a literature review on seismic analysis of irregular

e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )

Volume:03/Issue:11/November-2021 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [185]

A LITERATURE REVIEW ON SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF IRREGULAR PLANNED

RC FRAME BUILDING DESIGNED AS PER CAPACITY-BASED

DESIGN CRITERIA

Dev Dutt Chaubey*1, Dr. Raghvendra Singh*2 *1Dept Of Civil Engineering, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, M.P., India.

*2Professor, Dept Of Civil Engineering, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, M.P., India.

ABSTRACT

If a structure's bulk, stiffness, or strength are distributed unevenly, or if its geometric configuration is irregular,

it is classified as irregular. The shape, shape, and size of the building are essential factors that influence

structural configuration. In fact, due to functional and aesthetic reasons, many structures nowadays include

abnormalities. However, previous seismic records suggest that these constructions have had poor seismic

performance. The basic approach to seismic design should be based on the structure's lateral resistance, as well

as its deformation and flexibility, with little damage but no collapse. Capacity design is based on defined

distributions of strength and ductility in structural members to successfully respond and prevent collapse

during a catastrophic earthquake by judicious selection of zones. successive energy dissipation so that a

predetermined energy dissipation mechanism is maintained throughout the seismic action.

The research in this review focuses on various criteria and factors employed by various researchers in two

directions. The first is the irregularly designed reinforced concrete frame construction under seismic influence,

and the second is the design arrangement of weak beams and strong columns in the reinforced concrete frame.

Collapse likelihood, collapse mechanism, height of structure and seismic zone, analytical methodologies, and

capacity ratio of beam columns and beams are all parameters used in the analysis and design of strong beam to

weak column layouts. according to the various codes used by various countries. The irregularity, shape, shape,

and scale of the building are the parameters for studying an irregularly planned reinforced concrete frame

building.

Keywords: Beam Column Capacity Ratio, Collapse Mechanism, Strong Column–Weak Beam Design, Plastic

Hinge, Irregularity, Geometry Shape And Size Of The Building.

I. INTRODUCTION

Torsion effects are caused by a lack of symmetry, which can be difficult to identify and can be quite detrimental.

The most effective way to reduce the impact of torsion forces is to pick floor layouts that are regular and

compact. Seismic separation joints between rectangular blocks must be used to partition buildings with

complex layouts. Buildings will only behave satisfactorily after an earthquake if all precautions are taken to

ensure a favorable destruction mechanism. Torsional actions must be carefully monitored to ensure that the

structure's overall ductility is not jeopardized or inhibited. During earthquakes, buildings with unequal

stiffness and strength distribution in the plane are prone to lateral and torsional movements.

The cell area can have an uneven form at times. In this case, it is important to construct a structure in the shape

of the plot. Buildings with initials such as I, L, W, V, T, O, and E are all the rage these days. This form makes

earthquake research harder. All buildings' lateral load-bearing elements should be symmetrically constructed,

and seismic ground movements should act in predictable directions. Due to the paucity of land in large cities,

architects frequently advocate irregular structures to make the most of the available space while also providing

appropriate ventilation and light. distinct parts of the structure

The structure is expected to support vertical and horizontal loads during operation within specified safety

limits. Applying seismic design of buildings, the frame structure must have many seismic resistance lines, one of

which is the seismic resistance line of strong beams with weak columns. In previous earthquakes, plastic

column hinges were more important than beam hinges, resulting in overall structural damage and a high risk of

death. All structural members transmit their forces through the column and the column shares them with the

ground, so if the column fails the whole structure can collapse, this is a weak column concept for beams. strong.

The plastic hinges will slide towards the beam when the column becomes more moment resistant than the





beam, preventing overall damage. Only the beam is bent in this situation as a sign of damage to the beam, and

people will have ample time to flee the scene, and the beam failure will be limited to a certain floor. Strong

Column Weak Beam is the name of this concept (SCWB). The vertical (column) component of the structure

determines the structure's ductility and energy dissipation in the event of an earthquake.

The avoidance of unexpected failure modes is a crucial element in terms of design. The capacity design

procedure excludes analytical results and seeks to create a favorable resistance hierarchy in the structure by

ensuring that the column's resistance is as low as possible. higher than the adjacent beam's, with the ability to

withstand the beam's extra resistance The degree of inelastic deformation that can occur under strong ground

motion is the area of greatest uncertainty in a power design structure's response. The SCWB frame's real design

employs a beam-to-column joint ratio, which is primarily employed to avoid the production of plastic hinges in

the column. The primary goal of this research was to determine the impact of SCWB design requirements on the

seismic vulnerability of "RC" frame structures.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

1) K. S. Sivakumaran and T. Balendra (1994) studies about Seismic analysis of asymmetric multistorey

buildings including foundation interaction and P-A effects on three-dimensional asymmetric multistorey

buildings founded on flexible foundations. The calculation method also includes the P ~ effect, where the

additional tilt and torsion moments on each floor due to the pA effect are replaced by fictitious lateral forces

and moments. The entire system has 3N + 5 degrees of freedom displacement. The required basic equations

were created taking into account the three movements of each floor and the five movements of the entire

building. Given the fact that only the superstructure allows classical normal mode, the floor's definitive

equations for foundation displacement are first separated by the mode superposition method. Substitution of

structural deformation combined with the dynamic soil structure-interaction-forced displacement relationship

in the system-wide deterministic equations leads to five integro-differential equations of basal displacement by

numerical stepwise time history analysis.

