…a draft l2/03-067 - unicode.org. ganitasarasamgraha amarakosa: classification and synonyms of...
TRANSCRIPT
…a Draft
8.4 Unicode Standard for Vedic Sanskrit -a draft .......
Sanskrit has its own place recognized by thelinguists all over the world.
India’s ex-president and philosopher Dr SarvapallyRadhakrishan said, “Sanskrit as a language is aninstrument of the greatest value in the delineationof all thought processes and the most profoundrationisation of all ideas which are deep and subtle,of all forms of aesthetic and emotional perception,and above all, of the most profound and ultimateforms of intuition and understanding. It is agreedthat the study of Sanskrit enables us to draw freelyupon our tradition, which can lead to the new-world outlook of modern man. Further, it helps tokeep pace with the rapid social change, advances inmodern science & technology and the process ofmodernization, at the same time inculcating theright type of social, moral and spiritual valuethrough self-discipline.”
Sanskrit language is variously referred to asDevavani, Amarvani, Girvanavani, Surbharati,Amarbharati, etc. each expressing connoting itsinherent vitality, versatility and greatness. The scriptin which Sanskrit texts are written is calledDevanagari. It is claimed that the uniqueness ofthe Sanskrit language is that pronunciations ofwords, stanzas and sentences with measuredintonation regulates ones giving and harmonizesonce entire being with the subtle elements in thecosmic region.
If the flow of Sanskrit is arrested other languages,its branches, must perish for want of feeding. It isfor this reason, perhaps, the great poet and seear,Ravindranath Tagore, desired that no professorshould be in-charge of any language inShantiniketan unless he is well grounded inSanskrit.
Sanskrit is one of the most ancient languages ofthe world, which has molded the culture and thethought systems not only of India but also of many
other countries in Asia. Sanskrit is not a deadlanguage. Sanskrit was for over a millenium, aliving spoken language with a considerable literatureof its own. Besides works of literary value, therewas a long philosophical and grammatical tradition.Sanskrit is still spoken in some Indian families.Even now new literature is being created inSanskrit. Seventh system of philosophy,Paramarthadarshan, has been added to Satdarshanrecently by Pundit Ramavatar Sharma. Itsvocabulary has permeated all Indian languages, andthus provides continuity with the past of ourcountry. There is renewed interest in learningSanskrit because of its rich knowledge base inlinguistics, philosophy, medicine, mathematics,astronomy, etc. Phonology (Study of Speech) andorthography (Study of Spelling) have not been soperfectly described in any natural language as inSanskrit. Panini’s book on Sanskrit Grammar,named Ashtadhyayi, has been considered byeminent American linguist Bloomfield as “one ofthe greatest monuments of human intelligence”.Panini was preceded by a long chain ofgrammarians, and his tradition continued evenafterwards. With his 4000 sutras, each of which isusually no more than two or three words, Paniniwas able to explain how almost all the words usedin Sanskrit of his time were formed. It is precursorof today’s generative grammar.
Sanskrit grammar is prescriptive, that takesphoneme as smallest unit with meaning, knowledgerepresentation is deeper and holistic at sentence-level with three necessary and sufficient conditionsof Expectancy (+ÉEòÉÆIÉÉ), Compatibility (ªÉÉäMªÉiÉÉ), andProximity (ºÉÊzÉÊvÉ), whereas modern linguistics isdescriptive and empirical, that takes morpheme asthe smallest unit with meaning, uses word-by-wordapproach rather than sentence respectively.
Sanskrit is syntax-free and word-order-free naturallanguage. Shastric Sanskrit is the Natural Languagewith all the desirable properties of formal artificiallanguage, such as naturalness, expressiveness, un-ambiguity and no redundancy.
October 200286
Karakas are important in case role assignment andthus facilitate in semantic extraction. There isequivalence between semantic net [representingtuples of verb, case role, and instance], and sentenceanalysis in Sanskrit. Knowledge inferencing inSanskrit is therefore rather complete.
