a-f 117 the english sound system.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
ANGLO-PEDIA Anglo-File 117: The English Sound
System
The following exercises are designed to help you with the recognition and production of English sounds. As a language that has been derived from many other languages, English has one of the richest collection of sounds. This means that you are likely to come across several sounds that do not exist in your mother tongue. Regular practice will help you to become familiar with these sounds, and will improve both your listening comprehension and your pronunciation.
Work through the recordings in the following way: 1. Listen to each section several times until your ears have become familiar with the sound(s). 2. Repeat each section several times. 3. Do the dictation exercises at the end of selected sections. An answer key at the back of the
booklet will enable you to check your dictation exercises.
CONTENTS:
Section 1: Vowels and diphthongs: short vowels long vowels diphthongs
Section 2: Vowels & diphthongs: Minimal pairs (distinguishing two sounds from each other)
Section 3: Consonants: Minimal pairs (distinguishing two sounds from each other)
Section 4: Consonant clusters: 2 consonants following each other SP, ST, SK, SM, SN, SL, KS, KT, FT Regular verbs ending in sound /t/ Regular verbs ending in sound /d/ Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /s/ Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /z/
Section 5: Special sounds 5a. Contractions 5b. Weak forms
INDEX
SECTION 1: VOWELS & DIPHTHONGS Tracks 1 - 6: Short vowels: /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/ /Λ/ Tracks 7 - 11: Long vowels: /a:/ /:/ /i:/ /o:/ /u:/ Tracks 1 2 - 18: Diphthongs: /au/ /ai/ /ei/ /oi/ /∂u/ /e∂/ /i∂/
SECTION 2: VOWELS & DIPHTHONGS: MINIMAL PAIRS Track 19: Sounds /a/ & /a:/ Track 20: Dictation 1 Track 21: Sounds /e/ & /:/ Track 22: Dictation 2 Track 23: Sounds /i/ & /i:/ Track 24: Dictation 3 Track 25: Sounds /o/ & /o:/ Track 26: Dictation 4 Track 27: Sounds /u/ & /u:/ Track 28: Dictation 5 Track 29: Sounds /a/ & /Λ/ Track 30: Dictation 6 Track 31: Sounds /a/ & /e/ Track 32: Dictation 7 Track 33: Sounds /a:/ & /:/ Track 34: Dictation 8 Track 35: Sounds /e/ & /ei/ Track 36: Dictation 9 Track 37: Sounds /o:/ & /∂u/ Track 38: Dictation 10 Track 39: Sounds /u:/ & /∂u/ Track 40: Dictation 11
SECTION 3: CONSONANTS: MINIMAL PAIRS Track 41: Sounds /s/ & /sh/ Track 42: Dictation 1 Track 43: Sounds /sh/ & /ch/ Track 44: Dictation 2 Track 45: Sounds /s/ & /th/ Track 46: Dictation 3 Track 47: Sounds /t/ & /th/ Track 48: Dictation 4 Track 49: Sounds /m/ & /n/ Track 50: Dictation 5 Track 51: Sounds /y/ & /j/ Track 52: Dictation 6 Track 53: Sounds /b/ & /v/ Track 54: Dictation 7 Track 55: Sounds /w/ & /v/ Track 56: Dictation 8 Track 57: Sounds /l/ & /r/ Track 58: Dictation 9 Track 59: Sounds /d/ & /th/ Track 60: Dictation 10 Track 61: Sounds /h/ & /vowel/ Track 62: Dictation 11 Track 63: Sounds /s/ & /z/ Track 64: Dictation 12 Track 65: Sounds /p/ & /b/ Track 66: Dictation 13 Track 67: Sounds /t/ & /d/ Track 68: Dictation 14 Track 69: Sounds /k/ & /g/ Track 70: Dictation 15 Track 71: Sounds /f/ & /v/ Track 72: Dictation 16
SECTION 4: CONSONANT CLUSTERS Track 73: SP, ST, SK, SM, SN, SL, KS, KT, FT Track 74: Regular verbs ending in sound /t/ Track 75: Regular verbs ending in sound /d/ Track 76: Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /s/ Track 77: Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /z/
SECTION 5: SPECIAL SOUNDS Track 78: Contractions Track 79: Weak forms
Section 1: VOWELS & DIPHTHONGS
