a comparative overview of energy - jan van staveren

8/15/2019 A comparative overview of energy - Jan Van Staveren

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June 2016 See also: www.energiefeiten.nl

A comparative overview of ENERGY

Contents pageSome definitions and fundamental laws - - 6- Power - - - - - - - 6- Energy - - - - - - - 6- Law of Conservation of Energy - - - 7- Law of Conservation of ass - - - - 7- Effi!ien!y - - - - - - - 7- Produ!tion fa!tor - - - - - - "- #!tual energy yield - - - - - "- Some effi!ien!ies - - - - - $- %nits and !onversion fa!tors for &ower - - $

- %nits and !onversion fa!tors for energy - - $- Primary energy - - - - - - $- Energy !ontent of some fuels - - - - 10- e!'ani!al e(uivalent of 'eat - - - - 10- Effi!ien!ies at t'e !onversion of energy - - 11- Carnot)s formula - - - - - - 11- *ewton)s laws of motion - - - - 11Energy !onsum&tion of a 'ouse'old - - - 12Solar energy - - - - - - 1+,ind energy - - - - - - 20Storage of solar and wind energy - - - 22ydro&ower - - - - - - 2+.eot'ermal energy - - - - - 2/idal energy - - - - - - - 2iomass - - - - - - - 26Energy storage in t'e 3atteries of ele!tri! !ars - 27Smart grid - - - - - - - 2"Com3ined eat and Power - - - - 2$eat &um& - - - - - - - +0atteries - - - - - - - +2 #tomi! 3attery - - - - - - +7,al4ing and !y!ling - - - - - +"Ele!tri! 3i!y!le - - - - - - /0Ele!tri! trains - - - - - - /15essels - - - - - - - /+ #ir!raft - - - - - - - //'e &etrol !ar - - - - - - /'e ele!tri! !ar - - - - - - /6'e 'y3rid !ar - - - - - - 1'e fuel !ell !ar - - - - - - +'e ydrogen E!onomy - - - - - *u!lear fusion - - - - - - "*u!lear energy - - - - - - 60

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http://www.energiefeiten.nl/http://c/e-facts#Powerhttp://c/e-facts#Energyhttp://c/e-facts#Law%20of%20Conservation%20of%20Energyhttp://c/e-facts#Law%20of%20Conservation%20of%20Masshttp://c/e-facts#Efficiencyhttp://c/e-facts#Production%20factorhttp://c/e-facts#Some%20efficiencieshttp://c/e-facts#Units%20and%20conversion%20factors%20for%20powerhttp://c/e-facts#Units%20and%20conversion%20factors%20for%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Primary%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Energy%20content%20of%20some%20fuelshttp://c/e-facts#Mechanical%20equivalent%20of%20heathttp://c/e-facts#Carnot's%20formulahttp://c/e-facts#Newton's%20lawshttp://c/e-facts#Energy%20consumption%20of%20a%20householdhttp://c/e-facts#Wind%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Storage%20of%20Energyhttp://c/e-facts#Hydropowerhttp://c/e-facts#Geothermal%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Tidal%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Biomasshttp://c/e-facts#Energy%20storagehttp://c/e-facts#Combined%20Heat%20and%20Powerhttp://c/e-facts#Heat%20pumphttp://c/e-facts#Batterieshttp://c/e-facts#Walking%20and%20cyclinghttp://c/e-facts#Electric%20bicyclehttp://c/e-facts#Electric%20trainshttp://c/e-facts#Vesselshttp://c/e-facts#Aircrafthttp://c/e-facts#The%20petrol%20carhttp://c/e-facts#The%20electric%20carhttp://c/e-facts#The%20hybrid%20carhttp://c/e-facts#The%20fuel%20cell%20carhttp://c/e-facts#The%20Hydrogen%20Economyhttp://c/e-facts#Nuclear%20fusionhttp://www.energiefeiten.nl/http://c/e-facts#Powerhttp://c/e-facts#Energyhttp://c/e-facts#Law%20of%20Conservation%20of%20Energyhttp://c/e-facts#Law%20of%20Conservation%20of%20Masshttp://c/e-facts#Efficiencyhttp://c/e-facts#Production%20factorhttp://c/e-facts#Some%20efficiencieshttp://c/e-facts#Units%20and%20conversion%20factors%20for%20powerhttp://c/e-facts#Units%20and%20conversion%20factors%20for%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Primary%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Energy%20content%20of%20some%20fuelshttp://c/e-facts#Mechanical%20equivalent%20of%20heathttp://c/e-facts#Carnot's%20formulahttp://c/e-facts#Newton's%20lawshttp://c/e-facts#Energy%20consumption%20of%20a%20householdhttp://c/e-facts#Wind%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Storage%20of%20Energyhttp://c/e-facts#Hydropowerhttp://c/e-facts#Geothermal%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Tidal%20energyhttp://c/e-facts#Biomasshttp://c/e-facts#Energy%20storagehttp://c/e-facts#Combined%20Heat%20and%20Powerhttp://c/e-facts#Heat%20pumphttp://c/e-facts#Batterieshttp://c/e-facts#Walking%20and%20cyclinghttp://c/e-facts#Electric%20bicyclehttp://c/e-facts#Electric%20trainshttp://c/e-facts#Vesselshttp://c/e-facts#Aircrafthttp://c/e-facts#The%20petrol%20carhttp://c/e-facts#The%20electric%20carhttp://c/e-facts#The%20hybrid%20carhttp://c/e-facts#The%20fuel%20cell%20carhttp://c/e-facts#The%20Hydrogen%20Economyhttp://c/e-facts#Nuclear%20fusion


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Some facts, calculations, and things worth knowingEnergy !onsum&tion in t'e *et'erlands - - 6'e effi!ien!y of t'e &rodu!tion of ele!tri!ity - - 6'e effi!ien!y of t'e &rodu!tion of &etrol - - 6'e mass-energy e(uivalent - - - - 66'e Sun - - - - - - - 67

'e Leo&old'ove - - - - - - 71,ind energy - - - - - - 7+Com&arison of solar and wind energy - - - 7/Some fuels and C2 - - - - - 7C2 emissions well-to-&lug of ele!tri!ity - - 76'e green'ouse effe!t - - - - - 77Lig't sour!es - - - - - - 7" #ir!raft - - - - - - - "0Ele!tri! train - - - - - - - "2Cy!ling - - - - - - - "+Ele!tri! 3i!y!les - - - - - - "6'e ydrogen 3i!y!le - - - - - $0Power &lants - - - - - - $1

'e !om3ined gas and steam &ower &lant - - $1*u!lear &ower &lants - - - - - $2Ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion in t'e *et'erlands - - $2Com&arison &ower &lants - - - - $+Ele!tri! !ars - - - - - - - $'e &lug-in 'y3rid !ar - - - - - $"C2 emissions of different ty&es of !ars - - $$Stella8 an ele!tri! !ar wit' solar &anels - - 101Ele!tri! ra!e-!ar - - - - - - 101'e a!tion radius of !ars - - - - - 101Com&arison means of trans&ort - - - 102Some &ro9e!ts of ,u33o !4els - - - 10+'e ,orld Solar C'allenge - - - - 10/

S'ell e!o marat'on - - - - - 10io fuel - - - - - - - 106 # few more t'ings wort' 4nowing - - - 10"Some units - - - - - - - 11+a3les and gra&'s - - - - - - 11 #lternative energy sour!es - - - - 121ree energy - - - - - - - 12Storage of energy - - - - - - 126Energy saving - - - - - - 1+1'e !olla&se of t'e il E!onomy - - - 1++ow will t'e future loo4; - - - - - 1+'e Energy #greement - - - - - 1+"%rgenda - - - - - - - 1/0

Energy !ontent of a 3attery - - - - 1/1,ater e


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Some preliminary remarks

= >n t'is overview a33reviations will 3e avoided as mu!' as &ossi3le= ,'en !om3ining different units a 'y&'en is used?

or e


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ntroduction

!he most effective environmental measure'e energy !onsum&tion and t'e !o'erent environmental &ollution is&ro&ortional to t'e num3er of &eo&le on Eart'? So t'e most effe!tiveenvironmental measure will 3e: restricting the world population'at will 3e a!'ieved Bin t'e long run w'en t'e re&rodu!tion rateis not greater t'an "? So not more t'an # children &er !ou&le?

After us the flood>n t'e 3oo4 *a ons de @ondvloed B#fter us t'e flood t'e aut'or P? .er3rands8 writes: ,it'in reasona3le margins8 growt' of t'e num3er of &eo&le and e!onomi! endiaalready 'ad 182 3illion in'a3itants? 'ere is a dire!t relations'i& 3etween&ollution of t'e environment and t'e &o&ulation rate? ore &eo&le &rodu!emore waste8 'ave more need for food8 !onsume more raw materials8 'avemore 'assle8 'ave less living s&a!e8 get less attention and need moremoney? 'e !on!lusion is !lear: )irth control is a necessity. >f not8 we allend u& li4e 3a!teria on a limited 3reeding ground? #fter un3ridled growt'un&re!edented mortality follows?

!he population e*plosionrom 1$$0 to 2000 ea!' year t'e world)s &o&ulation 'as in!reased wit' anaverage of 18 Su&&ose t'at t'is in!rease 'ad o!!urred always from t'e3eginning of our era until today? ow large would t'e world)s &o&ulation 3enow8 3ased on 2 &eo&le in t'e year @ero;= after 2000 years t'e in!rease would 3e: 18012000 F "8 G 1012

= t'e Eart'Hs surfa!e is / I r 2 F / I G /0 G 106 s(uare 4ilometres Br F t'e radius of Eart' F 6/00 4ilometres= t'e total of eart'lings would 3e: B2 G "8 G 1012 B/ I G /0 G 106 F 3+((( &er s(uare 4ilometre8 o!eans and t'e &oles in!luded

>n reality t'ere live on Eart' Konly 1 &eo&le &er s(uare 4ilometre? Bin 20108on land? >n t'e *et'erlands t'e &o&ulation density is 0/ in'a3itants &er

s(uare 4ilometre? 'at means a living &la!e of / G / metres &er &erson

/


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verview of the population growth Brounded

"-( #((( #(/(

t'e *et'erlands 11 million 16 million 17 million

,orld &o&ulation + 3illion 6 3illion $ 3illion

0aily increase of the world population Bmedium variant

year world population increase in "( years increase per day

2010 6 $0$ million - - - - - -

2020 7 67 million 766 million 210 000

20+0 " +0$ million 6+/ million 17/ 000

20/0 " "01 million /$2 million 1+ 000

200 $ 10 million +/$ million $6 000

'e average increase of t'e world &o&ulation in t'e &eriod 2010 M 200

amounts to "/3 ((( people per day? So " million per week

in #("" the 1 )illionth earthling was )orn in #(#3 the 2 )illionth is e*pected


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A comparative overview of ENERGY

Some definitions and fundamental laws

Power

Power is a measure of t'e speed at w'i!' energy can 3e generated or used

power energy 4 time

%nits

" watt " 5oule per second

Some e


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n daily life is valid7

= t'e 3asi! unit for power is watt= t'e 3asi! unit for energy is watt6hour

Law of Conservation of Energy

= Energy !annot 3e lost= Energy !annot arise from not'ing= Energy !an 3e !onverted from one form to anot'er8 3ut t'e sum of t'e energies !annot !'ange

Law of Conservation of 8ass

= ass !annot 3e lost= ass !annot arise from not'ing= ass !an 3e !onverted from one form to anot'er8 3ut t'e sum of t'e masses !annot !'ange