Knowledge is dealt with in Apara Vidya Sastraswhich are classified into four Vedas (scriptures), sixVedanga-s (Vedic auxiliary Science that deal withphonetics) and four Upanga-s (supplementarysubjects).
Rig-Veda had 27 Sakhas, Yajur Veda had Sukla: (15)& Krisna: (86) Sakhas, Sama Veda had 1000 Sakhasand Atharva Veda 9 Sakhas. Every Veda has 4 typesof texts; Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka andUpanishad. There is special Vedic grammar, rulesfor each Sakha known as Prati Sakhya and phoneticrules known as Siksha.
There are four Upangas: Mimansa Sutra-s (describedrules for interpretation of Vedic text), Nyaya &Vaisheshika sutra-s (deal with logical aspects,ontological classification, process of humanunderstanding), Purana-s (narrations of messagesand teachings of Veda-s, Dharma Sastra-s (describecode of conduct for universal harmony).
There are 26 parameters for each Vedic syllabicdefinition.
Rick Briggs, a computer scientist of NASA in USA,published a paper in the Artificial IntelligenceMagazine, 1985 on “Knowledge Representationin Sanskrit and Artificial Intelligence”. Hedemonstrates that a natural language can serve asan artificial language such as Esperanto also, andthat much work in Artificial Intelligence has beenre-inventing what existed more than two thousandyears ago. He establishes parallelism betweenmodern scheme of knowledge representation usingsemantic nets and Sanskrit Grammarian’sunambiguous sentence analysis. Modernknowledge-based computing employ Predicate
Logic, Semantic Networks, Conceptualdependency schemes to represent WorldKnowledge. This may be related to Sabda-bodhaconcept dealt with in Nyay, Vyakarna and Mimansa.
Scientific & technological innovations which arecontained in Sanskrit are given below in thefollowing chronological table:
Period S&T Innovations inSanskrit
1500 B.C. Rigveda: concept of naturallaw (rta): 1028 hymns &10,462 richas
1000 B.C. Samveda: book of melodiesYajurveda: the book ofSacrificial formulas. Thewhole series of 27 or 28naksatras. Number namesupto 1012
Atharveda: astronomicalknowledge, more detailedmedical Knowledge
1000 B.C.-500 B.C. Brahmanas, Aranyakas andUpanishads doctrine ofpunchabhutas;
Codification of medicalknowledge into Ayurveda
Vedanga Jyotish: 5 year cycle
Sulba-sutras: beginning ofgeometry, irrational number
Early ideas of Vaisheshika,Samkhya & Mimamsa; ofBauddha, Jain and Charakadarshanas
Physical concepts: atomism,space, time, motion andsound
October 2002 87
Astronomical ideas:mathematical series(AP&GP)
Agricultural practices toincrease soil fertility
400 B.C.-400 A.D. Ayurvedic treatises - Charakaand Sushruta Samhitas;Tridosha theory; extension ofthe doctrine of 5 elements,space, time and sound
Arthashastra of Kautilya,Pingala’s Chandah - sutra:Permutation, combinationsand Binomial ideas
500 A.D.-1500 A.D. Nyaya Bhashya ofVatsyayana: extension ofatomic ideas, vision, sound,impetus theory; classificationof animals and plants
Padartha dharmasamgrahaof Prashastapada: atomism,space, time, motion, sound
Aryabhatta: theory ofrotation of earth, epicycletheory of planetary motions,values of pie & sines, square& cube roots, indeterminateequation of the first order
Panchasidhantika ofVarahamihira
Ganitasarasamgraha
Amarakosa: classification andsynonyms of plants andanimals, minerals and metals
Authoritative compilation ofAyurvedic knowledge; urineand pulse examination,Siddha system of medicine
polytechnics: alchemicalideas; iron-casting, paper-making
Sanskrit Speech and Text
Sanskrit Grammar has distinguished the termsvarna (phoneme) and akshara (syllable). Both theseterms are used in the context of spoken languagesand written languages respectively.