2) Juan C. De La Llera and Anil K. Chopra (1995) develops a simplified model for the analysis and design of

unsymmetrically planned building. This model is based on one super element per floor of the building and can

represent the elastic and inelastic properties of the floor. This is done by adapting the projectile's stiffness

matrix and load-bearing area to that of the element; this area refers to the thrust and moment of the projectile.

Several numerical studies have shown that the accuracy of the super element model is sufficient for most

design purposes. The peak response error is expected to be less than 20% for most practical structures. One of

the main advantages of this simplified model is that it takes at least an order of magnitude less time to

formulate, analyse, and interpret the structural model and its response than traditional inelastic 3D models.

3) Sean Wilkinson and David Thambiratnam (2001) tries to develop simplified procedure for seismic

analysis of asymmetric building. This procedure is done for torsional coupling and bending rotation at beam-

column junction and can be used with personal computer to give fast and reasonably accurate results, which

can compare with FEA. They manually develop this procedure by assumptions:

Floors are rigid diaphragms having freedom of three degree (two lateral and one rotation).

Kinetic energy of vertical member is either ignored or the column masses are lumped into the floors.

Vertical members possess three or five degrees of at each end.

Principal axes of entire vertical members assumed to lie along the horizontal x-y axes.

Lateral stiffness of any floor depends on the stiffness of vertical members just below and just above that

floor level.

Rotation at the ends of the vertical members is proportional to their respective second moment of area.

4) Rahul Rana, Limin Jin and Atila Zekioglu (2004) tries to performed push over analysis on a nineteen

story, slender concrete tower building located in San Francisco having 430,000 sq. ft. gross area. Building

having concrete shear wall for lateral load resistance. Push over analysis was performed to check the intent of

life safety performance under design earthquake. Software used are ETABS version 7 and SAP2000 version 7.

For all lateral member, cracked section stiffness is assumed to be 50% of gross section.

5) Seong-Hoon Jeong and Amr S. Elnashai (2006) have done fragility analysis of building with pan

irregularities. Here is a methodology for deriving a structural vulnerability curve with planning irregularities.





To characterize the damage state of irregular structures, a spatial (3D) damage index is formulated and used as

a measure of damage characterization. This method is demonstrated by a reference derivation of the

vulnerability curve of an irregular RC building under bidirectional seismic loads. Using the latter for irregularly

structured vulnerability analysis by comparing vulnerability curves derived from spatial and existing damage

indices can be inaccurate and even less conservative is shown.

6) Dj. Z. Ladjinovic and R. J. Folic (2008) tries to do seismic analysis of building having unsymmetrical plan.

Buildings with asymmetric stiffness and strength distributions on the floor plan are affected by a combination

of lateral and torsional movements during an earthquake. In many buildings, the centre of resistance does not

coincide with the centre of gravity. The effects of twisting should be minimized by reducing the distance

between the centre of gravity and the centre of stiffness. Rigidity properties control the dynamic response of

building structures. Choosing the stiffness properties of a structure is an important step in the conceptual

design phase. Good structural operation can be provided by a well-distributed lateral load bearing system. The

inelastic seismic behaviour of buildings with asymmetric floor plans is considered using the base shear and

torque (BST) history. The proposed method is to build the BST surface of the system using any number of

resistance elements in the direction of asymmetry and ground movement. The BST surface represents the

inelastic properties of the system, but the inelastic deformation can only be calculated if a non-linear static or

dynamic analysis is performed. Factors that determine seismic response are intensity eccentricity, lateral and

torsional capacitance of the system, and planar distribution of stiffness and excitation.

7) Hua Ma, Chunyang Liu, Zhenbao Li, Jianqiang Han, Shicai Chen (2011) studied about the influence of

seismic input in the oblique direction on the strong-column weak-beam mechanism for RC frame. The main

flow of seismic input for building calculations is to conveniently use the X and Y directions. The X and Y

directions are the main axes of the building, and the damage mechanism of the strong columns of weak beams

is considered only for these main axes. However, the response of the building is higher in the diagonal direction

than in the main axis, and the frequency in the diagonal direction of the building is also higher than in the X or Y

direction. They discuss how oblique seismic input affects the damage mechanism of strong columnar weak

beams in RC frames from the perspective of dimensional mechanical analysis, repeated load experiments, and

finite element analysis of dimensional beam-column connections. Discussing from and taking into account the

seismic input in the tilt direction is necessary in future structural planning to achieve actual strong column-

weak beam dynamics.

8) Faramarz Khoshnoudian and Mahdi Kiani (2012) tries to modify consecutive modal of pushover

procedure for seismic investigation of one-way asymmetric-plan tall buildings. The effects of higher-order

modes and twists have a significant impact on the seismic response of asymmetric skyscrapers. Continuous

modal pushover (CMP) is one of the pushover methods developed to take these effects into account. The

purpose of this paper is to modify the (CMP) analysis method to estimate seismic requirements for

unidirectional skyscrapers with asymmetric floor plans with dual systems. An analysis of the 10th, 15th, and

20th floor asymmetric floor plan buildings is performed and the results of the Modified Consecutive Modal

Pushover (MCMP) method are compared to the results of the Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA) method and non-

linearity. Comparison of time history analysis (NLTHA).

