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© ChevronTexaco 2005
A Collaborative Approach to LNG Price Negotiations Through Unbundled Prices
GASTECH 2005Bilbao, SpainMarch 16, 2005
Stephen Del Regno, Managing Director
W. David Meierding, Senior Business AnalystChevronTexaco International Gas Inc.- Japan Office
Del Regno/Meierding, 2
Objectives of LNG Price Negotiations
For Seller:
• Recover project capital and operating costs with acceptable return
• Capture optimal value while being competitive with price offerings of other projects
For Buyer:
• Competitive and prudent cost of fuel, lower total fuel cost
• Provide stable, long-term, competitively priced LNG supplies
For Both:
• Long term robustness under a wide range of market environments over the contract term
• Allocate price and volume risk between buyer and seller
Del Regno/Meierding, 3
Evolution of the Asia LNG Price Regime
Conventional formula:
PLNG = β (PCrude Oil) + α
β = slope (thermal equivalence to crude oil, historically set at 0.1485)
P = price of crude oil (typically JCC)
α = constant term (varies across contracts)
Evolving formulae:
• Fixed Price/Cost recovery
• Official government selling price (OGSP)
• JCC price basis• “S” curves
• Discontinuous slopes/multiple kink points
• Floors and ceilings• Devolution of 0.1485 slope• Two-part prices
Del Regno/Meierding, 4
All LNG Deals Are Not Alike
• greenfields or brownfield
• contract extension or new contract
• number of trains and size
• local fiscal regimes
• associated liquids
• NOC involvement in project
• liquefaction plant location
• customer location
• delivered or ex-ship
• floor / ceiling / S-curve
• ship charter or newbuild
• slope or flat
LNG Sales Purchase Agreement
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• ramp-up
• wedge volumes
• upward quantity tolerance
• downward quantity tolerance
• annual contract quantity
• destination flexibility
• diversion conditions
• tranche pricing
• length of term
• price reviews
• optional extensions
• LNG specifications
Etc., etc., etc…
Del Regno/Meierding, 5
Asia’s LNG Business is Undergoing Major Changes…
A small club
• 3 countries behaving like 3 buyers
– Each country’s appetite for LNG determines demands
– Supply security paramount
• North America was not a factor
• Asia Pacific was independent of the Atlantic Basin
• Investment and control of infrastructure mainly by producers, NOCs
More diverse buyers
• New buyers & different types of buyers in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, plus India and China
• NAWC is a potential player – NAEC, GOM and Europe are already able to siphon off ME supplies
– Asia Pacific and Atlantic Basin are becoming linked (via ME swing producers)
• Deregulating markets increasing the number of competing buyers
• Buyers increasingly interested in upstream, shipping and terminal investments (for risk diversification, attractive returns, business opportunity)—buyers are becomingsellers
From the Past To the Future
Del Regno/Meierding, 6
Asia’s LNG Business is Undergoing Major Changes…
A single rigid model for contracting terms
• Point to point sales - integrated bilateral value chain
• Long term contracts
• Same terms for gas and electric utilities
• TOP, limited flexibility contracts
• DES is the norm
• In-country infrastructure all built by buyer’s government or regulated large companies
Emergence of more diverse contracting terms
• One liquefaction project to multiple users in multiple countries
• Shorter terms (mid term, spot), emergence of swaps
• More flexible terms (less rigid TOP, destination flexibility, seasonal deliveries)
• Changes in price indexation & differentiation based on requirements (i.e., flexibility, term, seasonality)
• FOB more common
From the Past To the Future
Del Regno/Meierding, 7
Asia’s LNG Business is Undergoing Major Changes…
Balance of power with sellers
• Continuously strong demand growth
• New projects sequenced by suppliers to meet new demand (market discipline)
• No gas-on-gas competition
• Potential supply overhang was always in the future
• New demands emerge in large increments – new supply in small(er) increments
Balance of power shifting to buyers?
• Potential supply overhang emerging? (Qatar, Tangguh, Tiga, Sakhalin, Gorgon, Yemen, Iran)
• Speculative capacity in most new projects
• Deregulating markets forcing buyers to focus on price & competitiveness
• Long-term contracts expiring
• New demands in small increments – new supply in ever larger increments
From the Past To the Future
Del Regno/Meierding, 8
• Target terms and conditions to specific markets, customers or
customer groups (e.g., electric utilities, city gas utilities, IPPs, etc.)
• Develop mechanisms to consider and capture value of volume
and seasonal flexibility
• Measure and understand net-back price risk (e.g. NAWC,
NAEC and GOM, etc.)
• Capture costs and value of cargo diversions and destination freedom
• Resolve the Buyer’s exposure risk at high levels of crude
prices and manage Seller’s exposure to low crude prices
Collaborative Price Negotiations
Del Regno/Meierding, 9
Collaboration – Can It Work in Price Negotiations?
• New ideas and concepts, reflecting the emerging industry realities, but tempered by historical perspective
• Seller and Buyer collaborate to develop ideas together
• Result is a long-term sustainable commercial structure tailored to Buyer’s requirement while considering Seller’s needs and market benchmarks
© ChevronTexaco 2005
Gracias.Thank you.
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