Since the oral tradition in India was of a higherorder, the stress on right pronunciation was laid atmost on the spoken language. To represent suchspeech nuances in written language, various chinhas(signs) evolved as to strike the equivalence in spokenand written expressions. This extra-ordinary activityis part of the Indian tradition. Therefore, therealization of such a system in the context of newtechnology seems to be imperative where writingis talked in the context of speech and speech in thecontext of writing. The attempt is made to identifyvarnamala comprising of basic speech sound unitsas vowel phonemes (swara varna) and consonantphonemes (vyanjan varna). These phonemes(varnas) when combined as C. ..C + V or only Vform complete phonetic cluster. Thecorrespondence in spoken and written syllablesmust be preserved through the Vedic SanskritEncoding scheme firstly by giving each phonemea distinct code and secondly by giving each chinha-denoting nuances of speech -a distinct code.
Thus the scheme presented here comprises offollowing elements.
1. Phonemes -vowels, consonants
2. Chinhas
3. Punctuation marks
4. Digits
Sanskrit Phonology and Orthography
The Devanagari script is used for writing classicalSanskrit as well as Vedic Sanskrit. This includes themulti-tier usage of diacritic marks of complexcompositions, above, below and at the sides of thebase glyphs. Therefore, as compared to modern
October 200288
historical derivatives from Sanskrit such as Hindi,Marathi, Nepali etc., the Sanskrit text demandsadequate range of characters as well as exhaustiverendering rules to achieve the advanced typographicquality in Vedic Sanskrit text. The provision ofadditional codes from U+0800 -U+08FF isprovided to address these issues.
Encoding principles : The effective unit of theSanskrit writing system is the phoneme (varna).The range of phonemes (Varnamala) consists of‘SwaraVarna’ (Vowel Phoneme) and ‘VyanjanVarna’ (Consonant phoneme). While ‘Swara Varna’is self-powered and it is not dependent on any otherelement, the ‘Vyanjan Varna’ however, needs anaddition of ‘Swara Varna’ to compose a syllabicentity. While ‘Swara Varna’ (V) can be writtendown as syllables (‘akhara’), other syllables(‘akharas’) are the outcome of the combination of‘Vyanjan Varna’ and ‘Vowel Varna’.
Phoneme (varana) to Syllables (aksharas)
As mentioned earlier phonemes are divided intotwo types: vowel phonemes (swara varna) andconsonant phonemes (vyanjan varna). Theytogether broadly constitute the Varnamala whichhas been referred as a varna-samamnaya. Theorthographic representation of these varnas is donein a systematic way. The combination of consonantphoneme and a vowel phoneme produces a syllable(akshara). A cluster of glyphs emerges as an outcomeof this process.
For example,
/k/ + /a/ = /ka/ syllable which is written as ... EòÂ++= Eò
/p/ + /aa/ = /paa/ syllabic akshara is /paa/ {ÉÂ++É= {ÉÉ
Please note that
Corresponding to each swara phoneme there is anakshara which is its syllabic form.
Vowel phoneme + +É < <Ç
Vowel syllable + +É < <Ç
Rendering of aksharas (Syllables)
k-phoneme + /a/ = k-akshar EÂò++=Eò
The syllables formed by adding vowel phonemes /a/,/aa/, /i/, etc. to the consonant phoneme are writtenby creating aksharas. One consonant phonemeadded to all the swara phonemes one by one iscalled a baaraakhadi.
Thus the concept of extended range of ‘Barakhadi’(12 syllables) is achieved in the following way.
