6. chapter 4 health

CLD 20002 Occupational Safety & Health UniKL MICET

1

Chapter 4

MICET

Health

Universiti Kuala LumpurMalaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology

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CLD 20002 Occupational Safety & Health

2

Topic OutcomesIt is expected that students will be able to:

List the importance of health at work

Define the hazardous substances

List the effects of hazardous substances

Define the toxicology

List the danger of physical hazards

Define the environmental health

Understand the rules and regulations related to safety and health

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Content

4.0 Health4.1 Introduction to health aspects at work

4.2 Effects on hazardous substances

4.3 Introduction to toxicology

4.4 Introduction to physical hazard – noise, vibration

4.5 Introduction to environmental health

4.6 Awareness of regulation relating to safety and health

3

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Importance:

i. Productivity

ii. Contribute to sustainable development

iii. Employability

iv. Public health

4.1 Introduction to health aspects at work

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Chemicals and other substances that can affect health, causing illness or disease

Hazardous Substances

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i. Acids

ii. Caustic substances

iii. Disinfectants

iv. Glues

v. Heavy metals

vi. Paint

vii. Pesticides

viii.Petroleum products

ix. Solvents

Industrial Hazardous Substances

*Disinfectants are substances that

are applied to non-living objects

to destroy microorganisms that

are living on the objects eg. Dettol,

detergents

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i. Poisoning

ii. Nausea (feeling sick) and vomiting

iii. Headache

iv. Skin rashes, such as dermatitis*

v. Chemical burns

vi. Birth defects

vii.Disorders of the lung, kidney or liver

viii.Nervous system disorders.

4.2 Effect of Hazardous Substances

*itchy skin disorder

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Traditional definition of toxicology is "the science of poisons."

A more descriptive definition of toxicology is "the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms".

4.3 Introduction to Toxicology

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i. in many forms, from immediate death to subtle* changes not realized until months or years later.

ii. at various levels within the body,

iii. an organ, a type of cell, or a specific biochemical.

Adverse effects may occur:

*hard to notice

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Toxicology – Terminology & Definitions

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Anything that can produce an adverse biological effect. It may be chemical, physical, or biological in form.

For example:

chemical (such as cyanide) physical (such as radiation) biological (such as snake venom).

Toxicology Agent

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Entry Route Entry Organ Method of Control

IngestionMouth or stomach

Enforcement of rules on eating, drinking and smoking

InhalationMouth or

nose

Ventilation, respirators, hoods and other personal protective equipment

Injection Cuts in skinProper protective clothing

Dermal Absorption

SkinProper protective clothing

Toxicology – Entry Routes

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1. Form~ Cr3+ is relatively non-toxic whereas Cr6+ causes skin or nasal corrosion and lung cancer.

2. Innate** chemical activity~ Some can quickly damage cells causing immediate cell death. Others slowly interfere only with a cell's function.

Factors Influencing Toxicity

*Chromium (oxidation states +3 and +6)

is described with complex ions

with water, ammonia and chloride ion

**existing from the time a person or animal is born

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Toxicology – Dosage, dose-time relationship

(pain killer)

(something that relieves pain)

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3. Exposure route~ ingested chemicals, when absorbed from the intestine*, distribute first to the liver and may be immediately detoxified

~ inhaled toxicants immediately enter the general blood circulation and can distribute throughout the body prior to being detoxified by the liver

Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t

*usus

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4. Selective toxicity/Species

~ an insecticide* is lethal (cause death) to insects but relatively non-toxic to animals

~ antibiotics are selectively toxic to microorganisms while virtually non-toxic to humans


*An insecticide is a chemical used against insects

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5. Age ~ parathion* is more toxic to young animals~ nitrosamines** are more carcinogenic to

newborn or young animals

6. Sex~ male rats are 10 times more sensitive

than females to liver damage from DDT*~ female rats are twice as sensitive to

parathion as male rats


*methyl parathion is a chemical pesticide

** carcinogenic chemical compounds

*DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is an organochlorine insecticide

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7. Ability to be absorbed

~ ethanol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract* but poorly absorbed through the skin

~ organic mercury is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; inorganic lead sulfate is not


*The human gastrointestinal tract is the stomach and intestine,

sometimes including all the structures from the mouth to the anus

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8. Metabolism

~ Detoxification is the process by which a xenobiotic* is converted to a less toxic form

~ Bioactivities is the process by which a xenobiotic may be converted to more reactive or toxic forms.