Short vowels Sound 1: /a/ at, as, and, had, bank, sang, drank Sound 2: /e/ ex, egg, end, pen, said, rest, bread, friend Sound 3: /i/ it, ill, his, this, live, built, busy Sound 4: /o/ on, off, opt, hot, want, prompt Sound 5: /u/ put, bush, would, could, should, book Sound 6: /Λ/ up, us, other, cup, rough, just, blood
Long vowels Sound 1: /a:/ art, aunt, car, heart, half, calm, laugh Sound 2: /:/ early, sir, her, firm, heard, word, skirt, turn Sound 3: /i:/ ease, see, key, sheep, read, field, please Sound 4: /o:/ all, law, war, port, source, hall, fault, bought Sound 5: /u:/ zoo, who, suit, moon, cruise
Diphthongs Sound 1: /au/ out, hour, now, how, loud, south, found Sound 2: /ai/ ice, high, buy, white, find, flight Sound 3: ei/ aim, ace, pay, main, lane, weight, paint, great Sound 4: /oi/ oil, boy, join, point, choice, noise Sound 5: /∂u/ own, old, low, so, boat, rode, cold, most, close Sound 6: /e∂/ air, fair, rare, spare, there Sound 7: /i∂/ ear, beer, fear, here, clear
Section 2: MINIMAL PAIRS
1. /a/ & /a:/ hat heart cat cart lad lard pack park lack lark mass mars have half cap carp shack shark hash harsh
Dictation 1: Listen and write down the words you hear.
2. /e/ & /:/ bed bird ten turn Len learn Head heard Wed word Weld world Gem germ Ben burn Best burst
5
3. /i/ & /i:/ grin green fit feet dip deep ship sheep sit seat bit beat fill feel live leave sin seen gin Jean
Dictation 3: Listen and write down the words you hear.
4. /o/ & /o:/ pot port cot court fox forks cod cord wok walk
Dictation 4: Listen and write down the words you hear.
5. /u/ & /u:/ full fool pull pool foot food soot suit goods goose
Dictation 5: Listen and write down the words you hear.
6. /a/ & /Λ/ bag bug mad mud fan fun sang sung batter butter hat hut track truck match much cap cup ankle uncle
Dictation 6: Listen and write down the words you hear.
Dictation 7: Listen and write down the words you hear.
8. /a:/ & /:/ farm firm barn burn star stir hard heard dart dirt heart hurt bath birth pass purse
Dictation 8: Listen and write down the words you hear.
9. /e/ & /ei/ pen pain tell tail men main fell fail edge age shed shade pepper paper let late wet wait get gate test taste debt date
Dictation 9: Listen and write down the words you hear.
10. /o:/ & /∂u/ law low jaw Joe bought boat called cold ball bowl tore toe torn tone snore snow hall hole saw so shore show
Dictation 10: Listen and write down the words you hear.
moon moan rule role mood mode rude rode soup soap
Dictation 11: Listen and write down the words you hear.
Section 3: CONSONANTS
1. /s/ & /sh/ see she sell shell said shed save shave sock shock saw shore so show Sue shoe
Dictation 1: Listen and write down the words you hear.
2. /sh/ & /ch/ ship chip sherry cherry shoes choose sheep cheap share chair wash watch cash catch wish which
Dictation 2: Listen and write down the words you hear.
3. /s/ & /th/ sick thick sink think seem theme sing thing pass path mouse mouth worse worth
Dictation 3: Listen and write down the words you hear.
4. /t/ & /th/ tin thin tank thank tick thick tree three team theme fort fourth part path
5. /m/ & /n/ seem seen them then rum run team teen deem dean dim din moon noon mail nail
Dictation 5: Listen and write down the words you hear.
6. /j/ & /dj/ yet jet use juice yak Jack yeti Jetty yam jam yolk joke year jeer yes Jess
Dictation 6: Listen and write down the words you hear.
7. /b/ & /v/ best vest boat vote bat vat berry very ban van bet vet
Dictation 7: Listen and write down the words you hear.
8. /w/ & /v/ wet vet west vest whale veil worse verse wire via wine vine wheel veal
Dictation 8: Listen and write down the words you hear.
list wrist alive arrive collect correct long wrong Lice rice
Dictation 9: Listen and write down the words you hear.
10. /d/ & /th/ dare there den then Dan than Dough though Breed breathe Wordy worthy
Dictation 10: Listen and write down the words you hear.
