6.0 getting started english edition

Simulation System SIMPLORER® 6.0

Getting Started

English Edition

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SIMPLORER 6.0 — Getting Started III

Printing History

New editions of this manual include material updated since the previous edition. The manual printing date, indicating the manual’s current edition, changes when a new edition is printed. Minor corrections and updates incorporated at reprint do not cause the date to change.

Edition Date Software Revision1 June 1998 4.0

2 January 1999 4.1

3 January 2000 4.2

4 December 2001 5.0

5 October 2002 6.0

SIMPLORER 6.0 — Getting Started V

Welcome

Welcome to the SIMPLORER Simulation Center, the integrated simulator for complex technical systems. Whether you are a beginner or an experi-enced professional, SIMPLORER’s comprehensive suite of tools gives you expert and reliable results in very little time.

You can create related simulation models quickly, process simulations ac-curately and reliably, present and arrange the results with powerful post-processors. You can also export the simulation data and presentations to other applications.

This Getting Started manual illustrates the most important basic functions for SIMPLORER: starting the program, creating models, running simula-tions, modifying and importing simulation results. Finally, important sys-tem quantities, conventions, and commands are compiled in the appendix. SIMPLORER is continuously being developed, and new functions are add-ed regularly; hence, there may be slight inconsistencies in the documentation.

SIMPLORER 6.0 — Getting Started VII

Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Starting the Simulation System SIMPLORER 4

3 3-Phase Rectifier with Resistive/Inductive Load 9

4 Hysteresis Current-Controlled DC Motor Start-Up 184.1 Controller Modeling Using Block Diagram 224.2 Controller Modeling Using State Graph 26

5 Current and Speed Controlled DC Motor 31

6 Using Device Level Semiconductors for Modeling 38

7 Variants of PWM Modeling 447.1 PWM Modeling with Equations 457.2 PWM Modeling with Equations and Time Function 497.3 PWM Modeling with State Graph 517.4 PWM Modeling with Block Diagram 54

8 Representation and Layout of a Model Sheet 58

9 New Features in Version 6.0 62

Appendix 67

Index 75

5

VIII General Description of Content

General Description of Content

Introduction

This chapter describes the general procedure for solving a simulation problem, lists general hints for using this manual, and explains how to install SIMPLORER.

Starting the Simulation System SIMPLORER

This chapter describes how to start SIMPLORER, create user names, create projects, and start the Schematic application. It also provides a brief overview of the Schematic operating envi-ronment.

3-Phase Rectifier with Resistive/Inductive Load

This chapter describes a three-phase power supply and a rectifier bridge with resistive/induc-tive load.

Hysteresis Current-Controlled DC Motor Start-Up

In this chapter, the example from chapter 3 is slightly modified. The resistive/inductive load is replaced with a real machine model (DC permanent excited).

This example describes the modeling of a current controlled DC motor start-up. The controller is modeled in two different ways: With a block diagram and state graph components.

Current and Speed Controlled DC Motor

In this chapter the example from chapters 3 and 4 is extended further. The state graph/hys-teresis controller is replaced with a PI controller.

This example describes the modeling of a PI controlled DC motor start-up. Ideal semiconduc-tor components are used.

Using Device Level Semiconductors for Modeling

This chapter describes the modeling of a PI controlled DC motor start-up. Device level com-ponents are used for the freewheeling diode and the Chopper transistor.

Variants of PWM Modeling

This chapter describes the modeling of a PWM controller in four different ways: With Equations, with Equations and a Time Function, with State Graph components, and with a Block Diagram.

Representation and Layout of a Model Sheet

This chapter describes how the model sheet itself works, describing edit functions, displaying of names and parameters, setting layout and font, and arranging windows.

New Features in Version 6.0

This chapter provides a brief overview of the new features in SIMPLORER version 5.0.

Appendix

The Appendix provides tables with common modeling conventions, and lists the reference ar-row system and invalid configurations.

SIMPLORER 6.0 — Getting Started 11

1 Introduction

SIMPLORER is a simulation package for electric circuit simulation that allows you to easily and quickly model all the different components of your application. You can design models with electric and electronic facts; control and mechanical components; discontinuous pro-cesses; and controls with electric circuit, block diagram, and state graph components. The powerful simulation core guarantees high numerical stability and reliable simulation results. The simulation data can also be saved and processed in different forms.

Solving a modeling task with SIMPLORER consists of the four steps show below. If the prob-lem is complex and comprehensive, individual steps may need to be repeated.

The first chapter in this guide lists the system requirements and contains an installation guide for SIMPLORER. The remaining chapters contain step-by-step easy-to-understand examples demonstrating the most important modeling capabilities. Frequently used SIMPLORER con-ventions and action types are compiled in tables in the end.

About this Getting Started Manual

Manual Conventions

SIMPLORER is fully Windows compliant. The operation of the windows and the environment are consistent with the Windows standard and therefore are not described in this Getting Started Manual. If you have questions about Microsoft Windows, therefore, please consult your Windows documentation.

The following format conventions are used:

In many cases, clicking the right mouse button displays a shortcut menu with special object activities or properties. If you want to see the choices on the shortcut menu, click the right mouse button.

When you see the term mouse click, always use the left mouse button.

Create project Simulate Evaluate

Create model

Create project: A project is a file that contains the different files of a simulation task. The SSC Commander both creates and manages these project files.

Create model: A model is required to start a simulation. Use the graphical input tool Schematic or the SIMPLORER Text Editor to create a model.

Simulate: The simulator calculates the simulation model and sends the results to a display.

Evaluate: Simulator data can be evaluated and analyzed using the DAY Post Pro-cessor application.

<Apply> Button to confirm selection activity.

FILE>OPEN Menu sequence (command) to start an action.

«Properties» Text in menus and option fields.

2 Introduction

User Manual Symbols

Installing SIMPLORER

Hardware and Software Requirements

The values listed first are required for reliable SIMPLORER performance. Values in parenthe-ses are recommended for optimal performance.

Indicates an everyday tip, a helpful hint for using a feature.

Indicates important information – Please note!

Content signpostThis symbol marks detailed specifications of content at the beginning of chap-ters and sections.

Function sequences This symbol is placed at the beginning of instructions which describe the proce-dure for a complex task.

Reference guideThis symbol is placed at the beginning of lists and tables which contain com-plete summaries of menu commands and parameters.

Basic knowledgeThis symbol denotes general descriptions and keys to understanding program functions.

CPU: Pentium 400 MHz (1.4 GHz)

Memory: 256 MB

Hard disk: 2 GB

Operating system: Windows 2000/Windows NT 4.0/XP

Graphics card: VGA 800x600 (1024x768)

The complete installation requires approximately 300 MB of hard disk memory, and output-ting simulation data may require much more memory.

Before starting every installation, make certain that the hardware key is connected to the parallel printer port (LPTx) of your PC.

To install under Windows NT, you must log in as an administrator.

Basic Installation Procedure
1 Copy the license.dat file (usually on a separate floppy disk or in e-mail) for the purchased software on your PC.

2 Install the hardware key on the parallel port of the computer, if it is included with your in-stallation. The hardware key must always be installed when SIMPLORER is used.

3 Log in as Administrator for Windows NT/2000 systems. (Otherwise, you will see error -115 when files are being copied.)

4 Run the FLEXlm setup (once for the whole network, usually on the server or, on the single machine if you install a single machine version).

5 Run the SIMPLORER setup.

Starting Setup

1 Put the SIMPLORER CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive. The setup program starts automat-ically.

2 Click the <Installation> button.

3 Follow the instructions in the setup program.

If the setup program does not start automatically, use Windows Explorer to open the file Autorun.exe on the SIMPLORER installation disk.

See also the Ansoft PC Installation Guide for additional information and hints.

4 Starting the Simulation System SIMPLORER


SIMPLORER can be started like all Windows-Programs on the task bar in the desktop. The item in the task bar is created automatically during the SIMPLORER installation. If the default item was used, SIMPLORER is located in SIMPLORER6.0.

Starting SIMPLORER and Defining User Names

1 Start SIMPLORER on the Windows task bar. Click Start, and select the following entries: Start>Programs>SIMPLORER 6>Simplorer Simulation Center 6.0.

The SIMPLORER start-up screen appears on your screen.

2 Confirm the displayed user name which was created during setup.

SIMPLORER’s start-up screen

If you want to add a user name, enter the new user name in the name box. A special profile (directories, screen layout) is connected with each user name in the SIMPLORER program en-vironment.


3 Choose <OK> to start SIMPLORER. The SSC Commander and the Welcome screen ap-pears. The Welcome screen provides four ways to start working:

• Create a New Project• Create a New Simulation Model• Open an Existing Project• Open an Existing Simulation Model

4 Click on the button «Create a new project».

Creating a New Project and Starting SIMPLORER Schematic

The SSC Commander is the central communication unit of SIMPLORER. The applications, managed projects, and defined options for the program environment are all started here.

SIMPLORER Welcome Dialog


Creating a New Project

1 Define a name for the project file (SSC).

2 If desired, enter a project title; otherwise, leave this field blank.

3 Click on <Create> to define the new project.After a new project is created the SSC window appears, displaying the application list.

Define the project with <Create>

Enter a project title

Enter the name of the project file

Only one project can be open at a time.

Project name

Status bar Information and output Window

Slider

Application list

Starting Schematic
1 Select the name «Schematic» from the application list.

2 Double-click New File to start the application. Schematic opens with an empty sheet.

In SIMPLORER Schematic, you can create simulation models, process simulations, and dis-play simulation results. A variety of drawing components can be used to illustrate the simu-lation model.

Starting the application with a double-click

Select the entrySchematic

on New FileSchematic with an empty sheet

Your screen layout may be different from what is shown in the picture, depending on your VIEW menu settings.


The Schematic Main Window

From the SIMPLORER Schematic application, you can create simulation blocks, control the simulation process, and display simulation results. A variety of displays are available for data visualization.

The Schematic main window consists of the following elements, which you can show and hide with the VIEW menu commands:

Model Tree: Shows the installed libraries and components.

Object Browser: Shows all elements of a simulation model and their properties.

InformationWindow:

Shows messages from Schematic (Build), the Simulator, and the Com-piler, and displays the Simulation model in SML (simulation script).

Report Browser: Lists all components of a simulation model and their parameters.

Model tree with installed libraries

Sheet

Objectbrowser

Report Browser Available components

Status line

Information Window


3 3-Phase Rectifier with Resistive/Inductive Load

The figure below shows the Schematic sheet of the simulation model with the corresponding values of components: The three phase power supply, the rectifier bridge with static diodes and their characteristics, the smoothing capacitor, and the resistive/inductive load.

SIMPLORER functions you will use in this example:• Basic functions to work with SIMPLORER• Picking out SIMPLORER components from a library• Placing and arranging components• Connecting components on the sheet• Modeling with electric circuit components• Modeling time controlled sources• Using Display elements for displaying simulation results

Starting the Schematic Application

1 Start SIMPLORER on your PC.

2 Create a new project (PROJECT>NEW).

3 Launch Schematic in the SSC Commander.

4 Create a new Schematic sheet (FILE>NEW).

This example contains a three-phase power supply and a rectifier bridge with resistive/in-ductive load. For the input signals, time controlled voltage sources will be used. The di-odes, the capacitor, and the resistor are ideal components; the diodes are determined by an exponential function (their characteristic).


Placing and Arranging the Used Components on the Sheet

First, you need to place and arrange all components used in the simulation model on the sheet. The Model Agent embedded in the Schematic provides the library with the SIMPLOR-ER basic components, which are used for this example.

1 Choose the SIMPLORER model library Basics. Click once in the Model Agent window on the Basics tab. The window underneath shows the components of the library in a tree structure.

2 Place the component onto the sheet. Select the folder Circuit and then the folder Passive Elements from the model tree. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its con-tents. Select the component Resistor. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component onto the sheet, and release the mouse button.

3 Arrange the component on the sheet. Each selected component placed on the sheet can be moved with drag and drop, rotated with the R key, or flipped with the F key. A selected component is bordered by a broken red line. The F and R keys are available for all selected components on a sheet.

Activate the Basics

Open the Passive Elements folder

Drag the component onto the sheet

Open the Circuit folder

library

(The rotation point can be moved with the mouse pointer)

Rotate highlighted component around its rotation point (R key) Flip highlighted

component (F key)


4 Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all components used in this example are placed on the sheet, using the appropriate circuit component folders.