Energy and mass are never %consumed'>n normal language mass and energy are K!onsumed anyway?or e


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Production factor Bt'e availa3ility

production factor actual annual yield 4 theoretical annual yield

or e


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Some efficiencies Ba&&ro


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Energy content of some fuels1 4ilogram of dry wood F 8+ 4ilowatt-'ours1 4ilogram of !oal F "81 4ilowatt-'ours1 !u3i! metre of natural gas F "8" 4ilowatt-'ours1 litre of &etrol F $81 4ilowatt-'ours1 litre of diesel oil F 1080 4ilowatt-'ours

1 4ilogram of 'ydrogen F ++86 4ilowatt-'ours

>n t'e following t'e energy !onsum&tion or energy yield is !onverted into litres&etrol-e(uivalent Bif &ossi3le? 'at a&&eals a 3it more to imagination and itma4es a good !om&arison &ossi3le

!hermal energy in " litre of petrol

1 litre of &etrol F 12(( kilocalories

#t an effi!ien!y of 100 it is &ossi3le to in!rease t'e tem&erature of 7"00 litresof water wit' 1 degree !elsius Bor to 'eat 7" litres wit' 100 degrees

8echanical energy in " litre of petrol

1 litre of &etrol F -," kilowatt6hours

'is would 4ee& a motor of $1 4ilowatts running during 081 'ours BF 6 minuteson full &ower? 'e effi!ien!y of a &etrol engine is a&&ro


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Efficiencies at the conversion of energy

Conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy

'e effi!ien!y will 3e limited a!!ording to Carnot>s formula'e mas formula

,it' Carnot)s formula8 one !an !al!ulate t'e ma*imum achieva)le efficiency at t'e !onversion of t'ermal energy BF 'eat into me!'ani!al energy BF la3our

'e t'ermal energy is &ro&ortional to t'e a3solute tem&erature ! B4elvin

effi!ien!y F B'ig' - low 'ig'

'ig' - low F t'e 'eat w'i!' is !onverted into useful me!'ani!al energy'ig' F t'e 'ig'est tem&erature in t'e &ro!ess Bt'e energy suppliedlow F t'e lowest tem&erature in t'e &ro!ess Bt'e residual energy

E


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Energy consumption of a household

#n average 'ouse'old in t'e *et'erlands Bstatisti!ally !onsists of 282"&eo&le? >n t'e year 200" t'e energy !onsum&tion &er 'ouse'old was 7= for lig'ting 2" 4ilowatt-'ours of ele!tri!ity

= for t'e refrigerator8 was'ing8 ironing85 et!? +0+2 4ilowatt-'ours of ele!tri!ity= for 'eating8 'ot water and !oo4ing 162 !u3i! metres of natural gas= for t'e !ar 1/// litres of &etrol

'e ele!tri!ity is generated wit' an effi!ien!y of /0 'e ta3le 3elows'ows 'ow mu!' energy per day is !onsumed 3y a 'ouse'old?

energy consumptionkilowatt6hoursB

primary energykilowatt6hoursB

lig'ting ",+ 3,

refrigerator8 58 was'ing8 ironing et!? 2,3 #(,2

'eating8 'ot water8 !oo4ing 3-,# 3-,# t'e !ar 3,( 3,(

total 2+,- --,

Primary energy consumption of a household

Per day a car consumes one and a half times as much primary energy,as an average 0utch household for lighting, refrigerator, !, washing,ironing, vacuuming etc.

>t ma4es little sense to save on lig'ting as it is only / of t'e total energy!onsum&tion? ut it does 'el& lowering t'e 'eating? All energy fed to lig'tingand devi!es is fully !onverted into 'eat? # living room is not noti!ea3lywarmer w'en t'e 5 or t'e lig'ts are swit!'ed on? #&&arently t'e energy!onsum&tion of t'e lig'ting and t'e 5 is negligi3le !om&ared to t'e energyneeded for 'eating? any &eo&le t'in4: Kall tiny 3its will 'el&? 'e tiny 3its

will !ontri3ute very little and give t'e misleading sense8 t'at one does (uite alot for t'e environment and t'at t'erefore one !an furt'er go one)s own way?Bwit' t'e 'eating and t'e !arf everyone does a little, weDll achieve only a little>f !omfort is at sta4e8 one is no longer at 'ome?

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Solar energy

Almost all the energy on Earth comes from the Sun

= 'e &ower of solar radiation outside t'e atmos&'ere is 18+6 4ilowatts &er s(uare metre? Bt'at is t'e solar !onstant

= #t t'e 'eig't of t'e Eart')s surfa!e and at a !om&letely un!louded s4y8 t'e solar radiation 'as a &ower of 1 4ilowatt &er s(uare metre? Bat &er&endi!ular irradiation= So t'e theoretical irradiation &er s(uare metre &er year

will 3e 1 4ilowatt < "760 'ours F "760 4ilowatt-'ours B1 year F "760 'ours= 'e actual irradiation &er s(uare metre &er year in t'e *et'erlands F 1000 4ilowatt-'ours on a 'ori@ontal &lane Bseasons8 !loudy s4y8 day and nig't in!luded= So t'e production factor adds u& to

B1000 "760 G 100 F 118/= o man t'e *et'erlands t'e energy !a&tured 3y a solar &anel !onsists

of /0 dire!t sunlig't and 60 indire!t sunlig't?= >n t'e Sa'ara t'e amount of irradiated solar energy on a 'ori@ontal &lane is only 3 times as mu!' as in t'e *et'erlands Bduring a year and on t'e same surfa!e= 'e annual amount of solar energy irradiated on t'e w'ole Eart' is 1((( times as mu!' as t'e annual world !onsum&tion of &rimary energy

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http://c/e-facts#The%20Sunhttp://c/e-facts#1000%20kilowatt-hourshttp://c/e-facts#Production%20factorhttp://c/e-facts#Production%20factorhttp://c/e-facts#parabolichttp://c/e-facts#troughhttp://c/e-facts#heliostathttp://c/e-facts#heliostathttp://c/e-facts#1000%20kilowatt-hourshttp://c/e-facts#Saharahttp://c/e-facts#8000%20timeshttp://c/e-facts#The%20Sunhttp://c/e-facts#1000%20kilowatt-hourshttp://c/e-facts#Production%20factorhttp://c/e-facts#parabolichttp://c/e-facts#troughhttp://c/e-facts#heliostathttp://c/e-facts#1000%20kilowatt-hourshttp://c/e-facts#Saharahttp://c/e-facts#8000%20times


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Solar energy in the ?etherlands

= in 200$ t'e yield of solar energy was 080 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours?= t'en t'e ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion was 11+8 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours= so t'e s'are of solar energy was 080/

Solar energy in &ermany= in 200$ t'e yield of solar energy was 68" 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours?= t'en t'e ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion was $28 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours?= so t'e s'are of solar energy was 1811

= in 201/ t'e yield of solar energy was +28" 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours?= t'en t'e ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion was 218 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours?= so t'e s'are of solar energy was 682$

EC? BEnergieonder@oe4 Centrum ?ederland eSome possi)ilities to use solar energy are7

= &'otosynt'esis B3io fuel= dire!t generation of ele!tri!al energy Bele!tri! solar &anel= &rodu!tion of ele!tri!ity wit' !on!entrated solar irradiation B!on!entrated solar &ower= water 'eating Bsolar water 'eater

Efficiencies and revenues of solar energy at an irradiation of "((( kilowatt6hours per s


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Concentrated solar power CSPB #t !on!entrated solar &ower t'e solar radiation is !on!entrated on a smallsurfa!e 3y means of mirrors? 'is !an 3e done in different ways7= wit' para)olic mirrors= wit' solar troughs= wit' heliostats

Condition for !on!entrated solar &ower is a sun-tra!4ing system? 'e a!!ura!ywit' w'i!' t'e &osition of t'e Sun must 3e followed8 is at least 1 degree? 'atmeans8 t'at t'e system s'ould 3e ad9usted every / minutes? >n addition8 t'e Sunmust s'ine freely? #t a !loudy s4y !on!entrated solar &ower doesnHt wor4?'erefore it is not a&&lied in t'e *et'erlands? 'e gains of t'e 'ig'er yield8 arenullified 3y t'e fa!t t'at t'e Sun only s'ines a few 'ours a day at full strengt' int'e *et'erlands Bon average

Para)olic mirrors

= a &ara3oli! mirror revolves around 2 &er&endi!ular a


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Solar troughs

= a solar troug' is a troug'-s'a&ed mirror8 wit' a &ara3ola s'a&ed !ross-se!tion?= t'e longitudinal-a


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Concentrated solar power with solar cellsCon!entrated solar &ower Bin a milder form !an also 3e a&&lied in !om3inationwit' a&&ro&riate solar !ells? S&e!trola3 delivers solar !ells8 t'at !an tolerate a&ower of 0 watts &er s(uare !entimetre8 &rovided t'ey are !ooled wit' atem&erature 3elow 100 degrees !elsius? %nder t'ese !onditions an effi!ien!y of over + will 3e a!'ieved

&reenpeace solar panel>n t'e year 2000 .reen&ea!e introdu!ed an ele!tri! solar &anel int'e *et'erlands:= t'e effe!tive surfa!e is 087 s(uare metres= t'e yield is "0 4ilowatt-'ours &er year = t'at is an average of 220 watt-'ours &er day?= t'at will 3e suffi!ient to wat!' 5 for 2 'ours &er day= t'is solar &anel saves "0 G 0820 F 168- on an annual 3asis= t'e &anel !osts //8- Bsu3sidies in!luded= t'e &ay3a!4-&eriod is 2" years

An advertisement for solar panels # (uote from a re!ent advertisement for solar &anels:'is solar &anel w'i!' 'as 3een manufa!tured wit' Laser e!'nology B;'as a 'ig' effi!ien!y at !loudy s4ies and until late in t'e eveningDes8 &er'a&s t'e efficiency is 'ig'8 3ut t'e yield will 3e almost @ero at!loudy s4ies and in t'e evening8 3e!ause t'e amount of irradiated energyt'en will 3e very little?

Solar energy has the potential to ever )e interesting7

= in t'e *et'erlands t'e amount of radiant solar energy on a surfa!e of 2 s(uare 4ilometres8 annually amounts7 2 000 000 s(uare metres G 1000 4ilowatt-'ours &er s(uare metre F 2 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours?= t'is is t'e amount of energy w'i!' e(uals 1 4ilogram-mass= at an effi!ien!y of 100 it would 3e suffi!ient for almost a (uarter of t'e annual ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion in t'e *et'erlands?= t'ere is no &ra!ti!al &ossi3ility yet to !a&ture t'is energy in an effi!ient way

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http://www.spectrolab.com/DataSheets/TerCel/C1MJ_CDO-100.pdfhttp://c/e-facts#cloudyhttp://c/e-facts#1000%20kilowatt-hourshttp://c/e-facts#Nuclear%20energyhttp://www.spectrolab.com/DataSheets/TerCel/C1MJ_CDO-100.pdfhttp://c/e-facts#cloudyhttp://c/e-facts#1000%20kilowatt-hourshttp://c/e-facts#Nuclear%20energy


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!he FaldpolenG Solar Park

'e FaldpolenG Solar Park is a large &'otovoltai! &ower stationin .ermany and is lo!ated near Lei&@ig?= t'e ele!tri!ity is generated 3y 0 000 ele!tri! solar &anels= t'e total land area is 182 s(uare 4ilometre= t'e !a&a!ity B&ower of t'is &ower &lant is /# megawatts= t'e annual &rodu!tion is /# ((( megawatt-'ours= t'e &rodu!tion fa!tor is "",+:

= a 600 megawatts &ower &lant &rodu!es 2( times as mu!' energy in 1 year?

