9 lesson 9.1: functions and anatomy of the respiratory system lesson 9.2: respiration: mechanics and...

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Lesson 9.1: Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Lesson 9.2: Respiration: Mechanics and Control

Lesson 9.3: Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

The Respiratory System

Lesson 9.1

Functions and Anatomy of the

Respiratory System

Chapter 9: The Respiratory System

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• Gas exchange– provides a constant supply of oxygen– eliminates carbon dioxide

• Cardiopulmonary system– respiratory system and cardiovascular system work

collaboratively to conduct gas exchange

Function of the Respiratory System


• Filter and remove foreign particles from inhaled air• Humidify and control the temp. of the inhaled air• Produce sound (voice)• Provide and sense of smell (olfactory sense)• Aid in immune defense• Conduct air to the lower respiratory tract

Function of the Upper Respiratory System


Anatomy of the Respiratory System


• the nose– nares – 2 openings where air enters

Anatomy of the Respiratory System


• nasal septum– divides the nasal cavity into left and right chambers

• vestibular region– front of the nasal cavity– contain nasal hairs which trap and prevent particles from

entering the nose

• olfactory region– contains olfactory receptors – provide sense of smell

• respiratory cavity– lined with a mucosal membrane– warms the air that we breathe

Nasal Cavity


• conchae– 3 uneven scroll-like nasal bones– superior, middle, and inferior conchae– create 3 passageways so more particles can be trapped

in the mucous membranes

Nasal Cavity


• palate – separates the nasal cavity from the mouth– hard palate

• anterior portion supported by bone– soft palate

• posterior portion composed of soft muscle and tissue– cleft palate

• parts of the palate do not completely fuse together during fetal development

• uvula – small mass of connective tissue hanging from the soft palate– prevents food from entering the nasal cavity

Nasal Cavity


Cleft Palate


• air-filled cavities that surround the nose• lined with mucous membranes • 4 sinuses – frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal,

maxillary• sinus infection – causes the sinuses to become

swollen and filled with fluid and germs

Sinuses


Sinusitis


• muscular passageway that transports air, food, and liquids from the nasal and oral cavities to the trachea and esophagus

• part of both the digestive and

respiratory system• composed of nasopharynx,

oropharynx, and laryngopharynx• nasopharynx transports air• oropharynx and laryngopharynx

transport air, food, and liquid

Pharynx


• tonsils– pharyngeal tonsil – located in the upper part of the

nasopharynx– palatine and lingual tonsils – located in the upper portion

of oropharynx– bacteria and other pathogens become trapped in the

tonsils – line of defense

Pharynx


• voice box• located inferior to the pharynx• transports air and food to the proper passageways• composed of 8 cartilaginous plates• largest cartilaginous plate, thyroid cartilage, is the Adam’s

apple• epiglottis

– flap of cartilaginous tissue – as food or liquid is swallowed, the epiglottis covers the pharynx

preventing the food and liquid from entering the trachea

• vocal cords – a pair of folds that vibrate to produce sound• glottis – space between the vocal cords

Larynx


Larynx


• windpipe • extends from the end of the larynx to the 5th

thoracic vertebra• walls are lined with a mucous membrane

containing ciliated epithelium• c-shaped rings

– anterior side contains rigid cartilage that provides support

– posterior side doesn’t contain cartilage and provides flexibility

Trachea


The Upper Respiratory Tract


• primary bronchi– extends from the bottom of the trachea to the left and

right lungs– wider and shorter bronchus on the right also hangs

more vertically

• secondary and tertiary bronchi – branch out from the primary bronchi

• bronchioles – branch out from the tertiary bronchi

Bronchi


• grape-like clusters at the ends of bronchioles• air-filled sacs• main site of gas exchange in the lungs• walls are composed of thin squamous epithelial cells• surfactant – phospholipid that coats the walls

– reduces surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing

• macrophages – bacteria ingesting cells inside alveoli• pores of Kohn – small opening in the alveolar wall that

allow gases and macrophages to pass

Lungs

Alveoli

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• made up of alveoli and surrounding capillaries• allows oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli to the

capillaries• allows carbon dioxide to be transported from the

blood into the alveolar sac• gas exchange occurs rapidly because:

– large surface area of lungs– alveolar capillary membrane is very thin– gas exchange occurs by diffusion

Alveolar Capillary Membrane


• mediastinum– central area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

• apex – upper part of lung

• base – lower part of lung that rests on the diaphragm

• right lung has 3 lobes – superior, middle, and inferior lobes

• left lung has 2 lobes – superior and inferior lobes

Lungs


• pleural sac– composed of 2 slippery serous membranes

• parietal pleura – lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm• visceral pleura – covers lungs

Lungs


Match these words with 1–4 below: surfactant, apex, epiglottis, conchae.

