569-577

* Create a graphic organizer describing and illustrating the rise of Austria and Prussiaduring the 17th and 18th century.

Rise of Austria and Prussia: - Despite the strength of the nobility in East Elbia, royal absolutism did grow during the 17th century. - WHY?

Rise of Austria and Prussia: - Despite the strength of the nobility in East Elbia, royal absolutism did grow during the 17th century. - WHY?

- War and the threat of war helped kings increase power- During this atmosphere of “Wartime Emergency” kings

began to reduce the power of the nobility in three ways:

Rise of Austria and Prussia: - Despite the strength of the nobility in East Elbia, royal absolutism did grow during the 17th century. - WHY?

- War and the threat of war helped kings increase power- During this atmosphere of “Wartime Emergency” kings

began to reduce the power of the nobility in three ways:- They imposed and collected taxes w/out consent.

Rise of Austria and Prussia: - Despite the strength of the nobility in East Elbia, royal absolutism did grow during the 17th century. - WHY?

- War and the threat of war helped kings increase power- During this atmosphere of “Wartime Emergency” kings

began to reduce the power of the nobility in three ways:- They imposed and collected taxes w/out consent.- Maintained permanent standing armies.

Rise of Austria and Prussia: - WHY?

- War and the threat of war helped kings increase power- During this atmosphere of “Wartime Emergency” kings

began to reduce the power of the nobility in three ways:- They imposed and collected taxes w/out consent.- Maintained permanent standing armies.- Conducted relations with other nations as they pleased.

PRUSSIA over Austria ? - However, Absolutism in Eastern Europe did have important variations:

- The royal absolutism created in Prussia was much STRONGER than that of Austria.

PRUSSIA over Austria ? - However, Absolutism in Eastern Europe did have important variations:

- The royal absolutism created in Prussia was much STRONGER than that of Austria.- IMPORTANT since this gave a slight edge to Prussia over Austria in terms of political control of Eastern Europe, which allowed Prussia to later UNITE Germany into one state.

AP European History Ch. 17: Eastern Absolutism

How did each of these leaders gain power? I. Austria: Habsburgs

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Ferdinand II 1619-1637 Ferdinand III: 1637-1657 Charles VI: 1711-1740

Territories:

- Issues- Events- Battles- Wars- Threats- Laws- Policies- Methods- OR

Groups:FRONT

1. Austria Ferdinand II

2. Austria Ferdinand III

3. Austria Charles VI

4. Prussia Frederick William

5. Prussia Frederick William I (Soldier King)

6. Ottoman Suleiman “The Great”

Charles VI (r. 1711-1740)Charles VI (r. 1711-1740)Ferdinand III

The Austrian Habsburgs

Ferdinand II

Austria: Habsburgs After the Thirty Years War Austria was exhausted!

Although the Habsburgs remained hereditary rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, in reality they held little power over the 300 or so kingdoms that now existed. They were forced to unify their diverse holdings

into a united state. Habsburg King Ferdinand II made headway

when in 1620 he crushed an uprising by the Bohemian Estates (Protestant) at the Battle of the White Mountain in the Czech region.

Ferdinand also gave confiscated Protestant lands in Bohemia to Catholic nobles.

Austria: Habsburgs After the Thirty Years War Austria was exhausted!

They were forced to unify their diverse holdings into a united state.

Battle of the White Mountain Ferdinand also gave confiscated Protestant

lands in Bohemia to Catholic nobles. These nobles helped Austria take direct control

over Bohemia. HOWEVER, peasants continued to suffer:

The “robot” (forced labor 3 days a week) became the norm for peasants, and about 25% worked every day for the lords (except holidays).

Austria: Habsburgs After the Thirty Years War Austria was exhausted!

They were forced to unify their diverse holdings: Ferdinand III (r.1637-57)

Centralized control over Austria, Styria and Tyrol using a permanent army to secure the CORE of the state.

The Ottoman threat Ottoman’s settled in Anatolia (Turkey) in

the 1500’s and under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-66) established the most powerful empire in the world.

As followers of Islam they were a threat to Catholic Austria.

Austria: Habsburgs The Ottoman threat

Ottoman’s settled in Anatolia (Turkey) in the 1500’s and under Sultan Suleiman,

As followers of Islam they were a threat to Catholic Austria.

In 1683 Turkish army laid siege to Vienna. Were forced to retreat by a combined force

of Habsburg, Saxon, Bavarian and Polish troops.

Russian and Venetian forces chased Turks further eastward.

Austria then was able to takeover Hungary and Transylvania.

569-577 (Day 2)

* Create a graphic organizer describing and illustrating the rise of Austria and Prussiaduring the 17th and 18th century.

Austria: Habsburgs The Ottoman threat

This also allowed Austria to develop a strong, professional and permanent standing army.

By1699, the Habsburg state was composed of three regions: The “old” hereditary provinces of Austria Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech) Hungary

However, each region continued to have its own separate laws and political “estates” to rule locally but under the authority of the Habsburg king.

