a morphological analysis of the suffix {-ful} in … · vi lembar pernyataan persetujuan publikasi...

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A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-FUL}

IN FORMING NEW LEXICAL CATEGORIES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

PRADINA FITRYANNISA

Student Number: 124214133

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2017

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, February 9, 2017

Pradina Fitryannisa


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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Pradina Fitryannisa

Nomor Mahasiswa : 124214133

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-FUL} IN

FORMING NEW LEXICAL CATEGORIES

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan

data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan memublikasikannya di internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin kepada saya

maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya

sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 9 Februari 2017

Yang menyatakan,

Pradina Fitryannisa


vii

Meilleur moment de l'année


viii

This undergraduate thesis

is dedicated to, the one and only,

my beloved mother


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks and praises to Almighty God, Allah SWT, who gives me the health

and strength so that I can finish my thesis. I would like to give big thanks for my

mother, and my brothers. Thank you, mom, Hj. Kahfi Sabariah S.Pd., M.P.Fis.

She is the only one who has been taking care of me until this day. I do not know

how to thank you for all that you have done for me. For me, she is my personal

hero.

I would give my special gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Bernardine

Ria Lestari, M.Sc., for the advice, guidance, and correction during the process I

finish my undergraduate thesis. I would also like to thank my co-advisor, Anna

Fitriati, S.Pd., M. Hum., for the suggestion and correction. I thank for the time and

the knowledge given to me in order to finish my undergraduate thesis.

My friends also take a big role in writing my undergraduate thesis. Thanks

for Julyan, Tjia, Sitoresmi, Amadah, Vitria, Desty, and Femi. They are always

there for me for a long time. Besides, their support is really worth for me.

Then, my thanks are expressed to Adi and Katarina, who always

accompany me any time. The last but not least, I would like to thank Aditya for

the support and kindness that he gave me. Also, I would like to thank who support

me from the beginning until this day.

Pradina Fitryannisa


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................ii

APPROVAL PAGE ..........................................................................................iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE .....................................................................................iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ..........................................................................vi

MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................vii

DEDICATION PAGE .......................................................................................viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................x

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................xii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................xiii

ABSTRAK ...........................................................................................................xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1

A. Background of the Study ................................................................ 1

B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................... 4

D. Definition of Terms ........................................................................ 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................. 7

A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................. 7

B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................... 11

1. Morphology ................................................................................ 11

a. Morpheme ............................................................................. 11

b. Derivational Morpheme ........................................................ 12

c. Affixation .............................................................................. 12

i. Suffix ............................................................................... 13

ii. Infix ................................................................................. 13

iii. Prefix ............................................................................... 13

2. Noun Categories ......................................................................... 14

3. Phonology ................................................................................... 14

C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................... 15

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 17

A. Object of the Study ......................................................................... 17

B. Approach of the Study ..................................................................... 17

C. Method of the Study ....................................................................... 18

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................. 21

A. The Bases Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................................ 22

1. Lexical Category of the Base ..................................................... 22

a. The Noun Bases ..................................................................... 24

b. The Verb Bases ..................................................................... 25


xi

2. The Distribution of the Bases receiving the Suffix {-ful} ........... 26

a. The Last Letters of the Base .................................................. 26

i. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘e’ ................................. 27

ii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘t’ ................................ 28

iii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘y’ ................................ 29

iv. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘r’ ................................ 31

v. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘h’ ................................ 32

vi. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘n’ ................................ 32

vii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘l’ ................................ 33

viii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘d’ ................................ 34

ix. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘s’ ................................. 34

b. The Last Phoneme of the Bases ............................................ 35

i. The Base Ending with /t/ ............................................... 36

ii. The Base Ending with /s / ................................................ 37

iii. The Base Ending with /θ/ ............................................... 38

iv. The Base Ending with /i/ ............................................... 38

v. The Base Ending with /n/ ............................................... 39

vi. The Base Ending with /ɪə/ ............................................... 39

vii. The Base Ending with /ʊə/ ............................................... 40

viii. The Base Ending with /eə/ ................................................ 40

ix. The Base Ending with /ɔɪ/ ............................................... 40

x. The Base Ending with /m/ ............................................... 41

xi. The Base Ending with /ɪ/ ............................................... 41

xii. The Base Ending with /d/ ............................................... 41

xiii. The Base Ending with /l/ ............................................... 42

xiv. The Base Ending with /eɪ/ ............................................... 42

xv. The Base Ending with /ə/ ............................................... 43

xvi. The Base Ending with /z/ ............................................... 43

B. The Functions of the Suffix {-ful} .................................................. 43

1. From Nouns (N) to Adjectives (Adj) .................................... 45

2. From Nouns (N) to Nouns (N) .............................................. 47

3. From Verbs (V) to Adjectives (Adj) ..................................... 48

C. The Morphophonemic Processes that Occur

in Words Attached to the Suffix {-ful} ................................................ 49

1. Vowel Change ......................................................................... 50

a. Vowel Change from /i/ into /ɪ/ ........................................... 51

b. Vowel Change from /ɑ/ into /æ/ ......................................... 52

2. Segment Insertion .................................................................. 53

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 55

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 57

APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 59

Appendix 1: Data Collection of the Noun Bases ............................... 59

Appendix 2: Data Collection of the Verb Bases ................................. 60

Appendix 3: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘e’ ........ 60

Appendix 4: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘t’ ......... 60


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Appendix 5: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘r’ ........ 61

Appendix 6: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘y’ ........ 61

Appendix 7: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘h’ ........ 61

Appendix 8: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘n’ ........ 61

Appendix 9: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘l’ ......... 61

Appendix 10: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘d’ ....... 62

Appendix 11: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘s’ ....... 62

Appendix 12: Morphophonemic Processes of the Suffix {-ful} ......... 62

Appendix 13: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /t/ ....................... 62

Appendix 14: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /s/ ...................... 62

Appendix 15: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /θ/ ...................... 63

Appendix 16: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /i/ ....................... 63

Appendix 17: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /n/ ..................... 63

Appendix 18: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /ɪə/ ..................... 63

Appendix 19: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /eə/ .................... 63

Appendix 20: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /ʊə/ .................... 64

Appendix 21: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /ɔɪ/ ..................... 64

Appendix 22: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /eɪ/ ..................... 64

Appendix 23: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /ɪ/ ....................... 64

Appendix 24: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /m/ ..................... 64

Appendix 25: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /l/ ....................... 64

Appendix 26: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /d/ ...................... 64

Appendix 27: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /ə/ ...................... 65

Appendix 28: The Bases Ending with the phoneme /z/ ...................... 65


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Bases of the Suffix {-ful} ......................................................... 23

Table 2. The Noun Bases Receiving the Suffix {-ful} .................................. 24

Table 3. The Verb Bases Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ................................... 25

Table 4. The Occurrence of the Last Letters .................................................. 26

Table 5. The Last Letter ‘e’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 27

Table 6. The Last Letter ‘t’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 28

Table 7. The Last Letter ‘y’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 29

Table 8. The Last Letter ‘y’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 30

Table 9. The Last Letter ’r’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 31

Table 10. The Last Letter ‘h’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 32

Table 11. The Last Letter ‘n’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 33

Table 12. The Last Letter ‘l’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 33

Table 13. The Last Letter ‘d’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 34

Table 14. The Last Letter ‘s’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful} ............................... 34

Table 15. The Distribution of the Bases Receiving

the Suffix {-ful} based on the Last Phoneme .................................................. 35

Table 16. The Functions of the Suffix {-ful} ................................................... 44

Table 17. Vowel Change .................................................................................. 50

Table 18. Vowel Change from /i/ into /ɪ/ ......................................................... 51

Table 19. Vowel Change from /ɑ/ into /æ/....................................................... 52

Table 20. Segment Insertion ............................................................................ 53


xiv

ABSTRACT

FITRYANNISA, PRADINA. A Morphological Analysis of the Suffix {-ful} in

Forming New Lexical Categories. Yogyakarta: English Letters Department,

Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

English language is known as a language that is productive in affixation.

One kind of affixation is suffixation, which is the addition of suffix. Suffix is an

important part of English since the process of suffixation is frequently used in this

language. English has many suffixes with many different usages and functions.

One of the suffixes in English is the suffix {-ful} that can be pronounced as either

/f(ə)l/ or /fʊl/. Therefore, this study focuses on the suffix {ful}.

There are three problems formulated in this study. The first problem

concerns with the words having the suffix {-ful}. The second problem

concentrates on the functions of the suffix {-ful}. The last problem is to discover

the morphophonemic processes that occur in the suffixation of the suffix {-ful}.

The data of the study are taken from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES

of Ernest Hemingway. Based on that source, there are 42 words ending with the

suffix {-ful}. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth

Edition (2015) is used a tool in order to find the phonetic form and lexical

category. For the analysis, this study employs a morphological approach and

phonological approach because both approaches can be used to answer the

formulated problems.

As a result, the suffix {-ful} attaches to the noun bases and verb bases.

The suffix {-ful} also attaches to the bases ending with the letters ‘e’, ‘t’, ‘y’, ‘r’,

‘l’, ‘d’, ‘s’ and phonemes /t/, /s/, /θ/, /i/, /n/, /ɪə/, eə/, /ʊə/, /ɔɪ/, /eɪ/, /ɪ/, /m/, /l/, /d/,

/ə/, and /z/.

In analyzing the functions of the suffix {-ful}, there are three functions

are figured out in this study. The first one is the suffix {-ful} changes nouns into

adjectives. The second one is to form nouns to nouns. The last one is to change

verbs into adjectives. As considering the functions, the suffix {-ful} is categorized

as nominal and adjectival suffix. The morphophonemic processes that occur in the

words receiving the suffix {-ful} are vowel change and segment insertion.


xv

ABSTRAK

FITRYANNISA, PRADINA. A Morphological Analysis of the Suffix {-ful} in

Forming New Lexical Categories. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris,

Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.

Bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai bahasa yang produktif dalam afiksasi.

Salah satu jenis afiksasi adalah sufiksasi, yang merupakan sebuah proses

menambahkan akhiran ke kata dasar. Akhiran adalah bagian penting dari bahasa

Inggris karena proses sufiksasi sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris. Bahasa

Inggris memiliki banyak akhiran kata dengan penggunaan dan fungsi yang

berbeda-beda. Salah satu akhiran yang cukup produktif adalah akhiran {-ful}

yang dapat dilafalkan /f(ə)l/ atau /fʊl/. Oleh sebab itu, studi ini hanya fokus pada

akhiran {-ful}.

Dalam penelitian ini terdapat tiga rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah

pertama adalah persoalan mengenai kata kata yang menggunakan akhiran {-ful}.

Pembahasan kedua fokus pada fungsi dari akhiran {-ful}. Pembahasan terakhir

yaitu mengidentifikasi proses morfofonemik yang terjadi pada proses sufiksasi

dari akhiran {-ful}.

