9/21/20151 ap ch 51-56. 9/21/20152 animal behavior - ch.51 what and how an animal does something -...
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AP
Ch 51-56
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Animal Behavior - Ch.51
what and how an animal does something
- controlled by genes and environment - Nature v Nurture - Ridley
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Types 1. Instinct = behavior that is innate, inherited, ex.
bees, human 2. Learning:
a. Imprinting = occurs over a critical, brief period of time, ex. Gosling accept any moving object as mother from day 1-3
b. Association or classical conditioning = animal learns that two or more events are connected, ex. Pavlov's dogs
c. Trial-and-error (Operant conditioning) = animal connects behavior with positive or negative response. Ex. Mice- B.F. Skinner
3. Habituation = learned behavior that allows the animal to disregard meaningless stimuli.
4. Insight = ability to approach new situations and figure how to deal with them, involves reasoning
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Misc
Taxis = automatic movement in response to a stimuli, moths & light
Kinesis = change in activity rate because of a stimulus (non-directional)
Migration = long-distance, seasonal movement of animals
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Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) – (p.1121)a type of behavior directly linked to a simple stimulus, usually carried to completion (stickle back will attack anything red)
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Communication
Chemical = pheromones, these trigger behavior, ex. mating
Visual = displays of aggression, displays of courtship
Auditory = Sounds, ex. whales, frogs, birds Tactile = Touching, dances – honeybee waggle,
p1124
Foraging Behaviors Herds, flocks, and schools provide several
advantages: Concealment, vigilance, defense, attacking
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Ch 52 - Ecology
study of interactions between living things and their environment
What does this tell us? Why important?
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“Ways to study ecology”
Organism = look at the way the organism survives, interacts
Population = individuals of the same species in the same area
Community = all populations interacting in the same area Ecosystem = interaction of biotic (living) & abiotic (non-
living) factors - abiotic = temp, water, sun, wind, rocks Biosphere = all regions of the earth that contain living
things Habitat = specific place where an organism usually lives Niche = resources in the environment used by an
organism
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Biomes = divisions of biosphere, divided mostly by climate, climograph, p1166-1171
Tropical rain forest - high temp & rainfall, tall trees form a canopy?: stratified, diverse
Savannas/grasslands - grass, big climate changes, prairies, zebra
Temperate deciduous forests - warm summers, cold winters, and moderate precipitation. Deciduous trees, small mammals
Deserts - hot and dry, few plants, cacti, lizards Chaparral – shrubs, usually dry Taiga - coniferous forest (pines), winter is cold with
snow, bear Tundra- ground freezes, permafrost, grasses, foxes,
cold
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Fresh water biomes - ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers photic (light) vs aphotic zones , thermoclines eutrophic (shallow, high nutrient) vs. oligotrophic (deep ,
O2 rich)
Water
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Marine biomes - estuaries (oceans meet rivers), intertidal zones (oceans meet land), coral reefs, deep oceans (benthic), p1160
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Ch 53- Population Ecology
study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations, deals with:
1. population size - limited 2. density (spacing)/distribution - p1175-
6 – high usually bad3. age structure- p1192, baby booms4. survivorship curves (mortality)-
p1178, effects repro. rates
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Population growth:
Biotic potential = max. growth rate of a population under ideal conditions (unlimited resources, no growth restrictions)
Factors that contribute to the biotic potential of a species: Age at reproductive maturity Clutch size (# of offspring at each reproductive
event) Frequency of reproduction Reproductive lifetime & survivorship
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Carrying capacity = max. number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat
Limiting factors = factors that prevent a population from attaining its biotic po tential. 2 types1. Density-dependent = influence population more because of size, ex. food, space, disease2. Density-independent = independent of the density, ex. Natural disasters and extremes of climate
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Growth of a population: r = births - deaths / N r = growth rate, N = original pop. size - when r is at its max. = intrinsic rate of growth - if r = 0 = zero pop. Growth Exponential growth = rate is greater than 0, plot of
exponential growth rises quickly, J-shaped curve, p 1182
Logistic growth = limiting factors restrict the pop. size to the carrying capacity, forms S-shaped, or sigmoid curve, p 1183
- these can change with time, p1189 ex. crab, hare and lynx
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1. r-selected species = rapid growth, quickly reproduce, then die, (many offspring, small, mature quick, no parent care)
2. K-selected species = pop. size remains constant (at carrying capacity, K). (small # of larger offspring, extensive parental care)
- humans, but we are growing exponentially right now, why?