Austrian Empire: 1657-1718

Austrian Empire: 1657-1718

Austria: Habsburgs King Charles VI (r.1711-40)

The Habsburgs were concerned about the fragility of their “empire”.

So, in 1713, Charles VI proclaimed the “Pragmatic Sanction” which stated that Habsburg lands MUST never be divided and MUST be passed to a single heir (EVEN if it was a queen!).

Why was Charles so concerned? In Hungary, the nobility never fully accepted

Habsburg rule. (made up 5-7% of population). Much of the Hungarian population remained

Protestant and resisted being “re-Catholicized”. Also, the Ottoman Turks had been tolerant.

Austria: Habsburgs King Charles VI (r.1711-40)

Why was Charles so concerned? In Hungary, the nobility never fully accepted

Habsburg rule. (made up 5-7% of population). Much of the Hungarian population remained

Protestant and resisted being “re-Catholicized”. Also, the Ottoman Turks had been tolerant.

So, while the Habsburgs were fighting in the “War of Spanish-Succession”, Hungarians rose up under leadership of Prince Rakoczy in 1703!

Charles VI eventually put down the uprising, however, Hungary NEVER fully under control

II. Prussia

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Frederick William “The Great Elector” Frederick William I “Soldier King” Frederick II “Frederick the Great” 1640-1688 1713-1740 1740-1786

Territories:

Territories: Frederick William “The Great Elector” 1640-1688

Frederick William I “Soldier King” 1713-1740

Ottoman Suleiman “The Magnificent”

Prussia: Hohenzollerns Why was it unexpected that Prussia would ever rise

to political importance? Hohenzollerns land holdings were divided

geographically (see map p.574) between Brandenburg (one of the electors of the H.R.E.) and Prussia.

Also, the Thirty Years War had devastated their lands, population and weakened the Estates.

Opportunity This allowed Frederick William (r.1640-88) the

“Great Elector” to unite the three areas of Brandenburg, Prussia and the scattered holdings in Western Germany.

Prussia

Prussia: Hohenzollerns Frederick William (r.1640-88) the “Great Elector”

Problem was that each kingdom still had its own Estates dominated by “junkers” (nobility and land- owning classes).

How is Frederick William able to take control? He forces the Estates to accept taxation without

consent by creating a permanent “state of emergency” by always being at war.

Junkers refused to join with the commoners to oppose Frederick William’s agenda.

Prussia: Hohenzollerns How does Prussian Absolutism finally come together?

Frederick William’s successor Frederick III “the Ostentatious” or King Frederick I (r. 1688-1713) was a weak ruler.

Frederick William I “the Solders’ King” (r.1713-40) reversed this by creating a powerful militaristic state:

Tried to recruit the tallest soldiers he could find due to their physical strength as “Grenadiers”.

Dedicated to the military style of life. Held philosophy of politics in Europe as being

“dog eat dog” mentality.

Prussia: Hohenzollerns How does Prussian Absolutism finally come together?

Frederick William I “the Solders’ King” (r.1713-40) Tried to recruit the tallest soldiers he could find due to their physical strength as “Grenadiers”.

Dedicated to the military style of life. Held philosophy of politics in Europe as being

“dog eat dog” mentality. Enlisted help of Junkers by making them into

officers in his military. Increased size of Prussian army from 38,000 to

83,000 troops! Built an honest and efficient bureaucracy

Became known as the “Sparta of the North”

II. Prussia

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Frederick William “The Great Elector” Frederick William I “Soldier King” Frederick II “Frederick the Great” 1640-1688 1713-1740 1740-1786

Territories:

Territories: Frederick William “The Great Elector” 1640-1688

Frederick William I “Soldier King” 1713-1740

Ottoman Suleiman “The Magnificent”

Ottoman Turks: Suleiman Ottoman Turks challenged Austria for control of

Hungary. Background

From Central Asia they moved into Anatolia (Turkey) during the rule of Sultan Suleiman “the Magnificent” (r. 1520-66).

Established one of the great military empires from Persia to North Africa to Eastern Europe.

Followers of Islam, Turks were foes of the Catholic Habsburgs of Austria.

Threat toAUSTRIA!

Ottoman Turks: Suleiman Political Organization

No private property ownership as all land belonged to the sultan, there was no nobility.

Sultan’s bureaucracy was staffed by a slave corps created from a special tax collected from the Christian populations of the Balkans.

Tax was 1000-3000 children to be raised as Muslims and trained to either be administrators or soldiers.

Soldiers were to be part of the Sultan’s elite “Janissary Corps”.

Ottoman Turks: Suleiman Political Organization

Ottomans were tolerant of other religions: Divided their subjects into like religious

communities called “millets”. Each millet enjoyed full autonomous self-

government as long as they paid tribute (tax). After the death of Suleiman in 1566, the empire

began to weaken due poor leadership. However, they made one last attempt at taking over

Hungary in 1683 by surrounding Vienna. But after two months, a combined force of

Habsburgs, Saxon, Bavarian and Polish troops forced them to retreat!.

Threat toAUSTRIA!