*a chemical compound as a drug, pesticide, or carcinogen

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9. Distribution

~ Fat tissue, liver, kidney, and bone are the most common storage depots.

~ Blood serves as the main avenue for distribution. Lymph* also distributes some materials.


*Lymph is clear or white fluid that travels through vessels, moves

within tissues and work to keep all the parts of the body clean

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10. Site and rate of excretion* ~ The kidney is the primary excretory organ, followed by the gastrointestinal tract, and the lungs (for gases).

~ Impaired kidney function causes slower elimination of toxicants and increases their toxic potential.


*Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism and

other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism

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11. Presence of other chemicals ~ may decrease toxicity , add to toxicity

(additivity), or increase toxicity (synergism or potentiation) of some xenobiotics

~ alcohol may enhance the effect of many antihistamines and sedatives

~ antidotes function by antagonizing the toxicity of a poison (atropine counteracts poisoning by organophosphate insecticides)


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Toxicology Effects

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“NOISE”

4.4 Introduction to Physical Hazards

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Sound or Noise?

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is more than just a pain in the ear... it is harmful to your health.

Measuring unit – Decibel (dB)

Unwanted, bothersome or painful sound

What is Noise?

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Permissible Exposure Limit

Action level 85 dB

Continuous sound – should not more than 90dB

Impulse Noise should not more than 140 dB

1. A decibel (dB) is a unit of measurement of voltage or other intensity. 2. Abbreviation for DeciBels Adjusted, dBA is the noise power calculated in dB. The ‘A’ refers to what is known as the ‘A weighting’

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Noise Measuring Equipment

Sound Level Meters (SLM)

Continuous on-mobile sources

Noise Dosimeters

Mobile/variable noise sources

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The most common effect of noise:-

Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) TTS is defined as the hearing loss suffered as result of noise exposure.

Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS).

Tinnitus*

Communication Problems.

Effect of Noise

*Tinnitus is a term that describes any sound that a person can hear that comes

from inside the body rather than from an outside source

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NOISE CONTROL

Common City Sounds Decibels (dBA)quiet home 20normal talking 40ringing telephone 60air conditioner 75

*Sustained exposure to noise over 90 decibels can cause permanent hearing loss.

shoutingsubway train 100honking hornsjack hammersloud music 120jet take-off

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Noise dose exposure:

D = 100 [C1/T1 + C2/T2 +……..Cn/Tn ]

Note :C x is the total time of exposure at a specified noise levelTx is the total time permitted at the specified noise levelIf TWAN is greater than 1.0, the exposure exceeds the OSHA limits..

Time-weighted average noise (TWAN) ~ determine if exposures are exceeded:

TWAN = C1/T1 + C2/T2 +……..Cn/Tn

Effect of Noise…con’t

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The two factors that determine how hazardous noise is are:Intensity (Loudness) measured in dBATime of Exposure measured in Hours and Minutes

The louder the noise, the more hazardous it is. Also, the longer the exposure time, the more hazardous the noise is.

A “Noise Dose” combines both loudness and time and is a convenient way of describing the relative hazard of the noise.

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Allowable Noise exposure is based on Noise Dose.Noise Dose is expressed as a percentage of the allowable limit. How high it goes depends on both noise intensity and time of exposure to noise.

•Louder (More dBA) = More Noise Dose•Longer (More Time) = More Noise DoseAbsolute Quiet = 0% Noise Dose85 dBA for 8 Hrs = 50% Noise Dose90 dBA for 8 hrs = 100% Noise Dose95 dBA for 8 Hrs = 200% Noise Dose95 dBA for 12 Hrs = 300% Noise Dose

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Different combinations of Loudness and Time can produce the same Noise Dose. The following combinations can all produce about 75% Noise Dose.

84 dBA for 14 Hrs = 76% 85 dBA for 12 Hrs = 75% 87 dBA for 9 Hrs = 74% 88 dBA for 8 Hrs = 76% 93 dBA for 4 Hrs = 76% 95 dBA for 3 Hrs = 75% 98 dBA for 2 Hrs = 75%103 dBA for 1 Hr = 76%108 dBA for 30 Min = 76%113 dBA for 15 Min = 76%

Note: The above Noise Doses are based on using the 80 dBA (Low) threshold.