Data-data untuk penelitian di ambil dari The COMPLETE SHORT

STORIES of Ernest Hemingway. Berdasarkan sumber tersebut, ada 42 kata-kata

yang berakhir dengan akhiran {-ful}. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of

Current English Ninth Edition (2015) digunakan sebagai alat bantu dengan tujuan

untuk menemukan bentuk fonetik dan kategori kelas kata. Untuk tahap analisis,

studi ini menggunakan pendekatan morfologi dan pendekatan fonologi karena dua

pendekatan ini digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah. Berdasarkan hasil

analisis, kata dasar dari data yang berakhiran {-ful} merupakan kata benda dan

kata kerja. Akhiran {-ful} juga melekat pada kata dasar yang berakhiran dengan

huruf 'e', 't', 'y', 'r', 'l', 'd', 's' dan juga fonem /t/, /s/, /θ/, /i/, /n/, /ɪə/, eə/, /ʊə/, /ɔɪ/,

/eɪ/, /ɪ/, /m/, /l/, /d/, /ə/, dan /z/.

Dalam menganalisis akhiran {-ful }, akhiran {-ful} memiliki tiga fungsi.

Fungsi pertama adalah akhiran {-ful} mengubah kata benda menjadi kata sifat.

Fungsi kedua yaitu membentuk kata benda dari kata benda. Yang terakhir adalah

mengubah kata kerja menjadi kata sifat. Mempertimbangkan hal tersebut, akhiran

{-ful} dikategorikan sebagai akhiran kata benda dan akhiran kata sifat. Proses

morfofonemik yang terjadi pada kata yang menerima akhiran {-ful} yaitu proses

perubahan vokal dan penyisipan vokal.


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language as a device of communication has an important role in people’s

lives. People always need to communicate with others in order to share their

attitudes, expressions, ideas, and feelings. Basically, people must not only

understand their own language but also learn other languages from other countries

so that they can communicate with each other fluently and easily. Therefore,

language and people cannot be separated.

The systematic study of language itself is called linguistics. Morphology is

one of linguistics that is concerned with words and word formation. Katamba

states that morphology is “the study of the formation of words and internal

organization of word” (1993: 30). In other words, morphology is the study dealing

with the word formation. The word formation is related to how new words are

formed and how the words are created.

Affixation is a part of word formation. It means, affixation is one of the

types of word formations. Affixation is the most frequent process to form words

(Bauer, 1988: 19). Another theory taken from Katamba states that bases as “any

unit whatsoever to which affixes of any kind can be added. In other words, all

roots are bases” (1993: 45). It indicates the existence of bases before added by any

suffixes or prefixes. An affix is divided into three types, namely prefix, infix, and

suffix. Firstly, prefix is an affix, which is the front of base. Secondly, an infix is


2

placed in the middle of two bases. Lastly, suffix is an affix attached to the end of

base.

The main focus of this study is the form of the affixation. To limit the

scope of the study, the adjective suffix {-ful} is discussed in this study. The

researcher has the attempts to analyze deeper and explain more specific about this

suffix. The consideration of choosing this topic is because the suffixation is the

most productive process in English vocabularies. Moreover, the suffixation has

existed since the period of Old English. One of suffixes from Old English that still

exists in Modern English is the suffix {-ful}. Carol mentions that the English the

suffix {-ful} in masterful, playful and useful creates adjectives. Meanwhile the

words such as armful, cupful, and spoonful create nouns. The suffix {-ful} is

developed from the adjective -full, which has already existed in Old English.

However, the suffix {-ful} already used in present-day English (2014: 272-273).

In other word, the suffix {-ful} is originated from Old English “full” which means

“full-of”. The usage of “full” is commonly attached at the head of a word such as

fulbrecan means “full of violate”. In addition, the suffix {-ful} is often used in

English words and it is easy to find in daily life. The English suffix {-ful} in

beautiful and shameful creates an adjective, while the suffix {-ful} in cupful and

spoonful creates a noun. From the changes above, the researcher finds that the

suffix {-ful} forms the lexical categories of words differently.

In a morpheme, there are two morphological processes. The first one is

derivational morpheme and the second one is inflectional morpheme. O’Grady,

Dobrovolksky, and Aronoff state that a derivational morpheme is “a bound


3

morpheme that can create a word with a meaning or category distinct from the

stem of word or stem” (2010: 122). The function of suffix {-ful} is categorized

into the derivational suffix that makes a new word with a new meaning, and thus

it also changes the lexical category.

Suffix is an important part of the English language since the process of

affixation is often used to form a new word. There are several suffixes which

change the lexical category and the meaning of the words. For instance, the word

beauty (noun) and nation (noun) after added to the suffixes {-ful} and {-al}

become beautiful (adjective) and national (adjective). It shows that these suffixes

change the lexical category of the words before and after attached to the suffixes.

Thus, the researcher attempts to prove that the suffix {-ful} changes the lexical

category through the morphological process. In addition, each suffix has its own

rules of usage, and it is used with different words because not all the words can be

attached to the suffix {-ful}.

In order to gain the adequate data for this study, the researcher analyzes

twenty five short stories from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest

Hemingway. The reasons why the researcher uses that short stories are because

that short story is often used by the students of English Letters Department of

Sanata Dharma University, especially in several courses, such as Prose 1, Writing

VI (Essay Writing), and Writing V (Creative Writing). Besides, in this short story,

there are many words containig the suffix {-ful}. Therefore, this study aims to

look for any words containing the suffix {-ful} from The COMPLETE SHORT

STORIES of Ernest Hemingway.


4

This study is expected to give the readers better understanding in learning

adjective suffixes, especially in learning the suffix {-ful}. It is helpful for the

readers to understand the form and the function of the suffix {-ful}. Moreover,

through this study, the readers are given more understanding about the

morphophonemic processes of the suffix {-ful}.

B. Problem Formulation

This study aims to answer three formulated problems which are:

1. What are the bases receiving the suffix {-ful} inside the short stories?

2. What are the functions of the suffix {-ful}?

3. How do the morphophonemic processes occur in the suffix {-ful}?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulation, there are some objectives to be

achieved in this study. The twenty-five short stories are analyzed by the researcher

in order to find out the words having the suffix {-ful}. Besides, the aim of the first

objective is to discover the distributions of the suffix {-ful} when attaching to the

bases.

The second objective of this study is to identify what the functions of the

suffix {-ful} are. The researcher also examines the characteristics of bases

receiving the suffix {-ful}. The third objective of this study is to identify what the

morphophonemic processes in the suffix {-ful} are. The discussion of


5

morphophonemic processes help the researcher analyzes the alteration that occurs

when the suffix {-ful} attaches to the bases.

D. Definition of Terms

In this part, the researcher provides the definition of terms used in this

study. The terms are going to be discussed are suffix, morphophonemic process,

and lexical category.

The first terminology is suffix. Suffix as suggested by Matthews is an affix

that comes after the form to which it is added (1997: 362). In sort, suffix is a

process of adding a morpheme to the end of base or stem in order to form a new

word. There are many suffixes used in English, some of them are the suffix {-ful}

and the suffix {-al}. The examples of words attached by suffix {-ful} are

beautiful, cheerful, useful, and peaceful. The examples of words attached to the

suffix {-al} are national, natural, and regional.

The second terminology is a morphophonemic process. A

morphophonemic process as explained by Crystal is

a branch of linguistic referring to the analysis and classification of the PHONOLOGICAL, factors with affect the appearance of morphemes, or, correspondingly, the GRAMMATICAL factors which affect the appearance of phonemes (2008:341).

The last terminology is lexical category. Lexical category is the

grammatical category or syntactic class (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb) a word

belongs to (Fromkin and Rodman, 1988: 123). In this study, one of the functions

of the suffix {-ful} changes the lexical category which is a noun to adjective class.

For instance, the base joy when attached to the suffix {-ful} undergoes a change


6

of lexical category. It is changed into an adjective class. Another example is the

word achieve. The base achieve as a verb changes into achievement as a noun

when receiving the suffix {-ful}.


7

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

In this part, the researcher intends to review five studies that can be related

to this study. Those five studies have certain similarities to this study. Firstly, the

studies reviewed are related to the same topic as this study which is suffixation.

Secondly, the studies reviewed have the same methodology as this study which is

a morphological study. Thirdly, the studies reviewed have the same aim as this

study which is to find the meaning of the suffix in certain words.

The first related study is taken from Prasetya’s thesis (2012). In his study,

he figures out two things. The first is the characteristics of base followed by the

suffix {-age} and the suffix {-ment}. The second thing is the functions of the

suffixes {-age} and {-ment}. The previous researcher examines which word

should be added to the suffix {-age} and which word should be added to the suffix

{-ment}.

After analyzing his study, Prasetya recognizes that there are some results

of his study. Firstly, Prasetya finds out that the only base that can be attached to

the suffix {-ment} is a verb. Secondly, the suffix {-age} can be attached to certain

adverbs, nouns, and verbs. Specifically, the noun base for this suffix can be both

concrete noun and abstract noun. As reading his study, there are differences and

similarities between Prasetya’s study and this study. From the characteristics of

the bases, there is a similarity in the distribution of the suffixes because the suffix


8

{-ful} follow either a concrete noun or an abstract noun. It is also similar to the

suffix {-age} that can follow either a concrete noun or an abstract noun.

The difference from the study that is conducted by Prasetya and this study

are the functions of the suffixes. The previous researcher identifies that the

functions of suffix {-age} change a verb to a noun, a noun to a noun, and adverb

to a noun, whereas the suffix {-ment} only has one function that changes a verb to

a noun. Compared to this study, the researcher only focuses on the functions of

the suffix {-ful}.

The second related study is taken from Maharani’s undergraduate thesis

(2000). This study discusses the bases receiving the suffix {-cy} and the

allomorphs of the suffix {-cy}. As a result, the suffix {-cy} is a derivational suffix

that mostly attaches to adjective bases although it also attaches to noun and verb

bases. It can be concluded that this study analyzes the bases receiving the suffix {-

cy}. In addition, this study argues that the suffix {-cy} represents two allomorphs

namely {-ancy} and {-ency}.

This study is closely related to the previous study. In the beginning, the

present study starts with the distribution of suffix {-ful}, which is related to the

analysis of the base. This study also examines the base that can be combined by

the suffix {-ful}. Furthermore, from the analysis of the bases, there is a similarity

shared by both studies which lies on the objective. Both studies aim to find out the

bases that mostly attach to the suffixes {-ful} and {-cy}.

The third related study is from Setyorini’s undergraduate thesis (2005).

Setyorini analyzes the function and the morphophonemic processes of the suffix


9

{-al} by using some theories, such as theories of morpheme and morphophonemic

processes. The data in this study are taken from Corpus Morphology and

Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language. After conducting

this study, Setyorini finds out that the suffix {-al} forms a noun to an adjective

class. In other words, the suffix {-al} attaches to the noun bases.

She also identifies the morphophonemic processes that occur in the suffix

{-al}. In the morphophonemic processes, she discovers there are two phonological

changes. The first change is a stress shift and the second is a consonant change.