5 Place the ground nodes. Choose the CONNECT>GND menu command. The ground sym-bol will “stick to” the mouse pointer. Click on the sheet to define the ground symbol position.

The ground node is necessary for each separate circuit on a sheet. Please note the counting direction of components. The direction is marked by the red point or the plus sign at the sym-bol of electrical components. See also “SIMPLORER Reference Arrow System” on page 71.

All of the required components for this simulation model are now on the sheet. To connect the components, place them in appropriate positions. Also see the simulation model figure on page 9.

Connecting the Components

When all the components are arranged, you can connect them as required for this example.

1 Activate the wire mode. Choose the CONNECT>WIRE menu command. The cursor chang-es to cross wires.

2 Connect the components as required for the circuit. Place the cursor on the element pins and set the beginning, the corners, and the end of a wire with the mouse. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.

You can enlarge or reduce the size of components using the VIEW commands or the functions in the Zoom toolbar.

Defining Component Properties

All components that have been placed and connected still have their default parameter val-ues, as saved in the Basics model library. You must now assign the proper values for the com-ponents. Also see the simulation model figure on page 9.

Module Group ComponentCircuit Passive Elements Resistor 4x

Inductor 4x

Capacitor

Sources Voltage Source 3x

Semiconductor System level

Diode 6x

If you hold down the CTRL key while dragging a component, the component and all of its pa-rameters will be duplicated, allowing you to easily place components without using the mod-el tree.

Valid starting pointfor a connection

Invalid starting point

Correctly created connection

No connection


1 Define the parameters of the voltage sources. All sources are time controlled sine func-tion generators with a phase shift of 120 degrees to each other.

Double-click the first voltage source symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from E… to ET1. Select «Time Controlled», and leave the «Phase» value as it is at 0. Keep all other values at their defaults. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Double-click the second voltage source, and select «Time Controlled» again. Set the «Phase» to 120 degrees. Change the «Name» from E… to ET2 and click <OK> to apply the changes. Double-click the third voltage source, select again the «Time Controlled» option, and enter 240 for the «Phase» value. Change the «Name» from E… to ET3 and click <OK> to apply the changes.

2 Define the parameters of the phase resistors. Double-click the resistor symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from R… to R_A and the «Resis-tance» from 1k to 10m. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

3 Repeat this step for the resistors R_B and R_C.

4 Define the parameters of the phase inductors. Double-click the inductor symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from L… to L_A and the «Induc-tance» from 1m to 0.3m. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

5 Repeat this step for the inductors L_B and L_C.

6 Define the parameters of the diodes. All diodes are static models using an Exponential Function as characteristic. Double-click the diode symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from D… to D1…D6. Select «Type» and choose «Exponen-tial Function» from the list. Leave all characteristic values as they are and click <OK> to ap-ply the changes.

7 Repeat this step for all diodes.

This example uses diode models with a static characteristic curve. For most applications stat-ic semiconductor models supply sufficient simulation data. If turn on and off, losses, thermal analysis, and other properties are targets of your simulation, you need dynamic elements. However, many dynamic elements in a simulation model increase the simulation time.

Select

Enter the name

Choose «Sine»

«Time Controlled»

from the list

Enter the phase value


8 Define the parameters of the smoothing capacitor. Double-click the capacitor symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from C… to CD and the «Capacitance» from 1u to 1m. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

9 Define the parameters of the load resistor. Double-click the resistor symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from R… to R_LOAD and the «Resis-tance» from 1k to 1.2. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

10Define the parameters of the load inductor. Double-click the inductor symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from L… to L_LOAD and the «In-ductance» from 1m to 9.5m. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

All parameters of the simulation model now have the correct values. In the next step you must define the output quantities that will be displayed on the sheet. The table below lists all com-ponents of the simulation model and their parameter values.

Displaying Simulation Results with Display Elements

During a simulation several types of data are created. These data can be displayed on the screen by means of output definitions or saved in files. SIMPLORER Display Elements are dis-plays that show output quantities of a simulation model similar to the View Tool. These Ele-ments are located in the Display library and can be on the sheet like any other component.

1 Place and arrange 2D Display Elements. Choose the SIMPLORER model library Dis-plays. Click once in the Model Agent window on the Displays tab. The window underneath shows the elements of the library in a tree structure.

2 Place the element onto the sheet. Select the folder Displays from the model tree. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its contents. Select the element 2D View. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component to a free place onto the sheet, and release the mouse button. Place altogether three 2D View elements on the sheet.

3 Define the model outputs. Double-click the first 2D View symbol to open the property menu and set the outputs. Create new outputs for ET1.V, ET2.V and ET3.V and check the output box of these quantities. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Double-click the second 2D View element and select CD.V as the output by checking the out-put box. Repeat this step for the third 2D View element and define R_LOAD.I as output.

Name Type ParametersET1 Time controlled Amplitude [V]=326k; Frequency [Hz]=50; Delay [s]=0;

Phase=0, Angular Dimension=Degrees; Offset [V]=0; Periodical=Yes

ET2 Time controlled Amplitude [V]=326k; Frequency [Hz]=50; Delay [s]=0;Phase=120, Angular Dimension=Degrees; Offset [V]=0;Periodical=Yes

ET3 Time controlled Amplitude [V]=326k; Frequency [Hz]=50; Delay [s]=0;Phase=240, Angular Dimension=Degrees; Offset [V]=0;Periodical=Yes

R_A, R_B, R_C Linear Resistance [Ω]=10m

L_A, L_B, L_C Linear Inductance [H]=0.3m; Initial Current [A]=0

D1…D6 Exponential Function

Saturation Current [A]=1p; Thermal Voltage[V]=35m; Reverse Resistance[Ω]=100k

CD Linear Capacitance [F]=1m; Initial Voltage [V]=0

R_LOAD Linear Resistance [Ω]=1.2

L_LOAD Linear Inductance [H]=9.5m; Initial Current [A]=0


4 Define the representation of the Display Elements and the output quantities. Adapt the graphic size of Display Elements by dragging on the blue sizing handles with the mouse pointer and moving them to a suitable place. Change the color of the output quantities by clicking on the color box.

All online outputs for the simulation are defined. The quantities defined in the 2D View Ele-ments are displayed online during the simulation. When a Display Element is placed on the sheet, it is used for the output of simulation results.

Defining Simulation Parameters

Simulation parameters control the simulation process. The choice of simulation parameters is important for a successful simulation. There are general and circuit simulator parameters. The values obtained during a simulation provide valuable information about the quality of a sim-ulation result. Choose SIMULATION>PARAMETERS to define the simulation parameters. The pa-rameters, defined in the next steps, are used also for example 4 and 5.

1 Define the general simulation parameters. Choose the «TR» tab and change the default values for Simulation end time from 40m to 0.1, for Minimum time step from 10u to 1u, and for Maximum time step from 1m to 0.5m.

2 Define the circuit parameters. Change the default value for the Maximum number of It-erations from 40 to 20. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Select the simulation quantity of the X axis Click the “New entry” symbol to open the simulation quantity tree

Select the entry in the tree of output quantities Make the settings you want in the dialog

Select the DC.V for output and click <OK>

Saving the Sheet
1 Choose FILE>SAVE AS.

2 Select a filter, and enter a file name.

3 Click <OK>.

If a question “Do you want add the file to the project?” appears, click <Yes>.

Starting Simulation

Start the simulation with the SIMULATION>START menu command or the F12 key. The simu-lation model is compiled and calculated.


During the simulation run, the file name of the model is visible in the simulation toolbar, and symbols to stop and break the simulation are available. At the end of the simulation, the pro-gram remains open so that the simulation can be continued to a new simulation end time us-ing SIMULATION>CONTINUE.

After the simulation, the output quantities are displayed in the Display Elements on the sheet. Default outputs are also saved in a .sdb file (SIMPLORER Database) so that you can open and edit the simulation results with the DAY Post Processor.

Simulation Results

The three Display Elements on the sheet display the results of the simulation on the sheet. See also “Displaying Simulation Results with Display Elements” on page 13.

• Voltages of the sources ET1.V, ET2.V, and ET3.V• Voltage of the smoothing capacitor CD.V• Current of the load resistor R_LOAD.I

The X- and Y axes are scaled automatically to the maximum extension of a displayed quantity. You can also add more quantities in a Display Element if you want. Double-click the property dialog of a Display Element and check the output of the corresponding quantities. The quan-tity is displayed immediately without new simulation.

Start simulation Stop Pause Continue

Simulation process indicator

Red: Simulation is running Green: No running simulation

Simulator function menu

Model name

Used simulator


FFT of CD Capacitor Voltage

1 Start the DAY Post Processor. Choose the SIMULATION>DAY POST PROCESSOR menu command in the Schematic.

2 The .sdb result file (database) is automatically opened. Click <Finish> in the start di-alog. All simulation quantities are immediately displayed in a 2D graphic.

Voltages of

Voltage of the

the sources

smoothing capacitor

Current of the load resistor

D2 View with all quantitiessaved in the database


3 Separate the capacitor voltage. To separate the voltage of the capacitor, click on the 2D graphic with the right mouse button and select CD.V=f(model_name.sdb file path) from the list. Use the slider to scroll the list if this quantity is not in the visible area. Click on «Separate Window». The voltage CD.V is represented in its own window.

4 Apply the FFT analysis. Start the FFT analysis using ANALYSIS>FFT. Choose CD.V from the «Source» list, click on the button for graphic representation, and then <Calculate>. Click <Close> to return to the DAY Post Processor window.

The resulting transformation is displayed in a separate window as a table or a graph, depend-ing on your settings: «Table» or «Graphic» representation.

5 Choose FILE>SAVE AS to save the DAY representation. If a question “Do you want add the file to the project?” appears, click <Yes>.

Select «Separate window»

Choose CD.V from the list

2D View of the separated channel

Select «Edit Channel»

Table Representation Graphic Representation

You can open EXCEL files created from the DAY Post Processor (FILE>EXPORT SIMULATION RESULTS) with most versions of MS-EXCEL and create the corresponding graphics from the EXCEL table. Please note: EXCEL is able to load a maximum of 32,000 data sets.

18 Hysteresis Current-Controlled DC Motor Start-Up


The figure below shows the Schematic sheet of the simulation model with the corresponding values of components: The three phase power supply, the rectifier bridge with static diodes and their characteristics, the smoothing capacitor, the DC machine model, Chopper transis-tor, and freewheeling diode.

SIMPLORER functions you will use in this example:• Basic functions (selecting, placing, arranging, and connecting components)• Modeling with circuit and block components• Using Display Elements for displaying diode characteristics• Using pins for providing quantities on the sheet

In this chapter, the example from chapter 3 has been slightly modified. The resistive/in-ductive load is replaced with a real machine model (DC permanent excited). To design a simple current control machine model, the example is expanded with a 2 point hysteresis element, a Chopper transistor, and a freewheeling diode. The other parts of the circuit, the three-phase power supply with rectifier bridge, remain unchanged. In the second step, the controller is modeled with state graph components.

Deleting the Resistive/Inductive Load
First, you need to delete the components which are not used in the modified simulation mod-el. Instead of the resistive/inductive load, you will place a DC machine model with a free-wheeling diode and a chopper transistor.

1 Select the components. Select the resistor R_LOAD, hold down the SHIFT key, and select the inductor L_LOAD. Both components are highlighted now.

2 Delete the two components. Choose EDIT>CUT. The components are removed from the sheet. You can also press CTRL+X to delete components.

3 Delete the remains of the wires. Select the remains of the unused wires by holding down the SHIFT key. Press CTRL+X to remove the wires.

Saving the Sheet with a New Name


2 Select a filter and enter a new file name.

3 Click <OK>.


Placing and Arranging the New Components on the Sheet

First, you need to place and arrange the new components used in the extended simulation model. The Model Agent embedded in the Schematic provides the library with the SIMPLOR-ER basic components, which are used for this example.


2 Place the component onto the sheet. Select the folder Circuit and then the folder Elec-trical Machines from the model tree. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its contents. Select the component DC Permanent Magnet Excitation. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component onto the sheet, and release the mouse button.


Select and delete the components


4 Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all new components used in this example are placed on the sheet.

All of the required components for this simulation model are now on the sheet. To connect the components, you must place them in appropriate positions. Also see the simulation model fig-ure on page 18.

Connecting the New Components




Some pins for connecting are not available yet. Leave these connections out in this step. The connections are created later.