11. starting with /h/ & starting with a vowel sound hand and hall all hear ear high eye hate eight harm arm hill ill his is hold old hat at hair air
Dictation 11: Listen and write down the words you hear.
12. /s/ & /z/ Sue zoo said zed sip zip rice rise loose lose race raise once ones
Dictation 12: Listen and write down the words you hear.
13. /p/ & /b/ pit bit pat bat port bought pull bull pride bride rope robe tap tab cup cub
14. /t/ & /d/ two do ten den town down train drain site side heart hard plate played bat bad set said
Dictation 14: Listen and write down the words you hear.
15. /k/ & /g/ could good cot got coat goat cave gave leak league pick pig lock log ankle angle
Dictation 15: Listen and write down the words you hear.
16. /f/ & /v/ fan van ferry very fail veil feel veal fine vine leaf leave safe save proof prove
Dictation 16: Listen and write down the words you hear.
Section 4: CONSONANT CLUSTERS
SP: Spain, spend, spoon, star ST: stay, stand, steal, must, rest SK: sky, skirt, school, ask, task SM: smile, smell, smart, smooth SN: snack, snore, snow SL: slow, sleep, slim KS: accept, accident, excuse, export, occident KT: fact, duct, sect, FT: soft, gift, theft
/st/ danced, kissed, produced, missed /ft/ laughed, bluffed, staffed, coughed
Regular verbs ending in sound /d/: /bd/ robbed, described, grabbed /gd/ begged, nagged, mugged, jogged /djd/ changed, aged, merged, damaged /zd/ raised, organised, surprised /vd/ arrived, lived, saved, shaved /md/ seemed, dreamed, bombed, filmed /nd/ listened, happened, joined, learned /ld/ called, installed, spelled, sailed
Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /s/: /ps/ stops, hopes, helps, drops /ks/ works, walks, thanks, asks /fs/ laughs, bluffs, coughs, graphs /ts/ lights, seats, boats, gates /ths/ months, breaths, baths
Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /z/: /bz/ robs, describes, grabs, labs /gz/ begs, mugs, jogs, dogs /vz/ arrives, lives, saves, leaves /thz/ clothes, breathes, bathes /dz/ needs, rides, roads, guards /mz/ seems, dreams, bombs, films /nz/ listens, happens, joins, spoons /lz/ calls, installs, spells, hills
Section 5: SPECIAL SOUNDS
5a. Contractions Verb ‘to be’: I’m, you’re, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’re, they’re, there’s Verb ‘to have’: I’ve, you’ve, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’ve, they’ve, there’ve Future ‘will’: I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, we’ll, they’ll, there’ll Would & had: I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, we’d, they’d, there’d
Question words plus ‘is: Who’s this?, What’s that?, Where’s she?, When’s dinner?, Why’s that?, How’s this?
Negatives: isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t, don’t, doesn’t, didn’t, won’t, can’t, mustn’t, shouldn’t wouldn’t, haven’t, hasn’t, hadn’t
5b. Weak forms: When these words are part of a sentence, the vowel sound in them is reduced to the semi-vowel ∂.
Section 6: PHONETIC LINKS:
6a. Consonant to Vowel: Words beginning with a vowel are often linked to the final consonant of the word before them: Examples: Past eight = pas teight Put it on = pu ti ton Read it = rea dit team eleven = tea meleven Soon after = Soo nafter sleep early = slee pearly Rob Anderson = Ro bAnderson with Alan = wi thAlan black out = bla kout dig in = di gin large egg = la gegg much energy = mu chenergy half asleep = ha fasleep live alone = li valone dress up = dre sup his own = hi sown fresh apples = fre shapples catch all = ca tchall full application = fu lapplication our idea = ou ridea
6b. Consonant to consonant: Same consonant sounds link up and make a stronger sound: for example This soup, black car, and down, light top, seem mad, full length, half f ive
6c. Vowel to vowel: If the end of a word and the beginning of the next word are both vowel sounds, then the two sounds are linked by adding the sound /w/ or the sound /j/ between them.
The /w/ link:
/u:/ Two (w) hours, Do (w) it. You (w) ought to. Who (w) are you? /∂u/ Low (w) impact, go (w) early, no (w) entry /au/ now (w) and then, how (w) easy
The /j/ link:
/i:/ we ( j ) all, free ( j ) entry, the ( j ) end /ai/ my ( j ) arm, I ( j ) am /ei/ say ( j ) it. They ( j ) ask.