For instance, the process of stress shift is shown in the word 'government + {-al}

which becomes govern'mental. The primary stress is moved to the penultimate

syllable when the word 'government attached to the suffix {-al}.

The focus of the present study is rather different from Setyorini’s. This

present study focuses on the suffix {-ful} since the function of suffix {-ful} is to

form an adjective. Whereas, the previous study only focuses on the suffix {-al} as

an adjective suffix. The suffix {-ful} is not discussed in the previous study even

though the suffix {-ful} belongs to the adjective suffix.

Moreover, this present study is different from the previous study since the

subjects of each study are different. The previous researcher uses Corpus

Morphology and Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language as

the object of her study. On the other hand, the present researcher takes some data

from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway as the object of

this present study.


10

Other than differences, Setyorini’s study is supportive to the present study

because of the similarity. The similarity lies on how the distribution of the suffix

{-al} occurs. Besides, the discussions of morphophonemic processes are also

elaborated in these two studies. In the present study, the morphophonemic

processes are analyzed in the next chapter.

Another related study is from Hananto’s thesis (2015). This study argues

that the suffix {-ive} is a derivational suffix having the function to create an

adjectival word. Based on the lexical category, the bases of the suffix {-ive} are

verbs and nouns. However, most of the bases are verbs.

After examining Hananto’s study, there is a similarity and difference

found among these two studies. From the explanation above, based on their

function, the suffixes {-ful} and {-ive} form the adjectival words. In addition to

that, the suffixes {-ful} and {-ive} are categorized as adjectival suffixes. Although

they have the same function in order to create adjectival words, they are different

in the acceptance of the bases. The suffix {-ful} is mostly from a noun bases while

the suffix {-ive} is mostly from a verb bases.

The improvement of all the studies can be seen through the researcher’s

findings in this study. All of the studies above have not analyzed the adjectival

suffix. Therefore, by discovering the meaning and function of the adjectival

suffix, this study aims to improve all of the studies above. In order to develop this

study, the researcher uses some related studies which more or less have

similarities and relevance to the topic.


11

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Morphology

O’Grady, Dobrovolksky, and Aronoff defines morphology as “the system

of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation” (1989: 4).

Another theory is from Bauer, morphology is “the study of words and their

structure” (2003: 3).

As understanding those theories, the researcher concludes that morphology

is a sub-branch of linguistics that deals with the internal structure of words. In

short, morphology relates to the word formation. By applying theories of

morphology in this study, the researcher is able to recognize how to identify

morphemes and their distribution in forming words. Therefore, morphology is

used to strengthen the object of this study.

a. Morpheme

O’Grady and John Archibald define a morpheme is a smallest language

element that contains information about meaning or function (2010: 116-117).

Another theory is taken from Kreidler, he state that morpheme are the minimal

units of language (1989: 13). For instance, the words big, run, green, unhappy,

quickness, and sadness are morphemes. Some words such as big, run, and green

only contain one morpheme while the words such as unhappy, quickness, and

sadness are the words contain more than one morpheme.

Akmajian et al. (2001: 18) state that “morphemes are futher categorized

into two classes: free morpheme and bound morphemes. A free morpheme can

stand alone as an independent word, such as word tree.” It means that a free


12

morpheme can stand alone as an independent word. Meanwhile, a bound

morpheme is a morpheme which cannot stand alone. It must be attached to

another morpheme in forming a word.

On the other hand, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be

attached to another element. Based on the definition, it can be referred that a

bound morpheme cannot stand independently. It must be followed by a free

morpheme.

b. Derivational Morpheme

In explaining about the derivational morpheme, O’Grady et al. state that

derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that creates a new word with a new

meaning (2010: 122). In other words, when a morpheme is attached to a base, it

changes the meaning and the lexical category of the new word. For instance, the

base work which is a verb. It is changed into adjective when the base receiving the

suffix {-er} so that it becomes the word worker.

c. Affixation

According to Dwijatmoko (2003: 9) affixation is “the addition of an affix

(prefix, infix, and suffix) to a base to form a new word”. He mentions that there

are three types of affixes that are prefix, infix, and suffix. It short, the affixes can

be divided into some types depending on the position of an affix attached to the

base.

i. Suffix

According to O’Grady and Guzman, a suffix is “an affix that is attached to

the end of its base is termed a suffix” (1989: 7). Another theory is mentioned by


13

O’Grady and Archibald (2010: 120), an affix that is placed in the last position of

the base is called as a suffix. In short, suffix is a morpheme added to the end of

the base to create a new word. Some examples of suffixes in English are -ness in

‘happiness’, -ize in ‘winterize’, and -al in ‘national’. Therefore, the theory of

suffix is needed to be discussed since the object of this study is the suffix {-ful}.

ii. Infix

O’Grady and Archibald (2010: 120) state that an infix is one type of

affixes which is placed in the middle of a base. Another theory is taken from

Crystal. He defines that “infix is a term used in morphology referring to an affix

which is added within a root or stem” (2008: 243).

iii. Prefix

According to O’Grady and Guzman (1989: 138), a prefix means an affix

which is attached before a base word. In short, a prefix is an affix added to the

front or beginning of the root word to change the meaning. An instance is in the

word un-important. The prefix –un modifies the meaning of unimportant into

negative meanings. The other examples of the prefix are the words impossible,

release, and irregular.

2. Noun Categories

According to Hurford, abstract nouns are

common nouns that characteristically refer to abstraction such as activities, virtues, forces, emotions, vices, times, professions, and religions. It can be concluded that abstract nouns are immaterial things. Another type is concrete noun which is the opposite of abstract noun. It refers to the material things that can be experienced with the senses (1995: 30-32).


14

From this theory, an abstract noun is classified as an idea, a concept, an

emotion, and a quality. The researcher finds out that an abstract noun is something

that cannot be physically touched. Abstract nouns cannot be experienced directly

with the senses. Therefore, the five physical senses cannot determine some

abstract nouns. Meanwhile, concrete nouns can be identified through five senses

such as taste, touch, sight, hearing, and smell.

3. Phonology

Phonology is defined as the description of the speech sound of a language

and the systematic of phonetic transcription variation found in language is known

as phonology (Kreidler, 1989: 13). Shortly, phonology is the study of sound

patterns. Phonology refers to the representation of the sound patterns in a

language or human’s sounds. It discusses how speech sounds are produced.

The morphophonemic process is a combination of morphology and

phonology. The morphophonemic process deals with the pronunciation change of

morpheme. in short, the morphophonemic process is a process of form changes in

which phoneme and morpheme are involved. In English, there are some

morphophonemic changes, namely assimilation, consonant change, vowel change,

deletion, dissimilation, and stress shift (Wardhaugh, 1977: 198). One of the

morphophonemic processes is insertion. The first type is segment insertion and

segment deletion. Segment insertion is the process of inserting a consonant or a

vowel. It is also called epenthesis (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2011: 312). On

the other hand, segment deletion is the process of deleting certain segments.


15

Fromkin et al., (2011: 313) also state that there is also an insertion of

schwa that is called as epenthetic schwa /ə/. For instance, the word nature

undergoes the segment insertion. The word nature (noun) /'neɪt∫ə(r)/ becomes

natural (adjective) /'næ∫rəl/. After attaching {-al} to the noun, there is an

insertion of /r/ when it is inserted before the suffix {–al} /-əl/. Basically, the word

“nature” has an optional consonant /r/ in the final sound (often omitted).

The second type is vowel change. A vowel change is a change of vowel

after a base is attached to an affix (Wardhaugh, 1977: 198-200). In short, vowel

change is the process of changing vowel into another vowel. For example, the

word man undergoes the vowel change in the plural form. The vowel change is

from the vowel /ae/ in the word man into /e/ in the plural word men.

C. Theoretical Framework

In this study, there are several linguistic theories that are used for the data

analysis. In order to analyze the study, the theory of morphology is used as the

primary theory. Morphology is related to the word formation which involves the

suffix. From the morphological theory, we can know the process how the word is

formed including affixation, the change of word class, and the change of meaning.

By using morphology as one of the theories, the researcher finds out that the

suffix {-ful} creates a new word and changes the lexical category.

This study consists of three formulated problem. The first formulated

problem is to identify the bases receiving the suffix {-ful}. Besides, the

distribution of the suffix {-ful} is also analyzed in this problem formulation. The


16

theory of affixation is necessarily needed in order to identify the process of adding

the suffix {-ful} to base words.

The second formulated problem discusses the function of the suffix {-ful}.

Moreover, the noun categories are useful to dig out the characteristics of the bases

receiving the suffix {-ful}. In answering the second formulated problem, the

researcher applies the theories of noun categories and derivational morphemes.

Those theories are used to find out that the suffix {-ful} has its own function. In

this study, the suffix {-ful} is classified as a derivational morpheme. Additionally,

when a derivational morpheme is attached to a base, there is a change of functions

and meanings before and after the base is added to the suffix {-ful}.

The third problem formulation is to analyze the morphophonemic

processes that occur. In answering the third problem formulated, the researcher

applied the theory of morphophonemic processes. The theory of morphophonemic

process is to show how certain morphophonemic processes occur and what the

patterns of the morphophonemic processes are.


17

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is the words having the suffix {-ful}. This object

is the words ended with the suffix {-ful} taken from The COMPLETE SHORT

STORIES of Ernest Hemingway. The twenty five short stories are chosen as the

primary data source because there are many words containing the suffix {-ful}. It

is also used as the reference by university students who are taking several courses,

such as Prose I and Writing VI (Essay Writing).

Besides, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth

Edition (2015) is used as an open-source tool to check the International Phonetic

Alphabet (IPA). The consideration for choosing this dictionary is because it

provides over 185.000 words, the phonetic transcription, lexical category of each

word, and comprehensive meanings. Furthermore, this dictionary is a reliable

dictionary since it is usually used as the reference for the academic study.

B. Approach of the Study

The researcher uses morphology and phonology as the approaches in

analyzing the words ended with the suffix {-ful}. The researcher uses those

approaches because they are related to each other. The first is the morphological

approach, which is used in analyzing the words having the suffix {-ful}. Kreidler

states that the morphological process is related to the rule for forming words by


18

analyzing the word structure including morphemes (1989: 13). Crystal states that

“morphological process is a process of the words formation” (2008: 58). In this

study, the morphological approach shows that morphology relates to suffix in

involving the word formation. Therefore, the morphological approach is

appropriate for this study because the researcher is about to know how to form the

words. It can be said that the morphological approach is used to examine the

form-changing of the word attaching the suffix {-ful}.

The second is the phonological approach. It is also used to complete the

study. Kreidler defines that phonology deals with the knowledge of the sound

pattern of a language (1989: 10). As understanding the theory, it is concluded that

phonology is a study of the sound patterns. It also concerns with the way speech

sounds are organized into sound systems by describing pronunciations. In other

words, it is used to know what is relevant in pronunciation, what makes it possible

to communicate, and what makes utterance different from others.

C. Method of the Study

The method of study is divided into two subparts. The first is data

collection. The second is data analysis.