Com&are t'e largest windmill in t'e world?'at generates #" ((( megawatt-'ours &er year

A solar power plant with heliostats>n early 200$ near Seville in S&ain a large solar &ower &lant8t'e PS20 was &ut into servi!e= t'e sunlig't is !a&tured 3y 12 'eliostats= ea!' 'eliostat 'as an area of 120 s(uare metres= so t'e total surfa!e of t'e 'eliostats will 3e

10 600 s(uare metres= t'e 'eliostats rotate wit' t'e &osition of t'e Sun= t'e &ower of t'is &lant is #( megawatts= t'e annual &rodu!tion is +2 ((( megawatt-'ours= t'e &rodu!tion fa!tor is #1,+:= a 600 megawatts &ower &lant &rodu!es almost -( times as mu!' energy in 1 year

'e !on!entrated sunlig't 'eats a 3arrel wit' water8 w'i!' is lo!ated on to&of a tower of 160 metres? Ele!tri!ity is generated in t'e usual way using t'e'ot steam t'at arises?'is sun-t'ermal &ower &lant 'as t'e advantage of t'e &ossi3ility of !onstantenergy delivery Bduring daytime8 t'an4s to a 3uffer of 'ot steam wit' a 'eat!a&a!ity of 1 megawatt-'ours? 'e &rodu!tion fa!tor 'as t'erefore 3een

signifi!antly in!reased?

1"

http://c/e-facts#Waldpolenzhttp://c/e-facts#largest%20millhttp://c/e-facts#largest%20millhttp://c/e-facts#heliostathttp://c/e-facts#Production%20factorhttp://c/e-facts#Waldpolenzhttp://c/e-facts#largest%20millhttp://c/e-facts#heliostathttp://c/e-facts#Production%20factor


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A solar power plant with solar troughs #n even larger solar &ower &lant 'as 3een 3uilt in #ndalusia8t'e Andasol Solar Power Station= t'e solar radiation is !olle!ted in solar troug's= t'e solar troug's are drawn u& in *ort'-Sout' dire!tion and rotate along wit' t'e &osition of t'e Sun

= t'e mirrors are drawn u& in rows8 w'i!' are 10 metres long= t'e refle!ting surfa!e of a single row is "00 s(uare metres= t'e total surfa!e of t'e troug's is 18+ s(uare 4ilometres= t'e total land area of t'e &lant is 6 s(uare 4ilometres= t'ere is a steel tu3e in t'e fire line8 w'ere oil flows= t'e !on!entrated solar radiation 'eats t'e oil to /00 degrees !elsius= in a 'eat e

Andasol Bsolar troug's 10 /$ 000 +786

1$


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Find energy

>n 2000 at Qoetermeer8 t'e t'en largest windmill in t'e *et'erlands was &utinto servi!e? 'e mill was demolis'ed in 201/ 3e!ause its end of lifes&an'ad 3een rea!'ed? B;'e &ower was 18 megawatts BF 100 4ilowatts? 'at e(uals t'e &ower of 20 !ars? Bt'e &el K#stra 'as an engine of 7/ 4ilowatts= t'e 'u3 'eig't of t'is mill was " metres and t'e diameter of t'e 3lades was 70 metres= so t'e 'ig'est &oint rea!'ed 3y t'e 3lades was 120 metres= t'e &ower was 18 megawatts= so t'e theoretical annual yield was 18 G "760 'ours F 1+1/0 megawatt-'ours B1 year F "760 'ours= t'e actual annual yield was +000 megawatt-'ours= so t'e production factor was B+000 1+1/00 G 100 F 2+= t'e yield in 1/ years was 1/ < +000 F /2 000 megawatt-'ours= at an ele!tri!al energy &ri!e of 20 euro!ents &er 4ilowatt-'our t'e total revenue will 3e /2 000 000 < 082 F 2,+ million euro

'e generated energy 3y a wind mill is &ro&ortional to t'e 3rd power of t'e wind s&eed? >f t'e wind 3lows 'alf for!e8 t'e energy yield isonly 1" !om&ared wit' full for!e?= t'e &rodu!tion fa!tor of a windmill on land is #/:= t'e &rodu!tion fa!tor of a windmill at open sea is +(:

'e &rodu!tion fa!tor in!reases as t'e windmill is 'ig'er and larger

Find energy in the ?etherlands

= n 200$ t'e yield of wind energy was /86 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours= t'en t'e ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion was 11+8 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours= so t'e s'are of wind energy was /81

Some 0utch wind farms

num)er of windmills

power per windmill

totalpower

annual yieldmegawatt6hoursB

Egmond aan Hee 10 4m off t'e !oast

+6 + megawatts 10" megawatts 312 (((

Imuiden 2+ 4m off t'e !oast

60 2 megawatts 120 megawatts +## (((

Festereems Eems'aven8 on land

2 + megawatts 16 megawatts +1( (((

>n 1 year a 600 megawatts &ower &lant &rodu!es a3out "( times as mu!' energyas " wind farm

20


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!he largest wind mill in the world'e largest wind mill in t'e world is t'e Ener!on E-126= t'e 'u3 'eig't is 1+ metres= t'e diameter of t'e 3lades is 126 metres= so t'e 'ig'est &oint t'at is rea!'ed 3y

t'e 3lades is 1$" metres

= t'e ma


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Storage of solar and wind energy

Large-s!ale a&&li!ation of solar and wind energy is only &ossi3le8 if a solution will3e found for storing very large amounts of ele!tri!al energy? 'e &ro3lem o!!urses&e!ially wit' solar energy8 t'at t'e need for energy usually is greatest8 w'en t'eSun 'as gone down 3e'ind t'e 'ori@on already? Solar and wind energy is usuallyreturned to t'e grid? 'en Btem&orarily less grey energy needs to 3e generated?

Some possi)ilities for large6scale storage of electrical energy

= &um&ing of water to an 'ig'er reservoir at a 'ydroele!tri! &ower &lant= &um&ing u& water from an energy island= !om&ressing air in underground salt domes= t'e &rodu!tion of 'ydrogen= energy storage in 3atteries of ele!tri! !ars= energy storage in vanadium redo< 3atteries

22


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=ydro power

ydro &ower is of limited signifi!an!e even in Swit@erland8 3e!ause t'eenergy !onsum&tion in!reased in re!ent years?= nowadays in Swit@erland /08 of ele!tri!al

energy is generated 3y nu!lear &ower &lants= only in *orway virtually all ele!tri!al energy is generated 3y 'ydro &ower = worldwide 168 of all ele!tri!al energy is generated 3y 'ydro &ower?

!he largest hydroelectric power plants in the world # very large 'ydroele!tri! &ower &lant8 t'e taipu 0am is lo!ated at t'e3order 3etween ra@il and Paraguay? >ts reservoir is 170 4ilometres long?= t'e !a&a!ity of t'is &ower &lant is 12 600 megawatts= t'e energy yield is 1/ 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours &er year

>n C'ina an even greater 'ydroele!tri! &ower &lant 'as 3een 3uilt8 t'e!hree &orges 0am= t'e energy yield is 2+ 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours &er year= t'at is + of t'e ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion in C'ina

or !om&arison: #nnually t'e 'ree .orges Aam will &rodu!e #( times as mu!' energyas a 600 megawatts &ower &lant?

0utch !elete*t "- 8ay #(""C'ina admits8 t'at t'ere are &ro3lems at t'e t'ree .orges Aam in t'eDangt@e River? #gri!ultural land drying out8 t'e River is less naviga3leand many &eo&le 'ave lost t'eir wor4? or t'e !onstru!tion of t'e damone and a 'alf million &eo&le 'ad to leave t'eir 'omes

2+

http://c/e-facts#overzichthttp://c/e-facts#overzichthttp://www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.htmlhttp://www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://c/e-facts#overzichthttp://c/e-facts#overzichthttp://www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam


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&eothermal energy

.eot'ermal energy is e


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!idal energy

'e energy generated 3y a tidal &ower &lant is indire!tly derived from t'e moon?'e largest tidal &ower &lant in t'e world is in ran!e in t'e mout' of t'e Ran!eriver? Bsin!e 1$66

= t'e differen!e in 'eig't 3etween e33 and flood tide is very large8 u& to 1+ metres?= t'e !a&a!ity of t'e tidal &ower &lant is 2/0 megawatts= t'e &rodu!tion fa!tor is a&&ro


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Jiomass

iomass is t'e !olle!tive name for organi! materials8 w'i!' !an 3e used for t'egeneration of sustaina3le energy? E


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Energy storage in the )atteries of electric cars

ay3e someday wind energy will &lay an im&ortant role in !ommon ele!tri!itygeneration? *aturally t'e su&&ly of wind energy is su39e!t to severe and oftenra&id flu!tuations? 'e &rodu!tion fa!tor is at 3est Bat sea /0 3e!ause t'ewind is not always 3lowing B'ard? So in 60 of time no or very little windenergy is e


28/146

Smart grid

Smart grid is an energy management system8 w'i!' !ontrols t'edistri3ution 3etween t'e energy generated 3y renewa3le energysour!es Bwind and solar energy and !onventional &ower &lants?'e aim is7= t'e ma


29/146

Com)ined =eat and Power

'e effi!ien!y of ele!tri!ity &rodu!tion in a &ower &lant is a&&ro


30/146

=eat pump

# 'eat &um& transfers 'eat from a low tem&erature level to a 'ig'er level? or en a refrigerator t'e interior is!'illed and t'e tem&erature outside is of no im&ortan!e? >n a 'eat &um&8 t'e 'eatis im&ortant? # room !an 3e 'eated wit' it? 'e 'eat t'at arises is t'e total of t'e&um&-energy and t'e 'eat from t'e ground? 'e effi!ien!y seems to 3e moret'an 100? ,it' a 'eat &um& one uses t'e !on!e&t of CP BF coeffi!ient of performan!e? or e


31/146

Press release on "3 Ianuary #((-7>n t'e ague a seawater 'eat &lant 'as 3een o&ened? ver "00 'omes int'e S!'eveningse distri!t Aune village will 3e e(ui&&ed wit' 'eat8 w'i!'will 3e e


32/146

Jatteries

Alkaline )attery B##-!ell:= !ontains 18 am&ere-'our at 18 volt8 t'at is 282 watt-'ours= su!' a 3attery !osts a&&ro


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!he vanadium redo* )attery'e vanadium redo< 3attery is a li(uid 3attery wit' a very large energy-!ontent?'e ele!trolyte is a solution of vanadium sul&'ate in sul&'uri! a!id? 'e 3attery!ontains a mem3rane8 w'i!' distri3utes t'e ele!trolyte into 2 'alves? 'ismem3rane will only allow &ositive ions to go t'roug'?