ANSWER KEY
Vowels & diphthongs Dictation 1: heart, cat, lad, park, lack, mass, half, cap, shark, harsh Dictation 2: bird, turn, learn, head, wed, world, gem, burn, best Dictation 3: green, feet, dip, sheep, sit, bit, feel, live, seen, Jean Dictation 4: pot, court, fox, cod, walk Dictation 5: full, pool, foot, suit, goods Dictation 6: bug, mud, fan, sang, batter, hut, truck, match, cap, uncle Dictation 7: head, bag, land, Ken, pan, mat, merry, pat, then Dictation 8: firm, burn, star, hard, dart, hurt, birth, pass Dictation 9: pain, tell, men, fail, age, shed, paper, late, wet, gate, taste, debt Dictation 10: low, jaw, bought, cold, ball, toe, tone, snow, hall, saw, show Dictation 11: boot, cooled, so, shoe, room, moan, rule, mood, rode, soup
Consonants Dictation 1: she, sell, said, shave, shock, saw, show, shoe Dictation 2: chip, cherry, shoes, sheep, chair, wash, cash, which Dictation 3: thick, think, seem, sing, pass, mouth, worse Dictation 4: thin, tank, think, tree, theme, fourth, part Dictation 5: seem, then, ran, team, deem, din, noon, mail Dictation 6: jet, juice, Jack, yeti, yam, joke, year, yes Dictation 7: vest, boat, bat, very, ban, vet Dictation 8: vet, west, whale, worse, via, vine, wheel Dictation 9: low, right, rip, law, read, list, arrive, correct, long, rice Dictation 10: dare, then, than, though, breed, wordy Dictation 11: and, all, here, high, eight, harm, hill, is, old, hat, air Dictation 12: zoo, said, zip, rise, lose, race, once Dictation 13: pit, pat, bought, bull, pride, rope, tap, cup, rib Dictation 14: do, ten, down, train, side, hard, plate, bad, set Dictation 25: good, got, coat, gave, leak, pig, log, ankle Dictation 16: van, very, fail, veal, fine, leaf, save, proof
The following exercises are designed to help you with the recognition and production of English sounds. As a language that has been derived from many other languages, English has one of the richest collection of sounds. This means that you are likely to come across several sounds that do not exist in your mother tongue. Regular practice will help you to become familiar with these sounds, and will improve both your listening comprehension and your pronunciation.
Work through the recordings in the following way: 1. Listen to each section several times until your ears have become familiar with the sound(s). 2. Repeat each section several times. 3. Do the dictation exercises at the end of selected sections. An answer key at the back of the
booklet will enable you to check your dictation exercises.
CONTENTS:
Section 1: Vowels and diphthongs: short vowels long vowels diphthongs
Section 2: Vowels & diphthongs: Minimal pairs (distinguishing two sounds from each other)
Section 3: Consonants: Minimal pairs (distinguishing two sounds from each other)
Section 4: Consonant clusters: 2 consonants following each other SP, ST, SK, SM, SN, SL, KS, KT, FT Regular verbs ending in sound /t/ Regular verbs ending in sound /d/ Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /s/ Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /z/
Section 5: Special sounds 5a. Contractions 5b. Weak forms
INDEX
SECTION 1: VOWELS & DIPHTHONGS Tracks 1 - 6: Short vowels: /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/ /Λ/ Tracks 7 - 11: Long vowels: /a:/ /:/ /i:/ /o:/ /u:/ Tracks 1 2 - 18: Diphthongs: /au/ /ai/ /ei/ /oi/ /∂u/ /e∂/ /i∂/
