8. INTERIOR FINISHES FOR WOOD 8. INTERIOR FINISHES FOR WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTIONLIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTION

88.1 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS FOR WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTIONS - OVERVIEW

8.1 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS FOR WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTION - OVERVIEW

8.2 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS 8.3 THERMAL INSULATIONS AND VAPOR RETARDERS 8.4 DESIGN OF FINISH STAIRS

Interior Construction SequenceInterior Construction Sequence

Interior Partition FramingInterior Partition Framing Rough-in (& Equipment)Rough-in (& Equipment) Code Compliance InspectionCode Compliance Inspection Thermal Insulation & Vapor RetarderThermal Insulation & Vapor Retarder Building InspectionBuilding Inspection Ceiling & Wall MaterialsCeiling & Wall Materials Interior Millwork, Interior FinishesInterior Millwork, Interior Finishes MPE Fixtures, Devices, Trim, & Appliances MPE Fixtures, Devices, Trim, & Appliances

4

WC Rough-in

Waste/Vent Piping

Copper Water Piping (joints) Why not PVC?

Pipe Insulation

5

Plumbing

Vent Pipe

Why “Stack” Plumbing Fixtures??

6

Insulated “Flex” Duct

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InsulationSprinkler Pipe

Rare in Residential

ConstructionWHY?

Flexible Duct

Duct Anchorage

8

Round Duct

9

Square Ductwork

10

Electrical Roughin

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12

Electrical roughin using flexible metal conduits

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Nail Protectors and Sealant to prevent smoke migration

8.2 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS

After the framing carpenters and roofers finish the exterior roofing and siding of the platform frame building, they are joined by a number of building trade persons to complete the building on the inside

Plumbers begin the installation of piping - First the drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipes (larger diameter pipe) are installed since they need to have the right-of way - Second the small supply pipes, that bring hot and cold water; and gas pipes are laid - If the building is to have a hot water system, the plumbers put the boiler and instal the heating pipes and convectors - Then sheet metal workers instal the furnace and ductwork for central warm-air heating and/or air conditioning

The electricians complete the wiring of the building After this “rough” installation, inspectors from the municipal building department

check each of the installed systems for compliance with the plumbing, electrical and sheet metal codes

Thereafter, connections are made to the external sources of water, gas, electricity and communication services, and to a means of sewage disposal (to a main sewer or a septic tank and a leaching field)

At this point, the general building inspector of the municipality is called to examine the framing, exterior finishing and insulation for compliance to the code provisions. Any deficiency found at this stage must be corrected immediately before proceeding further.

The second phase of interior finish operations start The elaborate tangle of ‘framing members, ducts, pipes, wires and insulation’

rapidly disappears behind the finish wall and ceiling materials The interior millwork - doors, finish stairs, railings, cabinets, shelves, closet

interiors , and door and window casings - is installed by finish carpenters Finish flooring materials are installed as late as possible to save them from

damage by the passing armies of workers Finish carpenters then install the baseboards

8.2 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS (Cont’d)

Painters prime, paint, stain, varnish and paper the interior Family the plumbers, electricians, and sheet metal workers return briefly

to install the plumbing fixtures, electrical receptacles, switches, light fixtures, air grills and registers

A final round of inspection are carried out to remedy the lingering defects Now the building is ready for occupancy

8.2 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS (Cont’d)

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER

Thermal insulation keeps a building cooler in summer and warmer in winter by retarding the passage of heat through the exterior surfaces of the building - Keeps the occupants of the building more comfortable by moderating the temperatures of the interior surfaces of the building and reducing convective drafts - Reduces the energy consumption of the building for heating and cooling, to a fraction of what it would be without insulation

Thermal insulation is any material added to a building assembly, for the purpose of slowing thee conduction of heat through the assembly

Thermal Insulation Thermal Insulation

PurposePurpose

MaterialsMaterials

InstallationInstallation

R-ValuesR-Values

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Vapor Retarder

Outside Wall

8.3.1 Types of thermally insulating materials: Glass fiber batts (blankets) are the most popular type of insulation for wall cavities in new construction - Widely used in attic and roof insulation

(i) Batt or blanket - Glass/rock wool - R value 3.2-3.7 - Incombustible (ii) High density batt - Glass wool - R value 4.3 - Incombustible (iii) Loose fill - Glass/rock wool - R value 2.5-3.5 - Incombustible (iv) Loose fibers with binders - Treated cellulose, glass wool - R value 3.1-4.0 -

Incombustible (v) Foamed-in-place - Polyurethane - R value 5-7 - Combustible (vi) Foamed-in-place - Polyicynene - R value 3.6-4.0 - Combustible but self-

extinguishing (vii) Rigid board - Polystyrene foam- R value 4-5 - Combustible, but self-

extinguishing (viii) Rigid board - glass fiber - R value 3.5 - Incombustible (ix) Rigid board - Cane fiber - R value 2.5 - Combustible - Low cost