9) Dr. B. G. Naresh Kumar, Avinash Gornale and Abdullah Mubashir (2012) tries to evaluate seismic

performance of torsionally asymmetric RC frame building. Attempts will be made to investigate the effect of

eccentricity between the centre of gravity (CM) and the centre of stiffness (CR), and the effect of packed wall

stiffness on building performance. Building performance is assessed according to the procedures specified in

ATC40 and FEMA356. The study considers four building models built on the hard ground of the Indian seismic

zone Ш (IS: 1893-2002). One is symmetric and three have an asymmetric stiffness distribution. The filling was

modelled using an equivalent strut approach. Static analysis (for gravity and lateral loads) and nonlinear

pushover analysis (assignment of hinge properties to beam and column sections) were performed.

10) Jiulin Bai & Jinping Ou (2012) did plastic limit-state design of frame structures based on the strong-

column weak-beam failure mechanism. Focus on developing plastic design methods that use energy balance. A

modified energy balance equation is proposed, taking into account different structural systems with different

hysteresis behaviors that affect the cumulative inelastic strain energy. Since the period is the main variable that

determines the energy input of the MDOF (Multi Degree of Freedom System), multiple vibration periods and





modes of the MDOF are taken into account when determining the total energy input. The results of a 7-story RC

frame design using the proposed energy-based method show that the energy-based frame is strong while

achieving uniform floor drift and reducing local component damage. It shows that it can form a plastic hinge

distribution of columnar weak beams, which is good evidence of the proposed energy-based seismic design

method.

11) Rakesh Sakale, R K Arora and Jitendra Chouhan (2014) compared seismic behavior of horizontally

irregular and regular RC frame building. For this purpose, four multi-storey buildings are considered and

supplied with and without bracing walls. Building 1 is in the normal plan, building 2 is L-shaped, building 3 is T-

shaped, and Building 3 is C-shaped. To study the behaviour, the feedback parameters were retained. are the

lateral displacement and the drift of the stage. All buildings are assumed to be in Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV and

Zone V. For STAAD analysis. Pro software is used.

12) I Ketut Sudarsana, Ida Ayu Made Budiwati, Putu Wiyta Aditya (2014) investigates the effect of column

to beam strength ratio on performance of ductile reinforced concrete buildings. Ductile reinforced concrete

structures should be designed so that as many plastic hinges as possible appear before they collapse. The main

parameters of these models are the strength ratio of the stanchions to the beams from 1.0 to 2.0, that is, 1.0, 1.2,

1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0. The value is the ratio of the nominal strength of the column to the nominal strength of the

beam. This study also examines the ratio of column intensity to an estimated beam intensity of 1.2. We

evaluated the performance of all models using static nonlinear pushover analysis. All frame performance levels

examined are life safe, except that ten storey frames with an intensity ratio of 1.0 have collapse performance

levels.

13) Li Xinxia, Gong Maosheng, Han Qinghua, Xie Lili (2015) investigates new factors that characterize the

strong column weak beam mechanism of the RC frame structure. It states that the RC frame structure can

achieve a strong columnar weak beam corruption mode under the excitation of strong ground motion by

limiting the relative factors of the columnar beam. The beam-column relative coefficient limits were calculated,

analyzed and validated with the help of structural simulation models of corner columns on the bottom floor of

the structures most severely damaged by the earthquake. Through this study, they came to the conclusion that

the limits of the relative coefficients of the support beam need to be analyzed at different axial compression

ratios of the support under bidirectional seismic input.

14) Ning Ning, Wenjun Qu and Zhongguo John Ma (2016) studied about most vital parameter of capacity-

based design approach which is design recommendations for achieving strong column weak beam in RC frames.

Their study deals with the realization of ductile fracture of RC frames with on-site concrete ceilings. Repeated

load tests are performed on two 3D reinforced concrete (RC) frames, a control sample, and an RC frame on a

field concrete ceiling. Plate breakage patterns and roles are investigated experimentally. Test results show that

the panel can change the break pattern of the RC frame from a typical strong column break with weak beams to

a strong beam with weak column breaks. Plate reinforcement increases the section modulus of the beam. This

is the main reason for the formation of strong beams and weak columns.

15) A. Mistri and P. Sarkar (2016) studied about the capacity design of reinforced concrete framed building

for earthquake loading. This study analyzes a family of RC building models for seismic loads, taking into account

various load combinations of relevant Indian standards. It provides a range of normal forces that can occur in

the column section during a design earthquake. A simplified method for empirical calculation of MCR (moment

capacitance ratio) is proposed. The proposed method is easy to calculate for calculating the nominal column

design strength used in determining the MCR for girder connections. They came to the conclusion that it is

mathematically very difficult to find an appropriate axial force that minimizes the nominal strength of the

column. When a building is exposed to dynamic loads such as earthquakes, columns can generate various

normal forces. In this study, we developed a computationally simple method for calculating the nominal

strength of a column (0.8 times the column strength at zero normal force). It is used to determine the MCR in

the girder connection.

16) Milin N. Rajkotia and S. S. Sanghai (2016) analyse the unsymmetrical building seismically with and

without dampers. The first step in this project is to explore the design parameters of the friction damper.

Modelling is done in the software SAP2000. In addition, various parameters such as basic thrust, vertical force,





shear force, torsional moment, bending moment, basic time, energy dissipation from bare and friction damping

frames were investigated.

17) Dona Mary Daniel and Shemin T. John (2016) have done a pushover analysis on RC framed building. The

seismic response of a 10-story reinforced concrete building is analyzed using controlled displacement analysis.

Assume you are in seismic zone III. The building frame is modelled and analyzed using SAP2000 structural

analysis and design software. In nonlinear analysis, moment curvature dependence is used to simulate the

behavior of plastic hinges. It is therefore designed to simulate custom hinges for beam and column sections.

