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A five-step method for optimizing perforating design and placement to engineer more profitable completions

4 High-efficiency field execution

3 Perforating design

2 Data analysis5 Monitoring

1 Data capture

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Completion engineers who utilize the PerfTactix methodology will realize improved well completion and production results through:

• Targeting rock with similar properties within the stage to achieve more even proppant distribution across all perforation clusters, which leads to enhanced production

• Improving formation breakdown and decreasing the chance of screen-out by placing perforations in consistent rock and selecting appropriate shaped charges for fracture treatment

• Optimizing the perforating system to improve delivery and fracturing performance

• Continuous improvement of wellsite operations and future frac designs.

5-step methodThe PerfTactix five-step method varies with well complexity and value. When all five steps are employed, a closed-loop optimization process can be achieved by

• Evaluating perforation cluster placement

• Selecting shaped charges and gun phasing to ensure a better frac

• Choosing the components required for an ultra-efficient gun system

• Executing a highly efficient wellsite operation

• Diagnosing well profiles cost effectively during production.

Enhancing production through engineered completion designs is the key to increasing well profitability in today’s challenging economic environment. The traditional approach to perforating placement in horizontal wells with geometrically spaced perforating clusters and stages does not take into account toe-to-heel heterogeneity and often results in a number of perforation clusters that do not contribute to well performance. Production logging data has shown that as much as 40% of perforations may not adequately accept treating fluid, resulting in non-optimized stimulation of the targeted reservoir.

To improve well stimulation and productivity, GR Energy Services offers the PerfTactix* 5-step program, which utilizes drilling, mud logging and formation evaluation data to optimize completions. The resulting answer product precisely positions stages and perforation clusters along the wellbore by targeting rock with similar geomechanical and producibility properties. The program selects the ideal stage spacing, perforation cluster placement, and shaped charge and gun system design to ensure higher-payback hydraulic fracturing operations. Highly efficient plug-n-perf field execution and post-frac monitoring provide unmatched performance compared to traditional approaches.

Original Suboptimum Geometric Frac Staging

Stage Top MD (ft) Bottom MD (ft)

Stage Length (ft)

Average TVD (ft) Perf Clusters Number

of PerfsDesign Rate

(bbl/min)

16 10,800 11,095 295 10,704 4 36 80

15 11,095 11,390 295 10,721 4 36 80

14 11,390 11,685 295 10,714 4 36 80

13 11,685 11,980 295 10,710 4 36 80

12 11,980 12,275 295 10,715 4 36 80

11 12,275 12,570 295 10,722 4 36 80

10 12,570 12,865 295 10,726 4 36 80

9 12,865 13,160 295 10,721 4 36 80

8 13,160 13,455 295 10,713 4 36 80

7 13,455 13,750 295 10,710 4 36 80

6 13,750 14,045 295 10,711 4 36 80

5 14,045 14,340 295 10,713 4 36 80

4 14,340 14,635 295 10,719 4 36 80

3 14,635 14,930 295 10,724 4 36 80

2 14,930 15,225 295 10,725 4 36 80

1 15,225 15,500 275 10,727 4 36 80

PerfTactix answer product takes the guesswork out of stage length and perforation cluster placement decisions to improve the effectiveness of hydraulic fracture operations.

A traditional geometric completion design for frac staging does not account for toe-to-heel heterogeneity. The table on the right shows the optimum design.

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PerfTactix Optimized Lateral Segmenting Example

Segment Start MD (ft) End MD (ft) Segment Length (ft) In-situ Stress (≤) Quartz Volume—

Weighted 70% (≥)

Effective Porosity—

Weighted 30% (≥)

5 10,800 12,300 1,500 0.77 61% 4.2%

4 12,300 13,200 900 0.72 59% 4.5%

3 13,200 14,600 1,400 0.76 55% 5.5%

2 14,600 15,200 600 0.73 67% 6.0%

1 15,200 15,500 300 0.71 68% 7.5%

PerfTactix Optimized Frac Staging Example

Segment Stage Top MD (ft) Bottom MD (ft)

Stage Length (ft)

Average TVD (ft) Perf Clusters Number

of PerfsDesign Rate

(bbl/min)

6 16 10,800 11,100 300 10,703 4 36 80

5

15 11,100 11,420 320 10,720 4 36 80

14 11,420 11,710 290 10,712 4 36 80

13 11,710 12,020 310 10,709 4 36 80

12 12,020 12,300 280 10,715 4 36 80

4

11 12,300 12,610 310 10,723 4 36 80

10 12,610 12,900 290 10,724 4 36 80

9 12,900 13,200 300 10,717 4 36 80

3

8 13,200 13,490 290 10,711 4 36 80

7 13,490 13,750 260 10,710 3 36 80

6 13,750 14,000 250 10,712 3 36 80

5 14,000 14,280 280 10,714 4 36 80

4 14,280 14,600 320 10,720 4 36 80

23 14,600 14,905 305 10,724 4 36 80

2 14,905 15,200 295 10,725 4 36 80

1 1 15,200 15,500 300 10,726 4 36 80

Stage length and perf cluster placement are optimized to enhance production. The table on the left shows a suboptimum geometric design.