Defining DC Machine Values

1 Define component properties. Double-click the DC machine symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from DCMP1… to DCM and define the ma-chine parameters:

• «Armature Resistance» 1.2• «Armature Inductance» 9.5m• «Rotor Flux» 0.544• «Moment of Inertia» 4m

2 Make the parameter pin of the mechanical load and armature current IA available on the sheet. Click «Output/Display» tab and select the Armature Current IA [A], check the «Pin» box of the parameter, and choose «Name at Symbol» from the «Show» list box. Do the same for the Load Torque [Nm]. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Module Group ComponentCircuit Electrical Machines DC Permanent Magnet Excitation 1x

Semiconductor System level

Diode 1xBipolar Junction Transistor 1x

Blocks Signal Processing Two-point Element with Hysteresis 1x

Tools Equations Initial Values 1x

Select the «Pin» box

Choose «Name at Symbol»


3 Move the parameter pins to appropriate positions. You can move all pins displayed on the sheet within the predefined grid. Activate the moving pin mode with CONNECT>MOVE PIN or with the symbol in the toolbar. The mouse-pointer changes into a pointer with a four-head-ed arrow. Place the pointer on a component pin. If the pointer changes to a four-headed arrow drag the pin with pressed mouse button to the new place. Exit the move pin using <ESC>.

Defining Mechanical Load

The mechanical load of the machine model can be set in many different ways. The variant used in this example is based on an initial value component. A quantity defined within the block is connected with the load parameter of the machine component. This separation is use-ful when a value is used for different models on the sheet. Values in the ICA component is set only once at the simulation start.

1 Define a new entry within the initial value list. Double-click the ICA symbol to open the property menu. Create a new «Equation» entry with the symbols on the upper right side. Click in the name «Expression» field and enter LOAD:=0.

2 Make the parameter pin available for connecting with the DC machine pin. Choose «Output/Display» and check the «Pin» box of the parameter. Click <OK> to apply the changes. The new parameter is defined and its pin available for connecting with a quantity.

3 Connect the parameter pin of the initial value with the LOAD pin of the DC machine. Choose CONNECT>WIRE to activate the wire mode. The cursor changes to cross wires. Con-nect both pins by clicking them. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.

Symbol with Move pin area Activated move pin mode of the pointer

Move pin to a new position parameter pins

Parameters dialog Create a new entry Enter the expression

Check the «Pin» box

Parameters dialog

Connect the parameter pins


Freewheeling Diode

Define the parameters of the diode. Double-click the diode symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from D… to D7. Select «Type» and choose «Exponential Function» from the list. Leave all characteristic values as they are. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Chopper Transistor

The transistor turns on and off depending on the machine current IA. At the beginning the transistor is set on to start the process.

1 Define the parameters of the transistor. Double-click the transistor symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from BJT1 to TR. Select «Type» and choose «Exponential Function» from the list. Leave all characteristic values as they are.

2 Make the parameter pin of the control signal available on the sheet. Check the «Use Pin» box of the control the signal and click <OK> to apply the changes. Now you can connect the controller output signal directly with the input pin of the transistor. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

4.1 Controller Modeling Using Block Diagram

At first the current controller is designed with a two-point element with hysteresis. The block input signal is the current IA the output signal controls the Chopper transistor.

1 Define component properties of the Two-point Element. Double-click the symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from TPH1 to CONTR_OUT and define the parameters:

• «Threshold1» 17.5• «Threshold2» 22.5• «Value A1» 1• «Value A2» 0• «Initial Value» 1

2 Define the Block sample time. The smaller the block sample time, the more precise the current control of the machine. In this example, the system sample time is used, i.e., the block is calculated with the same sample time as the circuit models use. Choose «System» in the «Sample Time» list. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

3 Connect the output pin of the block with the input pin of the control signal of the Bi-polar junction transistor. Choose CONNECT>WIRE to activate the wire mode. The cursor changes to cross wires. Connect both pins by clicking them. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.

4 Connect the IA pin of the DC machine with the input of the hysteresis block. Choose CONNECT>WIRE to activate the wire mode. The cursor changes to cross wires. Connect both pins by clicking them. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.


All parameters of the modified simulation model now have the correct values. The table below lists all new components of the simulation model and their parameter values.

Modifying Display Elements

1 Define the model output DCM.N. Double-click the first 2D View symbol to open the prop-erty menu and change the outputs. Clear the output of ET1.V, ET2.V and ET3.V and check the output box of DCM.N. Select the «Presentation» tab and change the name to Speed. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

2 Define the model output DCM.IA. Double-click the second 2D View symbol to open the property menu and change the outputs. Clear the output of CD.V and check the output box of DCM.IA. Select the «Presentation» tab and change the name to Current. Click <OK> to ap-ply the changes.

Display Diode Characteristic

The Display Elements can also be used to display component characteristics. In this case the X axis is another quantity and not the simulation time T. In addition, the standard represen-tation mode must be changed to get separate points in the display.

1 Define the axes quantities. Double-click the third 2D View symbol to open the property menu and clear the output R_LOAD.I. Choose D1.V as the X axis value, and check the out-put box for D1.I to define the value of the Y axis.

To display an Y axes value, you can use the search function in the output dialog with the quantity tree. Type the name and qualifier in the «Find» field to pick a quantity out of the sim-ulation model.

Name Type ParametersDCM Armature Resistance [Ω]=1.2;

Armature Inductance[H]=9.5m, Rotor Flux [Vs]=0.544, Moment of Inertia [kg*m^2]=4m.

FML_INIT1 LOAD=0

D7 Exponential Function

Saturation Current [A]=1p; Thermal Voltage[V]=35m; Reverse Resistance[Ω]=100k

TR Exponential Function

Saturation Current [A]=1p; Thermal Voltage[V]=35m; Reverse Resistance[Ω]=100k; Control Signal=CONTR_OUT.VAL (pin)

CONTR_OUT Threshold 1=17.5; Threshold 2= 22.5; Value A1=1; Value A2=0, Initial Value=1; Sample Time=System, Input=DCM.IA

Set X axis value D1.V

Set Y axes value D1.I

Select «Other» for X axis

Search funtion on the output page


2 Define the representation mode of the characteristic. Click the «Settings» button of the Y axis quantity. Select «Pointed» from the «Type of Curve» pull-down list. To set a special marker, e.g. Circle, select a marker from the «Type of Marker» pull-down list. Click <OK> in the settings dialog to apply the changes.

3 Change the name of the Display Element. Select the «Presentation» tab and change the name to Characteristic. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Starting Simulation


During the simulation run, the file name of the model is visible in the simulation toolbar, and symbols to stop and break the simulation are available. At the end of the simulation, the pro-gram remains open, so that the simulation can be continued to a new simulation end time using SIMULATION>CONTINUE.

Select curve type Pointed

Select marker type Circle

Select the color of the characteristic

Simulation Results
Speed, Current

The Display Elements on the sheet display the simulation results for the machine current (DCM.IA) and speed (DCM.N). Depending on the current DCM.IA, the Two-point element with hysteresis controls the switching behavior of the chopper transistor. The speed for the DC mo-tor no-load starting approaches 2597 rpm.

Characteristic

The diode characteristic I=f(V) is represented in the display element after the simulation. To zoom details of the characteristic, you can either use the Extern View function or scale X- and Y axes of the display element.

The «Extern View» function displays the outputs of an Display Element in a separate window outside the model sheet. This presentation mode is started with the shortcut menu (right click on the Display Element) and select «Extern View».

To zoom the X-Y dimension, select any part within the Extern View Window (drag the mouse while holding the left mouse button). The selected area is zoomed (enlarged). You can reset the changes with the «Restore Graphic» shortcut menu command.

Current curve of the DC machine Start-up curve of the DC machine

Display Element Extern View


Another way to adapt X-Y coordinates is to define values for one or both axes manually. Dou-ble-click the 2D View symbol to open the property menu. Select the «X-Axis» tab, clear the «Automatic» box and set the minimum value to 0.55 and the maximum to 0.9. Change the Y-Axis values in the same way. Select the «Y-Axis» tab, and set the minimum value to -10m and the maximum to 0.1. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

The key combination CTRL+C copies the current Extern View window into the Windows clip-board as a META file. Applications such as MS WORD or COREL DRAW can open the META file (EDIT>PASTE SPECIAL) and edit certain parts of the graphic, such as curves, titles, or axis legends, as separate objects. This function is helpful if data presentations must be modified.

4.2 Controller Modeling Using State Graph

With SIMPLORER's state graph module, discontinuous processes can be modeled as event-oriented based on the Petri Net theory. The theoretical basis of the modeling is to divide a sys-tem into significant states and events, or transfers from one state to the other. The next step explains the modeling of the two-point hystereses controller of this example with state graph components.

First, place and arrange the state graph components used in the modified simulation model. The Model Agent embedded in the Schematic provides the library with the SIMPLORER basic components, which are used for this example.


2 Place the component onto the sheet. Select the folder States. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its contents. Select the component State 1 1. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component onto the sheet, and release the mouse button.

3 Arrange the component on the sheet. Each selected component placed on the sheet can be moved with drag-and-drop, rotated with the R key, or flipped with the F key. A selected component is bordered by a broken red line. The F and R keys are available for all selected components on a sheet.

4 Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all new components used in the state graph are placed on the sheet

X axis scaling Y axis scaling

Module Group ComponentStates State 11 2x

Transition 2x

Tools Equations Initial Values 1x


All of the required components for the state graph are now on the sheet. To connect the com-ponents, you must place them in appropriate positions. Also see the figure below.

Connecting the State Graph Components

When all of the state graph components are arranged, you can connect them as required for this example. Make certain to consider the direction of the transition components.



Defining Properties of State Graph Components

A process sequence can be considered as a sequence of states. The current state is called ac-tive. Switching the activity from state to its successor state is called an event. An event occurs only if all previous states are active, all following states are inactive, and the transfer condition in the form of a logical expression is true. At the beginning of the simulation, one state must be defined as active.

1 Define the parameters of the state ON. Double-click the state symbol to open the prop-erty menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from STATE… to ON. Create a new SET entry with the symbol on the upper right side. Enter CS:=1 in the «Value» field. This entry means that the variable CS (for control signal) is set to '1' if the state is active. Check the «Ac-tivate State» box to set the state “Active” at the beginning. A blue circle in the symbol indi-cates the state is active. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

During a simulation, the state markers "run" through the state graph, depending on the active states in the simulation process.

State graph controller

Create a new entry Choose the action type SET

Enter the assignment

Set the state active


2 Define the parameters of the state OFF. Double-click the state symbol to open the prop-erty menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from STATE… to OFF. Create a new SET entry with the symbol on the upper right side. Enter CS:=0 in the «Value» field. This entry means that the variable CS (for control signal) is set to '0' if the state is active. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

3 Define the parameters of the first transition. Double-click the transition symbol to open the property menu to define the transfer condition. Enter DCM.IA>=IUPR in the input field. This entry means that the condition becomes true if the machine current is greater or equal to IUPR. This variable is defined in the initial value condition. Click <OK> to apply the chang-es.

4 Define the parameters of the second transition. Double-click the transition symbol to open the property menu to define the transfer condition. Enter DCM.IA<=ILWR in the input field. This entry means that the condition becomes true if the machine current is lower or equal to ILWR. This variable is defined in the initial value condition. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

The “=” operator type forces the simulator to synchronize on the condition with the minimum time step. Because of the property the state graph works more precisely as the two-point hys-tereses component, but the processing time of the simulation is also longer.

5 Define the parameters of the initial value component. Double-click the symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Create four new entries with the symbol on the upper right side. Click in the «Expression» field and enter the name:=value corresponding to the picture. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Using Name References

To control the switching behavior of the transistor, you need to enter the control variable CS in the transistor dialog. Double-click the transistor symbol to open the property menu to define the control parameter.Clear the «Use Pin» box, and enter the control variable CS in the «Con-trol signal» field. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Create new entries

Define the expressions

Clear the

Enter the «Use Pin» box

control variable

Deactivating Components on the Sheet
With the Deactivating Comment function, you can deactivate separate components or parts of a model sheet for a simulation run. The components and all of their properties remain on the sheet, but the simulator ignores the deactivated components. The connection between the terminals is considered open. This function is especially helpful when simulation models must be tested with several elements and parameters. The Deactivate function is set with the ELEMENT>DON'T ADD TO SML menu command or the same command in the shortcut menu for the selected element. Deactivated components will be hatched; the hatch color can be mod-ified in the property dialog «Sheet» of the model sheet.