Auring loading a redo* rea!tion ta4es &la!e in t'e 3attery? 'e ionisation degree

of t'e atoms !'anges? >n one 'alf t'e ele!trolyte is redu!ed and in t'e ot'er 'alf o*idi@ed? 'is will !reate o&&osite !'arges? #t dis!'arging8 t'e reverse rea!tionswill ta4e &la!e? ot' 'alves are !onne!ted wit' t'eir own storage tan4 wit'ele!trolyte? 'e amount of ele!trolyte Band t'us t'e energy !ontent of t'e 3attery!an 3e made very large? 'e ele!trolyte from t'e storage tan4 is &um&ed alongt'e !orres&onding ele!trode? ,'en t'e 3attery delivers energy8 &ositive ions flowtroug' t'e mem3rane8 and ele!trons troug' t'e e


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!he lifetime of a rechargea)le )attery or accumulator

= t'e lifetime of a re!'argea3le 3attery or a!!umulator will strongly 3e influen!ed 3y t'e de&t' of dis!'arge= t'e end of lifetime is rea!'ed8 w'en t'e !a&a!ity is only 70 of t'e re&la!ement value= t'e lifetime is esrael >nstitute of e!'nology 'ave inventeda 3attery w'i!' is &owered 3y o


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'is story is too good to 3e true and t'erefore it is &ro3a3ly not true? Fouldit )e true, then the pro)lem of electric cars would have )een resolved?,it' a 3attery-weig't8 e(ual to a full &etrol tan48 Band wit' 'alf t'e volume8t'e a!tion radius of an ele!tri! !ar would t'en 3e a3out 2000 4ilometres? >f t'e 3atteries are always !'arged8 w'en t'e !ar doesn)t drive8 t'e averageenergy-sto!4 would 3e more t'an enoug' for everyday use? 'e (uestion

remains: K'ow to 'eat t'e !ar in winter? >f t'e energy is derived from t'e3attery t'en it will 3e at t'e e


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?e*eon announces a lithium6ion cell, with the Mhighest energycontent in the worldM'is !on!erns t'e ty&e of lit'ium-ion !ell8 t'at is often used in la&to&sand also in t'e esla Roadster? 'is !ell8 t'e "2/(8 'as a diameter of 1" and a lengt' of 6 millimetres?Some of t'e features:

= t'e !ell &rovides +82 am&ere-'ours at +86 volts8 so t'at is 118 watt-'ours B!om&are t'e !ells in t'e esla Roadster8 su&&lying "82 watt-'ours ea!'= t'e energy density is 27 watt-'ours &er 4ilogram= n t'e long term even / am&ere-'ours is e


37/146

Atomic )attery

>n an atomi! 3attery energy is released 3y t'e de!ay of radioa!tive isoto&esand not 3y a !'ain rea!tion? 'ere are 2 te!'ni(ues to generate ele!tri!ity:Some e


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Falking and cycling

or a &erson of 7 4ilograms t'e 3asal meta3olism will 3e a3out +00 4ilo9oules&er 'our? 'at is 2 4ilowatt-'ours &er day? 'is amount of energy will 3e needed!ontinuously for 'eart3eat8 3reat'ing8 maintaining t'e !onstant 3ody tem&eratureBsu&&lementing t'e 'eat losses8 digestion et!? or e


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!he amount of mechanical energy re


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Electric )icycle

= on an ele!tri! 3i!y!le t'e !y!list is su&&orted 3y an ele!tri! motor = t'is motor gets its energy from a re!'argea3le 3attery= t'e degree of su&&ort is automati!ally !ontrolled 3y a &edal sensor = t'e &edal sensor measures t'e for!e t'at is 3eing e


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Electric trains

!he 0ou)le 0ecker

'e Aou3le Ae!4er is t'e most modern and effi!ient train of t'e Aut!' Railways?= t'e 3asi! im&lementation of t'e train is / wagons wit' +72 seats= t'e total lengt' of / wagons is 10" metres?= t'e weig't8 in!luding t'e travellers is 2/ tonnes?= t'e &ower is 160" 4ilowatts?

'e weig't and num3er of &assengers in t'is train is similar to t'at of a Ium)o?>n t'e following8 glo3al !al!ulation we will assume an " effi!ien!y of t'e train8a tra9e!tory of 1/ 4ilometres and a s&eed of 1/0 4ilometres &er 'ourBF +$ metres &er se!ond?= t'e ma


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!he !halys

'e 'alys8 w'i!' runs on t'e =ig' S&eed Line8 !onsumes mu!' moreenergy t'an an ordinary train? 'e 100 volt dire!t !urrent8 as a&&lied int'e *et'erlands8 will no longer 3e suffi!ient?'e 'alys on t'e line #msterdam-Paris is suita3le for + different voltages:= 2000 volts alternating !urrent Bon all ig' S&eed Lines8 for t'is t'e train 'as 3een designed= +000 volt dire!t !urrent Bin elgium on e


43/146

essels

Electric )oat Bseen on an e


44/146

Aircraft

!he Joeing 1+1 %Ium)oM

Some glo3al data and !al!ulations:= a Jum3o !an !arry a ma


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!he petrol car

'e &etrol !onsum&tion of an average !ar is " litre per "/ km? #t a s&eedof 120 4ilometres &er 'our8 t'at is " litres of &etrol &er 'our? 'e effi!ien!yof a &etrol engine is 'eavily de&endent on:

= t'e revolutions &er minute= t'e delivered tor(ue= t'e momentary &ower

'e ma


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!he electric car

An electric car from "-"

#lready 000 ele!tri! !ars 'ad 3een manufa!tured in #meri!a 3y a4er Ele!tri!3etween 1"$$ and 1$1? 'e to& s&eed was 2+ 4ilometres &er 'our8 wit' ana!tion radius of "0 4ilometres? #not'er well-4nown 3rand in t'e initial &'ase wasAetroit Ele!tri!? 'is !om&any &rodu!ed ele!tri! !ars t'at rea!'ed a to& s&eedof +2 4ilometres &er 'our8 at a 1+0 4ilometres a!tion radius?

# !ar 3attery of 12 volt8 +6 am&ere-'ours !an &rovide 12 G +6 F /+2 watt-'ours

energy? 'e !ontents of a normal &etrol tan4 is /" litres? 'is !orres&onds to/+7 kilowatt-'ours? w'i!' is a&&ro


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or s&e!ial a&&li!ations su!' as !ourier servi!es8 muni!i&al servi!esand !ommuting t'ere may 3e a future for ele!tri! !ars in t'e offing?>t de!reases t'e air &ollution in t'e large !ities8 'owever at the e*pense of the air pollution at the power plant

!he &eneral 8otors E"

'e .eneral otors E" Bele!tri! ve'i!le 'as 3een &rodu!ed 3etween 1$$6and 1$$$? >t was an ele!tri! 2-seater !ar 1117 &ie!es 'ave 3een &rodu!ed?'ey were not for sale8 as t'ey were meant to 3e for leasing &ur&oses only?>n 200+ all !ars were sei@ed and destroyed 3y .eneral otors e

few units8 t'at were donated to museums and s!'ools? #t first t'ey were madeunusa3le? 'is may 'ave 'a&&ened under &ressure of t'e oil industry? 'e firstdraft was !reated on t'e o!!asion of t'e ,orld Solar C'allenge in #ustraliain 1$"7? 'e first ty&e8 t'e >m&a!t rea!'ed a to& s&eed of 2$ 4ilometres &er 'our? Everyone was e

of its time?Some data:= low weig't 3e!ause of an aluminium frame and &lasti! !om&onents= a very low air resistan!e= 'eating 3y means of a 'eat &um&= 4eyless entry and ignition= t'e &ower of t'e +-&'ase indu!tion motor was 102 4ilowatts= t'e !ar a!!elerated in " se!onds from 0 to 100 4ilometres &er 'our = its to& s&eed was 1+0 4ilometres &er 'our = t'e energy !ontent of t'e ni!4el-metal 'ydride 3attery was 26 4ilowatt-'ours= t'e a!tion radius was 200 4ilometres= t'e average energy !onsum&tion was 1+0 watt-'ours &er 4ilometre= t'e load time of t'e 3attery was " 'ours

# film 'as 3een made a3out t'is !ar in 2006: MFho killed the electric carM

/7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1http://c/e-facts#The%20World%20Solar%20Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1http://c/e-facts#The%20World%20Solar%20Challenge


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!he !esla oadster

>n 200" a 2-seater ele!tri! s&orts !ar was introdu!ed in #meri!a8t'e esla Roadster Some data:= t'e &ower of t'e +-&'ase indu!tion motor is 21 4ilowatts= t'e effi!ien!y of t'e motor is $2 Bvirtually inde&endent of t'e s&eed= t'e !ar a!!elerates in / se!onds from 0 to 100 4ilometres &er 'our = t'en t'e a!!eleration is 087 g Bg F t'e a!!eleration of gravity= t'e to& s&eed is 200 4ilometres &er 'our

= t'e energy !ontent of t'e lit'ium-ion 3attery is / 4ilowatt-'ours Bt'at is e(uivalent to 681 litres of &etrol= t'e 3attery !onsists of 6"+1 la&to& !ells Bty&e 1"608 w'i!' are !ooled li(uidly= t'e energy !ontent of 1 !ell is "82 watt-'ours= t'e energy density of t'e 3attery is 121 watt-'ours &er 4ilogram Bin!luding 'ousing= t'e a!tion radius is 3+( 4ilometres Bat a !onstant s&eed of 100 4ilometres &er 'our= at t'is s&eed t'e energy !onsum&tion of t'e ele!tri! motor is 6 000 +/0 F 16 watt-'ours &er 4ilometre= t'e total effi!ien!y BK&lug-to-w'eel of t'e !ar is ""= so t'e energy !onsum&tion from t'e outlet is

16 08"" F 1"" watt-'ours &er 4ilometre= t'e total effi!ien!y of t'e &rodu!tion of ele!tri!ity is ++= so t'e &rimary energy !onsum&tion is 1"" 08++ F 67 watt-'ours &er 4ilometre= !onverted to &etrol-e(uivalent one arrives at " litre per " km= t'e weig't of t'e !ar is 12/0 4ilograms= t'e minimum loading time of t'e 3attery is / 'ours

'e (ui!4 a!!eleration is due to t'e fa!t t'at t'e ele!tri! motor delivers a !onstanttor(ue on t'e entire range from 0 u& to 6000 revolutions &er minute?'e e!'ani!s tea!'es t'at t'e same amount of energy is needed for fast or slowa!!eleration to t'e same end-s&eed? #t a !onstant s&eed on a flat road8 t'e weig'tof t'e !ar 'ardly is im&ortant? Auring a!!eleration and !lim3ing a slo&e t'e weig'tis indeed im&ortant? ut w'ile 3ra4ing8 s&eed redu!tion and des!ending a slo&e8 in

&ro&ortion to t'e weig't more or less energy will 3e re!overed?

/"

http://c/e-facts#means%20of%20transporthttp://c/e-facts#means%20of%20transport


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!he !esla model S

>n 201+ a -seater ele!tri! !ar was introdu!ed in Euro&e8t'e esla model SSome data:

= t'e &ower of t'e +-&'ase indu!tion motor is 270 4ilowatts= t'e effi!ien!y of t'e motor is $2 Bvirtually inde&endent of t'e s&eed= t'e !ar a!!elerates in 86 se!onds from 0 to 100 4ilometres &er 'our= t'en t'e a!!eleration is 08 g Bg F t'e a!!eleration of gravity= t'e to& s&eed is 200 4ilometres &er 'our

= t'e energy !ontent of t'e lit'ium-ion 3attery is 2/ 4ilowatt-'ours BF $8+ litres of &etrol-e(uivalent= t'e a!tion radius is +2( 4ilometres Bat a !onstant s&eed of "" 4ilometres &er 'our= at t'is s&eed t'e energy !onsum&tion of t'e ele!tri! motor is " 000 /"0 F 177 watt-'ours &er 4ilometre= t'e total effi!ien!y B&lug-to-w'eel of t'e !ar is ""= so t'e energy !onsum&tion from t'e outlet is 177 08"" F 201 watt-'ours &er 4ilometre= t'e total effi!ien!y of t'e &rodu!tion of ele!tri!ity is ++= so t'e &rimary energy !onsum&tion is 201 08++ F 610 watt-'ours &er 4ilometre= !onverted to &etrol-e(uivalent one arrives at " litre per "/ km

= t'e weig't of t'e !ar is 2100 4ilograms= at 'ome t'e loading time of t'e 3attery is a3out " 'ours= wit' a supercharger t'e 3attery !an 3e loaded to "0 in /0 minutes? 'at re(uires 08" G " F 6" 4ilowatt-'ours= t'e su&er!'arger delivers dire!t !urrent dire!tly to t'e 3attery? ,it' s&e!ial !a3les t'e loading e(ui&ment in t'e !ar is 3y&assed?= initially t'e dire!t !urrent is #(( amperes at a voltage of 32( volts B76 4ilowatts? 'e !urrent slowly de!reases to 12 am&eres8 until "0 loading is rea!'ed= t'e su&er!'argers are 3uilt along ma9or 'ig'ways >n t'e *et'erlands t'ere are already + &ie!es?