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER (Cont’d)

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER (Cont’d)

8.3.2 Increasing Levels of Thermal Insulation: Thicker walls, insulating sheathing materials and various schemes have been developed during the past twenty-five years - Insulation levels can be increased from R12 of a normal stud wall by using either 2x6 framing and thicker batt insulation or 2x4 framing with plastic foam sheathing in combination with batt insulation - Treated wood foundations can also be insulated to high R-values - Ceiling insulation batts usually must be compressed to fit them into the diminished space under the roof sheathing

8.3.3 Radiant Barriers: In warmer regions radiant barriers are being increasingly used to reduce flow of solar heat into the building - These are thin sheets or panels faced with a bright metal foil that reflects infrared radiation; they are installed over the rafters or studs and beneath the sheathing - Effective only if the bright surface of the barrier faces a ventilated airspace. Solar heat that has passed through the outer skin of building is removed by convection; also these barriers are configured with folds that would automatically provide the ventilated airspace - Radiant barriers are used in along with conventional insulating materials to achieve the desired overall thermal performance

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER (Cont’d)

8.3.4 Vapor Retarders: Vapor retarder is a membrane of metal foil, plastic, or treated paper placed on the warm side of the thermal insulation to prevent water vapor from entering the insulation and condensing into liquid; its role increases in importance as the thermal insulation levels increase - Many batt insulation materials are furnished with a vapor retarder layer of treated paper or aluminum foil already attached - Designers in cold climate prefer to use unfaced batts and apply a separate vapor retarder of polyethylene sheet, since a vapor retarder attached to batts has a seam at each stud that can leak significant quantities of air and vapor

8.3.5 Air Infiltration and Ventilation: Much attention is given to reducing the air infiltration between the indoors and outdoors, since leakage often accounts for the major portion of the fuel burned to heat the building in winter - This trend has resulted in houses and apartments that exchange so little air with the outside leading to accumulation of moisture, odors and chemical pollutants indoors - Hence air-to-air heat exchangers have been installed to recover the heat from the exhausted air from the building

Vapor RetardersVapor Retarders

PurposePurpose

MaterialsMaterials

InstallationInstallation

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER (Cont’d)

8.3.6 Airtight Drywall Approach (ADA): As an alternative to vapor retarders, airtight drywall approach has been used in buildings - It is based on the assumption that most condensation problems are caused by the air leaking out from the interior of the building to outside - Hence if all the interior joints in the gypsum (drywall) board is sealed by using compressible foam gaskets or sealants then air leakage is eliminated - In addition to providing good control of water vapor, ADA also reduces heat losses that occur because of air infiltration from the outside

Radiant BarriersRadiant Barriers– Used to reduce the flow of solar heatUsed to reduce the flow of solar heat– Thin sheets of panels faced with metal foilThin sheets of panels faced with metal foil– Reflects infrared radiationReflects infrared radiation

Airtight Drywall ApproachAirtight Drywall Approach– Reduce / eliminate air infiltrationReduce / eliminate air infiltration– Effect:Effect:

» Control the flow of water vaporControl the flow of water vapor

» Reduce heat loss (gain) because of air infiltrationReduce heat loss (gain) because of air infiltration

27Gypsum Drywall - stacked

28

Corner bead

Joint Reinforcing Tape

Joint Compound

Joint Tape Applied

29Applying Joint Compound

Wall & Ceiling FinishWall & Ceiling Finish

PlasterPlaster

Gypsum DrywallGypsum Drywall

Veneer PlasterVeneer Plaster

Millwork & Finish CarpentryMillwork & Finish Carpentry

Window CasingsWindow Casings BaseboardsBaseboards CabinetsCabinets

Flooring & Hard TilesFlooring & Hard Tiles

Floor PreparationFloor Preparation

Flooring MaterialsFlooring Materials

Wall MaterialsWall Materials

Floor UnderlaymentFloor Underlayment

Purpose:Purpose:– Level FloorLevel Floor– Increase Fire ResistanceIncrease Fire Resistance– Reduce Sound TransmissionReduce Sound Transmission

MaterialsMaterials– Poured GypsumPoured Gypsum– Lightweight Concrete Lightweight Concrete

Flooring & Hard TilesFlooring & Hard Tiles

Floor PreparationFloor Preparation

Flooring MaterialsFlooring Materials

Wall MaterialsWall Materials

Finish FlooringFinish FlooringFunctions & ConsiderationsFunctions & Considerations

