageStreams
BIM BITS
PIB
Activity Models
Multi-Objective Model-Driven
Control
Building IntegratedOperating System
External
HVA
C
Elec
tric
al
Faul
t, A
ttack
, Ano
mal
y D
etec
t &M
anag
emen
t
Control Plan and Schedule
Physical Models
Human-B
uilding
Interfac
e
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Layered Arch. for Physical Info
24
Physical Building Systems SensorsComms Links
Logical Meta-Data Networks
ModelPhysical Information
Events Repositories
Analysis
Presentation
SimulationRecommissioning
Diagnosis
Portals User FeedbackOADR
Forecast
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Narrow Waist ?
Electrical
Weather
GeographicalWater
EnvironmentalStructuralActuator
Occupancy
sMAP
Modeling
VisualizationContinuous
CommissioningControl
PersonalFeedback
DebuggingStorage LocationAuthentication
Actuation
App
licat
ions
Phys
ical
Info
rmat
ion
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sMAP restful web services
/ # list resource under URI root [GET] /data # list sense points under resource data [GET] / [sense_point] # select a sense points [GET] /meter # meters provide this service [GET] /[channel] # a particular channel [GET] /reading # meter reading [GET] /format # calibration and units [GET/POST] /parameter # sampling parameter [GET/POST] /profile # history of readings [GET]/reporting # create and query periodic reports [GET/POST]
POST requests supply JSON objects as arguments: POST: http://meter1.cs.berkeley.edu/reporting/create { "ReportResource" : "/data/325/meter/*/reading", "ReportDeliveryLocation" : "http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/recv.php", "Period" : 0, "Minimum" : 50, "Maximum" : 100 }
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Internet
Cell phonesMAP Gateway
sMAP
Modbus RS-485
sMAP
sMAP Gateway
EBHTTP / IPv6 / 6LowPANWireless Mesh Network
sMAP
sMAP
sMAP
sMAP
Edge Router
Temperature/PAR/TSR
Vibration / Humidity
AC plug meter
Light switch
Den
t ci
rcui
t m
eter
Prox
y Se
rver
EBH
TTP
Tran
slat
ion
California ISO
sMAP Gateway
sMAP Resources Applications
Google PowerMeter
WeathersMAP
Every Building
Database
IP everywhere / Real World Web
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Internet
Cell phonesMAP Gateway
sMAP
Modbus RS-485
sMAP
sMAP Gateway
EBHTTP / IPv6 / 6LowPANWireless Mesh Network
sMAP
sMAP
sMAP
sMAP
Edge Router
Temperature/PAR/TSR
Vibration / Humidity
AC plug meter
Light switch
Den
t ci
rcui
t m
eter
Prox
y Se
rver
EBH
TTP
Tran
slat
ion
California ISO
sMAP Gateway
sMAP Resources Applications
Google PowerMeter
WeathersMAP
Every Building
Database
IP everywhere / Real World Web
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In an Intelligent Energy Network
28
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
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In an Intelligent Energy Network
28
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
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In an Intelligent Energy Network
28
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
• Monitor, Model, Mitigate• Deep instrumentation• Waste elimination• Efficient Operation
• Shifting, Scheduling, Adaptation
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In an Intelligent Energy Network
28
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
• Monitor, Model, Mitigate• Deep instrumentation• Waste elimination• Efficient Operation
• Shifting, Scheduling, Adaptation
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In an Intelligent Energy Network
28
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
• Monitor, Model, Mitigate• Deep instrumentation• Waste elimination• Efficient Operation
• Shifting, Scheduling, Adaptation
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In an Intelligent Energy Network
28
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
• Monitor, Model, Mitigate• Deep instrumentation• Waste elimination• Efficient Operation
• Shifting, Scheduling, Adaptation
• Forecasting• Tracking• Market
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In an Intelligent Energy Network
28
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
• Monitor, Model, Mitigate• Deep instrumentation• Waste elimination• Efficient Operation
• Shifting, Scheduling, Adaptation
• Forecasting• Tracking• Market
• Availability• Pricing• Planning
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Path Forward
29
Des
ign
Use
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Path Forward
29
Des
ign
Use
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Path Forward
29
Des
ign
Use
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Path Forward
29
Des
ign
Use
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Path Forward
• Any Power Consumer can …– Measure its Performance and Consumption,– Communicate, and have Intelligence and Control
29
Des
ign
Use
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Path Forward
• Any Power Consumer can …– Measure its Performance and Consumption,– Communicate, and have Intelligence and Control
• Eliminate waste
29
Des
ign
Use
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Path Forward
• Any Power Consumer can …– Measure its Performance and Consumption,– Communicate, and have Intelligence and Control
• Eliminate waste• Schedule Consumption
29
Des
ign
Use
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Path Forward
• Any Power Consumer can …– Measure its Performance and Consumption,– Communicate, and have Intelligence and Control
• Eliminate waste• Schedule Consumption• Adapt Quality of Service
29
Des
ign
Use
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Thanks
30
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Power Proportionality
• Measure of scaling down to partial load31
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Power Proportionality
• Measure of scaling down to partial load31
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Power Proportionality
• Measure of scaling down to partial load31
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Power Proportionality
• Measure of scaling down to partial load31
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Power Proportionality
• Measure of scaling down to partial load31
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Power Proportionality
• Measure of scaling down to partial load31
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Power Proportionality
• Measure of scaling down to partial load31
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Power Proportionality
• Measure of scaling down to partial load31
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Power Proportionality
• Measure of scaling down to partial load31
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California Energy Mix
• Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS)• 36 of 50 states have set goals• Near-term goals range from 10% to 25%
• California RPS• 2008: 10%• 2010: 20%• 2020: 33%
Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency. http://www.dsireusa.org4/29
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California Energy Mix
• Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS)• 36 of 50 states have set goals• Near-term goals range from 10% to 25%
• California RPS• 2008: 10%• 2010: 20%• 2020: 33%
Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency. http://www.dsireusa.org4/29
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Building Grid
33
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Building Grid
33
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Building Grid
• large complex loads
33
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Building Grid
• large complex loads
33
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Building Grid
• large complex loads• Monitor, Model, Mitigate
33
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Building Grid
• large complex loads• Monitor, Model, Mitigate
33
Conventional Electric Grid
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Load
Conventional Internet
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Building Grid
• large complex loads• Monitor, Model, Mitigate• In concert with an intelligent
grid
33
Conventional Electric Grid
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Load
Conventional Internet
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Building Grid
• large complex loads• Monitor, Model, Mitigate• In concert with an intelligent
grid
33
Conventional Electric Grid
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Load
Conventional Internet
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Building Information
34
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Building Information
34
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Building Information
34
Load Tree
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Building Information
34
Load TreeClimate Plant
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Building Information
34
Load TreeClimate Plant
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Building Information
34
Load TreeClimate Plant
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Building Information
34
Load TreeClimate Plant
Operations and Environment
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Building Information
34
CT: mains power
monitoring
panel level power
monitoring
ACme: plug load energy monitor and controller
Load TreeClimate Plant
Operations and Environment
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Building Information
34
CT: mains power
monitoring
panel level power
monitoring
ACme: plug load energy monitor and controller
TemperatureHumidity
Vibration
Pressure
Load TreeClimate Plant
Operations and Environment