Select the hysteresis block and choose the ELEMENT>DON’T ADD TO SML menu command. The wires, connected with the machine model and transistor, remains on the sheet.

All parameters in the modified simulation model now have the correct values. The table below lists all new components of the simulation model and their parameter values.

Starting Simulation



Deactivated component

Unused wire

Name Type ParametersTR Exponential

FunctionSaturation Current [A]=1p; Thermal Voltage[V]=35m; Reverse Resistance[Ω]=100k; Control Signal=CS

CONTR_OUT Deactivated Threshold 1=17.5; Threshold 2= 22.5; Value A1=1; Value A2=0, Initial Value=1; Sample Time=System, In-put=DCM.IA

TRANS1 DCM.IA>=IUPR

TRANS2 DCM.IA<=ILWR

ON SET: CS:=1

OFF SET: CS:=0

FML_INIT2 IREF:=20; DELTA:=2.5; IUPR:=IREF+DELTA; ILWR:=IREF-DELTA


Simulation Results

The Display Elements on the sheet display the simulation results for the machine current (DCM.IA) and speed (DCM.N). Depending on the current, DCM.IA, the state graph controls the switching behavior of the chopper transistor.The speed for the DC motor no-load starting ap-proaches 2534 rpm.

The tolerance band of the state graph controller is more precisely than for the hysteresis con-troller. Because the “=” operator type in the state graph forces the simulator to synchronize on the condition with the minimum time step. To force a block to calculate more precisely, you can define a special sample time in the property dialog.

Current curve of the DC machine Start-up curve of the DC machine


5 Current and Speed Controlled DC Motor

The figure below shows the Schematic sheet of the simulation model with the corresponding values of components: The three phase power supply, the rectifier bridge with static diodes and their characteristics, the smoothing capacitor, and the PI controller.

SIMPLORER functions you will use in this example:• Basic functions (selecting, placing, arranging, and connecting components)• Modeling with block components• Examining Block Sequence• Using Pins for parameter transfer• Using Characteristic components• Using Display Elements to display simulation results

In this chapter the example from chapters 3 and 4 is extended further. The state graph/hys-teresis controller is replaced with a PI controller. The other parts of the circuit, the three-phase power supply with rectifier bridge, remain unchanged.


Deleting the State Graph

First, you need to delete the components that are not used in the modified simulation model. Instead of the state graph and hysteresis controller, you will place a PI controller consist of block diagram components.

1 Select components. Hold down the SHIFT key and select the state graph components, including FML_INIT1 and FML_INIT2, and the hysteresis component by clicking them. The components are highlighted now.

2 Delete the components. Choose the EDIT>CUT menu command. The components are re-moved from the sheet. You con also press the CTRL and at the same time the X key, which are the function key combination for this menu command.

3 Delete the remaining wires. Select the remains of the unused wires by holding down the SHIFT key. Press CTRL+X to remove the wires.



2 Select a filter, and enter a new file name.

3 Click <OK>.




2 Place the component onto the sheet. Select the folder Blocks and then the folder Con-tinuous Blocks from the model tree. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its contents. Select the component Gain. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component onto the sheet, and release the mouse button.

3 Arrange the component on the sheet. Each selected component placed on the sheet can be moved with drag-and-drop, rotated with the R key, or flipped with the F key. A selected component is bordered by a broken red line. The F and R keys are available for all selected components on a sheet.


Module Group ComponentBlocks Continuous Blocks Gain 2x

Integrator 1x

Source Blocks Constant Value

Signal Processing Limiter 1xSummation 3x

Tools Time Functions 2D Lookup Table






2 Connect the components as required for the controller. Place the cursor on the element pins and set the beginning, the corners, and the end of a wire with the mouse. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.


Defining Mechanical Load

The 2D lookup table (already placed on the sheet) allows the definition of wave forms from a set of fixed data points with linear interpolation between them (straight lines from point to point) or rectangular lines between them (two orthogonal lines from point to point, which are parallel to the coordinate axes).The X-values of the data-pairs must be monotonous rising. The last slope is effective for all values outside the X range. If you want to have a constant value outside the X-range, you need to define two data-pairs with the same Y-value at the end. In this example, the 2D Lookup Table is used to define the mechanical load of the DC machine.

1 Define the load characteristic. Double-click the component 2D lookup table symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from DATATPAIRS1 to LOAD. Choose «Without» from the interpolation list. Create three new entries with the sym-bol on the upper right side. Enter the values as shown in the figure below. Click <OK> to ap-ply the changes.

Enter values of load characteristic


2 Make the parameter pin available for connecting with the DC machine pin. Choose «Output/Display» and check the «Pin» box of the value. Click <OK> to apply the changes. The load characteristic is defined and its pin available for connecting with a quantity.

3 Connect the parameter pin of the characteristic with the load pin of the DC machine. Choose CONNECT>WIRE to activate the wire mode. The cursor changes to cross wires. Con-nect both pins by clicking them. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.

Modifying the Machine Parameters

1 Make the parameter pin of DCM.N (speed) available for connecting with the PI con-troller input. Double-click the component machine symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Choose «Output/Display» and check the «Pin» box of Rotor Speed. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

2 Connect the rotor speed pin of the DC machine with the input of N. Choose CON-NECT>WIRE to activate the wire mode. The cursor changes to cross wires. Connect both pins by clicking them. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.

Defining PI Controller

All components that have been placed and connected still have their default parameter val-ues, as saved in the Basics model library. You must now assign the proper values for the com-ponents. Also see the simulation model figure on page 31.

1 Define the parameters of the gain block. Double-click the gain block symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from Gain… to N. Enter -16.6667m as gain. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

2 Define the parameters of the constant block. Double-click the constant block symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from CONST1… to N_REF and the «Value» from 1 to 16.6667. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

3 Define the parameters of the second gain block. Double-click the gain block symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from GAIN… to P_GAIN and the «Gain» from 1 to 50. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

4 Define the parameters of the integrator block. Double-click the integrator block symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from INTG1… to I_GAIN and the «Integral Gain» from 1 to 20. The specification of ’0’ for upper and lower limit means there is no limitation. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

5 Define the parameters of the limiter block. Double-click the limiter symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from LIMIT1 to LIMITER and the «Upper Limit» from 0 to 20. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Connecting load characteristic with parameter pin


6 Define the parameters of the summation of machine current and limiter value. Dou-ble-click the summation symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Click in the «Sign» column of the current DCM.IA and select «Minus» from the list. The sign is applied to the input signal of the machine current. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

7 Modify the parameters of the hysteresis block. Double-click the symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Define the parameters:

• «Threshold1» -2.5• «Threshold2» 2.5• «Value A1» 0• «Value A2» 1• «Initial Value» 1.Click <OK> to apply the changes.

All parameters of the PI controller now have the correct values. The table below lists all com-ponents of the PI controller and their parameter values.

Change the sign of machine current

Name Output ParametersN SUM1 Gain=-16.6667m; Sample Time=System; Input=DCM.N

N_REF SUM1 Value=16.6667; Sample Time=System

SUM1 P_GAIN, I_GAIN Sample Time=System; Input[0]=N.VAL; INPUT[1]=N_REF.VAL

P_GAIN SUM2 Gain=50; Sample Time=System; Input=SUM1.VAL

I_GAIN SUM2 Integral Gain=20; Initial Value=0; Upper Limit=0; Lower Limit=0; Sample Time=System; Input=SUM1.VAL

SUM2 LIMITER Sample Time=System; Input[0]=P_GAIN.VAL; INPUT[1]=I_GAIN.VAL

LIMITER SUM3 Upper Limit=20; Lower Limit=0; Sample Time=System; Input=SUM2.VAL

SUM3 CONTR_OUT Sample Time=System; Input[0]=-DCM.IA; INPUT[1]=LIMITER.VAL

CONTR_OUT TR.CTRL Threshold 1=-2.5; Threshold 2= 2.5; Value A1=0; Value A2=1, Initial Value=1; Sample Time=System, Input=SUM3.VAL

LOAD DCM.LOAD TPERIO= 1; PHASE= 0; PERIO= 1; TDELAY= 0; FILE:= ""No. 1 x=0 y=1No. 2 x=0.075 y=10No. 3 x=0.1 y=10


Modifying Display Elements

1 Delete two Display Elements. Hold down the SHIFT key and select Display Elements by clicking them. The components are highlighted now. Choose the EDIT>CUT menu command and the displays are removed from the sheet.

2 Define the model outputs DCM.IA, DCM.N, LOAD.VAL. Double-click the remaining 2D View symbol to open the property menu and change the outputs. Check the «Channel» box of DCM.IA, DCM.N, and LOAD.VAL. Select the «Presentation» tab and change the name to Cur-rent Speed Load.Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Check the Block Sequence

The sequence of block computation can significantly influence the simulation result. You can change the block sequence with the SHEET>DETERMINE BLOCK SEQUENCE menu command.

Using Automatic Block Sorting

When the automatic Block sorting mode in SHEET>DETERMINE BLOCK SEQUENCE is active, the blocks are sorted after simulation begins according to their signal direction. If the automatic block sorting is active, the «Build» Info window displays a message after simulation begins.

Using Manual Block Sorting

To sort blocks manually, deactivate the option «Automatically on start simulation» in Sheet determine block sequence. Select <Interactive> and the current sequence is displayed in digits next to the blocks. The sequence can be changed by clicking the blocks in the desired sequence on the sheet or by arranging the block list in a new sequence in the dialog.

Starting Simulation



Simulation Results
The Display Element on the sheet displays the simulation results for the machine current (DCM.IA), speed (DCM.N), and the load. Depending on the current, DCM.IA, the controller con-trols the switching behavior of the chopper transistor.The speed for the DC motor no-load starting approaches 1000 rpm.

Speed

LoadCurrent

38 Using Device Level Semiconductors for Modeling


Static and Dynamic Components

For most applications, System level semiconductor components supply sufficient simulation data. However, if switching on and off, losses, thermal analysis, and other properties are tar-gets of your simulation, you need dynamic components (Semiconductor device level, Manu-facturers). Please note that a large number of dynamic components in a simulation model will increase the simulation time.

The figure below shows the Schematic sheet of the simulation model with the corresponding values of components, the three phase power supply, the rectifier bridge with static diodes and their characteristics, the smoothing capacitor, and the machine model dynamic NJT tran-sistor and freewheeling diode.

SIMPLORER functions you will use in this example:• Basic functions (selecting, placing, arranging, and connecting components)• Modeling with dynamic electric circuit components• Using Display Elements for displaying simulation results

This example describes the modeling of a PI controlled DC motor start-up. Differently from example 5, device level components are used for the freewheeling diode and Chopper tran-sistor.

Delete the Static Semiconductors
First, you need to delete the components that are not used in the modified simulation model. Unlike the state graph and hysteresis controller, a PI controller consist of block diagram com-ponents is placed.

1 Select components. Hold down the SHIFT key and select the diode and the transistor component by clicking them. The components are highlighted.

2 Delete the components. Choose the EDIT>CUT menu command. The components are re-moved from the sheet. You con also press the CTRL+X key, which are the function key com-bination for this menu command.

3 Delete the remaining wires. Select the remains of the unused wires by holding down the SHIFT key. Press CTRL+X to remove the wires.




3 Click <OK>.




2 Place the component onto the sheet. Select the folder Circuit and then the folder Sourc-es from the model tree. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its contents. Select the component Voltage Source. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component onto the sheet, and release the mouse button.




Module Group ComponentCircuit Sources Voltage Source 1x

Semiconductor Device level

Diode 1xNPN BJT 1x







Defining the Control Circuit

1 Make the parameter pin available for connecting with the controller output pin. Dou-ble-click the voltage source symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Check the «Pin» box of the value. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

2 Connect the parameter pin of the controller output with the value pin of the voltage source. Choose CONNECT>WIRE to activate the wire mode. The cursor changes to cross wires. Connect both pins by clicking them. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.

4 Move the parameter pins to appropriate positions. You can move all pins displayed on the sheet within the predefined grid. Activate the moving pin mode with CONNECT>MOVE PIN or with the symbol in the toolbar. The mouse-pointer changes into a pointer with a four-head-ed arrow. Place the pointer on a component pin. If the pointer changes to a four-headed arrow drag the pin with pressed mouse button to the new place. Exit the move pin using <ESC>.