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Table 1 Safe Exposure TimeSound Level, dBA Permissible time, hours

80 32

85 16

90 8

95 4

100 2

105 1

110 0.5

115 0.25

120 0.125

125 0.063

130 0.031

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Table 2 Dose / Percentage Noise Exposure

% of Noise exposure (Dose)

*TWAN – 8 hours

25 80

50 85

100 90

200 95

400 100

*TWAN - Time Weighted Average Noise Levels shows a worker's daily exposure to occupational noise (normalized to an 8 hour day), taking into account the average levels of noise and the time spent in each area. This is the parameter that is used by the OSHA Regulations and is essential in assessing a workers exposure andwhat action should be taken

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Table 3 SCALE FOR COMBINING NOISE SOURCES

Difference between two decibel levels to be added (dB)

Amount to be added to larger level

to obtain decibel sum (dB)

0 3.0

1 2.6

2 2.1

3 1.8

4 1.4

5 1.2

6 1.0

7 0.8

8 0.6

9 0.5

10 0.4

11 0.3

12 0.2

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Noise Control

1, TWAN

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MACHINE NO NOISE LEVEL

1 86 dB

2 86 dB

3 82 dB

4 78 dB

A worker exposed to noise at a workstation that consist of four sources, resulted the following readings for various time periods during the 8-hour shift. Calculate the cumulative noise exposure for employee to determine whether the Action Levels and maximum Permissible Exposure Levels have been exceeded.

Tip: Use table 3 to estimate the differences in noise exposure. And table 1 to make decision whether the worker expose to noise below /exceed the PEL

TUTORIAL: Estimation of noise dose/ exposure

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Time A weighted sound level

8:00-10:00am 90 dBA

10:00-11:00am 95 dBA

11:00-12:30pm 75 dBA

12:30-1:30pm 85 dBA

1:30-2:00pm 95 dBA

2:00-4:00pm 90 dBA

A worker exposed to noise at a workstation, resulted the following readings for various time periods during the 8-hour shift. Calculate the cumulative noise exposure for employee to determine whether the Action Levels and maximum Permissible Exposure Levels (PEL) have been exceeded.

Tip: Use table 1 to estimate the percentages in noise exposure. And table 2 to make decision whether the worker expose to noise below /exceed the PEL

TUTORIAL: Estimation of noise dose/ exposure

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Attenuation* Method:

- Reducing sound intensity- Porous mediums, air, insulator- Used muffler or silencer

Noise Control

*the gradual loss in intensity or reduction of noise strength during transmission

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- modification or replacement of equipment, or related physical change at the noise source or along the transmission path that reduces the noise level at the employee's ear

- e.g: mufflers on heavy equipment exhausts or on air release valves

Noise Control…con’t

Engineering Control

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Muffler

Silencer

Engineering Control

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CLD 20002 Occupational Safety & HealthEngineering Control

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Attenuation Method

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“changes in the work schedule or operations which reduce noise exposure”Examples: Post signboard at the entrance to any work area where noise levels equal or exceed 85 dB Increasing the distance, rotation of jobs between workers in the high noise area Enforcement of the wearing of hearing protection in the designated areas using established disciplinary procedures

Administrative Control

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any device that can be worn to reduce the level of sound entering the ear where: greater than 85 dBA sound levels and/or; 120 dB peak sound pressure level or greater

Hearing protective devices (HPD)

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Premolded Earplugs

Earmuffs

Custom Molded Earplugs

Formable


http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062883/K=formable+earplugs/v=2/SID=w/l=IVI/*-http:/chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/hcp/images/HPD04.jpg


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Formable



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Good Fit Improper Fit


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i. Closely associated with noise hazards

ii. affects the hands, arms or whole body; if handle heavy equipment.

iii. Lead to motion sickness to spinal injury; called hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAV).

iv. May also produce injuries of the joints, of the hands, elbows and shoulders.

Vibration Hazard

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i. Limit the employee exposure ~ no more than 4 hours per day, two days per week.

ii. Use Low-vibration tools

iii. Change the employee work habits Wear properly fitted thick gloves that absorb vibration

Taking periodic breaks (recommended 10 minutes every hour)

Using vibration–absorbing floor mats & seat covers.

