part 5 perforating techniques
TRANSCRIPT
PerforatingPerforating TechniquesTechniques
1
– Please hand in your feedback forms after lunch today.
– Your comments are important to improve future courses.
2
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Gun System
3. Gun Types
4. Gun Conveyance
5. Perforating Environment
6. Factors Affecting The Productivity
7. Safety
8. Conclusion. 3
Introduction
4
Perforating Gun
Shaped Charge Bullet
5
ShapedShaped ChargeCharge GunGun ComponentsComponents
Charge Carrier
Explosive Charge
Detonating Cord
Detonator
6
GunGun SystemSystem
7
The Liner ¾
The Case ¾
The Explosive ¾
Shaped Charge Components
GunGun systemsystem8
JeJett PenetratinPenetratingg MechanismMechanism
1. Detonation Waves.
2. Liner Collapse
3. Jet Formation
4. Slug Formation
Gun system9
10
The Shaped Charge
Shaped Charge Design Parameters
¾Liner Size
¾Liner Geometry
¾Explosive Properties
¾Case Material
¾Charge Size
¾Design Optimization.
GunGun systsystee1mm1
ThThee BulleBullett GunGun
Gun Components:
¾ Gun Body
¾ Igniter
¾ Propellant Charge
¾ Combustion Chamber
¾ Barrel and Bullet
Gun sys1t2em
Gun Types
13
Gun Types
Reusable
Shaped Charge Gun Bullet Gun
Expendable(Reusable Hollow Carrier Gun )
Gun Typ14
es
ReusableReusable GunGun (Reusable(Reusable HollowHollow CarrierCarrier Gun)Gun)
Charge
Port Plug
Carrier
Gun Typ15
es
ExpendableExpendable ShapedShapedChargeCharge GunGunExpendable
Hollow Carrier
Charge
Strip
Dome (Recess)
Carrier
Gun Typ16
es
RecoveredRecovered expendableexpendable hollowhollow carriercarrier gungun
Gun Typ17
es
ExpendableExpendable ShapedShaped ChargeCharge GunGun
Expendable hollow carrier
Fully expendable Semi expendable
Charge
Strip
Dome (Recess)
Carrier
18Gun Types
BulletBullet GunGun
z Is not common in use
z Bullet penetration decreases substantially in high strength formation & high strength casing
z The most important applications are:- Hydraulic Fracturing
- Injection Wells
19Gun Types
Gun Conveyance
20
GunGun ConveyanceConveyance
1. Wire Line Conveyed Perforating
2. Tubing Conveyed Perforating
3. Coiled Tubing Conveyed Perforating
21Gun Conveyance
ents :
22
1.1. WireWire LineLine ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
Gun String Compon
1. Cable Head
2. Measurement Devices
3. Auxiliary Weights
4. The Gun
Applications :
1. Completion of Relatively Short Zones.
2. Very High Reservoir Temperature.
3. When the Well May be ShotOverbalanced..
4. Perforating for Squeeze.
WireWire LineLine ConveyedConveyed
PerforPerforaa23tingting
22.. TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
Gun String Component :
1. Radioactive Sensor.
2. Packer.
3. Firing Head.
4. The Gun.
24
rocedure :P
¾ Make up the String
¾ Run String to Depth
¾ Positioning
¾ Installing Surface Equipments
¾ Shot the Gun
¾ Retrieve the String
25TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
Applications:
1. Large Intervals or Multi Zones Wells
2. Gravel Packed Wells
3. Wells Containing Sour Gases (H2S)
26TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed perforatingperforating
33.. CoiledCoiled TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
Coiled tubing is high-strength yet ductile steal
tubing ,usually( 1.25-1.5 inch OD).
27
Gun String Component
1. Tubing Real
2. Goose neck
3. Injector
4. Stripper
28CoiledCoiled TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
Application:Used in highly deviated or horizontal wells.
Advantages:
1. Saving Time
2. Minimizing Cost
29
PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment
30
Perforating Environment
Underbalance Overbalance
31
Underbalanced-Pressure Perforating
¾ Formation pressure is higher than well bore pressure
¾ Perforating is made after well equipments have been run in
¾ Level of underbalance should be optimized
32PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment
Problems
¾ Mechanical Failure of Formation
¾ Movement of Formation Fines
¾ Blowing of The Gun String up The Hole
¾ Casing Collapse
¾ Other Tubular Damage
PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment33
Advantages
¾ Provides optimum perforation cleanup and minimum skin
¾ Eliminates the risk of formation damage as a result of completion fluid
¾ Perforations are not plugged by the completion fluid
PerforatingPerforating EnviEnvirr3oo4nmentnment
Overbalanced-Pressure Perforating
¾ Well pressure is higher than formation pressure
¾ Perforations are made Before well equipments have been run in
¾ Wellbore fluid should be selected carefully
¾ Small amount of solids can decrease productivity
¾ Level of overbalance pressure should be minimum
35PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment
Disadvantages¾ Formation damage results from fluid
invasion¾ Perforations are plugged by the
completion fluid¾ It’s difficult to get all the perforations
behave actively¾ A lot of rig time is required to clean the
perforations¾ Wellbore fluid must be filtered
36PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment
Advantages
¾ Provides good well performance with clean well fluid and minimum level of overbalance.
Used in the cases of :
- Long Interval
- Over-pressured Gas Reservoir
37PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment
Factors Affecting The Productivity
of Perforated System
38
FactorsFactors AffectingAffecting TheThe ProductivityProductivityofof
1.
PerforatedPerforated System:System:
Number of Effective Perforation
2. Perforation Penetration
3. Characteristics of The DamagedZone
Perforation
4. Number of Shot Directions
5. Perforation Diameter
39Factors Affecting The Productivity
1. Number of Effective Perforations
¾ Are the perforations open to flow
¾ Can be measured by:
- Flow Meter
- Spinner Survey
40
2. Perforation Penetration
¾ Increasing penetration length increases productivity
¾ Penetration depends on :
-The Explosive Load
-Shape and Type of Cone Penetration
-The Clearance Between Gun and Casing
Factors Affecting The
Produc4t1ivity
ClearancClearancee EffectEffect
42
3-Characteristics of The Damaged
Perforation Zone
Depends on :¾ Formation Type (lime,s.s,…) & Fluid Type¾ Porosity and Permeability¾ Type of Shaped Charge¾ Direction and Level of Differential Pressure
FactorsFactors AffectingAffecting TheThe ProdProduu4cc3
tivitytivity
4. Number of Shot Directions
¾ Angular phasing other than 0 degree increasesproductivity
¾ Going from one direction to two shot direction increases the productivity index by 20%
FactorsFactors AffectingAffecting TheThe
ProducProductt4iivv4ityity
PhasingPhasing (180(180 00 )) Phasing (900)
45Factors Affecting The Productivity
5. Perforation Diameter
¾ Increasing entry hole diameter increasesproductivity index
¾ Perforation diameter depends on :
-Charge Cone (angle,etc )
-Clearance Between Gun and Casing
46FactorsFactors AffectingAffecting TheThe ProductivityProductivity