Defining Diode Properties

The diode model is a modular model with definable simulation levels. Different simulation depths can be selected for the electrical and thermal behavior of the model.

You can define three simulation levels for both the electrical and thermal behavior. Each level combination has a certain set of parameters.

Define the parameters of the diode. Double-click the diode symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Select Electrical Behavoir Level 2. Change the Parasitic Inductance L from 1n to 10n, the Damping Factor DAMPING from 2 to 4, and the Effective Lifetime TAU from 10n to 50n. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Control circuit of the Chopper transistor

Defining Transistor Properties
The BJT model is a modular model with definable simulation levels. Different simulation depths can be selected for the electrical and thermal behavior of the model.

You can define two simulation levels for the electrical behavior and three for the thermal be-havior. Each level combination has a certain set of parameters.

Define the parameters of the transistor. Double-click the transistor symbol to open the prop-erty menu and set parameters. Select Electrical Behavoir Level 1 Change the Saturation Cur-rent ISAT0 from 1n to 100f and the Base Resistance RB from 1m to 33.Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Changing Limiter Properties

Change the parameters of the limiter. Double-click the limiter symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Upper Limit» from 20 to 40. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

All parameters of the simulation model now have the correct values. The table below lists all new or modified components and their parameter values.

Change the parameter values

Name Type/Level ParametersE1 Linear EMF Value:=CONTR_OUT.VAL (PIN)

DIODE61 Electrical 2Thermal 0

M0:=1.35, ISAT0:=1e-14, RB0:=1m, C0_JNCT:=30p, VDIFF_JNCT:=0.6, ALPHA_JNCT:=0.5, DELTA_JNCT:=0.5, TAU:=50n, DAMPING:=4, L:=10n, R1:=0.95, R2:=0.5, R3:=0.1, SF1:=2, SF2:=5, TEMPAMB:=THETA, TEMP0:=25.0, TEMPJNCT0:=THETA, VGAP:=1.1, VNOM:=1e3, INOM:=1e3, ALPHA_M:=0.0, ALPHA_RB:=0.0, ALPHA_TAU:=0.0, ALPHA_R2:=0.0, KAPPA_TAU:=0.0, KAPPA_R2:=0.0, SIGMA_TAU:=0.0, SIGMA_R2:=0.0, VBREAK:=1e6, IBREAK:=1e4, TEMPBREAK:=1e3, RFAULT:=1m, C_THERM_J:=1m, R_THERM_I:=1u, C_THERM_I:=10m, R_THERM_C:=1, C_THERM_AMB:=0.1, ALPHA_CONV:=10m, A_CONV:=10, SIGMA_RAD:=5.7e-12, A_RAD:=10, G_COND_AMB:=0




2 Place the element onto the sheet. Select the folder Displays from the model tree. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its contents. Select the element 2D View. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component to a free place onto the sheet, and release the mouse button.

3 Define the model outputs. Double-click the 2D View symbol to open the property menu to set the outputs. Look for NPN61.IC, and DIODE61.I and check the output box of these quantities. Select the «Presentation» tab and change the name to Diode and BJT Current. Click <OK> to apply the changes.


Simulation parameters control the simulation process. The choice of simulation parameters is important for a successful simulation. There are general and circuit simulator parameters. The values obtained during a simulation provide valuable information about the quality of a sim-ulation result. Choose SIMULATION>PARAMETERS to define the simulation parameters.

NPN61 Electrical 1Thermal 0

BN0:=0.25k, BI0:=5, VEARLY:=1k, M0:=1.4, ISAT0:=100f, RB0:=10m, M0_FWD:=1.35, ISAT0_FWD:=10f, RB0_FWD:=10m, LC:=1n, RC:=1m, LB:=0, RB:=33, LE:=0, RE:=0, TEM-PAMB:=THETA, TEMP0:=23, TEMPJNCT0:=THETA, VGAP:=1.11, VNOM:=10, INOM:=1, VBREAK_CE:=10k, VBREAK_BE:=10k, IBREAK_C:=1k, IBREAK_B:=1k, TEMPBREAK:=1k, RFAULT_CE:=1m, RFAULT_BE:=1m, C_THERM_J:=20m, R_THERM_I:=0.2, C_THERM_I:=50m, R_THERM_C:=0.5, C_THERM_AMB:=0.5, ALPHA_CONV:=10m, A_CONV:=10, SIGMA_RAD:=5.7p, A_RAD:=10, G_COND_AMB:=2, C0_BE:=1n, VDIFF_BE:=0.5, ALPHA_BE:=0.5, DELTA_BE:=0.1, C0_BC:=20p, VDIFF_BC:=0.5, ALPHA_BC:=0.5, DELTA_BC:=10m, C0_CE:=0.1n, VDIFF_CE:=0.5, ALPHA_CE:=0.5, DELTA_CE:=0.5, TAU_BE:=0.1u, TAU_BC:=0.1u, DAMPING:=2, ALPHA_BN:=0, ALPHA_BI:=0, ALPHA_VEARLY:=0, ALPHA_M:=0, ALPHA_ISAT:=0, ALPHA_RB:=0, ALPHA_M_FWD:=0, ALPHA_ISAT_FWD:=0, ALPHA_RB_FWD:=0, ALPHA_CBE:=0, ALPHA_CBC:=0, ALPHA_TAU_BE:=0, ALPHA_TAU_BC:=0

LIMITER Upper Limit:=40; Lower Limit:=0; Sample Time:=System;Input:=SUM2.VAL

CONTR_OUT Threshold 1=-2.5; Threshold 2= 2.5; Value A1=0; Value A2=10, Initial Value=1; Sample Time=System, Input=SUM3.VAL

Name Type/Level Parameters


1 Define the general simulation parameters. Choose the «TR» tab and change the values for Minimum time step from 1u to 5n, and for Maximum time step from 0.5m to 10u.

2 Define the circuit parameters. Change the integration method from «Trapez» to «Euler», and the value for the Maximum number of Iterations from 20 to 100. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Starting Simulation



Simulation Results

The Display Element on the sheet displays the simulation results for the machine current (DCM.IA), speed (DCM.N), and the load. Depending on the current, DCM.IA, the controller con-trols the switching behavior of the chopper transistor.The speed for the DC motor no-load starting approaches 1000 rpm. The results correspond to them in example 5.

The second 2D View displays the BJT and Diode Current at moment of switching of the new semiconductor components. To see the differences you must scale the display element.

Double-click the 2D View symbol to open the property menu. Select the «X-Axis» tab, clear the «Automatic» box and set the minimum value to 16.5998m and the maximum to 16.6002m. Change the Data format for displaying X axis values. The mantissa needs at least four num-bers after the decimal point to display the difference between the time steps.

Change the Y-Axis values. Select the «Y-Axis» tab, and set the minimum value to -40 and the maximum to 80. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Numbers after the decimal point

44 Variants of PWM Modeling


The figure below shows the Schematic sheet of the PWM controllers with the corresponding values of components. The sheet is separated into the following four modeling variants:

• Equation modeling• Equation and time function modeling• State graph modeling• Block diagram modeling

SIMPLORER functions you will use in this example:• Basic functions (selecting, placing, arranging, and connecting components)• Modeling with block components• Using Display Elements for displaying simulation results• Using equations• Defining block Sequence

A frequently used component in the power electronic applications is a PWM controller. The pulse-width modulation works with a constant frequency, variable impulse width, and a pulse duty factor.

SIMPLORER offers a variety of ways to generate a model of such kind of device. Beside the implementation of the internal circuit structure, behavioral models are increasingly impor-tant. They provide high simulation speed combined with sufficient accuracy.The following example contains PWM controllers described by different modeling possibilities of SIM-PLORER. All methods are included in one sheet so that you can easily compare slight dif-ferences between them.

Starting the Schematic Application
1 Start SIMPLORER on your PC.

2 Create a new project (PROJECT NEW).

3 Launch Schematic in the SSC Commander.

4 Create a new Schematic sheet (FILE>NEW).

7.1 PWM Modeling with Equations

The first variant describes the modeling of a PWM controller with the use of equations only. You can separate the description into the following steps:

• Initial value assignments• Triangle function• Real value output• Normed value output

Placing and Arranging the Components on the Sheet

First, you need to place and arrange the components used to define the equations. The Model Agent embedded in the Schematic provides the library with the SIMPLORER basic compo-nents, which are used for this example.


2 Place the components onto the sheet. Select the folder Tools and then the folder Equa-tions from the model tree. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its contents. Select the component Initial Values. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component onto the sheet, and release the mouse button. Select the component Equations and drag it onto the sheet.

All of the required components for this simulation model are now on the sheet.

PWM modeling using equations

Module Group ComponentTools Equations Initial Values 1x

Equations 1x



The initial values defined in this component are used in all modeling variants in this example. Values in the ICA component are set only once at the simulation start.

1 Define a new entry within the initial value list. Double-click the ICA symbol to open the property menu. Create a new «Equation» entry with the symbol on the upper right side. Click in the «Expression» field and enter FREQU:=10k.

Repeat this step until all initial values are defined: HI:=5, LO:=0 and DUTY:=0.8. At the end click <OK> to apply the changes.

2 Define a new entry within the equation list. Double-click the EQU symbol to open the property menu. Create a new «Equation» entry with the symbol on the upper right side. Click in the «Expression» field and enter TRIANG1:=1/PI*arccos(cos(2*PI*FREQU*T)).

3 Repeat this step until all equations are defined.

• EPWM1:=HI*(TRIANG1<DUTY)+LO*(TRIANG1>DUTY)• EPWM1_NORM:=TRIANG1<DUTYAt the end click <OK> to apply the changes.


The variables T and PI are used in the expressions describing the simulation model. T is a predefined variable, and PI a predefined constant.

• The simulator uses predefined variables for internal computation. One of them is the sim-ulation time T. You can use the variable (read only) in expressions.

• The simulator provides some natural and mathematical constants which can be used in mathematical expressions within component dialogs. One of them is PI.

In addition, some standard mathematical functions are used in the expressions. See also “Pre-defined Variables” on page 68 and “Standard Mathematical Functions” on page 70.

Parameters dialog Create a new entry Enter the expression

Name Calculation ParametersFML_INIT… FREQU:=10k; HI:=5; LO:=0; DUTY:=0.8

FML… Standard TRIANG1:=1/PI*arccos(cos(2*PI*FREQU*T)); EPWM2:=HI*(TRIANG2<DUTY)+LO*(TRIANG2>DUTY); EPWM2_NORM=TRIANG2<DUTY

During a simulation several types of data are created. These data can be displayed on the screen by means of output definitions or saved in files. SIMPLORER Display Elements are dis-plays that show output quantities of a simulation model similar to the View Tool. These Ele-ments are located in the Display library and can be placed on the sheet like any other component.



3 Define the model outputs. Double-click the first 2D View symbol to open the property menu to set the outputs. Check the output boxes for TRIANG1, EPWM1, EPWM1_NORM, and DU-TY. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

4 Define the representation of the Display Elements and the output quantities. Adapt the graphic size of Display Elements by dragging on the blue sizing handles with the mouse pointer and moving them to a suitable place. Change the color of the output quantities by clicking on the color box next to the check box within the 2D View property menu and select a new color.

5 Define the name of the Display Element. Select the «Presentation» tab, and enter the title from QuickGraph… to PWM1 View. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

All online outputs for the simulation are defined. The quantities defined in the 2D View Ele-ments are displayed online during the simulation. When a Display Element is placed on the sheet, it is used for the output of simulation results.


Simulation parameters control the simulation process. The choice of simulation parameters is important for a successful simulation. There are general and circuit simulator parameters. The values obtained during a simulation provide valuable information about the quality of a sim-ulation result. Choose SIMULATION>PARAMETERS to define the simulation parameters.

Define the general simulation parameters. Choose the «TR» tab and change the default val-ues for Simulation end time from 40m to 0.5m, for Minimum time step from 10u to 1n, and for Maximum time step from 1m to 1u.

Output definitions of 2D View Element


Saving the Sheet



3 Click <OK>.

Starting Simulation




Simulation Results

The Display Element on the sheet displays the simulation results for the triangle function (TRIANG1), duty value (DUTY), real PWM signal (PWM1) and normed PWM signal (PWM1_NORM). Depending on the value of DUTY the pulse width is larger or smaller.