1. Data Collection

The data are collected from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest

Hemingway. The researcher chooses twenty five short stories to be analyzed in

this study. The researcher gains the data further by taking the words having the

suffix {-ful} from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway. The


19

word not having the suffix {-ful} are not included to the data collection. The data

collection uses sampling method. It means that in getting the sample data, the

researcher only collects all the words receiving the suffix {-ful} from The

COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway.

Based on the source, there are forty two words in which the suffix {-ful}

attaches to those words. Meanwhile, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of

Current English Ninth Edition (2015) is used as a tool to answer the formulated

problems. The Oxford dictionary is needed because it provides the International

Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to find the phonetic transcription. By using this

dictionary, the researcher analyzes the phonological changes and lexical

categories of each word. In this study, the data collection uses the sampling

method because the researcher only collects the words having the suffix {-ful}.

2. Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the researcher does some following steps in order to

answer the problems formulation. Firstly, the researcher only collects the data

from twenty five short stories in The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest

Hemingway. The data collection is the words having the suffix {-ful}. To reduce

errors in analyzing the base, the researcher uses the Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015) as a tool to figure out the

bases of analyzed words having the suffix {-ful}. The Oxford dictionary also

helps the researcher to check the IPA of the bases and the words receiving the

suffix {-ful}. Those bases are categorized based on their lexical categories, last

letters, and last phonemes.


20

The second formulated problem analyzes the function of the suffix {-ful}.

The first step is to identify the words having the suffix {-ful}. The next step is to

make a classification of each base based on the lexical category. By doing this

classification, the researcher discovers the change of lexical category before and

after the suffix {-ful} is attached to the bases. From this classification, the

researcher is able to determine the functions of the suffix {-ful} and the

characteristics of the bases receiving the suffix {-ful}.

Lastly, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to answer the

third formulated problem. At this step, the researcher decides to use the Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015) because

this dictionary provides the standard IPA. The researcher uses the IPA to know

the phonetic transcription and the pronunciation of each word. It is helpful for the

analysis of morphophonemic processes to know what pattern which occurs. There

are two classification analyzed. The first one is the IPA of the words having the

suffix {-ful}. The second one is the IPA of its bases. The categorization aims to

show the morphophonemic processes in the suffixation of the suffix {-ful} by

analyzing the words with the suffix {-ful}.


21

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, three formulated problems are discussed. Chapter IV

contains the analysis and the results of the three formulated problems. The first

formulated problem is the bases to which suffix {-ful} can be attached to, the

second is the functions of the suffix {-ful}, and the third is how the

morphophonemic processes of the suffix {-ful} occur. After collecting the data,

the researcher concludes that the suffix {-ful} makes a new word with a new

meaning. The suffix {-ful} is used to change a word from one grammatical class

to another. In other words, the suffix {-ful} usually changes the lexical category.

Therefore, the suffix {-ful} is characterized as a derivational suffix.

In answering the first formulated problem, the researcher uses The

COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway and Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015). However, the

researcher chooses The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway as

the main source to collect the words.

In order to examine the second and the third formulated problem, the

researcher decides to use Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current

English Ninth Edition (2015) because this dictionary provides the Standard

English. Besides, it is used to analyze the data by finding the phonetic

transcriptions and the functions of the bases. Then, the researcher finds the lexical

category of the bases. Besides, the researcher also analyzes the distribution of the


22

suffix {-ful}. However, in the result of data, there are some bases that have more

than one lexical category. Concerning those data, the researcher can identify the

function of the suffix {-ful} by seeing the lexical category of each base and its

alteration after the suffix {-ful} is added. In answering the third formulated

problem, the researcher applies International Phonetics Alphabet symbol in order

to examine the base of the suffix {-ful}.

A. The Bases Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

1. Lexical Category of the Base

From the whole content of the short stories, the researcher discovers that

there are two hundred and sixty nine words ending with the suffix {-ful}.

However, after the calculation process, the researcher actually finds out only forty

two words receiving the suffix {-ful} because the others words are only repeat

words of the words already exist. All those forty two words are the primary data

of this research.

All the bases in this study are categorized as a free morpheme because

they can stand on their own. Thus, all bases receiving the suffix {-ful} are

considered as a free morpheme. The suffix {-ful} should attaches to a free

morpheme because the suffix {-ful} cannot stand alone. Cartair-McCarthy (2002:

137) states that “-ful most always attaches to free bases”.

A Lexical category is known as part of speech. In addition, the term

lexical category is also similar to the more traditional term word class and lexical

class. Lexical category is sometimes used for the major parts of speech such as


23

adjective, adverb, noun, and verb. As stated by Cartair-McCarthy (2002: 45) “the

terms for lexical categories are „adjective‟, „noun‟, and „verb‟.

Traditionally, the term of word class is derived from a traditional

terminology which is part of speech. Many contemporary linguists also define

word classes as lexical categories. Every base in the data do not have the same

lexical categories. They have their own lexical categories or part of speech. Plag

(2003: 90) asserts that the suffix {-ful} is typically attached to the noun base. The

examples of the data are revealed as follows.

Table 1. The Bases of the Suffix {-ful}

No Bases Words

1 care careful

2 cheer cheerful

3 resent resentful

4 taste tasteful

5 use useful

6 waste wasteful

The words on the left side are bases and the words on the right side are the

results of receiving the suffix {-ful} to each base. The samples of the words above

are the bases of the suffix {-ful}. There is an alteration of the words after the

suffixation process, which is the addition of the suffix {-ful}. The words careful,

cheerful, resentful, tasteful, and useful have the part of speech as an adjective.

Related to the bases, each base has a different part of speech. For instance, the

bases care, cheer, taste, and use are categorized as nouns or verbs. In short, there

are several words have two parts of speech as nouns and verbs. The original word


24

of those bases is a noun word so that those words considered as a noun when they

are attached to the suffix {-ful}.

Other examples are the words beauty and fright. The base beauty after

receiving the suffix {-ful} becomes beautiful which is known as an adjective. It is

similar to the base beauty, the base fright is changed from a noun to an adjective.

For the words beauty and fright, they are classified only as noun bases. In short,

these words only have one lexical category.

Other examples are the adjective words resentful and forgetful. Those two

bases come from the verb bases resent and forget. The bases resent and forget

undergo the change of lexical categories from a verb to an adjective after

suffixation of the suffix {-ful}. It means that the verb base is also receiving the

suffix {-ful}.

a. The Noun Bases

According to the data collection, the words receiving suffix {-ful} are

dominated by noun bases. There are forty noun bases receiving the suffix {-ful}.

In this analysis, the researcher only puts down some examples. Below are some

examples.

Table 2. The Noun Base Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No No Bases Words

1 1 art artful

2 2 beauty beautiful

3 duty dutiful

4 fate fateful

5 fright frightful

6 joy joyful


25

7 mercy merciful

8 peace peaceful

9 purpose purposeful

10 remorse remorseful

11 truth truthful

12 care careful

13 taste tasteful

14 use useful

15 waste wasteful

16 wrath wrathful

From the table above, the bases such as beauty, duty, fate. fright, joy,

mercy, and peace considered as nouns before receiving the suffix {-ful}.

Therefore, the suffix {-ful} takes the noun as its base.

b. The Verb Bases

After analyzing the data, verb bases can be attached to the suffix {-ful}.

Below are the data examples of the verb bases taken from The COMPLETE

SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway and also reinforced with Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Seventh Edition (2005).

Table 3. The Verb Base Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Bases Words

1 resent resentful

2 forget forgetful

Plag (2003: 90) defines that the adjectival {-ful} attaches to verb bases

such as forgetful, resentful, and mournful. As understanding the theory, there are

only three words that can be attached to the suffix {-ful}. In this study, there are

only two words of the verb base so that the verb base becomes less productive in


26

receiving the suffix {-ful}. The base resent is classified as a verb base. After the

base resent attaches to the suffix {-ful}, it becomes an adjective word resentful. It

is also similar to the base forget. It takes a verb as its base.

2. The Distribution of the Bases Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

There are two methods which are applied in analyzing the bases receiving

the suffix {-ful}. The first method is the analysis of the last letters. The data are

examined based on the last letter of the bases of the suffix {-ful}. In the second

method, the data are examined based on the last phoneme of the bases receiving

the suffix {-ful}.

a. The Last Letters of the Base

In this part, the bases receiving the suffix {-ful} are analyzed based on the

spelling and writing of the words. The analysis of the last letter of the bases is

needed since there are several words undergo the alteration orthographically. It

means, the attachment of the suffix {-ful} can modify several bases

orthographically. Below are the data based on the last letter of the bases receiving

the suffix {-ful}.

Table 4. The Occurrence of the Last Letters of the Base

Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No. Last Letters of The

Base Occurence Percentage

1 e 14 33.3%

2 t 8 19.0%

3 r 5 12 %

4 y 6 14.2%

5 h 4 9.5%


27

6 n 2 4.8%

7 l 1 2.4%

8 d 1 2.4%

9 s 1 2.4%

Total 42 100%

i. The Base Ending with the Last Letter ‘e’

The base ending with letter „e‟ is the most productive one among the other

bases ending in the previous table. The data are dominated by the bases ending

with the letter „e‟. There are 14 bases which can be attached to the suffix {-ful}. It

means that from all of the data, the occurrence of the bases ending with the letter

„e‟ is more than 30%. These are the following data.

Table 5. The Last Letter ‘e’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Bases Words

1 care careful

2 fate fateful

3 force forceful

4 grace graceful

5 hate hateful

6 peace peaceful

7 purpose purposeful

8 remorse remorseful

9 shame shameful

10 taste tasteful

11 use useful

12 waste wasteful

13 plate plateful

14 grate grateful


28

The table above shows the bases ending with the letter „e‟. After the

suffixation of the suffix {-ful}, the words such as, fateful, tasteful, useful, and

wasteful are formed. The suffix {-ful} does not change to any other form in the

words tasteful, useful, wasteful, and fateful. From this analysis, we can discover

that the addition of the suffix {-ful} can be attached directly without any

alteration.

There is an exception on the base ending with the letter „e‟ which is the

base grate. Grate is a diachronic data because the words grate and grateful have

different meanings. The diachronic method is not applied since the researcher puts

the limitation of the study. In addition, there is only one word that is categorized

as a diachronic data. Hence, the analysis of word grate is regarded as the

exceptional case. The word grateful is not constructed by the base grate with the

attachment of the suffix {-ful}. However, the word grateful is derived from

obsolete Latin *gratus + -ful. The word *gratus means „pleasing, agreeable, and

thankful‟.

ii. The Base Ending with the Last Letter ‘t’

Based on the data collection, there are also the bases ending with the letter

„t‟. There are seven bases ending with the letter „t‟. The data occurrences of the

bases ending with „t‟ attached to the suffix {-ful} can be seen in the table below.

Table 6. The Last Letter ‘t’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Bases Words

1 doubt doubtful

2 forget forgetful

3 fright frightful


29

4 hurt hurtful

5 resent resentful

6 respect respectful

7 tact tactful

8 thought thoughtful

The suffix {-ful} also attaches to the bases ending with the letter „t‟. There

are eight bases ending with „t‟ that are attached to the suffix {-ful}. The existence

of the bases ending with the letter „t‟ is more than 20%. It means that the bases

ending with the letter „t‟ become the second productive among other letters.