Moments (M) and interactive hinges (PM) were applied to both ends of the beam and column sections,

respectively. Lateral forces were obtained according to IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 and applied to the building. The

offset of the top node is gradually increased up to the ultimate offset to obtain the displacement curve. The

formation of plastic hinges and the sequence of destruction of beams and columns were recorded. Analysis

results including injection curves and hinge formation are discussed.

18) Bhumika Pashine, V. D. Vaidya and Dr. D. P. Singh (2016) have done wind analysis on T and L shape RC

frame building. The behavior of high-rise buildings against wind power with two irregular geometries (T-shape

and L-shape) is studied and analyzed for different heights. Examination of both geometries for floors 15, 25,

and 30 showed that all parametric coefficients per unit length increase with increasing height.

19) Dnyaneshkumar H. Lanjewar and Prof. Ameya Khedikar (2017) have done seismic analysis on

unsymmetrical RCC structure. The 7 layouts of the G+10 storey building was shot with one correct floor plan

and the other incorrect floor plans (C, E, H, L, T, PLUS, shape). The planar area of each structure is the same,

only the geometry is different. The height is the same for all models. Static and dynamic analyses were

performed on a computer using STAAD.Pro software with parameters for calculations according to IS 1893

2002 Part1. Estimate the seismic characteristics of structures of various shapes located in the strong

earthquake area and the mild earthquake area, and compare the calculated lateral shear force, period, joint

displacement, etc. The analysis uses response spectrum analysis.

20) N. W. Mankar and Prof. Dr. A. M. Pande (2017) tries to understand the behaviour of T shaped building

under seismic load. They examined T-shaped buildings and reduced the rotational flexibility of some T-shaped

buildings and "T" -shaped buildings from 100% to 0%. Soft computing tools and commercial software STAAD

Pro are used for modelling and analysis. The unusual form of the construction plan shows the sudden

development of power. You can reduce some force by introducing rotational flexibility, but be careful when

introducing rotational flexibility.

21) Nattapat Wongpakdee and Sutat Leelataviwat (2017) studied about influence of column strength and

stiffness on the inelastic behavior of strong column weak beam frames. This study investigates the inelastic

behavior of SCWB frames with different distributions of beam and column plastic strengths at different ductility

demand levels. They found that the value of beam column capacity ratio (ωr) must be carefully chosen during

design to ensure a desirable SCWB behavior. For frames with low ωr values deformation tended to be

concentrated in the lower stories. For frames with high ωr values, the deformation was concentrated in the

upper stories.

22) Jinkoo Kim and Younghoo Choi (2017) studied about the seismic performance of a staggered wall

structure designed with conventional strength-based design, and compares it with the performance of the

structure designed by capacity design procedure which ensures strong column-weak beam concept. Seismic

reinforcement schemes such as adding internal columns

or inserting rotary friction dampers at the ends of tie beams are validated by comparing their seismic

performance with that of a standard model structure. standard. They found that according to thrust analysis,

structures designed for strength failed mainly due to failure of the outer columns, while in structures designed

for capacity, the drop in strength large occurs due to the breakdown of the outer columns. plastic hinges in the

beams. Fragility analysis shows that the probability of achieving dynamic instability is highest in structures

designed to be loaded and lowest in structures with friction dampers. The power design applied in this study is

believed to be most effective for large earthquakes that cause severe structural damage. In the model with

internal columns, the probability of reaching a mild and moderate failure state is quite large, and the

probability of reaching a complete and complete failure state is most significantly reduced in the structure with





the dampers when Friction.

23) Yangbing Liu, Yuanxin Liao, Nina Zheng & Jingbo Liu (2018) did an analysis on strong column and weak

beam behavior of steel-concrete mixed frames. According to the requirements of building seismic conceptual

design, the frame structure requires multiple seismic lines, one of which is a strong columnar weak beam.

However, in the case of RC frames, the plastic mechanism of columns, not the plastic mechanism of beams, was

usually discovered in the Bunkawa earthquake. They investigated the pushover method used to analyze the

damage mechanism of concrete-filled tubular steel columns (CFST) and reinforced concrete composite beams

(CB). Their study analyzes the problem of strong columns and weak beams in CBC FST column composite

frames. Describes the effect of the fracture moment ratio (columns and beams) on the structural failure

mechanism.

24) Mitesh Surana, Yogendra Singh, Dominik H. Lang (2018) tries to found effect of strong‑column

weak‑beam design provision on the seismic fragility of RC frame buildings. They performed an incremental

dynamic analysis of a series of low and medium and high reinforced concrete structures with special moment

resistance frames. Buildings that do not meet and comply with the design criteria Strong column Weak beam

(SCWB) are considered. These buildings are designed for the heaviest seismic zones in India (ie Zone IV and

Zone V) in accordance with the provisions of Indian standards. Buildings that do not meet SCWB design criteria

have been observed to lead to unwanted collapse mechanisms in the event of column failure. Column yielding is

unavoidable even in buildings with an SCWB ratio of 1.4, but the observed collapse mechanism changes to a

beam fracture mechanism.

25) Rita Bento and Mario Lopes (2018) worked on evaluation of the need for weak beam-strong column

design in dual frame-wall structures. They stated that according to the principle of capacity planning for multi-

layer frames, it is preferable to forcibly form plastic hinges on the beams in order to disperse the plasticity

throughout the structure. However, adding walls to the frame can ultimately help diffuse the plasticity, even if

the frame hinges are formed on the columns. This possibility was investigated using two frame structures, two

double frame wall systems were built across the height of the building without strength reserves, and all

elements were equipped with the same high ductility. Under these conditions, the results show that the

formation of hinges at the ends of the beams leads to better seismic performance in both the frame structure

and the double frame wall system than if the hinges were developed in support.