Functions:Functions:– VisualVisual

– AcousticsAcoustics

– Wearing SurfaceWearing Surface

ConsiderationsConsiderations– Life / durabilityLife / durability

– Skid resistanceSkid resistance

– SanitationSanitation

– NoiseNoise

– Fire (resistance, combustibility) Fire (resistance, combustibility)

Stone FlooringStone Flooring

TypesTypes– MarbleMarble

– GraniteGranite

– SlateSlate

– Sandstone, …Sandstone, …

InstallationInstallation– Setting BedSetting Bed

– Grouted jointsGrouted joints

Marble Flooring

Quarry TileQuarry Tile Fired Clay tilesFired Clay tiles Multiple shapes/sizesMultiple shapes/sizes InstallationInstallation

» Setting Bed (typical)Setting Bed (typical)» Thin SetThin Set» Grout JointsGrout Joints

Ceramic TileCeramic Tile

Fired Clay - Typ. Smaller than Quarry tileFired Clay - Typ. Smaller than Quarry tile Often Glazed FinishOften Glazed Finish Floors & Walls Floors & Walls Multiple sizes & colorsMultiple sizes & colors

Wood FlooringWood Flooring

MaterialsMaterials– white & red oak, pecan, maple, pine, ….white & red oak, pecan, maple, pine, ….

TypesTypes– Wood Strip Flooring - blind nailedWood Strip Flooring - blind nailed

– ““Square edge” - fasteners visible (or filled)Square edge” - fasteners visible (or filled)

– ParquetParquet Pre-finished or finished in-place Pre-finished or finished in-place (except parquet)(except parquet)

Resilient FlooringResilient Flooring

Vinyl Composition Vinyl Composition Thin (1/8”), rolls or tiles (VCT)Thin (1/8”), rolls or tiles (VCT)

– Will show substrate irregularitiesWill show substrate irregularities

Multiple colors & patternsMultiple colors & patterns Low cost, moderate durabilityLow cost, moderate durability Installation - gluedInstallation - glued

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MPE Fixtures, Devices & TrimMPE Fixtures, Devices & Trim

Plumbing FixturesPlumbing Fixtures

Electrical Fixtures, Devices & TrimElectrical Fixtures, Devices & Trim

HVAC TrimHVAC Trim

Fire Protection MethodsFire Protection Methods

Codes Limit Size based upon Structural MaterialsCodes Limit Size based upon Structural Materials Interior Fire ConstructionInterior Fire Construction

– Rated Corridors & ExitsRated Corridors & Exits

– Firewalls / Building PartitioningFirewalls / Building Partitioning

Detect Fire / SmokeDetect Fire / Smoke– Self-Contained / Battery Powered - Self-Contained / Battery Powered - Alert OccupantsAlert Occupants

– Hard-Wired - Hard-Wired - Alert OccupantsAlert Occupants & &» Activate Life Safety Systems (HVAC) - ZonesActivate Life Safety Systems (HVAC) - Zones

» Alarms @ Control Panel & Fire DepartmentAlarms @ Control Panel & Fire Department

Fire Protection Methods Fire Protection Methods continuedcontinued

Detect / Extinguish Fire - Detect / Extinguish Fire - Sprinkler SystemsSprinkler Systems

Components (rare in single family homes)Components (rare in single family homes)– Distribution of Water @ appropriate pressuresDistribution of Water @ appropriate pressures

» Piping (vertical and horizontal)Piping (vertical and horizontal)

» Booster pumps (high rise)Booster pumps (high rise)

– Dispense water @ the appropriate timeDispense water @ the appropriate time» Sprinkler Sprinkler

– Activate Life Safety & notify Activate Life Safety & notify (flow valves/switches)(flow valves/switches)

8.4 DESIGN OF FINISH STAIRS

8.4.1 Finish stairs are either constructed in place or shop built; site built stairs tend to be fitted more closely to the walls - Stair treads are usually made of wear-resistant hardwoods like oak and maple, whereas the risers and stringers are made of any reasonable hardwood like oak, maple or Douglas fir

8.4.2 Proportioning of Stairs: BOCA National Building Code specifies: (a) Stairs within a residence to have a minimum width of 36”, maximum riser height of 7 3/4”, minimum tread width of 10” and a minimum headroom of 6’8”; (b) Nonresidential stair with a occupancy load of 50 persons or fewer to have a minimum width of 36”, maximum riser height of 7”, minimum tread depth of 11” and minimum headroom of 6’8”; and (c) Nonresidential stair, with a occupancy load greater than 50 persons: Minimum width of 44”, maximum height of 7”, minimum tread depth of 11” and a minimum headroom of 6’8”

8.4.3 The Design Formula is (2R + T) = 25” for indoors and (2R + T) = 26 or 27” for outdoors