Start simulation Stop Pause Continue

Simulation process indicator

Red: Simulation is running Green: No running simulation

Simulator function menu

Model name

Used simulator

EPWM1

EPWM1_NORM

TRIANG1 DUTY


7.2 PWM Modeling with Equations and Time Function

The second variant describes the modeling of a PWM controller with the use of equations and a time function only. The initial value assignments of the first example are also used in this example. You can separate the description into the following steps:

• Initial value assignments• Triangle function component• Real value output• Normed value output


First, you need to place and arrange the components used to define the time function and equations. The Model Agent embedded in the Schematic provides the library with the SIM-PLORER basic components, which are used for this example.

1 Choose the SIMPLORER model library Basics. Click once in the Model Agent window on the Basics tab. The window underneath shows the components of the library in a tree struc-ture.

2 Place the components onto the sheet. Select the folder Tools and then the folder Time Functions from the model tree. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its con-tents. Select the component Triangular Wave. Hold the mouse button down, drag the compo-nent onto the sheet, and release the mouse button. Select the folder Equations and drag the Equation component onto the sheet.

All of the required components for this simulation model are now on the sheet. In this example it is unnecessary to connect the components because references will be created using com-ponent and parameter names.


1 Define the parameters of the triangular wave function. Double-click the symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from TRIANG… to TRIANG2 and define the parameters: Amplitude 0.5, Frequency FREQU, and Offset 0.5.

Module Group ComponentTools Time Functions Triangular Wave 1x

Equations Equations 1x

Triangular wave component parameters

Automatically filled


The <Show> function does not work in this case because of the variable FREQU. Only num-bers can be interpreted of the display function.

2 Clear the output pin. Click «Output/Display» tab and select Value and clear the «Pin» box. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

You can also leave the output pin visible, but the pin is not used in the simulation model.

3 Define a new entry within the equation list. Double-click the EQU symbol to open the property menu. Create a new «Equation» entry with the symbol on the upper right side. Click in the «Expression» field and enter TRIANG2:=HI*(TRIANG2<DUTY)+LO*(TRIANG2>DU-TY).

4 Repeat this step for EPWM2:=EPWM2_NORM:=TRIANG2<DUTY

At the end click <OK> to apply the changes.





3 Define the model outputs. Double-click the first 2D View symbol to open the property menu to set the outputs. Chech the output boxes for TRIANG2.VAL, EPWM2, EPWM2_NORM, and DUTY.

4 Define the name of the Display Element. Select the «Presentation» tab and enter the title from QuickGraph… to PWM2 View. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

Name Calculation ParametersTRIANG2 Amplitude=1; Frequency [Hz]=FREQU; Delay [s]=0;


FML… Standard EPWM2:=HI*(TRIANG2<DUTY)+LO*(TRIANG2>DUTY); EPWM2_NORM=TRIANG2<DUTY


7.3 PWM Modeling with State Graph

The variant describes the modeling of a PWM controller with the use of a state graph. You can separate the description in the following steps:

• Initial value assignments• State graph definition with real and normed value output


With SIMPLORER's state graph module, discontinuous processes can be modeled as event-oriented based on the Petri Net theory. The theoretical basis of the modeling is to divide a sys-tem into: significant states and events, or transfers from one state to the other. The next step explains the modeling of the PWM controller of this example with state graph components.

First, place and arrange the state graph components used in the modified simulation model. The Model Agent embedded in the Schematic provides the library with the SIMPLORER basic components, which are used for this example.


2 Place the component onto the sheet. Select the folder States. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its contents. Select the component State 1 1. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component onto the sheet, and release the mouse button.


4 Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all new components used in the state graph are placed on the sheet

All of the required components for the state graph are now on the sheet. To connect the com-ponents, you must place them in appropriate positions. Also see the simulation model figure above.

PWM modeling using state graph


States State 11 2x

Transition 2x


Connecting the State Graph Components

When all the state graph components are arranged, you can connect them as required for this example. Please consider the direction of the transition components.





A process sequence can be considered as a sequence of states. The current state is called ac-tive. Switching the activity from states to their successor states is called an event. An event occurs only if all previous states are active, all following states are inactive and the transfer condition in the form of a logical expression is true. At the beginning of the simulation, one state must be defined as active.

1 Define the parameters of the state OFF. Double-click the state symbol to open the prop-erty menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from STATE… to OFF. Create a new SET entry with the symbol on the upper right side. Enter EPWM3:=LO in the «Value» field. This entry means, the variable EPWM3 is set to the value of LO if the state is active. Create another SET entry and enter EPWM3_NROM:=0 in the «Value» field. Check the «Activate State» box to set the state “Active” at the beginning. A blue circle in the symbol indicates the state is active. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

2 Define the parameters of the state ON. Double-click the state symbol to open the prop-erty menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from STATE… to ON. Create a new SET entry with the symbol on the upper right side. Enter EPWM3:=HI in the «Value» field. This entry means, the variable EPWM3 is set to the value of HI if the state is active. Create another SET entry and enter EPWM3_NROM:=1 in the «Value» field. Click <OK> to apply the chang-es.

Create a new entry Choose the action type SET

Enter the assignment

Set the state active


3 Define the parameters of the first transition (TRANS1). Double-click the transition symbol to open the property menu to define the transfer condition. Enter TRIANG3>DUTY in the input field. This entry means, the condition becomes true if the value of the triangular function is lower than the DUTY value. This variable is defined in the initial value condition. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

4 Define the parameters of the second transition (TRANS2). Double-click the transition symbol to open the property menu to define the transfer condition. Enter TRIANG3<DUTY in the input field. This entry means, the condition becomes true if the value of the triangular function is lower than the DUTY value. This variable is defined in the initial value condition. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

5 Define the parameters of the triangular wave function. Double-click the symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from TRIANG… to TRIANG3 and define the parameters: Amplitude 0.5, Frequency FREQU, and Offset 0.5. The <Show> function does not work in this case because of the variable FREQU. Only numbers can be interpreted of the display function.

6 Clear the output pin. Click «Output/Display» tab and select the entry Value and clear the «Pin» box. Click <OK> to apply the changes.





3 Define the model outputs. Double-click the first 2D View symbol to open the property menu to set the outputs. Look for TRIANG3.VAL, EPWM3, EPWM3_NORM, and DUTY. Check the «Channel» box of these quantities.


Name ParametersTRIANG3 Amplitude=1; Frequency [Hz]=FREQU; Delay [s]=0;


OFF SET: EPWM3:=LO; SET: EPWM3_NORM:=LO

ON SET: EPWM3:=HI; SET: EPWM3_NORM:=HI

TRANS1 TRIANG3<DUTY

TRANS2 TRIANG3>DUTY


7.4 PWM Modeling with Block Diagram

This variant describes the modeling of a PWM controller with the use of a block diagram. A simple pulse-width modulator is a comparator with two input signals: One input is the trian-gular wave and the other is the modulation signal. The comparator compares the two signals and provides an output signal that is proportional to the modulation signal. You can separate the description into the following steps:

• Initial value assignments• Triangular Wave Component• Block Diagram definition with real and normed value output



1 Choose the SIMPLORER model library Basics. Click once in the Model Agent window on the Basics tab. The window underneath shows the components of the library in a tree struc-ture.

2 Place the component onto the sheet. Select the folder Blocks and then the folder Contin-uous Blocks from the model tree. Click on the “+” symbol to open the folder and display its contents. Select the component Gain. Hold the mouse button down, drag the component onto the sheet, and release the mouse button.



All of the required components for this simulation model are now on the sheet. To connect the components, you must place them in appropriate positions.Also see the simulation model fig-ure above.

PWM modeling using block diagram


Blocks Source Blocks Constant Value 1x

Signal Processing Summation 1xComparator 2x

Connecting the Block Diagram Components
When all the state graph components are arranged, you can connect them as required for this example. Please consider the direction of the transition components.


2 Connect the components as required for the model. Place the cursor on the element pins and set the beginning, the corners, and the end of a wire with the mouse. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.



1 Define the parameters of the triangular wave function. Double-click the symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Name» from TRIANG… to TRIANG4 and define the parameters: Amplitude 0.5, Frequency FREQU, and Offset 0.5. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

2 Define the parameters of the constant block. Double-click the constant block symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Change the «Value» from 1 to DUTY. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

3 Define the parameters of the summation of triangular wave and constant value. Dou-ble-click the summation symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Click in the «Sign» column of the triangular wave function TRANG4.VAL and select «Minus» from the list. The sign is applied to the input signal of the wave. Click <OK> to apply the changes.

4 Modify the parameters of the first comparator (EPWM4). Double-click the symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Define the parameters:

• «Threshold» 0• «Value A1» LO• «Value A2» HI. 5 Clear the output pin. Click «Output/Display» tab and select the entry Value and clear the «Pin» box. Click <OK> to apply the changes.


6 Modify the parameters of the second comparator (EPWM4_NORM). Double-click the symbol to open the property menu and set parameters. Define the parameters:

• «Threshold» 0• «Value A1» 0• «Value A2» 1


7 Clear the output pin. Click «Output/Display» tab, and select the entry Value and clear the «Pin» box. Click <OK> to apply the changes.





3 Define the model outputs. Double-click the first 2D View symbol to open the property menu to set the outputs. Look for TRIANG4.VAL, EPWM4.VAL and EPWM4_NORM.VAL, and DUTY check the «Channel» box of these quantities.


Starting Simulation




Name Output ParametersTRIANG4 Amplitude=1; Frequency [Hz]=FREQU; Delay [s]=0;


DUTY System CONST:=DUTY

SUM1 System INPUT[0]:= -TRINAG4.VAL; INPUT[1]:= DUTY.VAL

EPWM4 System Threshold:=0; Value A1:=LO; Value A2:=HI; INPUT:=SUM1.VAL

EPWM4_NORM System Threshold:=0; Value A1:=0; Value A2:=1; INPUT:=SUM1.VAL

Simulation Results
The Display Elements on the sheet displays the simulation results for the each PWM model: Triangle function, duty value, real PWM signal, and normed PWM signal. Depending on the value of DUTY the pulse width is larger or smaller.

The results EPWM2 and EPWM2_NORM are delayed by one simulation step, compared to the other modeling variants, because of the simulators’s processing sequence. Equations are cal-culated before time functions (triangular wave), thus, the value of the function will be effective for equations one step later.

EPWM2 EPWM1,3,4

58 Representation and Layout of a Model Sheet


Standard Edit Functions

Through the functions on the EDIT menu, symbols on the toolbar, or hot keys, you can copy or cut elements from the model sheet and insert them at a new location on the same sheet or on another sheet. These functions (cut, copy) always apply to the selected elements.

Selecting Components

Components (SIMPLORER elements, connections, names, graphic objects, text) are selected by clicking on them with the mouse. A selected component is bordered by a broken red line. Several components can be selected simultaneously by pressing the SHIFT key and selecting each component. All components in an area can be selected by drawing a rectangle around the area. Place the mouse pointer at any corner of the area you want to select. Press and hold the mouse button, and drag the cursor to the opposite corner. The selection can be undone by clicking anywhere outside the selection.

Moving Components

Place the mouse pointer in the highlighted area and drag the selected components to a new position. All relations between the elements are retained.

Copying, Cutting, Deleting, and Inserting Components

Selected elements can be:

• copied CTRL+C• cut CTRL+X• deleted DEL

When a component has been copied or cut, it can be inserted on the same sheet or on another sheet using CTRL+V. You can also insert data copied into the clipboard for use in other Win-dows applications.

Displaying Names and Parameters of Components and Connections

Each component is defined by its name and its parameters. The Schematic attaches and dis-plays these specifications directly on the sheet. There are many possibilities for the represen-tation of names and parameters. Whether all the information can be displayed depends on the number of components and the size of the sheet. You can modify a sheet according to your personal preferences.

The following elements can be displayed:• Pin names• Component names• Parameters• Node names

Cut Copy

Insert

Displaying Node Names
For a selected connection, open the Properties menu with the right mouse button. The «La-bel» option activates the display of the node names.

Displaying Parameter and Pin Names

Within the «Output/Display» dialog in the property menu of the components (blocks, states), the format of the display can be supplemented. The «Show» column contains the settings for graphical output. The drop down menu with the items is opened with a mouse click in the «Show» field. The meaning of the options is shown in the figure above.

The «Complete» option means that all available outputs are displayed, as well as the infor-mation field.