Keeping tools properly maintained (replacing vibration-absorbing pads regularly)

Using a loose grip on the tool & holding it away from the body

Control Measures for Vibration Hazard

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Two categories: Ionizing & Nonionizing

Ionizing Radiation Such as Ultraviolet (UV), x-rays and gamma ray

Adverse effects: genetic changes (broken bonds & damage DNA), cancer, leukemia, ulceration, etc and in extreme cases death

UV can affects the eyes and causing intense conjunctivitis (welder’s flash)

Symptoms are redness of the eyes and pain

Radiation Hazard

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Non-ionizing Radiation Non-ionizing radiation for common tasks:

microwave radiation telecommunications and heating food

infrared radiation infrared lamps to keep food warm in restaurants

radio waves broadcasting

source: microwave oven, AM radio, FM radio, TV

Adverse effects: Thermal ~ introduce high currents (heating)

Non-thermal ~ low currents

Photo chemical effect (optical) for IR

Radiation Hazard

AM~ amplitude modulation, FM ~ frequency modulation

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Poor illumination:

Eye strain, headache, eye pain, congestion around cornea and eye fatigue

Excessive brightness:

Discomfort, annoyance and visual fatigue

Intense direct glare*

Blurring of vision and lead to accidents

Light (Glare)

*Glare is difficulty seeing in the presence of bright light such as direct or reflected sunlight

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Operations on construction sites, heat from machines or processes ~ hot and uncomfortable.

Direct effects: o burns, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, heat

cramps*

Indirect effects: o decreased efficiency, increased fatigue,

enhanced accident rates

Heat

*Heat cramps are muscle spasms (contraction of a muscle) that result from loss

of large amount of salt and water through exercise

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Tired and less mentally alert. This increases the danger of accidents.

Sweat. The body produces sweat so the evaporation will cool you off. Sweating isn’t as effective if the air is very humid, because not as much sweat evaporates.

Heat rash ~ is a red or pink rash usually found on body areas covered by clothing

Sunburn. Sunburn can be painful and may even lead to skin cancer.

What signs and symptoms might you notice if your body is too hot?

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First symptom - heat cramps. Muscle pain or muscle spasms. Most common in the arms. Heat exhaustion can follow. Your whole body or circulatory system is extremely stressed. Some possible symptoms are: Pale, flushed face and neck Clammy skin Heavy sweating Fatigue Shortness of breath Headache, dizziness, Nausea and vomiting Rapid heartbeat and breathing

What does heat stress do to your body?

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Heat cramps — Stop work, drink fluids, and rest in a cool area. Drinking electrolyte solutions may also help.Heat exhaustion — Give first aid by moving the person to a cool place to rest. Remove as much clothing as possible. Give the person water. Drinking electrolyte solutions may also help. Don’t allow the person to get chilled, and treat for shock if necessary. Get medical help.Heat stroke — Call 999 to get an ambulance immediately. Immerse the person in cool water or ice.

What’s the best treatment for the different stages of heat stress?

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1. Assign strenuous* work during cooler parts of the day.

2. Give new hires who are not acclimatized lighter work during their first week.

3. Rotate workers in strenuous, hot jobs so no one is exposed too long.

4. Shield or enclose sources of heat (eg. furnaces) to minimize radiant heat.

What precaution do we need to take on the site to prevent heat stress?

*strenuous requires all your effort and strength, like a hard workout at the gym

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5. Provide water-cooled garments or ice-packet vests where necessary.

6. Keep first aid supplies and equipment available.

7. Drink a lot of cool water. You may need a quart an hour or more, depending on conditions. Drink even if you don’t feel thirsty.

8. Take frequent breaks in an air-conditioned or shaded area.

What precaution do we need to take on the site to prevent heat stress?

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The effects of cold on your body range all the way from numbness*, to the loss of a hand or foot, to hypothermia** and even death.

Cold

*Loss of

feeling

**abnormally low body temperature.

It can make you sleepy, confused and clumsy

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Outdoors on a cold day

In a refrigerated room

In an unheated building

During a vehicle breakdown

When working in cold water

When handling cold objects or materials.

When and where might you be exposed to extremely cold temperatures in work place?

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1. Dehydration.You can get dehydration from cold as easily as you can from heat.