ZoneGrader analysis segments the lateral into six similar geomechanical and producibility segments.

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1 Data capture

Openhole formation evaluation data are essential inputs to engineer better completions. The Logging-While-

Tripping (LWT†) tool, an innovative logging technique, enables efficient

acquisition, in a horizontal lateral, of gamma ray, spectral gamma ray, compensated neutron, compensated formation density

and dual induction data. This information is recorded during normal

drilling operations with virtually no additional rig time. Drilling data (WOB, RPM, ROP, torque and MWD/GR) and mud logging data can be integrated with LWT data to enhance the analysis.

2 Data analysis

ZoneGrader† analysis of the well data is used to evaluate the optimal placement of perforation

clusters. This unique answer product grades the formation

along the wellbore based on geomechanical and producibility formation characteristics. Geomechanical rock properties

include stress, brittleness and lithology. Producibility properties

include lithology, total organic carbon (TOC), porosity, permeability and saturation. With the wellbore graded by geomechanical and producibility properties, the number and position of stages can be determined and perforation clusters precisely placed.

3 Perforating design

Perforation geometry is a key element of designing an optimal completion. Not only should perforation

clusters be tactically positioned along the lateral, but shaped charge

selection based on perforating geometry should be considered to properly treat the well per the design. Consistent perforation

entrance hole (EH) diameters are a vital component of optimizing

fracturing efficiency. Perforating EH diameters must be large enough to prevent proppant bridging and consistent in size for accurate limited-entry designs.

With conventional 60-degree systems, a 40% variation in EH can result in a 120% increase in pressure drop. By utilizing consistent entrance hole charges, completion engineers benefit from perforation clusters accepting treatment fluid according to the design because a greater number of holes are open, providing a consistent pressure drop across all perforations. Enhanced liner perforating charges provide increased perforation tunnel diameters to the formation, which reduce breakdown and treating pressures (less horsepower required and thus cost) and improve access to the formation via tip fractures.

4 High-efficiency field execution

An ultra-efficient plug-and-play gun system is used to ensure the safest, most efficient completion time

possible. The system uses state-of-the-art, inherently safe switches

to eliminate the risk of surface detonation and to enable gun skipping downhole in the unlikely event of a misfire. Unlike

conventional gun systems that require up to 100 manual connections

to assemble the guns, there are no wires, so field assembly times are much faster and the chance of human error is significantly reduced. RigLock equipment makes rigging up and down more efficient while adding unmatched safety measures to protect wellsite teams from injury. Run-in-hole safety is optimized using modeling software that indicates when downhole tension and release tools are required to reduce risk. Each component of the system is chosen to achieve the safest, most reliable, fastest plug-n-perf operation.

5 Monitoring

After flowback, Diagnostix* fiber optic monitoring services can be efficiently deployed to record distributed

temperature (DTS) and acoustic (DAS) surveys. Unlike traditional

production logs, the entire wellbore can be simultaneously surveyed in real time to detect and monitor contribution of each perforation

cluster. Results of the production profiling are used to optimize future

stimulation programs and to consider the potential benefits of refrac programs.

GR Single-Source* completion and production solution

A PerfTactix engineered completion is the first phase of the unique GR Energy Services completion and production solution. After the plug-n-perf completion is fracked, the Flex Flow* horizontal pumping system and hydraulic jet pump provides a proven lift solution from flowback through early production. The system cost effectively handles a wide range of rates and eliminates the common issues of gas locking and

PerfTactixService

Flex FlowHorizontal Pumping

System

Hydraulic Jet Pump

Hi-ROI PCP

EngineeredCompletion

Flowback and Early Production Production

GR Single-Source Completion and Production Solution

PerfTactix Service Flex Flow Horizontal Pumping System and Hydraulic Jet Pump Hi-ROI PCP

Optimized perforating design, execution and monitoring to boost reserves and production

Versatile and cost-effective artificial lift system with low maintenance and high uptime

Low-investment, longer run life artificial lift system with advanced automation and control

• Perfs placed along wellbore graded by geomechanical and producibility properties

• Eliminates gas locking and solids handling issues to ensure low operating cost

• Equal or greater lift volume at 50% to 30% less overall cost

• Ultra-efficient plug-and-play gun system ensures lowest risk and completion time

• Less maintenance with minimal downtime (98% to 100% uptime)

• Smaller surface footprint and lower noise level than alternatives

• DTS and DAS profiling improves subsequent new completions and future refrac programs

• Remote troubleshooting and monitoring to optimize production

• Much better gas and solids handling than rod lift or ESPs

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solids handling. As production declines, GR can install the Hi-ROI* PCP progressive cavity pump system to overcome the shortcomings of rod lift and ESPs in horizontal wells. The GR Single-Source completion and production solution establishes an unmatched chain of accountability for fit-for-purpose equipment and reliable service and engineering support for the life of the well.

*Mark of GR Energy Services†Mark of Cordax Evaluation Technologies Inc.