From the table above, the researcher finds out that almost the entire bases

ending with „t‟ have no modification. For instance, the base doubt + {-ful}

becomes doubtful. Other examples are the bases fright and hurt + {-ful} change

into frightful and hurtful. Another base is the base thought + {-ful} becomes

thoughtful. It can be concluded that the bases ending with „t‟ do not undergo the

alteration. In other words, the attachment of the suffix {-ful} is involved directly

without causing any changes.

iii. The Base Ending with Last Letter ‘y’

The suffix {-ful} also attaches to the bases ending with the letter „y‟. The

bases ending with the letter „y‟ occurs in six words. The words are presented in

the following list below.

Table 7. The Last Letter ‘y’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Bases Words

1 beauty beautiful

2 duty dutiful


30

3 mercy merciful

4 pity pitiful

When the suffix {-ful} attaches to the bases such as beauty, duty, mercy,

and pity, there is a replacement of the letter „y.‟ The last letter „y‟ of the base is

omitted and replaced with the letter „i‟ when the suffix {-ful} attaches to the

bases. For instance, the base beauty which becomes beautiful with „y‟ is omitted

and converted into „i‟.

The bases duty and mercy are similar to the base beauty. The base duty

becomes dutiful, and the base mercy becomes merciful. The letter „y‟ in the final

position of the base is omitted. The researcher figures out that these bases have

two consonant letters in the final position. The consonant „y‟ appears in the final

position after the existence of the consonants „t‟ and „c‟. It can be concluded that

the consonant „y‟ is omitted when it is followed by consonants „t‟ and „c‟ in the

bases beauty, duty, and mercy when receiving the suffix {-ful}. In addition, the

bases beauty, duty, mercy, and pity have two syllables. The letter „y‟ that is placed

in the second syllable as the final letter will change into „i‟ when receiving the

suffix {-ful}. In short, the letter „y‟ is changed into „i‟ if the letter „y‟ is placed in

the second syllable. The pattern can be stated as follows

There are two bases ending with „y‟ that do not undergo the replacement.

Please observe the following data below.

X- ‘ty’ + {-ful} X – ‘ti’ + -ful

X- ‘cy’ + {-ful} X – ‘ci’ + -ful


31

Table 8. The Last Letter ‘y’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Bases Words

1 joy joyful

2 play playful

The bases joy and play are also involved with the suffix {-ful}. However,

the joy and play are different to the bases beauty, mercy and pity. These words

only have one syllable. In addition, the letter „y‟ in the bases play and joy is

preceded by the letter „a‟ and „o‟ that is known as vowel. Therefore, the letter „y‟

in the final letter does not undergo any alteration when the bases receiving the

suffix {-ful}. For instance, the base joy + {-ful} becomes joyful. It is similar to the

base play + {-ful} which changes into playful. There is no replacement when the

base joy and play attached to the suffix {-ful}. In other words, the suffix {-ful}

attaches to these bases directly without any modification of the bases.

iv. The Base Ending with Last Letter ‘r’

The bases having the last letter „r‟ occur in five occasions according to The

COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway. The data are presented in

the table below.

Table 9. The Last Letter ‘r’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Bases Words

1 cheer cheerful

2 fear fearful

3 power powerful

4 tear tearful

5 wonder wonderful


32

As the data above, the bases such as power becomes powerful, cheer

becomes cheerful, and wonder becomes wonderful. It shows that these bases end

with the last letter „r‟ in the last position of the base. The suffix {-ful} which

attaching to the bases ending with „r‟ do not experience the change. Thus, the

addition of the suffix {-ful} can be directly attached to the base ends with „r‟.

v. The Base Ending with the Last Letter ‘h’

The bases ending with the letter „h‟ appear in four words. The occurrence

of the letter „h‟ is only 9.5 %. Below are the data.

Table 10. The Last Letter ‘h’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Bases Words

1 faith faithful

2 truth truthful

3 wrath wrathful

4 youth youthful

In this case, it is found that the suffix {-ful} is followed by the base that

ends with the last letter „h‟. When the bases faith and youth are attached to the

suffix {-ful}, they change into faithful and youthful. The suffixation is adding the

suffix {-ful} to the bases without any alteration in the bases and the form of the

suffix {-ful}. In short, the bases faith and youth is followed directly by the suffix

{-ful}.

vi. The Base Ending with the Last Letter ‘n’

The bases of the suffix {-ful} ending with the letter „n‟ infrequently appear

based on the data collection. The occurrence of the bases ending with „n‟ is only

in two words. The data is the words sin and pain. Those words are shown in the

following list below.


33

Table 11. The Last Letter ‘n’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Bases Words

1 pain painful

2 sin sinful

As mentioned in the data above, the attachment of the suffix {-ful} to

bases ending with the letter „n‟ does not change the spellings of the bases. It can

be seen in the bases pain and sin. When the base pain is added to the suffix {-ful},

it changes directly into painful without any alteration. The same thing also

happens to the base sin + {-ful} which changes into sinful. It can be concluded

that there is no change orthographically of the bases ending with the letter „n‟

when they are added to the suffix {-ful}.

vii. The Base Ending with Last Letter ‘l’

According to the data, the number of the base ending with the letter „l‟ is

only occurs in one word. The word is as follows.

Table 12. The Last Letter ‘l’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Base Word

1 skill skillful

The researcher can only find one noun that ends with the last letter „l‟. The

datum is the base skill that is categorized as a noun base. When this base is

attached to the suffix {-ful}, it does not make any change orthographically. It is

proven when the base skill + {-ful} becomes skillful.

viii. The Base Ending with the Last Letter ‘d’

Besides the bases ending with the letter „n‟, the base ending with the letter

„d‟ also rarely appears based on the data collection. The base ending with „d‟ is


34

taken from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway. The base

ending with „d‟ appears only in one word. This word is presented can be seen in

the table below.

Table 13. The Last Letter ‘d’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Base Word

1 hand handful

There is only one noun that ends with the last letter „d‟ namely handful.

The base ending with letter „d‟, hand, after attached to the suffix {-ful} alters into

handful. When the base ending with „d‟ is received by the suffix {-ful}, it does not

make any change. In other words, the base ending with „d‟ does not undergo any

alteration. The suffix {-ful} can be attached to the base directly.

ix. The Base Ending with the Last Letter ‘s’

The last datum is the base with the letter „s‟ in the final position. There is

only one word with „s‟ that is considered as the base of the suffix {-ful}. This

word is listed in the table below.

Table 14. The Last Letter ‘s’ Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

No Base Word

1 success successful

Above is the datum of the base ending with the letter „s‟. The base success

when it is attached to the suffix {-ful}, the base changes into successful. It shows

that when the base success changes into successful, there is no alteration in the

base and the form of the suffix {-ful}.

To sum up, orthographically, all of the bases of the suffix {-ful} undergo

the simple affixation. The simple affixation means that every base is directly


35

attached to the suffix {-ful} without any alteration. The bases care, hurt, and play

when attached to the suffix {-ful} change into careful, hurtful, and playful. It

proves that the suffix {-ful} is directly added to the bases without any alteration of

the spelling. The simple affixation can be indicated through this following

formula.

However, there is an exceptional case for the bases ended with last letter

„y‟. For the bases beauty, duty, mercy, and pity undergo the replacement because

the letter „y‟ is preceded by a consonant. After receiving the suffix {-ful}, the

bases beauty becomes beautiful, duty becomes dutiful, mercy becomes merciful,

and pity becomes pitiful. It proves that the letter „y‟ on the final position of the

bases changes into „i‟ after receiving the suffix {-ful}.

b. The Last Phoneme of the Bases

The data are analyzed based on the last phoneme of the bases of the suffix

{-ful} to recognize the last sound of the bases. The pronunciation of the data

before and after attached to the suffix {-ful} is also analyzed in order to identify

whether or not there is an alteration of the pronunciation of the suffix {-ful}. Here

are the data of the distribution of the suffix {-ful} based on the last phoneme. The

data is written in the table below.

Table 15. The Distribution of the Bases Receiving the Suffix {-ful}

based on the Last Phoneme of the Bases

NO.

THE LAST

PHONEME OF

THE BASE

FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

1 /t/ 14 33.3%

2 /s/ 6 14.3%


36

3 /θ/ 4 9.4%

4 /i/ 4 9.4%

5 /n/ 2 4.8%

6 /ɪə/ 2 4.8%

7 /eə/ 1 4.8%

8 /ʊə/ 1 2.4%

9 /ɔɪ/ 1 2.4%

10 /eɪ/ 1 2.4%

11 /ɪ/ 1 2.4%

12 /m/ 1 2.4%

13 /l/ 1 2.4%

14 /d/ 1 2.4%

15 /ə/ 1 2.4%

16 /z/ 1 2.4%

TOTAL 42 100%

i. The Bases Ending with /t/

Based on the data collection, the bases ending with phoneme /t/ is the

most productive one among the other phonemes. The accumulation of the bases is

fourteen words means that the occurrence of it is more than 30%. These are

following examples.

doubt /daʊt/ doubtful /ˈdaʊtfl/

hurt /hɜːt/ hurtful /ˈhɜːtfl/

fate /feɪt/ fateful /ˈfeɪtfl/

resent /rɪˈzent/ resentful /rɪˈzentfl/

tact /tækt/ tactful /ˈtæktfl/


37

Above are the examples of the bases ending with last phoneme /t/. The

bases, tact /tækt/ and fate /feɪt/, when they are attached to the suffix {-ful} change

into /ˈtæktfl/ and /ˈfeɪtfl/. It shows when the suffix {-ful} attaching to the bases

tact /tækt/ and fate /feɪt/, the pronunciation of the suffix {-ful} does not undergo a

change.

ii. The Bases Ending with /s/

The suffix {-ful} also attaches to the bases ending with the phoneme /s/.

There are six bases of the suffix {0ful} having the phoneme /s/ as the last

phoneme. The examples are examples are listed below.

purpose /ˈpɜːpəs/ purposeful /ˈpɜːpəsfl/

remorse /rɪˈmɔːs/ remorseful /rɪˈmɔːsfl/

success /səkˈses/ successful /səkˈsesfl/

The examples above show that the pronunciation of the bases ended with

the last phoneme /s/ do not change when they receiving the suffix {-ful}. It is

proven in the base purpose /ˈpɜːpəs/ changes into purposeful /ˈpɜːpəsfl/ and the

base success /səkˈses/ changes into successful /səkˈsesfl/. It means that this

process does not change either the form of the suffix {-ful} or the form of the

bases.

iii. The Bases Ending with /θ/

The bases ending with the phoneme /θ/ appears in four words. The words

are shown as follows.

faith /feɪθ/ faithful /ˈfeɪθfl/

truth /truːθ/ truthful /ˈtruːθfl/


38

wrath /rɑθ/ wrathful /ˈræθfl/

youth /juːθ/ youthful /ˈjuːθfl/

The bases such as /feɪθ/, /truːθ/, /rɑθ/, and /juːθ/ are categorized as the

bases ending with the last phoneme /θ/. In the word faith /feɪθ/, its pronunciation

turns into /ˈfeɪθfl/ when it receives the suffix {-ful}. In short, the suffix {-ful}

attaches to the bases directly without any modification.

iv. The Bases Ending with /i/

The suffix {-ful} can also be directly attaches to the base ends with /i/.