K(d) + vv1 = K + A = KA EÂò++=Eò
K(d) + vv2 = K + AA = KAA EÂò++É=EòÉ
K(d) + vv3 = K + I = KI EÂò+<=ÊEò
K(d) + vv4 = K + II = KII EÂò+<Ç=EòÒ
K(d) + vv5 = K + U = KU EÂò+==EÖò
K(d) + vv6 = K + UU = KUU EÂò+>ð=EÚò
K(d) + vv7 = K + Vocalic R = K(Vocalic)R EÂò+@ñ=EÞò
K(d) + vv8 = K + Vocalic RR = K(Vocalic)RR EÂò+Añ=Eßò
K(d) + vv9 = K + Vocalic L = K(Vocalic)L EÂò+ ¡ßô=Iàò
K(d) + vv10 = K + Vocalic L = K(Vocalic)LL EÂò+¡áô=Iáò
K(d) + vv11 = K + E = KE (Short) EÂò+Bà=Eòà
K(d) +vv12 = K + EE = KE EÂò+B=Eäò
K(d) + vv13 = K + E = K(Candra}E EÂò+Bì=Eìò
K(d) + vv14 = K + AE = KAI EÂò+Bä=Eèò
K(d) + vv15 = K + O = KO (Short) EÂò+ +Éà=EòÉà
K(d) + vv16 = K + O = KO EÂò++Éä=EòÉä
K(d) + vv17 = K + O = K(Candra)O EÂò++Éì=EòÉì
K(d) + vv18= K + AU=KAU EÂò++Éè=EòÉè
Syllables can also be formed by adding vowelphonemes to a sequence of more than oneconsonant phonemes. These syllables are calledjodaksharas or sanyuktaksharas. For example :
k-phoneme + y-phoneme + aa-phoneme = kyaaEÂò + ªÉ + +É = CªÉÉ
s-phoneme + t-phoneme + u-phoneme = stuºÉ + iÉ + = = ºiÉÖ
October 2002 89
Please note that the invariant element in this processis the set of phonemes. The variation occurs in theshape of glyphs written in various Indian scripts.For example, the phoneme /k/ and /0/ will resultin the glyph shape where graphic element is addedin front and on the top where as in Bengali, graphicshape will be added in front and prior to the baseglyph. Therefore this model can be extended tomost of the Indian languages which have phoneticbase. To sum up the proposed scheme calls for codepoints for consonant phoneme k as compared tothe existing Devanagari code which provides codepoints for glyph ka. The proposed scheme is ofadditive nature (k + a) as compared to subtractivemodel. This scheme would allow unambiguousrepresentation of the entire repertoire of charactersrequired in creating the exhaustive Devanagariscript syllabic range along with its phonetic values.
Vedic Vagvarna Chart
The split up of the codes in chart 1 and chart 2.The Chart 1 would facilitate Laukik Sanskrit whilethe remaining symbols are included in Chart 2.
Chart 1. The Laukik Sanskrit Varnas and Chinhas
It is possible to achieve the following using theChart 1.
1. Text composition in the Indian languages thatuse Devanagari script
2. Transliteration (Indirect method)
3. Transliteration of other Indian languages intoDevanagari script.
4. Sort and search in Laukik Sanskrit
Chart 2: The other Vedic Sanskrit Varnas andChinhas
The Chart 2 will facilitate (along with chart 1)composition of text from all four Vedas with theirintonation Vedic marks and the phonetic break-up of words from dictionaries
The two charts presented here are designed takinginto consideration following character codingrequirements:
1. Non-ambiguity
2. Transliteration
3. Phonetic break-up
4. Exhaustiveness
5. Uniqueness
6. Backward compatibility
7. Default sorting for lankik sanskrit
Code Set Design Considerations
1. The range of Sanskrit Vedic marks, which wereidentified after extensive research have beenincluded.
2. All consonant letter signs have been shown aspure consonants (characters with HALANTrefered elsewhere as dead consonants).
3. Devanagari script in its excluded form asmentioned in Manak Hindi Vartani(Standardised Hindi) issued by Central HindiDirectorate has been taken as reference.
4. Adequate Bhedak Chinhas are provided to takecare of phonetic variations of Kashmiri, Urdu,Sindhi, South Indian Languages, Persian andArabic.
5. In addition to the Bhedak Chinhas, reservedspace is provided in the code chart forincorporation of different phonemes in future.
6. Vowel letters such as A, AA, I etc. shown in thechart have been included for their phoneticcharacter (value). The respective vowel matrasare not explicitly represented as they can bederived unambiguously through positionallogic (CV, CCV, etc.).