SECTION 2: VOWELS & DIPHTHONGS: MINIMAL PAIRS Track 19: Sounds /a/ & /a:/ Track 20: Dictation 1 Track 21: Sounds /e/ & /:/ Track 22: Dictation 2 Track 23: Sounds /i/ & /i:/ Track 24: Dictation 3 Track 25: Sounds /o/ & /o:/ Track 26: Dictation 4 Track 27: Sounds /u/ & /u:/ Track 28: Dictation 5 Track 29: Sounds /a/ & /Λ/ Track 30: Dictation 6 Track 31: Sounds /a/ & /e/ Track 32: Dictation 7 Track 33: Sounds /a:/ & /:/ Track 34: Dictation 8 Track 35: Sounds /e/ & /ei/ Track 36: Dictation 9 Track 37: Sounds /o:/ & /∂u/ Track 38: Dictation 10 Track 39: Sounds /u:/ & /∂u/ Track 40: Dictation 11
SECTION 3: CONSONANTS: MINIMAL PAIRS Track 41: Sounds /s/ & /sh/ Track 42: Dictation 1 Track 43: Sounds /sh/ & /ch/ Track 44: Dictation 2 Track 45: Sounds /s/ & /th/ Track 46: Dictation 3 Track 47: Sounds /t/ & /th/ Track 48: Dictation 4 Track 49: Sounds /m/ & /n/ Track 50: Dictation 5 Track 51: Sounds /y/ & /j/ Track 52: Dictation 6 Track 53: Sounds /b/ & /v/ Track 54: Dictation 7 Track 55: Sounds /w/ & /v/ Track 56: Dictation 8 Track 57: Sounds /l/ & /r/ Track 58: Dictation 9 Track 59: Sounds /d/ & /th/ Track 60: Dictation 10 Track 61: Sounds /h/ & /vowel/ Track 62: Dictation 11 Track 63: Sounds /s/ & /z/ Track 64: Dictation 12 Track 65: Sounds /p/ & /b/ Track 66: Dictation 13 Track 67: Sounds /t/ & /d/ Track 68: Dictation 14 Track 69: Sounds /k/ & /g/ Track 70: Dictation 15 Track 71: Sounds /f/ & /v/ Track 72: Dictation 16
SECTION 4: CONSONANT CLUSTERS Track 73: SP, ST, SK, SM, SN, SL, KS, KT, FT Track 74: Regular verbs ending in sound /t/ Track 75: Regular verbs ending in sound /d/ Track 76: Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /s/ Track 77: Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /z/
SECTION 5: SPECIAL SOUNDS Track 78: Contractions Track 79: Weak forms
Section 1: VOWELS & DIPHTHONGS
Short vowels Sound 1: /a/ at, as, and, had, bank, sang, drank Sound 2: /e/ ex, egg, end, pen, said, rest, bread, friend Sound 3: /i/ it, ill, his, this, live, built, busy Sound 4: /o/ on, off, opt, hot, want, prompt Sound 5: /u/ put, bush, would, could, should, book Sound 6: /Λ/ up, us, other, cup, rough, just, blood
Long vowels Sound 1: /a:/ art, aunt, car, heart, half, calm, laugh Sound 2: /:/ early, sir, her, firm, heard, word, skirt, turn Sound 3: /i:/ ease, see, key, sheep, read, field, please Sound 4: /o:/ all, law, war, port, source, hall, fault, bought Sound 5: /u:/ zoo, who, suit, moon, cruise
Diphthongs Sound 1: /au/ out, hour, now, how, loud, south, found Sound 2: /ai/ ice, high, buy, white, find, flight Sound 3: ei/ aim, ace, pay, main, lane, weight, paint, great Sound 4: /oi/ oil, boy, join, point, choice, noise Sound 5: /∂u/ own, old, low, so, boat, rode, cold, most, close Sound 6: /e∂/ air, fair, rare, spare, there Sound 7: /i∂/ ear, beer, fear, here, clear
Section 2: MINIMAL PAIRS
1. /a/ & /a:/ hat heart cat cart lad lard pack park lack lark mass mars have half cap carp shack shark hash harsh
Dictation 1: Listen and write down the words you hear.
2. /e/ & /:/ bed bird ten turn Len learn Head heard Wed word Weld world Gem germ Ben burn Best burst
5
3. /i/ & /i:/ grin green fit feet dip deep ship sheep sit seat bit beat fill feel live leave sin seen gin Jean
Dictation 3: Listen and write down the words you hear.
4. /o/ & /o:/ pot port cot court fox forks cod cord wok walk
Dictation 4: Listen and write down the words you hear.
5. /u/ & /u:/ full fool pull pool foot food soot suit goods goose
Dictation 5: Listen and write down the words you hear.
6. /a/ & /Λ/ bag bug mad mud fan fun sang sung batter butter hat hut track truck match much cap cup ankle uncle
Dictation 6: Listen and write down the words you hear.
Dictation 7: Listen and write down the words you hear.