There are four words having the last phoneme /i/. Those words can be seen on the

list below.

beauty /ˈbjuːti/ beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/

duty /ˈduːti/ dutiful /ˈdjuːtɪfl/

mercy /ˈmɜː(r)si/ merciful /ˈmɜːsɪfl/

pity /ˈpɪti/ pitiful /ˈpɪtɪfl/

On the data above, it shows when the suffix {-ful} attaches to the bases

beauty /ˈbjuːti/ and pity /ˈpɪti/, there is a vowel change from /i/ into /ɪ/. The

pronunciation of the bases ended with the phoneme /i/ are altered when receiving

the suffix {-ful}. The alteration of the bases appears after the suffixation process.

However, the shape of the suffix {-ful} does not change into another form.

v. The Bases Ending with /n/

The same thing also happens in the base ending with /n/. The occurrence is

only two words. The data are listed below.


39

pain /peɪn/ painful /ˈpeɪnfl/

sin /sɪn/ sinful /ˈsɪnfl/

The base pain is pronounced as /peɪn/ turns into /ˈpeɪnfl/ when the suffix{-

ful} attaches to. Similar to the base sin /sɪn/, which turns into sinful /sɪnfl/ when

attached to the suffix {-ful}. This process shows that there is no alteration of

pronunciation before and after the words undergo suffixation process.

vi. The Bases Ending with /ɪə/

Besides the base ending with phoneme /n/, the occurrence of the base

ending with /ɪə/ is only two words. The data are listed below.

fear /fɪə(r)/ fearful /fɪəfl/

tear /tɪə(r)/ tearful /tɪəfl/

The base fear /fɪə(r)/ turns into fearful /fɪəfl/ when the suffix {-ful}

attaches to. Another base is tear /tɪə(r)/ becomes tearful /tɪəfl/ after attaching the

suffix {-ful}. It shows that the bases ending with /ɪə/ do not undergo the alteration

of pronunciation after receiving the suffix {-ful}. Hence, the attachment of the

suffix {-ful} is directly added to the bases fear /fɪəfl/ and tear /tɪə(r)/ without

changing the pronunciation.

vii. The Bases Ending with /ʊə/

Besides the base ending with phoneme /ə/, there is also the base ending

with /ʊə/ which is only has one datum. The word is presented as follows.

power /ˈpaʊə(r)/ powerful /ˈpaʊəfl/


40

The datum above shows that the pronunciation of the suffix {-ful} when

attaches to the base power /ˈpaʊə(r)/ does not undergo any change. The word has

the same pronunciation before and after attaching to the suffix {-ful}.

viii. The Bases Ending with /eə/

There is only one word ending with /eə/ that can be attached to the suffix

{-ful}. The word is shown as follows.

care /keə(r)/ careful /ˈkeəfl/

Based on the word above, there is no alteration of pronunciation when the

base care /keə(r)/ is attached to the suffix {-ful} which turns into careful /ˈkeəfl/.

In short, the pronunciation of the base and the suffix {-ful} remains the same as

the original one.

ix. The Bases Ending with /ɔɪ/

The suffix {-ful} also attaches to the diphthong. There is only one base

ending with /ɔɪ/ that can be attached to the suffix {-ful}. The datum is as follows.

joy /dʒɔɪ/ joyful /ˈdʒɔɪfl/

The base joy is pronounced as /dʒɔɪ/, it becomes joyful /ˈdʒɔɪfl/ when the

suffix {-ful} attaches to the base. It means that the base before and after receiving

the suffix {-ful} have the same pronunciation. The suffix {-ful} is attached

directly without any change.

x. The Base Ending with /m/

The base of the suffix {-ful} ending with phoneme /m/ infrequently appear

based on the data collection. It only occurs in one words.

shame /ʃeɪm/ shameful /ˈʃeɪmfl/


41

The list above shows that the pronunciation of the base ended with /m/

does not change when receiving the suffix {-ful}. It can be proven in the word

shame that is pronounced as /ʃeɪm/. When the suffix {-ful} attaches to this word,

the last phoneme /m/ is still pronounced. It means that there is no alteration of

pronunciation in the base ending with /m/.

xi. The Bases Ending with /ɪ/

The last base that can be attached to the suffix {-ful} having one word is

the base ending with phoneme /ɪ/. The datum is presented below.

cheer /tʃɪ(r)/ cheerful /'tʃɪəfl/

The base cheer /tʃɪ(r)/, its pronunciation changes into /'tʃɪəfl/ when the

suffix {-ful} attaches to the base. There is an insertion of schwa /ə/ when the base

is attached to the suffix {-ful}. Thus, the pronunciation of cheerful is pronounced

as /'tʃɪəfl/, not */tʃɪ(r)/.

xii. The Bases Ending with /d/

The suffix {-ful} also attaches to the base ending with phoneme /d/. There

is only one base attached to the suffix {-ful} ending with /d/. The data is written

below.

hand /hænd/ handful /ˈhændfʊl/

The data mentioned above shows that there is a different pronunciation of

the suffix {-ful}. The suffix {-ful} will be pronounced as /fʊl/ when the base

ended with /d/. In short, when the suffix {-ful} is attached to the noun bases in

order to change the words into nouns, the different pronunciation occurs in the


42

suffix {-ful} from /fl/ into /fʊl/. Consequently, the base hand /hænd/, which is a

noun, is pronounced as /ˈhændfʊl/ rather than */ˈhændfl/.

xiii. The Bases Ending with /l/

The suffix {-ful} also attaches to the base ending with /l/. There is only

one word. Below is the datum.

Skill /skɪl/ skillful /ˈskɪlfl/

Based on the datum mentioned above, when the suffix {-ful} attaches to

the base ending with /l/, there is no alteration of the pronunciation of the base and

the suffix {-ful}. The base skill is still pronounced as /skɪl/ after attached to the

suffix {-ful}. Therefore, /skɪl/ + /fl/ is pronounced as /ˈskɪlfl/.

xiv. The Bases Ending with /eɪ/

The base ending with phoneme /eɪ/ also only has one datum. The datum is

listed below.

play /pleɪ/ playful /pleɪfl/

Similar to the base ending with /ʊə/, when the suffix {-ful} attaches to

the base ending with /eɪ/ as seen above, it can be added to the suffix {-ful}

directly without change any pronunciation. Thus, there is no alteration of the

pronunciation of the word play after and before the suffixation.

xv. The Bases Ending with /ə/

The base of the suffix {-ful} ending with phoneme /ə/ rarely occurs based

on the data collection. The occurrence of it is only one word. The word is as

follows.

wonder /ˈwʌndə(r)/ wonderful /ˈwʌndəfl/


43

The base wonder has the phoneme /ə/ as the final sound. When it is

attached to the suffix {-ful}, the word becomes wonderful that is pronounced as

/ˈwʌndəfl/. The base form of the suffix {-ful}, the /-fl/ follows directly without

changing its form.

xvi. The Bases Ending with /z/

According to the data, the base ending with /z/ only has one datum. The

word is shown as follows.

use /juːz/ useful / juːzfl/

As the datum above, the base use becomes useful. It shows that the base

ending with /z/ has no alteration of each pronunciation at all. In other words, /juːz/

+ /fl/ change into /juːzfl/. It is concluded that the attachment of the suffix {-ful} is

directly added to the base use without any modification.

B. The Functions of the Suffix {-ful}

The suffix {-ful} is recognized as the bound morpheme and the base that

comes from a noun is also recognized as the free morpheme. In other words, the

suffix {-ful} belongs to the derivational morpheme because the suffix {-ful}

changes the part of speech that comes from a noun which turns into an adjective

or a noun. The suffix {-ful} has three functions. The first one is to change nouns

into adjectives. The second one is to change nouns into nouns. The last is to

change verbs to adjectives.


44

Table 16. The Functions of the Suffix {-ful}

Lexical

Category

Frequency Change form Percentage

Noun Noun to Adjective 38 90.4 %

Noun to Noun 2 4.8 %

Verb Verb to Adjective 2 4.8 %

Total 42 100 %

The table above shows that the data which are attached to the suffix {-ful}

are forty two words. There are three functions of the suffix {-ful} in forming new

lexical category. The first function is to form adjectives from nouns. The number

of them is thirty eight bases. The first function which changes noun into adjective

commonly occurs in the suffix {-ful}. The second function is to form nouns to

nouns. It is only about 4.8% from all the data. The third function is the change

verbs into adjectives.

The occurrence of the third function is similar to the second function,

which is only appears in two words. Besides, the percentage of the third function

and the second function are also the same. It is only about 4.8 %. Therefore, the

second function and third function are quite less productive in the suffix {-ful}.

For the sake of deeper analysis about the functions of the suffix {-ful}, the

researcher examines based on the lexical category of the words before and after

the suffixation of the suffix {-ful}. Nevertheless, there is particular change in

analyzing the functions of the suffix {-ful}. It is proven in the second function of

the suffix {-ful} in which changes nouns into nouns. There is no alteration in the

part of the speech of the words handful and plateful when the bases receiving the


45

suffix {-ful}. The difference is shown in the meaning of the words hand and

handful. It means, there is any change in the terms of lexical category and there is

also particular meaning in the terms of the meaning. Therefore, the suffix {-ful} is

still considered as derivational suffix. It can be seen through the examples below.

1. From Nouns (N) to Adjectives (Adj)

1) Art (N) + -ful Artful (A)

2) Beauty (N) + -ful Beautiful (A)

3) Care (N) + -ful Careful (A)

4) Duty (N) + -ful Dutiful (A)

5) Faith (N) + -ful Faithful (A)

6) Fear (N) + -ful Fearful (A)

7) Hurt (N) + -ful Hurtful (A)

8) Joy (N) + -ful Joyful (A)

9) Mercy (N) + -ful Merciful (A)

10) Pity (N) + -ful Pitiful (A)

As the data mentioned above, it shows that the adjectives artful, beautiful,

careful, dutiful, faithful, fearful, hurtful, joyful, merciful, and pitiful come from the

nouns art, beauty, care, duty, faith, fear, hurt, joy, mercy and pity. The examples

(1) – (10) show the lexical categories of the bases, which is a noun. It means that

the suffix {-ful} has a function to form nouns into adjectives. Quirk et al. (1972:

996) state that “the suffix {-ful} is used to form chiefly abstract nouns into

gradable adjectives”.


46

Quirk et al. (1980: 60) also define that “there are two main classes of

noun. The first is abstract noun. Other than abstract nouns, there is also concrete

nouns”. An abstract noun is a noun that people cannot sense. It refers to the

concept, emotion, feeling, idea, and quality. An abstract noun has no physical

existence. People cannot see, hear, touch, smell or taste something. The opposite

of an abstract noun is a concrete noun.