!he !esla model O>n 201 t'e esla model U was laun!'ed # few details of t'e to& model:

= 2 engines wit' a !om3ined &ower of 6" 4ilowatts= t'e energy !ontent of t'e 3attery is $0 4ilowatt-'ours= t'e a!tion radius is /00 4ilometres= t'e !ar a!!elerates in +8/ se!onds from 0 to 100 4ilometres &er 'our = t'en t'e a!!eleration is 08" g Bg F t'e a!!eleration of gravity

/$


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!he pel Ampera

# new interesting develo&ment is t'e &el #m&era? 'is is a /-seater !ar w'i!' meets wit' t'e &ro3lem of t'e long !'arging time of a 3attery and t'elimited range of t'e ele!tri! !ar? 'e #m&era will 3e laun!'ed around 2012and will 3e e(ui&&ed wit' a !'arging engine? 'e energy !ontent of t'e3attery will 3e suffi!ient for an a!tion radius of 60 4ilometres? 'e !'argingengine is only intended to load t'e 3attery w'en it gets em&ty during a longride? 'us t'e a!tion radius will 3e in!reased u& to 00 4ilometres? 'is willma4e t'e a&&li!a3ility of t'is ele!tri! !ar more attra!tive? #lt'oug' t'e entire

!on!e&t does not save any energy8 at a well &lanned use8 on s'ort distan!esB!ommuting one never needs to fuel t'e tan48 w'ile t'e ris4 of an em&ty3attery will 3e avoided? 'e !'arging engine wor4s at a !onstant s&eed8wit' ma


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!he hy)rid car

!he Prius

>n 1$$7 oyota 'as laun!'ed t'e Prius? 'is is a 'y3rid !ar? >n 200/ anim&roved version a&&eared? ,orldwide t'ere are now B201+ more t'an+ million !ars of t'is ty&e? >t is a !ar w'i!' is &ro&elled 3y an ele!tri! motor B60 4ilowatts8 a &etrol engine B7+ 4ilowatts or a !om3ination of 3ot'8de&ending on t'e situation? >ts goal is to a!'ieve an as 'ig' as &ossi3leBve'i!le effi!ien!y?= t'e effi!ien!y of t'e B#t4inson &etrol engine is 'ig'8 3ut strongly de&ending on t'e load and t'e s&eed= t'e ele!tri! motor always 'as a 'ig' effi!ien!y= t'e ele!tri! motor is wor4ing w'en t'e effi!ien!y of t'e &etrol engine is low= t'e energy for t'e ele!tri! motor is su&&lied 3y a re!'argea3le ni!4el-metal 'ydride 3attery of 18+ 4ilowatt-'ours BF 081/ litres of &etrol-e(uivalent= at Bregenerative 3ra4ing and s&eed redu!tion t'e ele!tri! motor wor4s as a dynamo and delivers energy 3a!4 to t'e 3attery= in addition8 t'e 3attery is re!'arged 3y a generator8 w'i!' is lin4ed to t'e &etrol engine= t'e !'arging 'a&&ens8 w'en t'e &etrol engine wor4s wit' a 'ig' effi!ien!y= t'e generator !an also &rovide energy dire!tly to t'e ele!tri! motor = t'e &etrol engine8 generator and ele!tri! motor are lin4ed toget'er 3y means of a me!'ani!al energy distri3utor8 w'i!' is !ontrolled 3y a mi!ro&ro!essor = t'is energy distri3utor also fun!tions as a !ontinuously varia3le automati! transmission= t'e effi!ien!y of t'is automati! gear3o< is mu!' 'ig'er t'an an ordinary manual gear3o


52/146

!he hy)rid system can of course never )e more energy efficient thanthe petrol engine which is part of it #ll energy is derived from t'is engine and all energy !onversions area!!om&anied wit' Bsmall losses? 'e &rofit of t'e 'y3rid system is e


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!he fuel cell car

Some !'ara!teristi!s of t'e fuel !ell !ar are:= t'e energy sour!e for a fuel !ell !ar is 'ydrogen gas= in a fuel !ell t'e 'ydrogen gas is K3urned8 as a result

ele!tri!ity is generated= at t'e !om3ustion of 'ydrogen no 'armful gases arise8 9ust water = t'e generated ele!tri!ity is fed t'roug' a 3attery to an ele!tri! motor w'i!' &ro&els t'e !ar = w'ile 3ra4ing and s&eed redu!tion energy is returned to t'e 3attery

'e (uestion remains: Mwhere does the hydrogen come fromMydrogen !an 3e o3tained 3y ele!trolysis Bde!om&osition of water?'e ele!tri! energy needed for t'e de!om&osition of t'e water must 3egenerated t'roug' !om3ustion of fossil fuels Bw'i!' !auses 'armfulgases8 nu!lear energy8 wind energy or ot'er forms of green energy

ydrogen !an also 3e et is saidS'ell will try to &rodu!e t'is in t'e near future? ut t'at will !ost fossil fuel?

Efficiencies

= t'e effi!ien!y of t'e generation of ele!tri!ity is +(:= t'e effi!ien!y of ele!trolysis of water is 2(:= t'e effi!ien!y of a fuel !ell is /(:= t'e effi!ien!y of an ele!tri! motor is -(:

So t'e effi!ien!y of t'e fuel !ell and t'e ele!tri! motor toget'er is0 < $0 F +/:

So the car that runs on hydrogen, will )e no solution to theenergy pro)lem. !he total efficiency is only "+:

B/0 G "0 G 0 G $0 F 1/'e energy !onsum&tion of t'e fuel !ell !ar8 !onverted to &etrole(uivalent8 is a3out " litre per - km

Fill the fuel cell car ever appear on the road>t is not very li4ely t'at t'e fuel !ell !ar ever will a&&ear Blarge-s!ale ont'e road? >t is more o3vious8 t'at in future !ars will drive on synt'eti! &etrol8synt'eti! diesel oil or ele!tri!ity? #lso &!L Bgas to li(uid 'as enormous &otential8 in &arti!ular now t'atworldwide giganti! amounts of s'ale gas are found?

nstructive toy # wor4ing system of a fuel !ell !ar in t'e form of an instru!tive toy is for

sale for 1$8- >t in!ludes a solar !ell8 a rea!tor for t'e &rodu!tion of 'ydrogen 3y means of ele!trolysis of water and a fuel !ell !ar?

+

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!oyota>t is stri4ing8 t'at es&e!ially oyota is very a!tive wit' t'e develo&ment of green !ars on all fronts? #ll are full !ars wit'out any !om&romise in t'earea of safety and lu


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!he =ydrogen Economy

'e energy s!enario of t'e future8 w'en t'e fossil fuels will 3e e


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Comparison petrol Q hydrogenCom&arison of t'e C2 emissions at t'e !om3ustion of 1 litre of &etroland at t'e &rodu!tion of 1 4ilogram of 'ydrogen?>n t'is e


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'ere are (uite a few misunderstandings a3out water8 'ydro &ower8 'ydrogenand nu!lear fusion of 'ydrogen-isoto&es? 'erefore t'e following overview:

Fater ,ater is t'e !om3ustion &rodu!t of 'ydrogen and o


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?uclear fusion

'ere are 2 ty&es of nu!lear rea!tions8 suita3le for t'e generation of energy?= fission of uranium nu!lei? 'is is !alled nu!lear energy= fusion of 'ydrogen nu!lei? 'is is !alled nu!lear fusion

ass loss 'a&&ens in 3ot' &ro!esses? >n nu!lear fission8 t'is is a3out 0810 and innu!lear fusion 08+? 'e disa&&eared mass is !onverted into energy a!!ordingto t'e formula of Einstein

'e energy t'at t'e Sun radiates !omes from nu!lear fusion of 'ydrogen atoms?'is nu!lear fusion is formed at an en nu!lear fusion on Eart' t'e &ressure is negligi3le in!om&arison wit' t'e Sun and t'erefore t'e tem&erature 'ere s'ould 3e very mu!''ig'er8 around 10 million degrees !elsius?

>f matter is very strongly 'eated8 it forms a &lasma? >n a &lasma t'e atomi! nu!leiand ele!trons move se&arately? #tomi! nu!lei are &ositively !'arged and re&el? 'ere&ellent for!e is over!ome at 10 million degrees 3y t'e s&eed of t'e movement

of t'e atomi! nu!lei? #s a result nu!lear fusion o!!urs

'e fusion rea!tion w'i!' !an 3est 3e esta3lis'ed on Eart' is t'e merging of t'e'ydrogen isoto&es Aeuterium and ritium? 'is &rodu!es elium atoms8 neutronsand very mu!' energy? usion of a Aeuterium-ritium miER must demonstrate t'e &ossi3ility of long-term energy generationwit' nu!lear fusion?>t is e


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#fter >ER a larger &ower &lant AE will 3e 3uilt? 'at s'ould demonstratet'e te!'ni!al feasi3ility8 relia3ility and e!onomi! attra!tiveness of fusion energy #round #(/( t'e first &rototy&e of a !ommer!ial fusion rea!tor PR s'ould3e ready? *u!lear fusion is in'erently safe? 'ere is no !'ain rea!tion? >f somet'inggoes wrong8 t'e rea!tion will sto&? e!ause t'ere is no !'ain rea!tion8 nu!lear fusion is in'erently safe? >n nu!lear fusion little radioa!tive waste arises? 'is waste

'as a s'ort 'alf-life time?

Sour!e: Nernfusie, een Gon op aarde B*u!lear fusion8 a Sun on Eart' #ut'or: Ar? >r? ?? ,estra ->nstitute for &lasma &'ysi!s KRi9n'ui@en?

Press release on #" ?ovem)er #((7'e Euro&ean %nion8 t'e %S#8 Russia8 C'ina8 >ndia8 Ja&an and Sout' Torea'ave rea!'ed an agreement on t'e !onstru!tion of t'e first fusion &ower &lant?'e !onstru!tion Bof >ER 3egins in 200" in t'e Sout'-ren!' Cadara!'e andit will ta4e 10 years?