2. Numbness (no sense, no feeling)Toes, ears, nose tip, and cheeks.

3. Shivering ( body shaking if with cold)This is the body’s way of trying to warm up.

4. Frostbite. Parts of your body freeze. The first warning sign may be a sharp, prickly sensation but if the affected body parts are already numb, you won’t feel anything. skin may turn another color (red, white, gray, purple, or black, depending on the severity), also peel off. Can get a permanent injury, like loss of a body part.

What are some effects of cold on your body?

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5.Immersion foot (trench foot). Skin is exposed to cold and dampness too long. The skin doesn’t actually freeze, but you can get swelling, itching, loss of skin, or skin ulcers.

6. Hypothermia.This is the most serious effect of cold. Your body can’t maintain its normal temperature (37 °C). Symptoms include low body temperature, violent shivering, slow or slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion, hallucinations, a weak and irregular pulse, or even unconsciousness. If not treated right away, you can die.

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Control temperature and wind when possible by using heaters and windbreaks.

Rotate workers in cold jobs so no one is exposed too long.

Keep first aid supplies and equipment available.

What precaution do we need to take on the site to protect against cold?

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Drink warm liquids—but not too much coffee. Soup and broth are better.

Take your breaks in a warm area (like a heated shed, trailer, or van).

What precaution do we need to take on the site to protect against cold?

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4.5 Introduction to Environmental Health

Environmental Health is the branch of public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health.

It refer to the discipline of environmental health include environmental public health and environmental health and protection.

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Environmental health addresses all human-health-related aspects of both the natural environment and the built environment. Environmental health concerns include:

1.Air quality, including both ambient outdoor air and indoor air quality, which also comprises concerns about environmental tobacco smoke.

2.Climate change and its effects on health.

3.Disaster preparedness and response. 4.Food safety, including in agriculture,

transportation, food processing, wholesale and retail distribution and sale.

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5. Hazardous materials management, including hazardous waste management, contaminated site remediation, the prevention of leaks from underground storage tanks and the prevention of hazardous materials releases to the environment and responses to emergency situations resulting from such releases.

6. Liquid waste disposal, including city wastewater treatment plants and on-site waste water disposal systems, such as septic tank systems and chemical toilets.

7. Medical waste management and disposal.

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8. Noise pollution control. 9. Occupational health and industrial hygiene. 10. Radiological health, including exposure to

ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive isotopes.

11. Safe drinking water. 12. Solid waste management, including landfills,

recycling facilities, composting and solid waste transfer stations.

13. Toxic chemical exposure whether in consumer products, housing, workplaces, air, water or soil.

14. Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches and other animals that may transmit pathogens.

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1. To achieve a sustainable basis for health

2. To ensure an environment that promotes health

3. To make individuals and organizations aware of their responsibility for health and its environmental basis.

Objectives of Environmental Health

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4. To achieve safe, sustainable and health-enhancing human environments, protected from biological, chemical and physical hazards, and secure from the adverse effects of global and local environmental threats.

5. To facilitate incorporation of effective healthdimensions into regional and global policies affecting health and environment, and into national development policies and action plans for environment and health, including legal and regulatory frameworks governing management of the human environment

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4.6 Awareness of Regulation relating to Safety and Health (Law)

Occupational Safety and Health, 1994

[OSHA or ACT 514, 1994] Regulations under OSHA, 1994

Factories and Machinery Act, 1967

[FMA or ACT 139, 1967] Regulations under FMA. 1967

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Health and Safety “POLICE”

WHO ?????

DOSH

Department of Occupational

Safety and Health

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Malaysian Regulatory structure

Act

Regulation

Order

Codes of Practices

Guidelines

Descending sequence

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The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994 provides for the promotion, coordination, administration and enforcement of occupational S & H.

The Act place certain duties on employers, employees, self-employed persons, manufacturer, designers and suppliers. It also place emphasis on the prevention of accidents, ill health and injury

Primary Aim of OSHA

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Civil vs. OSH Law

FMA – Factories and Machineries Acts

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PART I: PRELIMINARY

PART II: APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS

PART III:NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR OCC. SAFETY AND HEALTH

OSHA 1994 has 15 parts:

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PART IV: GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS

15. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to their employees.16. Duty to formulate safety and health policy.17. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to persons other than their employees.18. Duties of an occupier of a place of work to persons other than his employees.19. Penalty for an offence under section 15. 16. 17 or 18

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PART V: GENERAL DUTIES OF DESIGNERS, MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS

20. General duties of manufacturers, etc. as regards plant for use at work. 21. General duties of manufacturers, etc. as regards substances for use at work.22. Explanations to sections 20 and 21.23. Penalty for an offence under section 20 or 21.