Display the node name for a connection

If you cannot see the «Show» column, reduce the size of the first column by moving the slid-ers to the left.

Component name

Name

Pin names

Value Name:= Value Complete

Parameter names No display

Name at Name Symbol

Name Value Name:=Value Info Value Info


Setting the Display for all Components

The options in SHEET>PROPERTIES «Sheet» sets the sheet properties itself as well as the dis-plays for names and parameters of components. For parameter and pin names you can select «Show Never», «Show as in Library», or «Show Always». The settings are applied to just dropped components, not to components which are already on sheet.

In addition, you can change the settings of nature colors. Please note: You can only change the wiring color, not the color of component symbols.

The option «Use as Default» applies the settings defined in the dialog to all new model sheets.

Layout and Font

Each name element on the sheet has a properties menu that is opened with a right mouse click. The «Text» and «General» tabs show the options for color, font, and frame. The settings are available for the selected or for «For All» elements on the sheet. The «Use as Default» set-ting changes the default settings which are applied for all new elements placed on a sheet.

Windows Arrangement

Using Zoom Functions

The visible area of the model sheet can be changed with the VIEW commands or the corre-sponding functions in the Zoom toolbar. Especially for extensive sheets, you can access sep-arate areas more quickly with the VIEW commands.

GridScaleTool Tip Selection Color

Blind Out Color

Parameter displays Component (model) name

Pin name

Whole sheet

Selected Element in

Selective choice of Zoom-Window

Step-by-step zoom in Step-by-step zoom in

maximum size

and zoom out of an area

All elements of a Sheet in maximum size

(point zoom)

zoom outStep-by-step


The Point zoom function defines the zoom area with a mouse click. The zoom mode is started with a click on the symbol or the View Point zoom menu. The mouse pointer changes into a "magnifying glass." Every click with the left mouse button on the sheet zooms in (enlarges) the representation of elements; every click with the right mouse button zooms out (reduces). The ESC key finishes the zoom mode and the normal select mode is active again.

Turning Sheet Layers On or Off

Different layers of the sheet can be turned on or off using symbols on the toolbar or the menu commands. If you print the sheet, the print area is equal to the screen view. Layers that have been turned off are not printed.

Wiring Display Elements

Active wiring Drawing elements

62 New Features in Version 6.0


Revolution in Model Design

SIMPLORER 6.0 is a major advancement in modeling complex, multi-technology systems. The newly integrated VHDL-AMS simulator expands SIMPLORER's modeling capabilities dramatically. The new version adds several anlyses, such as small signal analysis and DC analysis. The simulation tool now stricly enforces a multi-domain approach for different phys-ical domains. A multitude of changes, improvements and additions revolutionize the model design and extend the application fields of SIMPLROER. The multi domain modeling features make it attractive for complex system designs typical of aerospace, automotive and drive sys-tems. Mechanics, hydraulics and thermal problems can be solved with traditional electrical designs without transformations into a specialized modeling language using analogies.

A large scale of new modelling features accelerate the modelling process and improve the clearness in the program environment. New model libraries for special engineering fields make the use of SIMPLORER familiar from the beginning.

New Components, Functions, and Modeling Features

Open VHDL-AMS Basic Components Library:

• The components in this library provide basic functionality in VHDL-AMS according to the IEEE 1076.1 (VHDL Analog and Mixed Signal Extensions Standard).

• VHDL-AMS basic components on the «AMS» tab in the folders Circuit, Blocks, Measure-ment, Tools, and Physical domains with the most common basic functionality of circuit components and blocks.

• VHDL-AMS digital components on the «Digital» tab in the folders Digital Sources, Counters, Flip-Flops, Latches, Logic Blocks, and Logic Gates with common basic func-tionality used for simple digital circuits.

• The provided components, modeled in VHDL-AMS, are open code and can be used to derive more advanced models.


SML Components:

• Basic multi domain components (fluidic, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal compo-nents) in SML as well as VHDL-AMS description.

• Automotive library, components suited for needs of the automotive industry.• Power Source, internal simulator component able to work as source or sink. • SPICE-compatible models including all diode and transistor models provided in Berkeley

SPICE 3f5, the lossy line model (LTRA), and the newest process-based MOSFET models (BSIM and EKV). The models support transient, AC, and DC analysis.

• Transformations components to connect different natures as well as data types.• Coordinate transformation components for machine modeling (Clarke, Park).• Interfaces to RMxprt and SPICE.

Modeling Features:

• AC and DC analysis for SML model descriptions (for circuits and block diagrams).• DC sweep function and DC values on sheet.• Bode and Nyquist plot Display Elements.• On sheet editor with syntax coloring and syntax check for text macros.• Using VHDL-AMS models in their original simulation language.• Using different data types.• Using real and imaginary part.• New mathematical functions: atan2(x,y) returns the arctangent of y/x.• New C interface.


New Schematic Features

• Direct sending of model sheets via E-mails.• Direct access to simulation quantities in submodels for output.• Sheet preview in file open dialog.• Nature coloring.• Nature dependent ground symbols.• Proportional resizable drawing elements.

Model Management

• SIMPLRORER Web-update function.• Model import from Web-database.• Import and export of VHDL-AMS components.• C model update with units, descriptions, and automatic parameter mapping.• Display of units, nature, and data type for all components.

Sending e-mails

Nature dependent ground symbols User-defined

nature colors

within the Schematic

C model update

SIMPLROER Web-update

Data Reduction
• Dynamic data reduction (percent of previous value).• Optimized reduction algorithm.• Suppressing default file outputs.

Output Concept

• Faster and easier output definition in simulation quantity trees.• Preselection of quantity types. • Waveforms can be added from file after the simulation has stopped.• Optimizing for .sdb files.

Suppress default file outputs

Defined online and offline outputs

Displayed quantity types

Model quantities

Search for quantities


Display Elements

• Bode Plot, new Display Element for AC analysis simulation results.• Nyquist Plot, new Display Element for AC analysis simulation results.• Digital Graph Element, new Display Element for VHDL-AMS needs.• Data from file source, new Display Element to include date from files.• Simplified definition of outputs in simulation quantity trees of Display Elements.• Display of real and imaginary part as well as vector formats.• Display of units in diagrams and digital views.

Bode Plot

Nyquist plot

2D Digital Graph Displays


Appendix

Names of Components and Variables

Names can be used along with circuit components, blocks, states, time functions, character-istics, and standard variables. Names may consist of letters, digits, and underscores and can have a maximum of 50 characters.

The following are not allowed as names:

• SML notation keywords• Simulation parameters• System variables

Unit Prefixes of Numeric Data

Numeric data can be entered in Schematic component dialogs and also in the Text Editor with the following extensions as units:

Vowel mutations (umlauts, e.g. ä, ö, ü) are not allowed. All names are case sensitive. The first character must always be a letter.

Prefix Value SML Examplestera 1012 E12 t TER 5e12, 5t, 5ter

giga 109 E9 g GIG 1.4e9, 1.4g, 1.4gig

mega 106 E6 MEG -1.4E6, -0.3meg, -0.3MEG

kilo 103 E3 k KIL 1000, 1e3, 1k, 1kil

milli 10-3 E-3 m MIL 0.0105, 1.05E-2, 10.5M, 10.5MIL

micro 10-6 E-6 u MIC 0.000005, 5e-6, 5u, 5mic

nano 10-9 E-9 n NAN 40E-9, 40n, 40nan

pico 10-12 E-12 p PIC 100E-12, 100P, 100PIC

femto 10-15 E-15 f FEM 9E-15, 9F, 9FEM

The comma is reserved for the separation of parameters in parameter lists. You can use only a period (dot) as a decimal point. "M" will be interpreted as 10-3, not as 106.

68 Appendix

SI Units

All units used from simulator immanent components are derived from SI Units system.

Qualifier of Parameters

A few components are characterized as different physical quantities. A resistor, for instance, is represented by the current and the voltage in the simulation. System variables may be ac-cessed through reading (to use the actual quantity in another module or to create an output) or writing (influencing quantities in other modules). Access is obtained in the following form:

Access to system variables is necessary for computations and outputs. The form and the num-ber of the qualifier depend on the corresponding component.

Predefined Variables

The simulator uses predefined variables for internal computation. If these variables are used in a model description, an error message or unexpected effects will result. All predefined vari-ables are case insensitive.

Quantity Unit Name SymbolLength Meters m

Mass Kilograms kg

Time Seconds s

El. current intensity Amperes A

Temperature Kelvins K

Voltage (derived SI unit) Volts V

Name.Qualifier

All qualifiers are case sensitive. You have to use capital letters for all of them, e.g. R.V not R.v

Predefined variables cannot be used for names in a model description.

System constants (read) F, T, H, PI, TRUE, FALSE, NULL, SECM.ITERAT, FSTEP

General simulation pa-rameters (read/write)

TEND, HMIN, HMAX, THETA, FSTART, FEND

SML keywords MODELDEF, PORT, VAR, STORE, SIMCFG, OUTCFG, RESULT, SIM-CTL, OUTCTL, RUN, INTERN, MODEL, UMODEL, COUPL, ELECTRI-CAL, MECHANICAL, REAL, INT, BIT, COMPLEX


Predefined Constants

The simulator provides some natural and mathematical constants which can be used in math-ematical expressions within component dialogs or SML descriptions. The table shows the available constants and their symbol for using in expressions.

Formulas and Expressions

Formulas consist of operands and operators. Operands can be any numerals or names. Oper-ators compare or assign a value.

X:=Y+Z; X,Y and Z are the operands and := and + are the operators.

Symbol Value Unit Description Variableπ 3.141592654 [/] PI MATH_PI

E 2.718281828 [/] Euler number MATH_E

ε0 8.85419 10-12 C²•Jm Permittivity of vacuum PHYS_E0

µ0 1.25664 10-06 T²m³/J Permeability of vacuum PHYS_MU0

kB 1.38066 10-23 J/K Boltzmann constant PHYS_K

e 1.60217733 10-19 C Elementary charge PHYS_Q

c 299 792 458 m/s Speed of light PHYS_C

g 9.80665 m/s² Acceleration due to gravity PHYS_G

h 6.6260755 10-34 Js Planck constant PHYS_H

ϑ -273.15 °C Absolute Zero PHYS_T0

Assignment operators := assignment

## delay operator combined with the action type DEL

Arithmetic operators * Multiplication

/ Division

+ Addition

– Subtraction

Comparison operators without synchroniza-tion

< lower than

> greater than

<> or >< Not equal

Comparison operators with synchronization

This operator type forces the simulator to synchronize on the con-dition with the minimum step width.

<= or =< lower than or equal

>= or => greater than or equal

= equal

Logic operators (must be surrounded by spaces)

AND Logical AND (conjunction)

OR Logical OR (disjunction)

NOT Logical NOT (negation)

70 Appendix

Standard Mathematical Functions

Mathematical functions consist of the function name and one or two arguments. An argument can be any number or variable name. An mathematical function applies the function, which it represents, to the argument(s).

r:=FCT(x,y),r:=FCT(z)

x, y, and z are arguments, z is a complex number, FCT is the function name, r is the result.

If the argument(s) are complex numbers (for example in an AC simulation), the functions RAD, DEG, DEGEL, MOD, INT, FRAC, LOOKUP consider only the real part.

Notation Description ExampleSIN(x) Sine, x[rad] SIN(PI/6)=0.5

COS(x) Cosine, x[rad] COS(2•PI/3)=-0.5

TAN(x) Tangent, x[rad] TAN(PI/4)=1

ARCSIN(x); ASIN(x) Arc sine [rad] ASIN(0.5)=0.524=PI/6

ARCCOS(x); ACOS(x) Arc cosine [rad] ACOS(0.5)=1.0471=PI/3

ARCTAN(x); ATAN(x) Arc tangent [rad] ATAN(1)=0.785=PI/4

ARCTAN2(x,y);ATAN2(x,y)

ATAN2=ATAN(y/x)

Arc tangent2 [rad]

r=0 if x=0 and y=0; −π ≤ r ≤ πATAN2(.25,1)=ATAN(4)=1.325

SINH(x) Sine hyperbola. SINH(1)=1.175

COSH(x) Cosine hyperbola. COSH(1)=1.543

TANH(x) Tangent hyperbola. TANH(1)=0.762

SQU(x) Square. SQU(16)=16²=256

X^Y Power. 74=2401

SQRT(x) Square root. SQRT(9)=²√9=3

ROOT(x,[y]), y=2 n-th Root. ROOT(27,3)=³√27=3

EXP(x) Exponential function. EXP(5)=e5=148.41

ABS(x) Absolute value. ABS(-8.5)=|-8.5|=8.5

LN(x) Natural logarithm. LN(3)=loge3=1.099

LOG(x[,y]); y=10 Common logarithm. LOG(7,4)=log47=1.403

INTEG(x) Integration of a variable from the function call until to the simulation end.