$


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?uclear energy

'e relations'i& 3etween mass and energy !an 3e !al!ulated wit't'e formula of Einstein?E F mc#

E F energy m F mass c F t'e s&eed of lig't

" kilogram6mass is e

was -"" )illion kilowatt6hours'e e(uivalent of t'is is a&&ro

rom 1$7+ to 201+ t'e in!rease of world population 'as 3een "/rom 1$7+ to 201+ t'e in!rease of world energy consumption 'as 3een 222

Summary:

= t'e worldHs &o&ulation and t'e energy !onsum&tion are in!reasing ra&idly= natural gas and oil resour!es will 3e e


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Some &eo&le t'in4:= hey will solve it somehow Bt'ey Ksim&ly fill t'e Sa'ara wit' solar &anels= t will outlast my time Bt'is remains to 3e seen and w'at a3out t'e offs&ring;= n the long term all energy will )e generated sustaina)le

Ball t'e energy needed for 'eating8 food &rodu!tion8 industry air!raft8 trains and 1 3illion !ars;

Anything can )e calculated, )ut that does not mean that it can)e achieved in practice, or that it is economically feasi)le

or et ta4es a long time 3efore t'e !lean nu!lear fusion will ta4e &la!e? ore t'anhalf a century s!ientists are already wor4ing on it? 'e most o&timisti! estimateis8 t'at in #(/( t'e first nu!lear fusion rea!tor will 3e o&erational for !ommer!ialuse? #t t'at time &ra!ti!al results will 3e ne!essary 3e!ause t'e sto!4 of fissile%ranium for t'e e


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Press release on "3 cto)er #((-7elgium 4ee&s its nu!lear &ower &lants 10 years longer o&en t'an originally&lanned? 'at t'e Energy inister 'as announ!ed? 'e &lants would a!tually!lose in 2018 t'ey remain now o&en until 202? 3e!ause of t'e )enefits for t'e elgian reasury?

Press release on " Ianuary #("(7'e only nu!lear &ower &lant in Lit'uania is de!ommissioned? Lit'uania&romised t'e !on!lusion in 200/ in e

0utch !elete*t #1 Iune #(""ran!e invests a 3illion euro in t'e develo&ment of se!ure met'ods for e


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Con!erning nu!lear energy7 ea!' solution 'as its advantages and disadvantagesBt'e law of !onservation of misery 'e (uestion is7 w'i!' is &refera3ly;

= irreversi3le !limate !'ange= sea level rising and flooding of t'e land= !ontinued in!rease in air &ollution BC2= en t'e %?S? Senate a ma9ority 'as a&&roved t'e new S#R reaty? 'e reatys'ould lead to less strategi! nu!lear wea&ons in t'e %S# and Russia? 'e RussianAuma 'as yet to a!!e&t? 'e a&&roval in t'e Senate is a vi!tory for 3ama? Lastyear 'e re!eived t'e *o3el Pea!e Pri@e for 'is &ursuit of a world wit'out nu!lear wea&ons

0utch !elete*t " @e)ruary #("#'e #meri!an government !onsiders a drasti! redu!tion of t'e num3er of nu!lear wea&ons8 &er'a&s wit' "0? 'at is mu!' more t'an was agreed in t'e new Start-reaty wit' Russia? 'en only 3(( nu!lear wea&ons would remain?

6+


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Dutch Teletext 12 September 2013The Netherlands have agreed to the deployment of a new American nuclear weapon on Volkel, which replaces the current nuclear weapons. MPs point outthat that runs counter to Parliament's desire to remove the ! nuclear weapons

any &eo&le o&&ose against nu!lear energy8 3e!ause t'ey fear t'at t'eir

offs&ring Bin t'ousands of years will 3e stu!4 wit' t'e &ro3lem of radioa!tivewaste? *evert'eless8 t'ese same &eo&le are !onsuming all fossil fuels t'at arestill availa3le in re!ord &a!e8 wit'out &utting t'emselves to any restri!tions?'e ne*t generation s'ould 'el& t'emselves? f !ourse t'ese same &eo&lewill t'in4 more !arefully 3alan!ed a3out nu!lear energy8 as it will 3e!ome !lear t'at t'eir own energy su&&lies will 3e in danger?

Pro)lems with nuclear power are7

= t'e safety of nu!lear rea!tors= t'e safe storage of radioa!tive waste= t'e danger of &roliferation of nu!lear wea&ons

!horium as nu!lear fuel mig't 3e a &ossi3ility to swit!' to worldwide? 'is does

not s'ow t'e a3ove mentioned &ro3lems or at least to a mu!' lesser es 5ust7deli!ious meat8 green'ouse vegeta3les8 fro@en foods8

from t'e tro&i!s argued fruitfun flig't and !ar 'olidays8 many !'ildren8 t'e 5

Bw'i!' is swit!'ed on t'e w'ole dayeasy t'e !ar8 refrigerator8 was'ing ma!'ine8 dryer et!?ni!e and warm !entral 'eatingni!e and !ool air !onditioning

6/

http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c24/page_166.shtmlhttp://c/e-facts#everyonehttp://c/e-facts#meathttp://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c24/page_166.shtmlhttp://c/e-facts#everyonehttp://c/e-facts#meat


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Some facts, calculations, and things worth knowing

Energy consumption in the ?etherlands

= >n 200" t'e average ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion &er 'ouse'old

was 3/( kilowatt6hours= >n t'e *et'erlands t'ere are 7 million 'ouse'olds? So t'e total ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion was #/ )illion kilowatt6hours= 'e total ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion8 industry8 agri!ulture and &u3li! trans&ort in!luded was "(- )illion kilowatt6hours= #t /0 effi!ien!y #13 )illion kilowatt6hours of &rimary energy was re(uired= 'e total &rimary energy !onsum&tion8 ne!essary for 'eating8 industry8 !ars and generation of ele!tri!ity was

-#1 )illion kilowatt6hours = 'at is 3,+ times as mu!' as t'e &rimary energy needed for t'e generation of ele!tri!ity

!he overall efficiency of the production of electricityup to the outlet

= t'e ele!tri! &ower &lant /0= t'e ele!tri!ity trans&ort via 'ig'-voltage lines $= t'e trans&osition of t'e 'ig' voltage to low voltage $= t'e ele!tri!ity trans&ort via t'e low-voltage grid to t'e outlet of t'e !onsumer $2

So t'e overall effi!ien!y is /0 G $ G $ G $2 F 33:

!he overall efficiency of the production of petrolup to the petrol pump

= &um&ing out t'e oil sour!e $7= trans&ort to t'e refinery $$= t'e refining &ro!ess "= trans&ort to t'e &etrol &um& $$

So t'e overall effi!ien!y is $7 G $$ G " G $$ F 2(:

6

http://c/e-facts#verdelinghttp://c/e-facts#verdelinghttp://c/e-facts#verdeling


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!he mass6energy e


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!he Sun

Almost all energy on Earth comes from the Sun #lmost all energy resour!es on Eart' Boil8 natural gas8 !oal8 3iomass8 windand 'ydro &ower find t'eir origin in solar energy?E

F + R "/(# R "("2 s(uare metres= t'e total amount of energy emitted from t'e Sun in " se!ond F 18+6 G / I G 102 G 101" G 1 4ilowatt-se!onds= 1 4ilogram mass F 2 G 10$ G +600 4ilowatt-se!onds= t'e energy radiated 3y t'e Sun in " second is e(uivalent: to7 B18+6 G / I G 102 G 101" G 1 B2 G 10$ G +600 F +,#1 )illion kilogram mass

>n 201+ t'e ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion in t'e *et'erlands was ""/ 3illion

4ilowatt-'ours? 'at is e(uivalent to +, 4ilogram-mass? 'e amountof energy t'e Sun radiates in " second is almost " )illion times asmu!' as t'e total use of ele!tri!ity in " year in t'e *et'erlands

!he total amount of solar energy irradiated on the Earth

= t'e total amount of irradiated energy is e(ual to w'at falls &er&endi!ular on a !ir!ular &lane wit' t'e radius of t'e Eart' Bt'e radius r F 6/00 4ilometres?= t'e surfa!e of t'at !ir!ular area is: I r 2 F 3,"+ R +( R "("# s(uare metres?= at t'e 'eig't of t'e Eart')s surfa!e t'e solar radiation 'as a &ower of 1 4ilowatt &er s(uare metre?

= &er s(uare metre &er year t'e irradiated energy will 3e 1 4ilowatt < "760 'ours F 21( 4ilowatt-'ours= so annually t'e total amount of irradiated solar energy on t'e !ir!ular &lane will 3e +81/ G /0 G 1012 G "760 F ""((( R "("+ kilowatt6hours= in 201+ t'e world consumption of &rimary energy was ",/1 R "("+ kilowatt6hours

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So annually t'e total amount of irradiated solar energy will 3e 1((( times asmu!' as t'e world !onsum&tion of &rimary energy?

Some &eo&le !on!lude from t'is t'at an energy &ro3lemdoesn)t e


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!o replace a (( megawatts power plant )y solar panels in the?etherlands an area of 2( sn air? o verify t'is assum&tion8 8ichelson and 8orley made an interferometer in 1""7? ,it' t'is t'e differen!e in s&eed of lig't8 in t'e dire!tion of t'e or3it around t'e Sun and &er&endi!ular t'ereto8 !ould 3e measuredvery a!!urately? 'e out!ome of t'e measurements was very sur&rising:the speed of light is always the same in all directions'e !on!lusion must t'erefore 3e8 t'at et'er doesn)t e


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!he Leopoldhove

'e Leo&old'ove in Qoetermeer8 is a 'ealt'!are fa!ility wit' asso!iated&ro&erties? n t'e roofs of t'e !om&le< is a large num3er of solar &anels?>n t'e 'all of t'e main 3uilding8 one !an read t'e energy yield of t'ose

&anels on a dis&laySome data of the Leopoldhove

= 606 &anels wit' a total area of 770 s(uare metres= t'e annual yield is 6/ 000 4ilowatt-'ours= t'e annual yield &er s(uare metre is "+ 4ilowatt-'ours= t'e average daily yield is 17 4ilowatt-'ours

verview of the monthly energy yield of the Leopoldhove B2010

kilowatt6hours percentage

January 10/0 186

e3ruary 1"2 28

ar!' 2// "82

#&ril "// 1+8+

ay 11216 1786

June 10+01 1682

July $// 1/8$

#ugust 6"01 1087

Se&tem3er /$++ 787

!to3er ++7 8+

*ovem3er $$ 18

Ae!em3er +/" 08

total 311- "((,(

>n ay t'e energy yield was 3# times as mu!' as in Ae!em3er >n ar!' to #ugust t'e energy yield was 2(: of t'e annual yieldand in Se&tem3er to e3ruary #(: Brounded

Comparison of the daily yield of the Leopoldhove when heaven iscloudless or cloudy B2010

cloudless cloudy + June 20 4ilowatt-'ours 11 June 6+ 4ilowatt-'ours

16 *ovem3er 101 4ilowatt-'ours 27 *ovem3er + 4ilowatt-'ours

>n Summer at a !loudless s4y t'e daily &rodu!tion was more t'an 2 timesas mu!' as at a !loudy s4y? >n ,inter t'e ratio was a fa!tor 3+ and duringa year "13

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Energy yield of the Leopoldhove B4ilowatt-'ours &er day in 2010

0aylight in the ?etherlands B'ours &er day8 from sunrise until sunset

0aylight in the ?etherlands in #("/ Bs&ring8 summer8 autumn and winter

#( 8arch F +78" degrees

A F 12 'ours 0$ min?

#" Iune F 618/ degrees

A F 16 'ours // min?

#3 Septem)er F +78$ degrees

A F 12 'ours 10 min?

## 0ecem)er F 1/8 degrees

A F 07 'ours /+ min?