26) Hande gokdemir, Ayten gunaydin (2018) investigated on strong column – weak beam ratio in multi-

storey structures. They investigated the effect of coefficient changes on column and beam moments according

to the Turkish seismic law. Various numerical examples with a factor of 10 are shown. The results of the study

show that irregularities in the highly columnar beam composition can adversely affect other irregularities in

the structure. Using the package program SAP2000, we examined a four-story frame with a beam span of 4 m

and a floor height of 3 m. Bernoulli's hypothesis, Hooke's law, linear theory, and superposition principle are

used in the analysis. Horizontal loads are calculated using the equivalent static load method. They found that

the horizontal displacement of the SCWB (Strong Column Weak Beam) frame under seismic load is relatively

small compared to the WCSB (Weak Column Strong Beam) frame under the same load. This is also the type B2

irregularity of the TEC (Turkish earthquake).

27) Rastandi Josia Irwan, Rahim Sjahril A, Lase Yuskar, and Yan Hendro (2018) did a comparison on fixed

and isolated based L shaped planned structure. The selected research subject is, which is known as a lead

rubber bearing (LRB) with a damping rate of 27%. Variations in wing length have been proposed to

accommodate the study of the L-shaped. Six models serve as a six-story high office building. The three solid-

based models are built in a dual system, and another three separate models are built with a linear distribution

of lateral forces according to the ASCE 716 code. A 3D non-linear time history analysis was performed on the

separated model and the contains 7 sets of ground motions matched against the MCR target spectrum from

Jakarta under soft ground conditions.

28) Yogesha A V and dr. Jagadish G. Kori (2018) did comparative analysis on symmetrical and

unsymmetrical RC framed building using different type of dampers. Comparative analysis of symmetrical and

asymmetric buildings using various dampers such as fluid viscous dampers and viscoelastic dampers. Code

specification IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 is used to analyze the structure according to the equivalent static and





response spectrum methods. Modeling and analysis are performed using the software ETAB 2016. The results,

namely seismic parameters such as displacement, floor displacement, and floor thrust, are tabulated and a

comparative study of structures with and without dampers and in combination with fluid viscoelasticity is

performed. I made a viscoelastic damper.

29) Kadali Deepika Rani and B. Anup (2018) studies that how shape and plan configuration affects the

seismic behaviour of RC framed structure. They trying to investigate the effect of floor plan and shape

placement on unplanned shape structures. Sporadic shaped structures react differently to seismic activity. Plan

geometry is a parameter that chooses to run under different stacking conditions. The impact of anomalies

(planning and shape) on the structure was determined using auxiliary exploration programming STAAD Pro.

completion. V8i. They took three buildings of regular shaped, A shaped and U shaped of height G+15 and study

about the seismic behaviour of them.

30) Zain-Ul-Abdin Butt, Nitish Kumar Sharma, Nirbhay Thakur (2019) used shear wall and bracing to do

the comparison between unsymmetrical and symmetrical structure. The focus was on the analysis of regular

and irregular frames using the response spectrum method. A (G + 9) building was modelled for research.

Different building frames are created with different shapes of shear walls and reinforcements in different

locations to reduce shear in the base and increase the seismic resistance of the structure. The parameters for

which comparative studies were performed are base shear, duration, projectile drift, and nodal displacement.

31) Livian Teddy, Gagoek Hardiman, N. Nuroji, Sri Tudjono (2019) attempts to calculate new method in

calculating columns and beams dimensions that meets requirements of the strong column weak beam and non-

soft story. They strive to help architects design columns and beam dimensions. This study is a review of three

theories: 1) column and beam preliminary design theory, 2) strong column and weak column concept theory,

and 3) soft projectile and column thinness theory. The following is a table of these theories. To meet the criteria

for strong columns, weak beams, and non-soft projectiles, the following steps must be performed: 1) Dimension

the column according to 0.15% of the cumulative minor area of the column 2) Determine the dimensions 1/12

of the beam Span and plastic elasticity of the beam 3) Determine the dimensions of the column and the plastic

elasticity of the column 4) Determine the height of the column based on the thinness of the column Compare

the plastic elasticity of 5) Check the plastic elasticity of the column and the beam, and check whether the plastic

elasticity of the column meets the criteria of 1.2 times or more of the plastic elasticity of the beam.

32) Mohd Moazzam Ali Irfani, A Vimala (2019) Surveying the collapse mechanism of three buildings of 5, 12

and 15 floors for the concept of weak beams into strong columns. The aim of their work was to determine the

nonlinear static performance of three buildings of different heights. Six structures were modelled of 5, 12 and

15 floors each with two strong columns with weak beam ratios of 1.2 and 1.4, a nonlinear analysis was

performed on these structures and obtain the power curves as well as the collapse mechanism.

33) Ajay Singh Thakur, Jagdish Chand (2019) beam and column cross sections have been found to play a

major role in designing capacitance-based structures based on the concept of strong and weak beams. These

increase the specific moment resistance of the column according to the code guidelines. This leads to the

conclusion that the moment-capacity ratio plays an important role in increasing column ductility. They found

that the frame followed a mixed pattern, with only the lower nodes of the columns on the ground floor hinges,

and the rest following the beam mechanism to shift and increase the strength of the building.