7. The IPA equivalence for these Indian PhoneticLetter signs can be established.
8. The range of Swaraadi-Anuswaar and Visargaused for Laukik Sanskrit, are kept in the 1stchart. The total range of Anuswaar and Visarga
October 200290
as needed for Vedic Sanskrit text have beenplaced separately in the 2nd chart.
9. The total marks in terms of Udaatt, Anudaatt,Swarit and Swarit Kamp have been put next toSwaraadis. From the total range of five Kampsigns namely, Hrasva Kamp, Dirgha Kamp,Udaatt Kamp, Tathabhavya Kamp and ShivaKamp as mentioned in ‘Shiksha’ first two havebeen given code points. The remaining threecodes have been reserved for three remainingKampas.
10. The Samvedic Swarochar signs have beenincorporated representing different schools ofSamavedic traditions. This scheme wouldfacilitate to compose Samvedic intonationmarks on the top of the syllable through aprogram.
11. The codes from 08F0 to 08FF have beenreserved for Speech Control Commands incontext of Text to Speech and Speech to Texttechnology.
12. This coding scheme would facilitate to createtotal repertoire needed to compose Vedic text(Rigved, Yajurved, Atharvaved and Samaved).
13. The sort order for Vedic text, if needed has tobe handled by using specific algorithms.
Lexical order and sorting
Following decisions were taken to facilitate sortingin chart 1.
1. The numerals have been put in the beginningto suit the international convention.
2. The necessary additional signs (pitch, stress,time) for phonetic breakup usage have beenput in the page 2 of the chart.
3. The logical order of vowel phonemes followedby vowel phoneme modifiers and consonantphonemes followed by consonant phonemesmodifiers has been followed. The Anuswaar andthe Visarg group is kept after vowel phonemes
modifiers. This would ensure correct sortingin Laukik (Abhijaat) -Classical Sanskrit.
4. Through the chart, transliteration from otherIndian languages to Devanagari is possiblethrough indirect mapping methodology.
5. Phonetic break up approach has been takenfor the words in dictionary. No sort order inphonetic break up of words is needed.
6. Poorna Viram Chinha is differentiated from theDashamsha Chinha and Viyog Chinha isdifferentiated with the Sanyog Chinha.
7. The Runa Chinha and Gunaka Chinha areprovided.
The Salient Features of Vedic Vagvarna EncodingScheme
• The new scheme of Phonemes (vowels and pureconsonants) as character codes for Unicode, isnearer to the linguistic model and serves allthe linguistic needs.
• There is a provision to extend this to newercombinations not yet identified (tribal and folklanguages).
• The text-processing operations like indexingand sorting which are very important forinformation storage and retrieval on computerscan be performed efficiently.
• Speech synthesis can be facilitated as the nuancesof speech are preserved through these encoding.
• An absolute requirement on any scriptencoding is that it be possible for a computerto take any valid sequence of underlyingcharacter codes and algorithmically render theappropriate visual form, given a repertoire ofsurface glyphs. In the case of Vedic Sanskritencoding scheme presented here the requiredcharacter shaping rules are well-formed andtherefore font rendering systems can been builtbased on this.