1. lungs

2. larynx

3. nasal cavity

4. alveoli

Review and Assessment

Lesson 9.2

Respiration: Mechanics and

Control



• also known as breathing• air always moves from a higher pressure area to a

lower pressure area

Respiration


• four key tasks involved in respiration– pulmonary ventilation

• air is moved continuously into and out of the lungs

– external respiration• oxygen from outside the body fills the lungs and alveoli• allows gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary blood

– respiratory gas transport• oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood to

and from different body tissues – internal respiration

• gas exchange occurs between the tissues and capillaries

Respiration


• Boyle’s law– as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of the

gas decreases– at rest, both atmospheric (outside of body) and

intrapulmonary (inside lung) are 760 mmHg– for air to be pulled into the lungs, intrapulmonary

pressure must be less than the atmospheric pressure– when air is expelled from the lungs, intrapulmonary

pressure must be greater than the atmospheric pressure

Boyle's Law

Respiration

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• inspiration (inhalation)– diaphragm contracts and flattens– intercostal muscles contract– thoracic cavity expands creating a vacuum and pulling

air into the lungs– pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric

pressure

• expiration (exhalation)– diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax– thoracic cavity shrinks pushing air out of the lungs– pressure inside the lungs is greater than the

atmospheric pressure

Respiration


Respiration


Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers


• average respiration rate for adults at rest = 12-15 breaths per minute

Factors affecting the respiration rate:• gender – females have smaller lung capacities and

therefore, greater respiratory rates• infants have greater smaller lung capacities and greater

respiratory rates (40-60 breaths per minute)• postural position – standing almost doubles respiratory

rate compared to a reclined position• exercise

Control of Breathing


• neural factors– medulla oblongata

• sets the normal breathing pace– pons

• fine-tunes respiratory rate and depth– as the lungs fill with air, stretch receptors in the bronchioles

and the alveoli trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to prevent over inflation of the alveolar sacs

• coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration



• chemical factors– central chemoreceptors

• located in the respiratory centers in the brain• respond to a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid pH – indicates a high

amount of CO2 in the body

• increases the rate and depth to increase O2 and decrease CO2

– peripheral chemoreceptors• located in the aorta and carotid arteries• stimulate respirations in response to changes in oxygen blood levels

– mechanoreceptors • located in muscles and joints• detect muscle contraction and force generation during exercise –

increase ventilation



• static– measures air volume in lungs– measured by using a spirometer– may detect lung disorder or deficiency

Lung Volume


• dynamic– measures air volume in lungs based on time– measured using a flow volume meter– often assesses the ability of the lungs to forcibly expire

air in one second– can detect asthma or obstructive lung disease

Lung Volume


True or False?

1. The pons and medulla control breathing.

2. Static lung volume involves time.

3. Muscles contract in inspiration.

4. Larger gas volume, higher pressure.

5. Gas moves from low to high pressure.


Lesson 9.3

Respiratory Disorders and

Diseases



Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses


• avoiding URIs– cover when sneezing

and coughing– wash hands– don’t touch hands to

eyes, nose, mouth

• Influenza– viral infection – vaccine

Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses

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• acute bronchitis– inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the

trachea and bronchial passageways– results from an ongoing viral infection such as influenza

or the common cold

• pneumonia– usually a viral or bacterial infection of the lungs– immune response to the virus or bacterium damages

and sometimes kills the cells of the lungs– fluid builds up in the lungs, making gas exchange

difficult

Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses


• tuberculosis– highly contagious infection– most commonly attacks the lungs but can spread to

other organs

Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses


• causes– smoking– characterized by long term airway obstruction

• living with COPD– STOP SMOKING!!!– purse-lipped breathing

• helps maximize breathing and ease shortness of breath• patients inhale through their nose and slowly release the

air through pursed or puckered lips– no cure

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases


• emphysema – chronic inflammation of the lungs that damages the

alveolar ducts and sacs– damage to capillary bed– decreased lung surface area– poor gas exchange leads to hyperventilation– pink puffers

• exertion from breathing causes patients to develop a pink appearance to the face



• chronic bronchitis– inflammation of the bronchi and mucous production

obstruct airways– risk of bacterial infection– mucous production causes a decrease in respiratory

rate with an increase in cardiac output• blue bloaters

– face and lips turn blue due to hypoxia (lowered arterial blood oxygen content)

– bloated appearance



• asthma attack– inflamed and narrowed

airways– cause bronchospasms– caused by allergens or

irritants– treatment relaxes

muscles to expand airways

Asthma

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• more deaths from lung cancer than other cancers• non-small cell lung cancer

– more common lung cancer– common in smokers– spreads slowly

• small cell lung cancer– less common lung cancer– spreads quickly

Lung Cancer


Fill in the blanks with: small cell, bronchospasms, decreased lung surface area, or infection.

1. An asthma attack includes _______________.

2. A symptom of emphysema is _______________.

3. The more common lung cancer is _______________.

4. Tuberculosis is caused by _______________.


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