8. /a:/ & /:/ farm firm barn burn star stir hard heard dart dirt heart hurt bath birth pass purse
Dictation 8: Listen and write down the words you hear.
9. /e/ & /ei/ pen pain tell tail men main fell fail edge age shed shade pepper paper let late wet wait get gate test taste debt date
Dictation 9: Listen and write down the words you hear.
10. /o:/ & /∂u/ law low jaw Joe bought boat called cold ball bowl tore toe torn tone snore snow hall hole saw so shore show
Dictation 10: Listen and write down the words you hear.
moon moan rule role mood mode rude rode soup soap
Dictation 11: Listen and write down the words you hear.
Section 3: CONSONANTS
1. /s/ & /sh/ see she sell shell said shed save shave sock shock saw shore so show Sue shoe
Dictation 1: Listen and write down the words you hear.
2. /sh/ & /ch/ ship chip sherry cherry shoes choose sheep cheap share chair wash watch cash catch wish which
Dictation 2: Listen and write down the words you hear.
3. /s/ & /th/ sick thick sink think seem theme sing thing pass path mouse mouth worse worth
Dictation 3: Listen and write down the words you hear.
4. /t/ & /th/ tin thin tank thank tick thick tree three team theme fort fourth part path
5. /m/ & /n/ seem seen them then rum run team teen deem dean dim din moon noon mail nail
Dictation 5: Listen and write down the words you hear.
6. /j/ & /dj/ yet jet use juice yak Jack yeti Jetty yam jam yolk joke year jeer yes Jess
Dictation 6: Listen and write down the words you hear.
7. /b/ & /v/ best vest boat vote bat vat berry very ban van bet vet
Dictation 7: Listen and write down the words you hear.
8. /w/ & /v/ wet vet west vest whale veil worse verse wire via wine vine wheel veal
Dictation 8: Listen and write down the words you hear.
list wrist alive arrive collect correct long wrong Lice rice
Dictation 9: Listen and write down the words you hear.
10. /d/ & /th/ dare there den then Dan than Dough though Breed breathe Wordy worthy
Dictation 10: Listen and write down the words you hear.
11. starting with /h/ & starting with a vowel sound hand and hall all hear ear high eye hate eight harm arm hill ill his is hold old hat at hair air
Dictation 11: Listen and write down the words you hear.
12. /s/ & /z/ Sue zoo said zed sip zip rice rise loose lose race raise once ones
Dictation 12: Listen and write down the words you hear.
13. /p/ & /b/ pit bit pat bat port bought pull bull pride bride rope robe tap tab cup cub
14. /t/ & /d/ two do ten den town down train drain site side heart hard plate played bat bad set said
Dictation 14: Listen and write down the words you hear.
15. /k/ & /g/ could good cot got coat goat cave gave leak league pick pig lock log ankle angle
Dictation 15: Listen and write down the words you hear.
16. /f/ & /v/ fan van ferry very fail veil feel veal fine vine leaf leave safe save proof prove
Dictation 16: Listen and write down the words you hear.
Section 4: CONSONANT CLUSTERS
SP: Spain, spend, spoon, star ST: stay, stand, steal, must, rest SK: sky, skirt, school, ask, task SM: smile, smell, smart, smooth SN: snack, snore, snow SL: slow, sleep, slim KS: accept, accident, excuse, export, occident KT: fact, duct, sect, FT: soft, gift, theft
/st/ danced, kissed, produced, missed /ft/ laughed, bluffed, staffed, coughed
Regular verbs ending in sound /d/: /bd/ robbed, described, grabbed /gd/ begged, nagged, mugged, jogged /djd/ changed, aged, merged, damaged /zd/ raised, organised, surprised /vd/ arrived, lived, saved, shaved /md/ seemed, dreamed, bombed, filmed /nd/ listened, happened, joined, learned /ld/ called, installed, spelled, sailed
Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /s/: /ps/ stops, hopes, helps, drops /ks/ works, walks, thanks, asks /fs/ laughs, bluffs, coughs, graphs /ts/ lights, seats, boats, gates /ths/ months, breaths, baths
Plural nouns / third person singular verbs ending in sound /z/: /bz/ robs, describes, grabs, labs /gz/ begs, mugs, jogs, dogs /vz/ arrives, lives, saves, leaves /thz/ clothes, breathes, bathes /dz/ needs, rides, roads, guards /mz/ seems, dreams, bombs, films /nz/ listens, happens, joins, spoons /lz/ calls, installs, spells, hills
Section 5: SPECIAL SOUNDS
5a. Contractions Verb ‘to be’: I’m, you’re, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’re, they’re, there’s Verb ‘to have’: I’ve, you’ve, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’ve, they’ve, there’ve Future ‘will’: I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, we’ll, they’ll, there’ll Would & had: I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, we’d, they’d, there’d
Question words plus ‘is: Who’s this?, What’s that?, Where’s she?, When’s dinner?, Why’s that?, How’s this?