34) Mohammadreza Vafaei, Mahmoud Baniahmadi, Sophia C. Alih (2019) experimentally investigated the

relative importance of Strong Column-Weak Beam (SCWB) design concept in comparison to other code-

prescribed details for a reinforced concrete Special Moment Frame (SMF). Two full-scale reinforced concrete

frames (RC) were constructed with similar rebar ratios, shapes, and material properties. The first frame (that is,

OBF) only met the coding requirements of the strong and weak columnar beam design concept. However, the

second frame (that is, SBF) met all the other requirements required by the SMF code. Similar reverse cycling

loads were applied to the frames and their responses were compared. The results showed that OBF had similar

fracture loads, effective stiffness, displacement at effective yield point, and displacement ductility ratio

compared to SBF.

35) Ravat Lulva H & Jignesh A. Amin (2019) studies about effect of strong column weak beam (SCWB) ratio

on seismic vulnerability of 2-story RC frame and its fragility analysis. Non-linear static analysis to assess the





risk of collapse of a double-decker special moment resistance rc frame constructed of weak beams of various

strong columns. The (SCWB) ratios are 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8. The four internal RC frames are designed according

to the Indian standards IS 4562000, IS 1893: 2016, and IS 13920: 2016 for seismic zone IV and moderate soil

types. To assess seismic vulnerability, the HAZUS methodology is considered and a vulnerability curve is

created according to the four damage conditions developed by Barby et al

36) Rajkumar D. Patil, B. N. Mulay, S. K. Patil and A. B. Pujari (2020) did study of torsional effects on

unsymmetrical RC framed building. The main purpose of this study is to minimize the torsion ratio to the limit

according to IS 1893: 2016 (Part 1) by changing the stiffness of the vertical elements of the planar composition.

To this end, IS Code 1893: 2016 (Part 1) specifies guidelines. Following this, an L-shaped G + 15-story model

will be created at ETAB 2017, using beam columns and plates, and beam shear wall and plate methods. The

reaction reduction method is used for the analysis. The results are based on maximum bullet drift, mode pairs.

Frequency and twist irregularities.

37) Hui Tian, Yinfeng Dong (2020) did comparison on yield mechanism of strong column-weak beam of

reinforced concrete frame structure. They take as an example a flat frame designed in accordance with the

seismic code regulations of different countries, then the difference in failure mechanism of the designed frame

under seismic effects is calculated. compare and analyze. The weak column beam high coefficient arrangements

(column-to-beam capacity ratio) in different countries are systematically compared. Through an example,

practical differences in national regulations are compared and design proposals are made. Finally, some

recommendations are made to ensure the implementation of the strong beam mechanism with the weak

column.

38) Chong Zhang, Mu-Xuan Tao (2021) studied about the effect of biaxial seismic excitation on the

discrepancy between design and actual performance was investigated. First, a modified load contour method is

proposed to derive the closed equation of biaxial bending moment strength, which is verified by numerical and

experimental tests. A series of time-history analyzes are then performed in a simple frame modeled by fiber

beam column elements exposed to biaxial seismic excitation, and the current stringent column weakness

criteria are the occurrence of column hinges. Make sure it is not enough to prevent it. Based on the proposed

equation, a biaxial overstress factor is developed, which in turn reinforces the column reinforcements to

prevent column hinges from occurring in the case of biaxial excitation. This has proven to be effective by the

following groups: Time-lapse analysis.

III. CONCLUSION

In this review paper study, which is about the different criteria and parameter used by different researchers on

capacity-based design on RC frames under seismic excitations. The following conclusions can be made from the

studies: -

Relying only on the code-prescribed requirement for the strong column-weak beam design concept may not

be sufficient for avoiding the formation of the plastic hinge in the columns of RC frames and other seismic

detailing like an adequate lap splice length should be provided.

The frame that only satisfied the SCWB design concept had a faster stiffness degradation compared with the

frame that fully satisfied the code-prescribed seismic detailing.

The conforming as well as non-conforming buildings were designed for identical base shear coefficients, the

non-conforming buildings exhibit a significantly reduced collapse capacity as compared to the conforming

buildings.

The cross section of beam and column matters a lot in designing capacity-based design based on strong

column weak beam concept. The moment capacity ratio plays a major role in increasing the ductility of

column and moment resistivity of column is increased as per the code guidelines.

It is feasible to divide the structure into several parts along the height and adopt different measures of

strong column-weak beam for different parts. With the exception of the column footings and in the top

story, plastic hinges in columns should be avoided.

The incident angle of ground motion is not the parameter directly controlling the formation of column

hinges, but the direction and value of floor drifts.





The frame follows mixed pattern in which only the bottom node of column in ground floor shows hinge

formation and rest follows beam mechanism.

With the increasing of storey height, the performance point and displacement also increased which implies

the need of shear walls for lowering the displacement and increasing the strength of building.

Experimentally it has been observed that the collapse mechanism strongly depends on the SCWB ratio used

for the seismic design.

The axial compression ratio is the most sensitive factor influencing the required ratio of column-to-beam

strength. The reasonable ratio of column-to-beam strength is proposed to avoid the brittle failure of the RC

frames in seismic design.

Experimental results demonstrate that slabs can change the failure pattern of RC frames from a typical

‘‘strong column weak beam” failure to the ‘‘strong beam weak column” failure. Although the concrete

strength, reinforcement ratio of slabs, thickness of the slabs and the stiffness of transverse beams are less

sensitive influencing the required ratio of column-to beam strength.

Fragility analysis shows that there is no major improvement in seismic performance of RC frames, although

probability of collapse varies from 16% to 13% in case of 1.2 SCWB ratio to 1.8 SCWB ratio, respectively.