F t'e 'ig'est altitude of t'e Sun8 in t'e middle of t'e dayA F t'e day lengt'8 measured from sunrise to sunset

0aylight in the ?etherlands

#("/ #(" day length

22 July 10 #ugust 26 #ugust 11 Se&tem3er 26 Se&tem3er 11 !to3er 26 !to3er 12 *ovem3er 0/ Ae!em3er

21 ay 02 ay 16 #&ril 01 #&ril 17 ar!' 02 ar!' 16 e3ruary +0 January 0" January

16 'ours1 'ours1/ 'ours1+ 'ours12 'ours11 'ours10 'ours0$ 'ours0" 'ours

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Find energy

Everyone is in favour of wind energy8 until a windmill will 3e &la!ed in t'eneig'3our'ood? ?8JT ne e


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Comparison of Solar and Find energy

solar energy FaldpolenG Solar Park

= 0 000 solar &anels= t'e total &ower is 2 megawatts

= t'e &rodu!tion fa!tor is 118/= t'e total land area is 182 s(uare 4ilometre= t'e annual energy yield will 3e 2 000 megawatt-'ours= t'at amounts to +3 333 megawatt-'ours &er s(uare

4ilometre &er year

>n 201+ t'e ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion in t'e *et'erlands was ""/ )illion 4ilowatt-'ours? So for t'at is ne!essary 11 000 000 /+ +++ F 26/ s(uare 4ilometresof solar &anels8 a surfa!e of 1 < 14ilometres

wind energy Imuiden wind farm

= 60 wind tur3ines of 2 megawatts = t'e total &ower is 120 megawatts

= t'e &rodu!tion fa!tor Bat sea is /0 = t'e total sea area is 1/ s(uare 4ilometres = t'e annual energy yield will 3e /22 000 megawatt-'ours = t'at amounts to 3( ((( megawatt-'ours &er s(uare 4ilometre &er year

>n 201+ t'e ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion in t'e *et'erlands was ""/ )illion 4ilowatt-'ours? So for t'at is ne!essary 11 000 000 +0 000 F +"++ s(uare 4ilometresof wind tur3ines8 a surfa!e of 62 < 62 4ilometres

some of the features of solar energy

= in winter t'e yield of solar energy will 3e little and during t'e nig't it will 3e @ero w'ile t'en t'e need for energy is large= solar energy !an not 3e reali@ed at sea= t'e used land area is not availa3le for ot'er &ur&oses= fi


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Some fuels and C#

Some fuels7 o*ygen consumption and com)ustion productsB4ilograms

fuel o*ygen car)on dio*ide water

1 4ilogram of !ar3on 2867 +867 - - -

1 4ilogram of met'ane /800 287 282

1 4ilogram of &etrol +81 +80$ 18/2

1 4ilogram of diesel oil +8/7 +812 18+

1 4ilogram of 'ydrogen "800 - - - $800

= t'e mass of fuel 9 o*ygen F t'e mass of car)on dio*ide 9 water Blaw of !onservation of mass= in 3urning !ar3on only car)on dio*ide will !ome into 3eing BC2= in 3urning 'ydro!ar3ons Bmet'ane8 &etrol and diesel oil car)on dio*ide 9 water will !ome into 3eing

= in 3urning 'ydrogen only water will !ome into 3eing

C# emissions from the incineration of single fuels

fuelkilograms C#B!ar3on dio


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C# emissions caused )y cars in the ?etherlands

= in 200" t'e amount of !ars in t'e *et'erlands was 7 million &ie!es?= on average 1/// litres of &etrol was !onsumed &er !ar &er year = so 7 million !ars !onsumed 10 3illion litres of &etrol= 10 < 28/ F #+ )illion kilograms of C# was &rodu!ed?

C# emissions caused )y domestic electricity consumptionin the ?etherlands

= t'e annual ele!tri!ity !onsum&tion of all 'ouse'olds in t'e *et'erlands >s # 3illion 4ilowatt-'ours &rimary energy= from only !oal-fired &ower &lants 62 < 08+2 F #( )illion kilograms of C# would arise= from only gas-fired &ower &lants 62 < 0820 F "# )illion kilograms of C# would arise

>n t'e *et'erlands ele!tri!ity is generated from 3ot' !oal-fired and gas-fired&ower &lants? So &assenger !ar traffi! !auses more C2 emissions t'an t'eele!tri!ity &rodu!tion for all 'ouse'olds? So even if one would only a&&ly!oal-fired &ower &lants?t is amaGing that environmentalists protest against coal6fired power plants, while they are using cars like anyone else.Benvironmental &astors

C# emissions Mwell6to6plugM of electricity= during !om3ustion of 1 !u3i! metre of natural gas #,# 4ilograms of C2 arises a!!ording to t'e Kwell-to-w'eel met'odology= t'e energy !ontent of 1 !u3i! metre of natural gas is 2,2 4ilowatt-'ours= t'e effi!ien!y of t'e &rodu!tion of ele!tri!ity 3y a gas-fired &ower &lant to t'e outlet is 33:= t'en t'e amount of ele!tri!ity from t'e outlet will 3e 08++ G "8" F #,- 4ilowatt-'ours &er !u3i! metre of natural gas= so " kilowatt6hour from t'e outlet !auses 282 28$ F (,1( 4ilograms C2 Kwell-to-&lug

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!he greenhouse effect

any &eo&le t'in4 t'at t'e green'ouse effe!t is 3eing !aused 3y t'e energy w'i!'is 3eing released in t'e !om3ustion of fossil fuels? 'at is not t'e !ase8 3e!ause t'atamount of energy is negligi3le !om&ared to t'e amount of energy of t'e Sun3eaming on t'e Eart'? 'e Sun radiates 1((( times more energy &er time unit onEart'8 t'an is generated 3y 'uman a!tivities? 'e green'ouse effe!t is !aused 3y t'e!ar3on dion addition one 'asto do more often wit' e

altimeter?

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Light sources

Comparison of various light sources

watts lumen lumen per watt light efficiency

incandescent lamp 7 $+0 12

energy saving lamp 2+ 10 67 2$

Led lamp 1+ 1000 76 +/

fluorescent tu)e 1 /"00 $/ /1

= t'e luminous flu< of a lig't sour!e is measured in lumen= t'e amount of lumen per watt is a measure of t'e lig't out&ut of a lig't sour!e and may 3e used for t'e !al!ulating of t'e lig't effi!ien!y= at 22" lumen &er watt8 t'e lig't effi!ien!y will 3e 100 Bta4ing into a!!ount t'e luminosity !urve of t'e 'uman eye= so t'e light efficiency of a lig't sour!e e(uals: Ba!tual lumen &er watt 22" lumen &er watt G 100

Some considerations a)out Led lamps

= # Led lam& usually 3eams 3undled lig't? 'e effi!ien!y seems more t'an it is? So it !an not 3e !om&ared dire!tly to a s&'ere 3eamer su!' as an energy-saving lam&?= >n addition8 t'e effi!ien!y is adversely affe!ted 3y t'e !onversion of t'e mains voltage to t'e low tension to fire t'e Led)s? Busually 2 to volts and 3y t'e 3ad la3our fa!tor?= >t will ta4e a w'ile8 3efore t'e Led lam& !an 3eat t'e fluores!ent lam&8 wit' regard to t'e lig't effi!ien!y? >t may even 3e dou3ted w'et'er t'at will ever 3e &ossi3le? Bfor w'ite lig't?= 'e 3enefits of t'e Led lam& are its dimensions8 its resilien!e and

longevity? >n addition8 lig't is at full strengt' immediately after swit!'ing it on Bas fast as an in!andes!ent lam&?= or s&a!e lig'ting Led lam&s still seem not very suita3le? 'ey are suita3le for street lig'ting8 de!or lig'ting8 s&e!ial lig'ting effe!ts8 3a!4- lig'ting LCA-s!reens and a&&li!ations w'ere !oloured lig't is desired= >n !om&arison to small lig't 3ul3s8 su!' as in flas'lig'ts and in rear lig't of a 3i!y!le8 t'e lig't effi!ien!y of Led)s is very 'ig'?

Led lamps #t >4ea a 1+ watt Led lam& is for sale? 'e luminous flu< is 1000 lumens8w'i!' is 76 lumens &er watt? 'e !olour tem&erature is 2700 4elvin?So t'e lig't effi!ien!y is +/ and t'us 'ig'er t'an at an energy saving lam&?

'e lig't is radiated evenly in all dire!tionsSo finally it starts to 3e somet'ing wit' Led lig'ting B201/

7"

http://www.ledlenser.com/ENG/startseite_1024.phphttp://www.ledlenser.com/ENG/startseite_1024.php


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LedDs as )acklight for LC0 screens>n t'e a&&li!ation of Led)s as 3a!4lig't for LCA s!reens8 it is 3eing used t'atLed)s !an 3e swit!'ed wit'out a moment of inertia? 'e 3a!4lig't t'erefore !an 3emodulated wit' t'e image !ontent? # very 'ig' !ontrast ratio of t'e image !an t'us3e a!'ieved? >n addition8 t'e energy !onsum&tion will 3e low8 3e!ause t'e Led)sare 3urning at full strengt' only &artially? 'is is in !ontrast to 3a!4lig't wit'

fluores!ent tu3es? >n addition8 monitors wit' Led-3a!4lig't !an 3e mu!' t'inner?>n t'e latest P'ili&s Led-5 3a!4lig't is &rovided 3y more t'an 1000 Led)s

Energy saving lamps'e lifetime of energy saving lam&s is rat'er disa&&ointing8 es&e!ially w'en t'eyare 3eing swit!'ed on and off fre(uently? ften t'ey last not even 1 year? 'is is in!ontrast to ordinary in!andes!ent lam&s t'at last mu!' longer? #n energy savinglam& !annot 3e swit!'ed more t'an 200 times? #t a 3urning time of + minutes Bfor es? 'eseare not lig'ting lam&s8 3ut lig't radiant &anels8 similar to an LCA s!reen? 'ee


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Aircraft

num)er of passengers

)lankweight

fuelweight

ma*.take6off

flight rangekilometres

km 4 litre 4passenger

Joeing 1+1 2/ 1"1 tonnes 17+ tonnes +$6 tonnes 1+ // +28

Air)us 32( "/0 27 tonnes 261 tonnes /0 tonnes 1/ /0 +782

t'e density of 4erosene F 08" 4ilogram &er !u3i! de!imetre

An airplane with a 5et engineSome &eo&le t'in4 t'at a 9et engine Bor a ro!4et engine re&els itself against t'e air?'at is not t'e !ase and a ro!4et engine Bw'i!' !arries its own o


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Calculation e*ample of a 5et engine

= +8/7 4ilograms of o


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Electric train

= t'e 3asi! im&lementation of t'e Aou3le Ae!4er !onsists of / wagons= t'e gross &ower is 1"$0 4ilowatts8 at an effi!ien!y of "= nowadays t'e voltage on t'e over'ead !onta!t line is 1"00 volts?= at full &ower t'is train will !onsume more t'an 1000 am&eres and will re&resent an ele!tri!al resistan!e of a3out 2 o'ms?= t'e dire!t !urrent8 su3mitted 3y a &ower station is fed to t'e train t'roug' t'e over'ead line8 w'ile t'e rails are t'e return !ir!uit?= t'e total resistan!e of 10 4ilometres of over'ead line N rails is a3out 082 o'ms?= t'e distan!e 3etween 2 &ower stations is u& to 20 4ilometres? 'erefore t'e distan!e 3etween t'e train and t'e &ower station is never more t'an 10 4ilometres?

n 3usy tra!4s t'e average distan!e 3etween t'e train and a &ower stationwill 3e less? 'e total !o&&er !ross-se!tion of t'e over'ead !onta!t lines ona dou3le tra!4 is 10 s(uare !entimetres? 'is is 3eing o3tained 3y swit!'ingin &arallel all " wires a3ove t'e rails