INTEG(var1)=∫var1 dx

RE(z) Real part RE(z)=5

IM(z) Imaginary part IM(z)=3

ARG(z) Argument of a complex number in radians.

ARG(z)=0.53

z=a+bi=r(cosϕ+i•sinϕ)=r•eiϕ

z=5+3i=5.83(cos30.96°+i•sin30.96°)

SGN(x) Sign dependent value (-1, 0, 1).

r=0 if z=0, 1 if Re(z)>0 or (Re(z)=0 and Im(z)>0), -1 otherwise.

SGN(3)=1; SIGN(0)=0;SIGN(-3)=-1


SIMPLORER Reference Arrow System

The counting direction of current and voltage is marked by the red point or the plus sign at the symbol of electrical components.

RAD(x) Conversion from degrees to radians. RAD(30)=PI/6=0.524

DEG(x) Conversion from radians to degrees. DEG(PI/2)=90°

DEGEL(x[,y]); y=1 Conversion from degrees electrical to seconds with respect to Hz.

DEGEL(180,50)=10ms

MOD(x,[y]); y=1 Modulus. MOD(370,60)=10

INT(x) Integer part of a value. INT(2.5)=2

FRAC(x) Fractional part of a value. FRAC(2.5)=0.5

LOOKUP(x,y)

x=Characteristic name

y=X value

Access function to a characteristic. LOOKUP(XY1.VAL,5)=Y value of the characteristic XY1 for the X value 5

IF (condition) var:=1;

[ ELSE IF (condition) var:=2;

ELSE var:=3; ]

If-Else function to perform opera-tions dependent on conditions.

The ELSE IF and ELSE statement can be omitted.

IF (t>=1) var:=1;

[ ELSE IF (t>=2) var:=2;

ELSE var:=3;

DB(x) Conversion to Decibel (Available in the DAY Post Processor only.)

DB(8)=20•log(8)=18.062

Notation Description Example

When entering these functions, do not leave any space between the function argument, e.g., SIN(x), and the open parenthesis mark.

If you define arguments for trigonometric functions, poles must be considered to avoid possi-ble errors during the simulation.

Voltage Sources Current Sources Passive Components

Elec

tric

al

Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter

Met

ers

N1 N2

Vi

+- EMFN1 N2

Vi

N1 N2

Vi

N1 N2

Vi=0

+ VN1 N2

V=0i

A NA1 NA2W+ NV1

NV2

iV

72 Appendix

Network Configurations

In SIMPLORER, only ammeters are allowed as controlling components for current controlled elements. These must be inserted properly in the controlling branch. If sources are part of mutula controlling sources in the circuit, stability problems may occur if the total gain of the loop is greater than or equal to one.

The following types of network configurations are invalid:

• Series connection of ideal current sources• Series connection of inductors and ideal current sources• Series connection of inductors with different initial values of current, I01≠I02• Series connection of an inductor with an initial current value and an opened ideal switch

or nonconducting system level semiconductor• Parallel connection of ideal voltage sources• Parallel connection of capacitors with ideal voltage sources• Parallel connection of capacitors with different initial values of voltage, V01≠V02• Meches which consist only of ideal sources (short-circuit)• Open-ended branches

Actions in States

Action Description Syntax in ValueCALC The variable is calculated at each simulation step and

each transition from one state to another.var1:=100*t

STEP The variable is calculated at each valid simulation step. var2:=2*t

CATI The variable is calculated outside the state graph and be-fore the calculation of the electric circuit.

var3:=sqrt(t)

SET The variable is calculated only once at the moment of acti-vation of the state.

var4:=2.5

DEL Sets a delay. The variable is set to false at the moment of activation and set to true after the delay time.

var##time [s]

delation##10m

DELRES Deletes a defined delay variable. del4

DIS The variable value (and moment) is displayed in the simu-lator status window.

Name.Qualifier

dc.n

TXT The given text string is displayed in the simulator status window.

"Text String"

"State waiting"

KEY Sets a mark in the state graph by pressing a key. <A>

STOP Interrupts the simulation (can be continued). No Parameters

BREAK Finishes the simulation. No Parameters

SAVE Saves the current simulation status in a status file. No Parameters


Basic Rules for the Proper Choice of Time Step

The proper choice of minimum and maximum integration step size is very important for suc-cessful processing of the simulation and for correct simulation results.

Therefore, the specification of the minimum and maximum integration step width involves a compromise. The basic rule of measurement “Not as precise as possible, but as precise as re-quired” is also valid for the simulation. A relatively large step width may be chosen “just to see what happens” if it causes no numeric errors. The following guidelines should help you to prevent elementary mistakes in choosing the proper integration step width.

• Select the smallest of each estimated maximum and minimum step size for your simula-tion model.

• If continuous systems are modeled by a block diagram, the determination of the control-ler sampling time involves a very similar procedure.

• All the values recommended above are based on numeric requirements and experience and do not guarantee a successful simulation. Please consider the algorithm as a guide-line.

The smaller the maximum integration step size, the more correct the results achieved will be, but the processing time of the simulation will also be longer.

Model properties Recommended What is the smallest time constant (τmin) of the electric circuit (R*C or L/R) or of the block diagram (PTn-elements)?

What is the largest time constant (τmax) of the electric circuit (R*C or L/R) or of the block diagram (PTn-elements)?

Which is the smallest cycle (Tmin) of oscillations that can be expected (natural frequencies of the system or oscillating time functions)?

Which is the largest cycle (Tmax) of oscillations that can be expected (natural frequencies of the system or oscillating time functions)?

What is the smallest controller sampling (TSmin)?

What is the fastest transient occurrence (TUmin) (edge changes of time functions)?

What is the time interval to be simulated (Tend)?

Hminτmin10

----------<

Hmaxτmax10

-----------<

HminTmin20

-----------<

HmaxTmax

20------------<

HminTSmin

5---------------

Hmax

<

TSmin=

HminTUmin

20----------------<

Hmax TEND50

-----------------<

74 Appendix

• In case of doubt, decrease the maximum and minimum step size by dividing by 10, repeat the simulation and compare the results. If the second set of results (with the step size decreased) shows conformity with the first results, then the step sizes chosen for the first simulation were appropriate (remember that smaller values increase the simulation time).

If the number of iterations is identical with the defined maximal value (NEWTON) during the simulation, the model may be incorrect. The simulation monitor displays the current number of iterations.


Index

Symbols^ (function) 70

AABS (function) 70ACOS (function) 70Action types 72ARCCOS (function) 70ARCSIN (function) 70ARCTAN (function) 70ARCTAN2 (function) 70ARG (function) 70Arithmetic operators 69Arranging components 10, 19, 32, 39, 45, 49, 51, 54Arrow system 71ASIN (function) 70Assignment operators 69ATAN (function) 70ATAN2 (function) 70Automatic block sorting 36

BBlock diagram

Hysteresis controller 22Modeling

PI controller 34Modeling PWM controller 54

Block sample time 22Block sequence 36BREAK (Action type) 72Button 1

CCALC (Action type) 72Capacitor 13CATI (Action type) 72Characteristic component 33Chopper transistor 22Comparator block 55Comparison operators 69Components

Connecting 11, 20, 27, 33, 40, 52, 55Copying, Cutting, Deleting and Inserting 58Deactivating 29Deleting 19, 32Moving 58Placing 10, 19, 32, 39, 45, 49, 51, 54Selecting 58

Connecting components 11, 20, 27, 33, 40, 52, 55Constant block 34, 55Control circuit 40Controller

Modeling using block diagram 22Modeling using state graph 26PI controller 34

COS (function) 70COSH (function) 70Current and speed controlled DC motor 31

DData Reduction 65DAY Post Processor 16DB (function) 71DC machine component 20Deactivating components on the sheet 29DEG (function) 71DEGEL (function) 71DEL (Action type) 72Deleting

Components 19, 32DELRES (Action type) 72Diode 12, 40

Characteristic 23DIS (Action type) 72Display elements 66Displaying

Diode characteristic 23Node names 59Parameter names 59Pin names 59Pins 20, 21, 22, 34, 40Simulation results 13, 42, 47, 50, 53, 56

EEdit Functions 58Equations 46, 50

Modeling PWM controller 45EXCEL format 17EXP (function) 70

FFFT 16Formulas and expressions 69FRAC (function) 71Freewheeling diode 22

76 Index

GGain block 34Getting Started

About 1Symbols 2

Graphic card 2Ground node 11

HHMAX 73HMIN 73Hysteresis block 22, 35Hysteresis current-controlled DC motor start-up 18

IIF (function) 71If-Else (function) 71IM (function) 70Inductor 12Info window 8Initial value component 21, 28, 46Installation 2

Basic Installation Procedure 3Hardware and Software requirements 2Operating systems 2

INT (function) 71INTEG (function) 70Integrator block 34

KKEY (Action type) 72

LLayers 61Layout and font 60Limiter block 34LN (function) 70LOG (function) 70Logical operators 69LOOKUP (function) 71

MManual block sorting 36Mechanical load

Characteristic 33Initial value 21

Menu sequence 1MOD (function) 71Model Agent 8Model Management 64

Model sheetRepresentation and layout 58

Modeling3-phase rectifier bridge 9Current and speed controlled DC motor 31Hysteresis controller 22, 26Hysteresis current-controlled DC motor start-up 18PWM controller 44With block diagram 22, 54With circuit components 9, 18, 31With device level components 38With state graph components 26, 51

ModifyingDisplay Elements 36

MovingComponents 58Pins 21

NNames

Displaying 58Restrictions 67

Network configurations 72New Components, Functions, and Modeling Features 62New features in version 6.0 62New Schematic Features 64Node names

Displaying 59Numeric data 67

OObject browser 8Operating systems 2Operators 69Output Concept 65

PParameter names

Displaying 58, 59Pentium 2PI (predefined constant) 46PI controller 34Pins

Displaying 20, 21, 22, 34, 40Displaying names 59Moving 21

Placing components 10, 19, 32, 39, 45, 49, 51, 54Predefined

Constants 46, 69Variables 46, 68

ProjectsCreating 6Titles 6


PropertiesState graph components 27

PWM ModelingModeling with block diagram 54With equations 45With equations and time function 49With state graph 51

QQualifier of parameters 68

RRAD (function) 71RE (function) 70Reference arrow system 71Report browser 8Resistor 12Revolution in Model Design 62ROOT (function) 70

SSAVE (Action type) 72Schematic

Main window 8Starting 7

SelectingComponents 58

SET (Action type) 72SGN (function) 70Shortcut menu 1SI units 68Sign (signal processing block components) 55SIMPLORER

Installing 2Reference arrow system 71Starting 4

Simulation parameters 14, 42, 47, 68Simulation results 13, 42, 47, 50, 53, 56

3-phase rectifier with resistive/inductive load 15Current and speed controlled DC motor 37Hysteresis current-controlled DC motor

start-up 25, 30Using device level semiconductors for modeling 43Variants of PWM modeling 48, 57

SIN (function) 70SINH (function) 70SML

Keywords 68SQRT (function) 70SQU (function) 70Standard mathematical functions 70

StartingSchematic 7Setup 3SIMPLORER 4Simulation 15

State component 27, 52State graph

Properties 27Static and dynamic components 38Static characteristic 12STEP (Action type) 72Step size 73STOP (Action type) 72Summation 35, 55System constants 68

TT 46T (simulation time) 46TAN (function) 70TANH (function) 70Text in menus 13-Phase Rectifier with resistive/inductive load 9Time function 49Transistor 22, 28, 41Transition component 28, 53Triangular wave function 49, 53, 55Two-point Element 22TXT (Action type) 72

UUnit prefixes 67User name 4Using device level semiconductors for modeling 38Using name references 28

VVariables

Names 67Predefined 68

Variants of PWM modeling 44Voltage source 12

WWindows 2000 2Windows arrangement 60Windows NT 4.0 2

ZZoom functions 60

78 Index

6.0 getting started english edition

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