October 2002 91
October 200292
Vedic Code Chart 1
October 2002 93
Vedic Code Chart 2
Vedic Code Details
Sanskrit Devanagari Vedic Anka
0800 0 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKASHUNYA
0801 1 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKAEKAN
0802 2 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKADVI
0803 3 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKATRI
0804 4 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKACHATUR
0805 5 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKAPANCHAN
0806 6 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKASHASH
0807 7 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKASAPTAN
0808 8 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKAASHTAN
0809 9 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKANAVAN
Sanskrit Devanagari Swara Varna
080A a VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA A Unrounded centralhalf-open
080B È Reserved
080C È Reserved
080D È Reserved
080E A VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA AA Unroundedcentral open
080F È Reserved
0810 È Reserved
0811 i VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA I Unrounded frontclose short
0812 È Reserved
0813 I VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA II Unrounded frontclose long
0814 u VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA U Rounded backclose short
0815 È Reserved
0816 U VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA UU Rounded backclose long
0817 È Reserved
0818 R VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA VOCALIC R Conso-nant in the form of vowel short
0819 f VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA VOCALIC RRConsonant in the form ofvowel long
081A V VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA VOCALIC L Conso-nant in the form of vowel short
081B X VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA VOCALIC LLConsonant in the form ofvowel long
081C Y VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA E SHORTUnrounded front half-close long
October 200294
081D e VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA E Unrounded fronthalf-close long
081E w VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA E WITHCHANDRAKAR ABOVEUnrounded front half-open
081F È Reserved
0820 E VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA AI Compound vowel( A + I)
0821 È Reserved
0822 Z VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA O SHORT Roundedback half-close long
0823 o VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA O Rounded backhalf-close long
0824 È Reserved
0825 W VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA AA WITHCHANDRAKAR ABOVERounded back half-open
0826 O VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA AU Compoundvowel ( A + U)
0827 È Reserved
Sanskrit Devanagari Swara Bhedak Chinha
0828 % VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARABHEDAK CHNHA 1 forKashmiri
0829 # VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARABHEDAK CHINHA 2 forUrdu
082A $ VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARABHEDAK CHINHA 3 forAvesta
082B & VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARABHEDAK CHINHA 4 forAvesta
Sanskrit Devanagari Swaraadi Chinha
082C = VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –CHANDRABINDU
082D ? VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –ANUSVARA
082E : VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –VISARGA
082F È Reserved
0830 È Reserved
Sanskrit Devanagari Vyanjan Varna
0831 k VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA KVoiceless unaspirated velarplosive stop
0832 È Reserved
0833 K VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA KHVoiceless aspirated velar plosivestop
0834 È Reserved
0835 g VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA GVoiced unaspirated velarplosive stop
0836 È Reserved
October 2002 95
0837 G VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA GHVoiced aspirated velar plosivestop
0838 M VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA NGNasal velar plosive stop
0839 c VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA CVoiceless unaspirated palatalplosive stop
083A È Reserved
083B C VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA CHVoiceless aspirated palatalplosive stop
083C È Reserved
083D j VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA JVoiced unaspirated palatalplosive stop
083E È Reserved
083F È Reserved
0840 È Reserved
0841 J VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA JHVoiced aspirated palatal plosivestop
0842 È Reserved
0843 z VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA NYNasal palatal plosive stop
0844 t VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA TTVoiceless unaspirated retroflexplosive stop
0845 T VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA TTHVoiceless aspirated retroflexplosive stop
0846 q VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA DDVoiced unaspirated retroflexplosive stop
0847 È Reserved
0848 È Reserved
0849 Q VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA DDHVoiced unaspirated retroflexplosive stop
084A È Reserved
084B N VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA NNNasal retroflex plosive stop
084C È Reserved
084D F VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA TVoiceless unaspirated dentalplosive stop
084E È Reserved
084F H VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA THVoiceless aspirated dentalplosive stop
0850 d VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA DVoiced unaspirated dentalplosive stop
0851 D VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA DHVoiced aspirated dental plosivestop
October 200296
0852 n VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA N Nasaldental plosive stop
0853 È Reserved
0854 È Reserved