Negatives: isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t, don’t, doesn’t, didn’t, won’t, can’t, mustn’t, shouldn’t wouldn’t, haven’t, hasn’t, hadn’t
5b. Weak forms: When these words are part of a sentence, the vowel sound in them is reduced to the semi-vowel ∂.
Section 6: PHONETIC LINKS:
6a. Consonant to Vowel: Words beginning with a vowel are often linked to the final consonant of the word before them: Examples: Past eight = pas teight Put it on = pu ti ton Read it = rea dit team eleven = tea meleven Soon after = Soo nafter sleep early = slee pearly Rob Anderson = Ro bAnderson with Alan = wi thAlan black out = bla kout dig in = di gin large egg = la gegg much energy = mu chenergy half asleep = ha fasleep live alone = li valone dress up = dre sup his own = hi sown fresh apples = fre shapples catch all = ca tchall full application = fu lapplication our idea = ou ridea
6b. Consonant to consonant: Same consonant sounds link up and make a stronger sound: for example This soup, black car, and down, light top, seem mad, full length, half f ive
6c. Vowel to vowel: If the end of a word and the beginning of the next word are both vowel sounds, then the two sounds are linked by adding the sound /w/ or the sound /j/ between them.
The /w/ link:
/u:/ Two (w) hours, Do (w) it. You (w) ought to. Who (w) are you? /∂u/ Low (w) impact, go (w) early, no (w) entry /au/ now (w) and then, how (w) easy
The /j/ link:
/i:/ we ( j ) all, free ( j ) entry, the ( j ) end /ai/ my ( j ) arm, I ( j ) am /ei/ say ( j ) it. They ( j ) ask.
ANSWER KEY
Vowels & diphthongs Dictation 1: heart, cat, lad, park, lack, mass, half, cap, shark, harsh Dictation 2: bird, turn, learn, head, wed, world, gem, burn, best Dictation 3: green, feet, dip, sheep, sit, bit, feel, live, seen, Jean Dictation 4: pot, court, fox, cod, walk Dictation 5: full, pool, foot, suit, goods Dictation 6: bug, mud, fan, sang, batter, hut, truck, match, cap, uncle Dictation 7: head, bag, land, Ken, pan, mat, merry, pat, then Dictation 8: firm, burn, star, hard, dart, hurt, birth, pass Dictation 9: pain, tell, men, fail, age, shed, paper, late, wet, gate, taste, debt Dictation 10: low, jaw, bought, cold, ball, toe, tone, snow, hall, saw, show Dictation 11: boot, cooled, so, shoe, room, moan, rule, mood, rode, soup
Consonants Dictation 1: she, sell, said, shave, shock, saw, show, shoe Dictation 2: chip, cherry, shoes, sheep, chair, wash, cash, which Dictation 3: thick, think, seem, sing, pass, mouth, worse Dictation 4: thin, tank, think, tree, theme, fourth, part Dictation 5: seem, then, ran, team, deem, din, noon, mail Dictation 6: jet, juice, Jack, yeti, yam, joke, year, yes Dictation 7: vest, boat, bat, very, ban, vet Dictation 8: vet, west, whale, worse, via, vine, wheel Dictation 9: low, right, rip, law, read, list, arrive, correct, long, rice Dictation 10: dare, then, than, though, breed, wordy Dictation 11: and, all, here, high, eight, harm, hill, is, old, hat, air Dictation 12: zoo, said, zip, rise, lose, race, once Dictation 13: pit, pat, bought, bull, pride, rope, tap, cup, rib Dictation 14: do, ten, down, train, side, hard, plate, bad, set Dictation 25: good, got, coat, gave, leak, pig, log, ankle Dictation 16: van, very, fail, veal, fine, leaf, save, proof