B&er rail: 1 reinfor!ing !a3le8 1 !arrying !a3le and 2 over'ead !onta!t wires

!he energy losses in the overhead line of a train

= Ele!tri! trains are driving at 1"00 volt dire!t !urrent in t'e *et'erlands? Brated 100 volts?= 'e energy !onsum&tion of a train F voltage G !urrent G time= or e


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Cycling

Power and energy when cycling on a flat road, sitting upright andwithout windA F t'e &ower ne!essary for over!oming t'e me!'ani!al resistan!eJ F t'e &ower ne!essary for over!oming t'e air resistan!eC F t'e total re(uired &ower 0 F t'e energy &er 4ilometre

speed A J C 0

10 4m'our " watts 7 watts 1 watts 18 watt-'ours

20 4m'our 1" watts 6 watts 7/ watts +87 watt-'ours

+0 4m'our +2 watts 1"$ watts 221 watts 78/ watt-'ours

/0 4m'our 2 watts //" watts 00 watts 128 watt-'ours

= a well-trained !y!list !an &rovide a !ontinuous &ower of 1+0 watts,'en t'ere is no wind a s&eed of 2 4ilometres &er 'our will 3e

rea!'ed on a touring 3i!y!le?= at a re!um3ent and t'e same &ower one rea!'es +2 4ilometres &er 'our?= a &rofessional ra!er !an deliver +00 watts !ontinuously? n a ra!e 3i4e t'at will 3e suffi!ient for a s&eed of /0 4ilometres &er 'our?= Lan!e #rmstrong ever rea!'ed /0 watts 'us 'e was a3le to mount t'e #l&e d)ue@ in +" minutes? 'e 'eig't differen!e is 1061 metres and t'e distan!e is 1+8" 4ilometres? So t'e average s&eed was 218" 4ilometres &er 'our?

Power needed for over!oming t'e air resistan!e is &ro&ortional to t'e3rd power of t'e s&eed of a ve'i!le? Bsee !olumn of t'e ta3le a3ove

= t'e air resistan!e of a ve'i!le is &ro&ortional to t'e 2nd &ower of its s&eed?= &ower F air resistan!e G s&eed

Energy used for over!oming t'e air resistan!e during the same timeis &ro&ortional to t'e 3rd power of t'e s&eed of a ve'i!le?= energy F &ower G time

or e


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Energy used for over!oming t'e air resistan!e on the same distanceis &ro&ortional to t'e #nd power of t'e s&eed of a ve'i!le= t'e air resistan!e of a ve'i!le is &ro&ortional to t'e 2nd &ower of t'e s&eed?= energy F air resistan!e G distan!e travelled

or e


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Comparison )etween a ramp and a headwind at the same )icycle power Bat a s&eed of 20 4ilometres &er 'our

a slope or headwind )icycle power

0 080 4m'our 7 watts

1 78$ 4m'our 12$ watts

2 1+87 4m'our 1"/ watts

+ 1$81 4m'our 2+" watts

/ 2+8/ 4m'our 2$2 watts

278/ 4m'our +/6 watts

6 +18+ 4m'our /00 watts

"


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Electric )icycles

= an u&rig't seated !y!list must deliver a &ower of 1"0 watts at a s&eed of 20 4ilometres &er 'our and a 'eadwind of / metres &er se!ond Bwind for!e +?= t'at !orres&onds wit' an amount of energy of $ watt-'ours &er 4ilometre= t'erefore /8 watt-'ours of me!'ani!al energy &er 4ilometre is needed for 0 su&&ort 3y an ele!tri! 3i!y!le?= t'e effi!ien!y of t'e ele!tri! motor wit' asso!iated energy !ontrol is a3out $0= t'erefore at 0 su&&ort t'e 3attery of an ele!tri! 3i!y!le 'as to deliver a&&ro


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'e !rek L8/((= a lit'ium-ion 3attery Bremova3le +6 volt at 11 am&ere-'ours= so t'e energy !ontent is /00 watt-'ours= e(ui&&ed wit' an "-s&eed 'u3 gear = su&&lied wit' t'e Josch middle motor

= t'e motor is atta!'ed to t'e )ottom )racket= at 0 su&&ort t'e a!tion radius will 3e "0 4ilometres'e advantage of t'is !onstru!tion is t'at one !an easily remove t'e w'eels8w'en re&la!ing a tire? >n addition8 any desired ty&e of gear assem3ly and adense !'ain !a3inet !an 3e a&&lied? >t is strange t'at nevert'eless t'is 3i4estill 'as an o&en !'ain?

'e Sparta on 86&ear = a ni!4el metal-'ydride 3attery Bnot remova3le 2/ volt at 10 am&ere-'ours?= so t'e energy !ontent is 2/0 watt-'ours?= t'e motor is in t'e rear wheel wit' an integrated &edal sensor = e(ui&&ed wit' a derailleur wit' 7 gears?= at 0 su&&ort t'e a!tion radius will 3e /0 4ilometres

Stri4ing is t'e very !lear and &re!ise indi!ation of t'e !urrent energy sto!4in t'e 3attery Bin in!rements of + 'is allows a good &lanning of t'esu&&ort on a long 3i!y!le tour?

Josch middle motor Some !'ara!teristi!s of 3i4es wit' t'e os!' middle motor:= t'e motor is &ositioned at t'e 3ottom 3ra!4et and t'us t'e 3i4e 'as a low !entre of gravity and a good 'andling

= t'e &ower of t'e !y!list N t'e motor is transferred via t'e !'ain on t'e rear w'eel= t'e !'ain t'erefore 'as a 'ard time !om&ared to ot'er ele!tri! 3i!y!les= t'e s&e!ifi!ations of t'e os!' middle motor seem overly o&timisti!8 3ut are am&ly a!'ieved in &ra!ti!e Btested on 1"000 4ilometres= usually t'e >ntuvia dis&lay is 3ad to read Bde&ending on lig'ting !onditions= on t'e 'andle 3ar t'ere is a 3ig N and M 3utton8 wit' w'i!' t'e degree of su&&ort !an 3e sele!ted= t'is is t'e first system t'at one !an o&erate well wearing Bt'i!4 gloves

= for ea!' sele!ted su&&ort t'e dis&lay s'ows t'e !orres&onding a!tual8 dynami! range= on t'e dis&lay t'ere is an indi!ation of t'e instantaneous energy !onsum&tion Bt'e &ower= inserting and ta4ing out t'e 3attery is very easy8 t'an4s to t'e 3uilt-in 'andle= t'e self-dis!'arge of t'e 3attery is only 1 &er mont'= &er 4ilometre t'e de&re!iation of t'e 3attery !osts /0 times as mu!' as t'e !onsumed ele!tri!ity

"7


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'e os!' middle motor is a 3rea4t'roug' in t'e drive te!'nologyfor ele!tri! 3i!y!les? utstanding features are:= t'e user-friendliness= t'e &owerful su&&ort= t'e large a!tion radius

Josch middle motor with a +(( watt6hours )atteryBmoderate wind and 20 4ilometres &er 'our

supportwatt6hours

per kilometreaction radius

tur3o "80 0 4m

s&ort 687 60 4m

tour 80 "0 4m

e!o +80 1+ 4m

Pedal sensor or rotation sensorRe!ently more and more ele!tri! 3i!y!les 'ave 3een laun!'ed e(ui&&edwit' a rotation sensor instead of a &edal sensor? #dvantages are t'elower &ri!e and t'e sim&le !onstru!tion8 'e smaller a!tion radius and t'einse!urity 'owever are a disadvantage? 'e a&&li!ation of a rotation sensor8ena3les immediately su&&ort on!e t'e &edals are rotating? #lso w'en littlefor!e is &ursued8 t'e motor will 3e ena3led and t'en delivers virtually allt'e energy needed for t'e &ro&ulsion? >f one wants to !y!le faster8 onemust &edal dis&ro&ortionately more8 3e!ause t'en t'e !y!list 'imself 'asto deliver t'e en &ra!ti!e one usually !y!les wit' t'es&eed of t'e maf one sto&s

&edalling8 t'e su&&ort usually still goes on for a w'ile? 'erefore8 t'ese3i4es are often e(ui&&ed wit' a swit!' at t'e 3ra4e 'andle? >f one 3ra4es8t'e !ir!uit to t'e motor is swit!'ed off immediately? Ele!tri! 3i!y!les wit'a rotation sensor are &otentially dangerous in traffi!8 es&e!ially for older !y!lists? ut one get used to anyt'ing? #t ele!tri! 3i4es wit' a &edalsensor8 said &ro3lems are entirely a3sent

0oes it take more e*ercise to cycle an electric )icycle withoutsupport than a regular )icycle>t is a wides&read misunderstanding8 t'at if su&&ort is disa3led it will 3eBa lot more wor4 on an ele!tri! 3i!y!le t'an on a regular 3i!y!le? nly t'erolling resistan!e of an ele!tri! 3i!y!le is a 3it more !om&ared to a regular

3i!y!le8 due to more weig't of t'e 3i!y!le? 'e air resistan!e will 3e t'esame of !ourse? n a flat road wit' !onstant s&eed t'e mass Bweig't of t'e 3i!y!le N rider is not an issue? B*ewtonHs 1st Law?'e rolling resistan!e is negligi3le !om&ared to t'e air resistan!e8 es&e!iallywit' moderate or strong 'eadwind? f !ourse t'e larger weig't will &lay anim&ortant role during a!!eleration and at a slo&e? ut during a long 3i!y!leride slo&es will not 3e &resent very often? Bin t'e *et'erlands

""


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or ef t'e frontal area 3e!omes 0 larger t'e a!tion radius will de!reasewit' 2? ne !an !al!ulate t'is easily 3y means of t'e data in !olumn in t'e ta3le a3ove

!he )enefits of an electric )icycle are7

". t'e energy !onsum&tion of an ele!tri! 3i!y!le is

10 times less t'an t'at of a mo&ed #. t'e su&&ort over "0 4ilometres !osts less t'an 10 euro !ents BF 08 4ilowatt-'our 3. one 'our ele!tri! !y!ling !onsumes Bgross as mu!' ele!tri!al energy as it ta4es to wat!' 5 for one 'our? So ele!tri! !y!ling !an 3e !alled energy-neutral8 3e!ause if one does not !y!le one is sitting in front of t'e 5 or 3e'ind t'e !om&uter? +. an ele!tri! 3i!y!le re(uires virtually no maintenan!e B9ust as mu!' as an ordinary 3i!y!le /. a 'elmet is not o3ligatory on an ele!tri! 3i!y!le . insuran!e is not !om&ulsory for an ele!tri! 3i!y!le 1. an ele!tri! 3i!y!le is mu!' s&ortier and 'ealt'ier t'an a mo&ed8 3e!ause one always 'as to &edal 2. an ele!tri! 3i!y!le does not smell8 ma4es no noise and does not lea4 oil -. one can also 5ust cycle on an electric )icycle"(. if one owns an ele!tri! 3i!y!le one !y!les more often8 furt'er and faster

"$


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!he =ydrogen )icycle

'e 'ydrogen 3i!y!le is t'e latest news in t'e field of ele!tri! 3i!y!les?'is is a 3i!y!le w'ere t'e 3attery 'as 3een re&la!ed 3y a fuel !ell?Some glo3al data:

= t'e !a&a!ity of t'e fuel !ell is 2/ volts at 10 am&eres8 so 2/0 watt-'ours= 2 small

a comparative overview of energy - jan van staveren

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