→ Incr. food supply, less disease, better medicine, more habitat
2 life-history strategies
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Ch 54-55- Ecosystems
examine the production/utilization of energy - organisms are organized into groups called trophic levels
that reflect their main energy source 1. Primary producers = autotrophs, convert sun into chemical
energy 2. Primary consumers, or herbivores, eat the primary
producers. 3. Secondary consumers, or 1° carnivores, eat primary
consumers 4. Tertiary consumers, or 2° carnivores, eat secondary
consumers. 5. Detritivores= decomposers -energy by consuming dead
organisms →Ecological pyramids show the relationship between trophic
levels, biomass, energy, numbers, etc. p1229
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Ecological efficiency = amount of energy at one trophic level that is transferred to the next level → Efficiency ≈ 10%, so 10% of energy of one level is transferred to the next level. So 90% is consumed by the activities of each organism, or transferred to detritivores,
Food chain = chart of who eats whom, p1205 Food web = expanded, more complete version of a
food chain, shows interactions of all the major plants/animals in the ecosystem, p1206
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Keystone Species – (p.1208) exert control on community structure not by numbers, but by their pivotal ecological role.04/19/23 29
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Symbiosis
species that live together during a portion of their lives, p.1202-1203
1) Mutualism = both species benefit, ex. lichen, acadia tree and ants, +/+
2) Commensalism- one species, benefits, other is unaffected, barnacle, +/o
3) Parasitism- parasite, host is harmed, tapeworm, +/- or -/-
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Coevolution
evolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species
toxic chemicals produced in plants that discourage herbivores
camouflage- color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings
warning coloration - warns predators that they sting, bite, taste bad
mimicry - when species resemble one another
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Ecological Succession p.1212
community is gradually replaced by another community with different species called the climax community
How? - natural disaster, soil changes, light amount, crowding
primary = nothing there to start secondary – something there - The plants/animals that are first to colonize
= pioneer species
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Biogeochemical Cycles
flow of elements from the environment to living things and back
Hydrologic or water cycle- water from evaporation & transpiration, flows into the land, why import/ how impact? p1232
Carbon cycle- carbon from CO2 and fossil fuels, gets used by plants and animals, released as CO2 or burned, why import?, p1232
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Nitrogen cycle- comes from air, into soil, N fixed into NH3, back into air, why import? p1233
Nitrogen fixation: N2 to NH4+ by bacteria (in soil and roots)
Nitrification: NH4+ to NO2 and NO3 by bacteria. Denitrification: bacteria change back to N2 Phosphorus cycle -erosion of rocks puts P in water and
soil, plants absorb, P is released when die and decomposed,
import?, p1233
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Human Impact on the Biosphere
1. Greenhouse effect- burn fossil fuels & forests, increases CO2, thus more heat is trapped in the atmosphere. Result = global temps are rising, could raise sea levels (melt ice caps)
2. Ozone depletion- ozone absorbs UV radiation and prevents it from reaching surface of the earth where it would damage the DNA of organisms. CFCs in aerosols break down ozone
3. Acid rain- burning of fossil fuels releases pollutants
that contain SO2 and NO2. These react with water, and produce sulfuric and nitric acid. This kill plants and animals
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4. Deforestation= cutting of forests causes erosion, flooding, and changes in weather, increases CO2, adds to the greenhouse effect
5. Pollution= Some toxins, such as DDT, concentrate in plants and animals. As one organism eats another, the toxin becomes more concentrated = biological magnification, p1238
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Introduced species p.1249
new species added to a new area http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/invbio_plan_report_home.html
often done to control other pests, ex. gypsy moth – What problems do these cause?