Weirdly shaped building plans are generally not recommended from a seismic safety point of view. They

may show an erratic pattern of force development due to significant variation in the base core and corners.

The torsion effect could be avoided in fundamental modes with the proper types and isolator layout. By

using base isolation, mass participation factor in translation and torsion over 90 percent will be more easily

achieved, so the analysis is enough to represent the real vibrated mass. Using base isolation can lead to the

saving effort; i.e., rebar by 7-15% and concrete by 3%.

IV. FUTURE SCOPE

The above study of different research papers related to seismic analysis of RC frames following capacity-based

design, we analysis the following gap for future work: -

The total frame characteristic determines the creation of column hinges, not a particular structural

component behavior. Only if more emphasis is placed on the total frame system performance might a more

sensitive explanation be offered. Slabs play an important role in the dynamic response of frames. The

influence of slab is not included in Indian code, but can be discussed in the follow-up study.

The follow-up study can be focus on the performance-based design with respect to S-C-W-B criteria.

In the follow up study seismic retrofitting of non-conforming RC frames can be done by mostly focus on its

undesired failure mode (i.e., plastic hinge formation in columns due to inadequate lap splice length) rather

than increasing its ductility or strength capacities.

Experimental study can be done in the field of relative importance of strong column-weak beam design

concept in the multi-story RC frames.

Separate studies can be done to study the effect of near-field earthquakes on the governing collapse

mechanism and collapse fragility.

Variable SCWB ratios along the height of the building, can be an improvement in the capacity design

procedure to enhance the collapse performance.

Seismic analysis of capacity-based designed RC frame building can be done for vertical and horizontal

irregularities.

Comparative analysis can also be done between capacity-based design approach and other lateral load

resisting elements such as shear wall, bracing etc., for irregular RC frame building.

V. REFERENCES

[1] K. S. Sivakumaran and T. Balendra, “Seismic analysis of asymmetric multistorey buildings including

foundation interaction and P-A effects” Engg Struct. 1994, Volume 16, Number 8, April 1994.

[2] Juan C. De La Llera and Anil K. Chopra, “A simplified model for analysis and design of asymmetric-plan

buildings” Earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, vol. 24, 573 594, John Wiley & sons, ltd.,

September 1994.

[3] Sean Wilkinson and David Thambiratnam, “A simplified procedure for seismic analysis of





unsymmetrical building” Computer and structure Elsevier science ltd, 2833-2845, July 2001.

[4] Rahul Rana, Limin Jin and Atila Zekioglu, “Pushover analysis of a 19-story concrete shear wall

building” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 133, August 1-6, 2004.

[5] Seong-Hoon Jeong and Amr S. Elnashai, “Fragility analysis of buildings with plan irregularities” 4th

International Conference on Earthquake Engineering Paper No. 145 October 12-13, 2006.

[6] Dj. Z. Ladjinovic and R. J. Folic, “seismic analysis of asymmetric in plan buildings” The 14th World

Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008.

[7] Faramarz Khoshnoudian and Mahdi Kiani, “Modified consecutive modal pushover procedure for

seismic investigation of one-way asymmetric-plan tall buildings” Earthquake engineering and

engineering vibration, Vol.11, No.2, 2012.

[8] Dr. B. G. Naresh Kumar, Avinash Gornale and Abdullah Mubashir, “Seismic performance evaluation of r

c-framed buildings - an approach to torsionally asymmetric buildings” IOSR Journal of Engineering

(IOSRJEN) ISSN: 2250-3021 Volume 2, PP 01-12 2012.

[9] Rakesh Sakale, R K Arora and Jitendra Chouhan, “Seismic behavior of buildings having horizontal

irregularities” International journal of structural & civil engineering research, ISSN 2319 – 6009, Vol.

3, No. 4, 2014.

[10] Milin N. rajkotia and S. S. Sanghai, “Seismic analysis of unsymmetrical building using supplemented

device” international journal for scientific research & development vol. 4, issue 03, 2016.

[11] Dona mary daniel and shemin t. John, “Pushover analysis of RC building” International journal of

scientific & engineering research, volume 7, issue 10, 2016.

[12] Bhumika Pashine, V. D. Vaidya and Dr. D. P. Singh, “Wind analysis of multi-storeyed structure with T

shape and L Shape geometry” International Journal of Engineering Development and Research, Volume

4, Issue 3 ISSN: 2321-9939, 2016.

[13] Dnyaneshkumar H. Lanjewar and Prof. Ameya Khedikar, “Seismic analysis of unsymmetrical RCC

structures” International journal of innovative research in science, engineering and technology, vol. 6,

issn 2319-8753, 2017.

[14] N. W. Mankar and Prof. Dr. A. M. Pande, “Understanding Behaviour of T shaped Building under Seismic

loading” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), ISSN: 2278-1684, Volume 14,

Issue 2 Ver. II, PP 01-05, 2017.

[15] Hande gokdemir, Ayten gunaydin, “Investigation of strong column – weak beam ratio in multi-storey

structures”, Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A- Applied Sciences and

Engineering, Volume: 19, Number: 2, Page: 242 - 252, Year: 2018.

[16] Mitesh Surana, Yogendra Singh, Dominik H. Lang,” Effect of strong‑column weak‑beam design

provision on the seismic fragility of RC frame buildings “International Journal of Advanced Structural

Engineering. Received: 1 April 2017 / Accepted: 30 March 2018 / Published online: 25 April 2018.[17]

Yogesha a v and dr. Jagadish g. Kori, “Comparative analysis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical

building using different combination of dampers” International Research Journal of Engineering and

Technology (IRJET), e-ISSN: 2395-0056, Volume: 05 Issue: 07, 2018.