Plag (2003: 96) explicates that “the suffix {-ful} is typically attached to

abstract nouns, as in beautiful, purposeful, and tactful”. From the whole data, the

researcher classifies that the whole bases of the suffix {-ful} belong to an abstract

noun. For examples, the bases such as beauty and fear show human qualities or

characteristics which belong to abstract nouns. Several examples of the feeling or

emotion are hate, help, hurt, joy, pain, peace and power. Furthermore, faith and

thought are the concept or idea. The categorization of emotion and idea is

classified as an abstract noun.

Considerably, based on the data above, all bases of the suffix {-ful} such

as art, beauty, care, duty, faith, fear, hurt, joy, mercy, and pity are considered as

abstract nouns. Those bases cannot be seen, smelt, tasted, heard, and touched. If

something belongs to an abstract noun, people‟s five senses which are sight,

smell, taste, hearing, and touch cannot detect it. In other words, something that is

abstract exists only in people‟s mind and it is still considered as a noun that can be

used as a subject or an object in a sentence.

The functions of the suffix {-ful} are not only forming noun bases into

adjective words but also forming noun bases into noun words. Based on the data,


47

this study has two words which form nouns from noun bases. It can be observed

from the following examples.

2. From Nouns (N) to Nouns (N)

1) Hand (N) + -ful Handful (N)

2) Plate (N) + -ful Plateful (N)

In the word handful, the base hand is classified as the noun base. It turns

into handful when it is added to the suffix {-ful}. Another word is plate as the

noun base, which changes into plateful after attached to the suffix {-ful}.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth

Edition (2015), hand and handful are countable nouns because they can be

counted.

Besides, plate and plateful are also categorized as countable nouns

because they can be counted. It means that when a base is categorized as

countable noun and is added to the suffix {-ful}, the result of suffixation process

is still categorized as a countable noun. It can be concluded that there is no

alteration in the part of speech of the word handful and plateful. The alteration

occurs in the meanings of the bases and the words after receiving the suffix {-ful}.

The explanation above is strengthened by the theory from Quirk et al.

They (1972: 996) state that “the suffix {-ful} is usually used to form countable

noun into countable noun”. Therefore, the base hand + {-ful} which becomes

handful is still categorized as a countable noun. This case is also similar to this

base. The base plate and the word plateful after suffixation are also countable

nouns. The word plateful is formed by the noun base plate + {-ful}.


48

The last function is to change verbs to adjectives. Based on the data

collection, there are two words which form verbs into adjectives. Below are the

data examples taken from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest

Hemingway and also reinforced with Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of

Current English Seventh Edition (2005). According to Quirk et al. (1972: 1553),

they mention that the suffix {-ful} sometimes combines with the verb base such as

forget.

3. From Verbs (V) to Adjectives (Adj)

1) Resent (V) + -ful Resentful (Adj)

2) Forget (V) + -ful Forgetful (Adj)

The data above show that resent and forget are the words with verb as the

bases. It means that the suffix {-ful} has the functions to form adjectives from

verbs. The verb bases that the suffix {-ful} transitive or intransitive verbs. There

are two classifications of verbs. The first one is a transitive verb and the second

one is an intransitive verb. The transitive verb is the verb that needs an object in

order to fulfill a sentence, whereas the intransitive verb does not need an object,

but it needs a subject.

In this study, the base resent applies a transitive verb type because it needs

an object to create the appropriate sentence. The verb resent needs the closure of

the local school as the object in the sentence People still resent the closure of the

local school. It would become imperfect sentence if the sentence were only

People resent because there is nothing that receives the action or resent. The same

thing is also applied to the word forget. In the sentence, he forgets your name, the


49

word forget has the phrase your name as an object. It does not make sense to have

the verb forget without any object. It can be understood that the verbs forget and

resent are transitive verbs because an object receives the action of the verb as a

transitive verb. In short, the transitive verb cannot stand without an object.

C. The Morphophonemic Processes that Occur in Words Attached to the

Suffix {-ful}

The morphophonemic process is the process which shows a phonological

process that is affected by a morphological process. Besides, the morphophonemic

process is a branch of morphology. It deals with the variation in the form of

morpheme because of the phonetic feature. The existence of morphophonemic

process changes the sound or pronunciation of a word. It can also change the

phoneme of the morphemes.

The researcher uses the International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA) to

complete this analysis in examining the morphophonemic process. Therefore, the

IPA is needed for analyzing the morphophonemic process. The IPA of the data in

this undergraduate thesis is taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of

Current English Ninth Edition (2015). The phoneme /r/ in the IPA‟s words written

in the dictionary is not always pronounced. It is because the phoneme /r/ can be

categorized as a silent phoneme depending on its position. The example is in the

word closure /ˈkləʊʒə(r)

/. The phoneme /r/ is not pronounced since it is in the final

position. Another example is in the word mercy /ˈmɜː(r)

si/ in which the phoneme


50

/r/ is not pronounced as it is placed before a consonant. In other words, the

phoneme /r/ is optional whether it can be pronounced or not.

In this study, the researcher figures out that there are some

morphophonemic processes. Segment insertion and vowel change are the kinds of

morphophonemic processes occurring after the suffixation of the suffix {-ful}.

Each process is elaborated separately.

1. Vowel Change

Vowel change is categorized as one kind of the morphophonemic

processes. When there is a change of one vowel to another vowel, it is called as a

vowel change. In this case, the researcher figures out some words to be discussed.

There are six words experiencing the vowel change after they are attached to the

suffix {-ful}. Here are the data.

Table 17. Vowel Change

No. Vowel Change Example

1 /i/ into /ɪ/

/ˈbjuːti/ /ˈbjuːtɪfl/

/ˈduːti/ /ˈdjuːtɪfl/

/ˈmɜː(r)si/ /ˈmɜːsɪfl/

/ˈpɪti/ /ˈpɪtɪfl/

2 /ɑ/ into /æ/ /rɑθ/ /ˈræθfl/

From the table above, it shows that there are two kinds of vowel changes

that ensues after the suffixation of the suffix {-ful}. The first is the alteration of

the vowel /i/ to the vowel /ɪ/. The second is the alteration of the vowel /ɑ/ to the

vowel /æ/.


51

The data above prove that there is a vowel change occurring in the words

attached to the suffix {-ful}. The words beautiful, dutiful, merciful, and pitiful

show the same alteration, from /i/ to /ɪ/. The next alteration can be perceived in

the word wrathful. The vowel /ɑ/ changes to /æ/ when the base wrath /rɑθ/ is

attached to the suffix {-ful} that becomes wrathful /ˈræθfl/.

a. The /i/ into /ɪ/ Change

The first vowel change that occurs in the base attached to the suffix {-ful}

is an alteration from /i/ into /ɪ/. There are four words experiencing this process.

The data are listed as follows.

Table 18. Vowel Change from /i/ into /ɪ/

No. Vowel Change Base IPA Word IPA

1

/i/ into /ɪ/

Beauty /ˈbjuːti/ beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/

2 Duty /ˈduːti/ dutiful /ˈdjuːtɪfl/

3 Mercy /ˈmɜː(r)si/ merciful /ˈmɜːsɪfl/

4 Pity /ˈpɪti/ pitiful /ˈpɪtɪfl/

There are four data that undergo the vowel change from /i/ into /ɪ/. The

base beauty /ˈbjuːti/ has the vowel /i/ in the final position. Then, it changes into

the vowel /ɪ/ in the word beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/. The similar thing also happens to the

bases duty /ˈduːti/ and mercy /ˈmɜː(r)

si/. Those words also have the vowel /i/ in

their final positions which are changed into /ɪ/ after receiving the suffix {-ful}.

Therefore, the words dutiful and merciful are pronounced as /ˈdjuːtɪfl/ and

/ˈmɜːsɪfl/ instead of */ˈdjuːtifl/ and /ˈmɜːsifl/.

There is an alteration in the final sound of the bases when it receives the

suffix {-ful}. The vowel /i/ as a front high tense vowel changes into /ɪ/ as a front

high lax vowel. This alteration alters the pronunciation of the bases and the words.


52

It is caused by the feature changing of each phoneme. This rule can be stated as

follows.

V [+high, -back, +tense] V [+high, -back, -tense] / __ [-voiced, +labiodental]

b. The /ɑ/ into /æ/ Change

The last vowel change that occurs in the base attached to the suffix {-ful}

is an alteration from /ɑ/ into /æ/. It is similar to the previous part which only has

one datum. The datum is as follows.

Table 19. Vowel Change from /ɑ/ into /æ/


1 /ɑ/ into /æ/ wrath /rɑθ/ wrathful /ˈræθfl/

The change of /ɑ/ into /æ/ occurs in the word wrathful which is

pronounced as /ˈræθfl/. After the additional of the suffix {-ful}, the vowel /ɑ/ in

the base wrath /rɑθ/ is changed into the vowel /æ/. Consequently, the word

wrathful is pronounced as /ˈræθfl/, not */rɑθfl/. From this discussion, it can be

revealed that the alteration of vowel change is the vowel /ɑ/ turns into /æ/ when

the base is attached to the suffix {-ful}. However, this alteration only happens in

one base which is wrath.

To sum up, the vowel change in the base wrath from /ɑ/ into /æ/ undergoes

the alteration of features when attached to the suffix {-ful}. The vowel change is

from a back vowel into front vowel. The rule of vowel change is stated use the

phonological notations. Here are the following phonological notations.

V [-high, +back, +tense] V [-high, +front, -tense] / __ [-voiced, +labiodental]


53

2. Segment Insertion

Segment insertion belongs to morphophonemic processes where the

feature of segment of the words is inserted. In short, segment insertion occurs

when there is an additional consonant or vowel. The segment insertion can be

inserted in the initial, medial, or the final sound of words.

In this undergraduate thesis, there is only one word experiencing the

segment insertion process. The researcher figures out that this segment is inserted

at the end of the base of the suffix {-ful}. The datum can be seen below.

Table 20. Segment Insertion


1. insertion of schwa /ə/ cheer /tʃɪ(r)

/ cheerful /'tʃɪəfl/

The table above shows that there is a segment insertion that occurs after

the attachment of the suffix {-ful} which is an insertion of schwa /ə/. The

insertion of schwa occurs in the word cheerful. The insertion of the schwa /ə/ in

the word cheer is really obvious. It happens when the base cheer is attached to the

suffix {-ful}, that becomes cheerful. Consequently, the IPA of the word cheerful

turns into /'tʃɪəfl/ by inserting the schwa /ə/ between the vowel /ɪ/ and consonant

/f/. It is said that the insertion of the schwa /ə/ ensues when /tʃɪ(r)

/ is attached to the

suffix {-ful}.

From the explanation above, the rule of insertion is applied in the base

cheer when receiving the suffix {-ful}. The rule uses the phonological notations.

It can be stated as follows.