0855 p VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA PVoiceless unaspirated bilabialplosive stop
0856 P VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA PHVoiceless aspirated bilabialplosive stop
0857 È Reserved
0858 b VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA BVoiced unaspirated bilabialplosive stop
0859 È Reserved
085A B VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA BHVoiced aspirated bilabial plosivestop
085B m VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA M Nasalbilabial plosive stop
085C y VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA Y Voicedpalatal semi-vowel – vocalisedconsonant
085D È Reserved
085E r VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA RVoiced unaspirated alveolarflapped semi-vowel
085F È Reserved
0860 È Reserved
0861 È Reserved
0862 l VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA L Voiceddental lateral semi-vowel
0863 È Reserved
0864 v VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA VVoiced labio-dental semi-vowel
0865 È Reserved
0866 S VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA SHVoiceless palatal fricative
0867 x VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA SHHVoiceless retroflex fricative
0868 s VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA SVoiceless alveolar fricative
0869 h VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA HVoiced glottal fricative
086A L VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA LLVoiced dental lateral semi-vowel
086B È Reserved
086C È Reserved
086D Å VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA LLH
086E È Reserved
086F È Reserved
0870 | VEDIC SANSKRITLUPTAK CHINHA
October 2002 97
0871 ARLU VEDIC SANSKRIT ARDHLUPTAK CHINHA
Sanskrit Devanagari Vyanjan Bhedak Chinha
0872 [ VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJAN BHEDAKCHINHA 1 (ONE NUKTA)for Urdu, Malayalam, Tamil,Marathi
0873 \ VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJAN BHEDAKCHINHA 2 (TWO NUKTA)for Malayalam
0874 ] VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJAN BHEDAKCHINHA 3 (THREENUKTA) for Kashmiri, Avesta
0875 � VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJAN BHEDAKCHINHA 4 (LINE WITHONE NUKTA ) for Sindhi
0876 0 VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – SANKSHEPA
0877 c VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –AVAGRAHA
0878 , VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – DANDA
0879 SNDH VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – SAANDHAKA
087A ARSN VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – ASAANDHAKA
087B RIKT VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – RIKTAKA
087C È Reserved
087D DRSK VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – DARSHAK
087E È Reserved
087F È Reserved
Vedic Sanskrit Phonetic Break-up Signs
0880 ¿ VEDIC SANSKRIT UCCHASWAN
0881 À VEDIC SANSKRIT NIMNASWAN
0882 Æ VEDIC SANSKRIT BALA(STRESS) BHEDAKCHINHA 1
0883 Ç VEDIC SANSKRIT BALA(STRESS) BHEDAKCHINHA 2
0884 Â VEDIC SANSKRIT KAAL(TIME) BHEDAK CHINHAATI LAGHU
0885 Á VEDIC SANSKRIT KAAL(TIME) BHEDAK CHINHALAGHU
080D ` VEDIC SANSKRIT KAAL(TIME) BHEDAK CHINHAGURU
0887 @ VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –CHANDRKOR WITHARDHA ANUSWAR Partialnasalization indicator (soft)
0888 > VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –ARDHA ANUSWAR Partialnasalization stress indicator
Vedic Sanskrit Anuswar
0889 V VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDIC(KRISHNA) ANUSVAR 1
088A W VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR –YAJURVEDIC(KRISHNA) LONGANUSVAR 2
October 200298
088B I VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR MADHYA 3
088C H VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR DAKSHIN 4
088D J VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 5
088E K VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDIC (SHUKLA ) ANUSVAR 6
088F L VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 7
0890 N VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 8
0891 M VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 9
0892 O VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 10
0893 Q VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 11
0894 P VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 12
0895 R VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 13
0896 S VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 14
0897 T VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 15
0898 Y VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – ANUSHMANSANUSVAR 16
0899 Z VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDIC(SHUKLA) ANUSVAR 17
089A È Reserved
Vedic Sanskrit Swaraadi Chinha – Visarga
089B ; VEDIC SANSKRIT ARDHVISARGA
089C e VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA
089D g VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 1
089E h VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 2
089F i VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 3
08A0 j VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 4
08A1 k VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 5
08A2 l VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 6
08A3 m VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 7
08A4 % VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 8
08A5 | VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 9
October 2002 99
08A6 Y VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA – JIHVA-MULIYA 1
08A7 A VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA – JIHVA-MULIYA 2
08A8 B VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA – JIHVA-MULIYA 3
08A9 C VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA –UPADHAMANIYA 1
08AA X VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA –UPADHAMANIYA 2
08AB F VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA –UPADHAMANIYA 3