[17] Kadali Deepika Rani and B. Anup, “Effect of Shape and Plan Configuration on Seismic Response of

Structure” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume

6, Issue 2, 2018.

[18] Rastandi Josia Irwan, Rahim Sjahril A, Lase Yuskar, and Yan Hendro, “Comparative Analysis of Fixed

base and Isolated Structure in “L” Shaped Plan with Time History Analysis based on ASCE 7-16” 5th

AMMSE 2018, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 473,

doi:10.1088/1757-899X/473/1/012027, 2019.

[19] Zain-Ul-Abdin Butt, Nitish Kumar Sharma, Nirbhay Thakur, “Comparison between Symmetrical and

Unsymmetrical Building under Seismic Load Using Bracing and Shear Wall” International Journal of

Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, 2019.





[20] Livian Teddy, Gagoek Hardiman, N. Nuroji, Sri Tudjono, “The New Method In Calculating Columns And

Beams Dimensions That Meets Requirements Of The Strong Column - Weak Beam And Non - Soft

Story” Journal of Architectural Design and Urbanism Vol 1 No 2, Received: 15-3-2019, Revised: 22-3-

2019, Accepted: 26-3-2019.

[21] Mohd Moazzam Ali Irfani and A Vimala, “Collapse Mechanism of Strong Column Weak Beam Buildings

of Varying Heights” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249

– 8958, Volume-9 Issue-1, October 2019.

[22] Mohd Moazzam Ali Irfani and A Vimala, “Collapse Mechanism of Strong Column Weak Beam Buildings

of Varying Heights” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249

– 8958, Volume-9 Issue-1, October 2019.

[23] Ajay Singh Thakur, Jagdish Chand, “Strong Column Weak Beam Concept By Analysing RCC MRF Frame

By Non Linear Static Procedure” International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316, Volume 10, 03, March 2019.

[24] Mohammadreza Vafaei, Mahmoud Baniahmadi, Sophia C. Alih, “The relative importance of strong

column-weak beam design concept in the single-story RC frames” Engineering Structures 185: 159–

170 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.126, Year 2019.

[25] Hui Tian and Yinfeng Dong, “Comparison on yield mechanism of strong column-weak Beam of

reinforced concrete frame structure” ISSN print 2345-0533, ISSN online 2538-8479, kaunas, Lithuania,

received 8 july 2020; accepted 27 july 2020.

[26] Rajkumar D. Patil, B. N. Mulay, S. K. Patil and A. B. Pujari, “Assessment on Torsional Effect of

Unsymmetrical Buildings” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-

ISSN: 2395-0056, Volume: 07 Issue: 07, 2020.

[27] Chong Zhang and Mu-Xuan Tao, “Research of Strong-Column-Weak-Beam Criteria of Reinforced

Concrete Frames Subjected to Biaxial Seismic Excitation” World Academy of Science, Engineering and

Technology International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:15, No:2, May 2021.

[28] Rita Bento and Mario Lopes, “Evaluation of The Need For Weak Beam-Strong Column Design In Dual

Frame-Wall Structures” 12th world conference on earthquake engineering.

[29] Yangbing Liu, Yuanxin Liao, Nina Zheng & Jingbo Liu, “Analysis of Strong Column and Weak Beam

Behavior of Steel-concrete Mixed Frames” 15th world conference on earthquake engineering.

[30] Nattapat Wongpakdee and Sutat Leelataviwat, “Influence of Column Strength and Stiffness on the

Inelastic Behavior of Strong-Column-Weak-Beam Frames”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,

ISSN 0733-9445. Year 2017.

[31] Jinkoo Kim and Younghoo Choi, “Seismic Capacity Design and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete

Staggered Wall Structures”, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials Vol.11, No.2,

pp.285–300, Year 2017.

[32] Ning Ning, Wenjun Qu and Zhongguo John Ma, “Design recommendations for achieving strong column-

weak beam in RC frames” Engineering Structures 126: 343–352,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.053, Year 2016.

[33] A. Mistri and P. Sarkar, “Capacity Design of Reinforced Concrete Framed Building for Earthquake

Loading”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(30), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i30/99225,

August 2016.

[34] Li Xinxia, Gong Maosheng, Han Qinghua, Xie Lili, “New Factor to Characterize Mechanism of “Strong

Column-Weak Beam” of RC Frame Structures”, 21: 484-491, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag

Berlin Heidelberg Year 2015.

[35] I Ketut Sudarsana, Ida Ayu Made Budiwati, Putu Wiyta Aditya, “Effect of Column to Beam Strength

Ratio on Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frames”, ISSN 2407-4330, International Conference on

Engineering Technology and Industrial Application, Year 2014.

[36] Jiulin Bai & Jinping Ou, “Plastic Limit-State Design of Frame Structures Based on the Strong-Column

Weak-Beam Failure Mechanism”, 15th world conference on earthquake engineering.





[37] Hua Ma, Chunyang Liu, Zhenbao Li, Jianqiang Han, Shicai Chen, “The Influence of Seismic Input in the

Oblique Direction on the Strong-Column Weak-Beam Mechanism for RC Frame”, Advanced Materials

Research Vols 243-249 (2011) pp 5144-5151 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, Year 2011.

a literature review on seismic analysis of irregular

Documents