Ø [ə] / V [+high, -back, -tense] __ [-voiced, +labiodental]


54

Besides the data mentioned above, the other data are categorized as simple

affixation. Similar to the simple affixation occurring in the spelling change

explained before, the simple affixation in phonological change also does not

undergo any modification. The examples are the bases faith /feɪθ/, shame /ʃeɪm/,

and skill /skɪl/, changes into faithful /ˈfeɪθfl/, shameful /ˈʃeɪmfl/, and skillful

/ˈskɪlfl/ after added to the suffix {-ful}.


55

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this study, the researcher has collected and analyzed forty two words

that are attached to the suffix {-ful}. This study aims to examine the suffix {-ful}

by answering three problems formulated in the first chapter. The problems involve

identifying the bases of words that receive the suffix {-ful}, examining the

functions of the suffix {-ful}, and the morphophonemic processes that undergo in

the suffixation of the suffix {-ful}.

The suffix {-ful} is classified as a bound morpheme because this suffix

cannot stand alone. It means this suffix needs another word to form a new word.

The suffix {-ful} is a derivational suffix having the function to create a new

adjectival word. The suffix {-ful} has two functions. Firstly, the function is to

create adjectives from nouns. Secondly, the suffix {-ful} form nouns to nouns.

The last is to create adjectives from verbs. Therefore, {-ful} is the suffix that

belongs to the nominal suffix and adjectival suffix.

Based on the lexical category, the bases of the suffix {-ful} are dominated

by noun base. There are forty words of noun bases in this study even though most

of the bases have two lexical categories. There are twenty four words considered

as a noun and verb. Besides, there are also 16 words considered only as a noun

class. It means that sixteem words only have one lexical category.

The suffix {-ful} can also be identified by two processes. The first process

is simple affixation and the second process is replacement. The simple affixation


56

means that the bases attached to the suffix {-ful} directly without any changes.

The bases that ending with last letters e, d, h, l, r, t, s, n and phonemes /t/, /s/, /θ/,

/n/, /ɪə/, eə/, /ʊə/, /ɔɪ/, /eɪ/, /ɪ/, /m/, /l/, /d/, /ə/, /z/ use the simple affixation.

Whereas, the bases ending with the last letter y use the replacement method which

only occurs in the words such as pity, duty, and beauty.

The morphophonemic processes occur in the attachment of the suffix {-

ful}. There are two types of morphophonemic processes that occur in the

attachment of the suffix {-ful} to the bases. The morphophonemic processes

include segment insertion and vowel change. The alteration is shown in the base

wrath /rɑθ/ when attached to the suffix {-ful}, it changes into wrathful /ˈræθfl/.

There is a change of vowel /ɑ/ in the base wrath into the vowel /æ/ in the word

wrathful.


57

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, and Robert M. Harnish.

Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication – Fifth

Edition. London: The MIT Press, 2001.

Bauer, Laurie. Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Edinburg: Edinburg

University Press, 1988.

Bauer, Laurie. Introducing Linguistic Morphology – Second Edition. Washington,

D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2003.

Car, Philip. Phonology. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.

Carol, Genetti. An Introduction to Language and Linguistics. New York:

Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Kreidler, Charles W. The Pronunciation of English. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Inc,

1989.

Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics – Sixth Edition. Oxford:

Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008.

Dwijatmoko, B. B. English Morphology. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University

Press, 2003.

Ernest, Hemingway. THE COMPLETE SHORT STORIES OF ERNEST

HEMINGWAY. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1987.

Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. Orando,

Florida, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, 1988.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to

Language – Ninth Edition. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning,

2011.

Gleason. H. A. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Henry Holt

& Company, 1958.

Ingo, Plag. Word-Formation in English. New York: Cambridge University Press,

2003.

Hananto, Domas Dody. “A Morphological Study of the Suffix {-ive}”.

Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Hurford, James R. Grammar: A Student’s Guide. New York: Cambridge


Katamba, Francis. Morphology. New York: St. Martin, 1993.


58

Maharani, Puspita. “A Study of the Meaning and Allomorphs of the English

Suffix {-cy}”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma,

2009.

Matthews, P. H. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford


McCarthy, Andrew Carstair. Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh:

Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2002.

O’Grady, William and John Archibald. Contemporary Linguistics: An

Introduction – Sixth Edition. Boston: St. Martin’s Press Inc., 2010.

O’Grady, William, Michael Dobrovolksky, and Mark Aronoff. Contemporary

Linguistics: An Introduction. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.

O’Grady, William, Michael Dobrovolksky, and Mark Aronoff. Contemporary

Linguistics: An Introduction. Fifth Edition. Boston: St. Martin’s Press,

2010.

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Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Prasetya, R.S. Kristian Guntur. “A Morphological Study of the Nominalization

Using the Suffix {-age} and {-ment}”. Undergraduate Thesis.

Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2011.

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A

University Grammar of English. London: Longman, 1980.

Setyorini, Mariana. “A Morphological Study of the English Adjective Suffix –al”.

Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2005.

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Co., 1977.


59

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Data Collection of the Noun Bases

No. Words Bases

1. Beautiful Beauty

2. Careful Care

3. Cheerful Cheer

4. Doubtful Doubt

5. Dutiful Duty

6. Faithful Faith

7. Fateful Fate

8. Fearful Fear

9. Forceful Force

10. Fright Fright

11. Graceful Grace

12. Grateful Grate

13. Hateful Hate

14. Handful Hand

15. Hurtful Hurt

16. Joyful Joy

17. Merciful Mercy

18. Painful Pain

19. Peaceful Peace

20. Pitiful Pity

21. Plateful Plate

22. Playful Play

23. Powerful Power

24. Purposeful Purpose

25. Remorseful Remorse

26. Respectful Respect

27. Sinful Sin

28. Shameful Shame

29. Skillful Skill

30. Successful Success

31. Tactful Tact

32. Tasteful Taste

33. Tearful Tear

34. Thoughtful Thought

35. Truthful Truth

36. Useful Use

37. Wasteful Waste


60

38. Wonderful Wonder

39. Wrathful Wrath

40. Youthful Youth

Appendix 2: Data Collection of the Verb Bases

No. Words Bases

1. Forgetful Forget

2. Resentful Resent

Appendix 3: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘e’

Appendix 4: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘t’

No. Words Bases

1. Doubtful Doubt

2. Forgetful Forget

3. Frightful Fright

4. Hurtful Hurt

5. Resentful Resent

6. Respectful Respect

7. Tactful Tact

8. Thoughtful Thought

No. Words Bases

1. care Careful

2. fate Fateful

3. force Forceful

4. grace Graceful

5. grate Grateful

6. hate Hateful

7. peace Peaceful

8. plate Plateful

9. purpose Purposeful

10. remorse Remorseful

11. shame Shameful

12. taste Tasteful

13. use Useful

14. waste Wasteful


61

Appendix 5: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘r’

No. Words Bases

1. cheerful cheer

2. fearful fear

3. powerful power

4. tearful tear

5. wonderful wonder

Appendix 6: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘y’

No. Words Bases

1. playful play

2. joyful joy

3. beautiful beauty

4. dutiful duty

5. merciful mercy

6. pitiful pity

Appendix 7: The Words with Bases Ending with ‘h’

No. Words Bases

1. faithful faith

2. truthful truth

3. wrathful wrath

4. youthful youth

Appendix 8: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘n’

No. Words Bases

1. painful pain

2. sinful sin

Appendix 9: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘l’

No. Words Bases

1. skillful skill


62

Appendix 10: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘d’

No. Words Bases

1. handful hand

Appendix 11: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘s’

No. Words Bases

1. Success Successful

Appendix 12: Morphophonemic Processes of the Suffix {-ful}

No. Words IPA Bases IPA Morphophonemic

Process

1. beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/ beauty /ˈbjuːti/ vowel change

2. dutiful /ˈdjuːtɪfl/ duty /ˈduːti/ vowel change

3. cheerful /'tʃɪəfl/ cheer /tʃɪ(r)

/ segment insertion

4. merciful /ˈmɜːsɪfl/ mercy /ˈmɜː(r)si/ vowel change

5. pitiful /ˈpɪtɪfl/ pity /ˈpɪti/ vowel change

6. wrathful /ˈræθfl/ wrath /rɑθ/ vowel change

Appendix 13: The Bases Ending with /t/

Appendix 14. The Bases Ending with /s/

No. Word Base IPA

1. forceful force /fɔːs/

No. Word Base IPA

1. doubtful doubt /daʊt/

2. fateful fate /feɪt/

3. forgetful forget /fə'get/

4. frightful fright /frait/

5. grateful grate /ɡreɪt/

6. hateful hate /heɪt/

7. hurtful hurt /hɜːt/

8. plateful plate /pleɪt/

9. resentful resent /rɪˈzent/

10. respectful respect /rɪˈspekt/

11. tactful tact /tækt/

12. tasteful taste /teɪst/

13. thoughtful thought /θɔːt/

14. wasteful waste /weɪst


63

2. Peaceful peace /piːs/

3. purposeful purpose /ˈpɜːpəs/

4. remorseful remorse /rɪˈmɔːs/

5. successful success /səkˈses/

6. graceful grace /ɡreɪs/

Appendix 15: The Bases Ending with /θ/

No. Word Base IPA

1. fateful fate /feɪθ/

2. truthful truth /truːθ/

3. wrathful wrath /rɑθ/

4. youthful youth /juːθ/

Appendix 16: The Bases Ending with /i/

No. Word Base IPA

1. beautiful beauty /ˈbjuːti/

2. dutiful duty /ˈduːti/

3. merci mercy /ˈmɜː(r)si

4. youthful pity /ˈpɪti/

Appendix 17: The Bases Ending with /n/

No. Word Base IPA

1. painful pain /peɪn/

2. sinful sin /sɪn/

Appendix 18: The Bases Ending with /ɪə/

No. Word Base IPA

1. fearful fear /fɪə(r)/

2. tear tearful /tɪə(r)/

Appendix 19: The Bases Ending with /eə/

No. Word Base IPA

1. careful care /keə(r)/


64

Appendix 20: The Bases Ending with /ʊə/

No. Word Base IPA

1. powerful power /ˈpaʊə(r)/

Appendix 21: The Bases Ending with /ɔɪ/

No. Word Base IPA

1. joyful joy /dʒɔɪ/

Appendix 22: The Bases Ending with /eɪ/

No. Word Base IPA

1. playful play /pleɪ/

Appendix 23: The Bases Ending with /ɪ/

No. Word Base IPA

1. cheerful cheer /tʃɪ(r)/

Appendix 24: The Bases Ending with /m/

No. Word Base IPA

1. shameful shame /ʃeɪm/

Appendix 25: The Bases Ending with /l/

No. Word Base IPA

1. Skillful skill /skɪl/

Appendix 26: The Bases Ending with /d/

No. Word Base IPA

1. handful hand /hænd/


65

Appendix 27: The Bases Ending with /ə/

No. Word Base IPA

1. wonderful wonder /ˈwʌndə(r)/

Appendix 28: The Bases Ending with /z/

No. Word Base IPA

1. useful use /juːz/


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