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PART VI: GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

24. General duties of employees at work.25. Duty not to interfere with or misuse things provided pursuant to certain provisions.26. Duty not to charge employees for things done or provided.27. Discrimination against employee, etc.

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PART VII: SAFETY AND HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS

28. Medical surveillance.29. Safety and health officer30. Establishment of safety and health committee at place of work.31. Functions of safety and health committee.

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PART VIII: NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS, DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE, OCCUPATIONAL POISIONING AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES AND INQUIRY

PART IX: PROHIBITION AGAINST USE OF PLANT OR SUBSTANCE

PART X: INDUSTRY CODES OF PRACTICE

PART XI: ENFORCEMENT AND INSPECTION

PART XII: LIABILITY FOR OFFENSES

PART XIII: APPEALS

PART XIV: REGULATIONS

PART XV: MISCELLANEOUS

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Terminology and Definition

Occupier – in relation to place of work, means a person who has the management or control of the place of work

Place of work – means premises where persons work or premises used for the storage of plant or substance

Plant - includes machinery, equipment, appliance, tools, any component and anything fitted or connected

Premises – includes any land, building or part of building, any vehicle, vessel or aircraft. Any installation on land, offshore installation or other installation whether o the bed of or floating on any water, any tent or movable structure

Prescribed – means prescribed by this Act or the regulations

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OSH Regulation include:

1.OSH (Employers’ Safety and Health General

Policy Statements) (Exception) Regulations,

1995

2.OSH (Safety and Health Committee)

Regulations, 1996

3.OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations,

1997

4.OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Order, 1997

5.OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident

Hazards) Regulations, 1996

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6. OSH (Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Hazardous Chemical) Regulations, 1997

7. OSH (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations, 2000

8. OSH (Prohibition of Use of Substance) Order, 1999

9. OSH (Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations, 2004

OSH Regulation include:…con’t

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OSH (Employers’ Safety and Health General Policy Statements) (Exception) Regulations, 1995

Section 16 of the Act (to establish policy) applies to every employer and every self-employed person except who carry on an undertaking with less than 5 employees.

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OSH (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations, 1996

Every employer shall establish S&HC at place of work in accordance with this section if: There are FORTY (40) or more persons

employed at the place of work;

OR

The Director General directed the establishment of such a committee at place of work

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To provide consultation and cooperation between mgmt and workers in upgrading S&H at work

To provide two-way communication channel for dissemination of information on S&H issues.

To enhance interest and motivation of all groups of mgmt and workers at place of work in all S&H

Objectives of Safety and Health Committee

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i. Employer or his authorized manager

ii. Secretary/Safety Officer

iii. Mgmt representatives (Division Mgr / Section Supervisor)

iv. Worker representatives (representative from every section and process)

Where

There are <100 person or less employed ; at least 2 representatives from employees and management

There are > 100 person employed; at least 4 representatives each from employees and management

Safety and Health Committee Composition

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1. Review the measures taken to ensure the S & H of persons at the place of work

2. Investigation on any matters at the place of work; which a member of committee / employee brought the attention of employer

which has been brought to the attention of employees

Safety and Health Committee Main Function

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3. Meeting Frequency, at least every 3 months.

Minutes of meeting to submit to top management within 10 days

Recordkeeping

4. Training and information

Safety and Health Committee Main Function…con’t

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Workplace inspection at least once in 3 months. Make recommendation. Accident investigation Complaint investigation Establish & discuss S & H rules with Mgmt Study trend of accident, near-miss or occupational diseases, poisoning & dangerous occurrences Report of unsafe condition or practices Recommend Corrective Action

Safety and Health Committee Function (others)

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OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations, 1997

Qualification for registration

Notification of S & H Officer

Duties of S & H Officer

Submission of report to employer

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6. chapter 4 health

Documents

occupational safety

effect of hazardous

health aspects

environmental health

importance of health

hazardous substances4

physical agents

cyanide physical