08AC È Reserved
08AD È Reserved
Vedic Sanskrit TAARATA Chinha
08AE ` VEDIC SANSKRIT UDATTA
08AF - VEDIC SANSKRITANUDATTA
Vedic Sanskrit Rigvedic Svarita Chinha
08B0 a VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA - ATHARVA-VEDIC SVARITA
08B1 Æ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA UDATTA
08B2 ^ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA -LONG SVARITA
08B3 \ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – MAITRAYANI
08B4 Ç VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA ANUDATTA
08B5 s VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA - SHUKLAYAJURVEDIC SVARITA
08B6 u VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – MAITRAYANISVARITA ONE
08B7 t VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – YAJURVEDICSVARITA
08B8 v VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – KATTHAK/MAITRAYANI SAMHITAJATYA SVARITA
08B9 [ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – MAITRAYANISVARITA TWO
08BA \ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA - ANTIM UDATTA
08BB D VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA - KATTHAKANUDATTA
08BC © VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – WITH 2-SSHAPES BELOW
08BD ª VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA DEVENAGARI HWITH HORIZONTALCROSSLINE (comes inMaitrayani Samhita jatya)
08BE È Reserved
08BF È Reserved
Vedic Sanskrit Svarita Kamp
08C0 È VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA RHASVA KAMP
October 2002100
08C1 É VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA DEERGH KAMP
08C2 È Reserved
08C3 È Reserved
08C4 È Reserved
08C5 È Reserved
08C6 È Reserved
Vedic Sanskrit Samavedic Swarochchar Chinha
08C7 1 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAONE
08C8 2 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHATWO
08C9 3 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHATHREE
08CA 4 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAFOUR
08CB 5 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAFIVE
08CC 6 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHASIX
08CD 7 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHASEVEN
08CE 8 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAEIGHT
08CF 9 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHANINE
08D0 0 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAKAMPA
08D1 n VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA R
08D2 À VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAONE R
08D3 Á VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHATWO R
08D4 Â VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHATHREE R
08D5 Ã VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAFOUR R
08D6 Ä VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAFIVE R
08D7 ¡ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAR KAMPA
October 2002 101
08D8 ¢ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA1R KAMPA
08D9 £ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA2R KAMPA
08DA ¤ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA3R KAMPA
08DB ¥ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA4R KAMPA
08DC ¦ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA5R KAMPA
08DD o VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA U
08DE ¨ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA2U
08DF p VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA K
08E0 § VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-
CHINHA 3K
08E1 r VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAURDHVA
08E2 q VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHASMALL AVAGRAHA
08E3 { VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAstress
08E4 È Reserved
Vedic Sanskrit Special Symbols
08E5 ' VEDIC SANSKRIT SYM-BOL OM
08E6 / VEDIC SANSKRIT SYM-BOL SWASTIK
08E7 b VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA - PUSHPIKA
08E8 > VEDIC SANSKRIT VEDIICCHINHA – AVAGRAHA-DWAYA
08E9 + VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – DANDA DWAYA
08EA Ä VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – KHANDA(HALF SPACE)
08EB « VEDIC SANSKRIT LOPACHINHA
08EC ¬ VEDIC SANSKRITKAAKAPADA
08ED $ VEDIC SANSKRIT TATHAIVA
08EE ® VEDIC SANSKRITGUNAKA CHINHA
08EF . VEDIC SANSKRITDASHANSH CHINHA
08F0 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08F1 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08F2 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08F3 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
October 2002102
October 2002 103
08F4 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08F5 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08F6 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08F7 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08F8 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08F9 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08FA È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08FB È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08FC È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08FD È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08FE È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
08FF È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)
(Courtesy : Prof. R. K. Joshi, Visiting DesignSpecialist at NCST, Juhu,Mumbai-400049, India.
Email: [email protected]: 26201606, 6201574. Fax: +91-22 6210139.
in consultation withDr. Sadanandan, Vice President, Bharati Sanskrit
Vidya Niketanam, Ghatkopar, MumbaiDr Alka Irani, Sr Research Scientist, NCST and
other Sanskrit Scholars.)
SANSKRIT-DESHA Keyboard 2002DESHA-Multilingual Phonemic Keyboard
Designed and Developed by National Centre for Software Technology, Mumbai, IndiaConcept and Layout : Prof. R.K. Joshi (Revised version of Vividha 1986, Desha 1990)Other language specific keyboards may follow the layout with suitable modifications.