从句学习

定语从句与状语从句

定语从句 I don’t like lazy people. 我不喜欢不守信用的人 I don’t like people who never keep their wor

d. 两个重要的概念 先行词 关系词

Attributive Clause （定语从句）概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句

叫做定语从句 . 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

He is an English teacher who likes singing songs.

定语从句先行词

引导词

引导词关系代词 :who whom that which whos﹑ ﹑ ﹑ ﹑e

关系副词 :where when why﹑ ﹑

关系词在定语从句充当的成分 1 关系词用作从句的主语 简单句变为定语从句 The woman is a famous dancer and she live

s next door. The woman who lives next door is a famous

dancer.

2 简单句合并为一个含有定语从句的句子 I like guys and they have a good sense of h

umor. I like guys who have a good sense of humor.

关系词用作从句中动词的宾语 i ’ really like to find a friend and I can trust

him completely. I ’d really like to find a friend …I can trust

completely.

更多例句 他是我见过的最好的法语老师 He is the best grammar teacher who I have

ever seen. It’s hard to have a friend who you can trust c

ompletely. He is the student who the teacher likes to pr

aise for his hard work.

关系词用作从句中介词的宾语 I’m talking about friend and you can share al

most everything with them. I’m talking about friend who you can share a

lmost everything with. Who 充当介词的宾语 我这里说的朋友，是指那些你几乎可以把一

切与之分享的人。

注意：定语从句中的省略现象 作宾语的关系词可以省去 1 I’d really like to find a friend() I can trust completel

y. 2 I’m talking about friends() you can share almost e

verything with. 3 I hope I never have a boss() I can’t talk to about m

y problems. 注意：在从句中作主语的关系词无法省去。比如：不

能说 I like guys () have a good sense of humor.

关系代词与先行词的搭配关系 关系代词： 关系副词： Whom, which, that, whose, when, where, wh

y 1 先行词指人 , 用关系代词： who whom 2 表示人或物的所有关系，用 whose 3 先行词指物， 用关系代词 which 4 that 可以指代人，也可以指代物。

关系词 先行词所指 关系词在句中作用

关系代词

that 人 / 物 主、宾、表which 物 主、宾、who 人 主、宾

whom 人 宾whose 人 / 物 定

as 人 / 物 / 事情 主、宾、表关系副词

when 时间 时间状语where 地点 地点状语why 原因 原因状语

关系词的作用： 1 、连接作用 把主句和从句连接起来

2 、替代作用 在从句中代替在它前面 的先行词

3 、成分作用 在从句中充当一个成分

例 1. The man __________ gave you the talk yesterday is our teacher.

that/who

指人 : that/who ( 主语 )

例 2: The boy_________________ the nurse is looking after is my friend.

(who/whom/that)

指人 : who/whom/that( 宾语 , 可省略 )

例 3: The car________________ is red was damaged yesterday.

that/which

指物 : that/which ( 主语 )

例 4: The question_______________ I don’t understand is about grammar.

(that/which)

指物 : that/which ( 宾语 , 可省略 )

Titanic is the ship ___________sank after hitting an iceberg.

which/that__________

Beijing is the city has got the chance to host the 2008 Olympic Games.

____the city/ get the chance to host the 2008 Olympic Games

which /that

Ye Xin is a nurse died in the fight against SARS.

a nurse/ die in the fight against SARS

who/that

1. The girl _______ is sitting in the chair is a good singer.2. The skirt __________ Mary bought two years ago is old.3. Is this the novel __________ you introduced to me?4. Where is the boy _______ broke the window?5. Luckily none of the people_________I know were killed in the earthquake.

who/that

which/that

that/which

who/that

who/whom

限制性与非限制性定语从句 限制性 : 不用逗号隔开 对一个名词提供必要的信息，一说明定语从句所修

饰的先行词的身份和性质。 I don’t like people. I don’t like people who are never on time. I don’t like people who never keep their words. There are two factors. There are two factors which determine an individu

al’s intelligence. He is a man who is of value to the people.

判断下面句子 1Those people, who think that reading

selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books.

2 some people think that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved.

非限制性定语从句 --- 用逗号隔开 非限制定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的

信息，只是对先行词作进一步的解释，补充或说明。如果去掉定语从句，整个主句的意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。

分类学习

一 专有名词 如果定语从句修饰一个专有名词，一般要用逗号分

隔先行词与定语从句。 My mother, who is 50 this year, lives with me now. I asked my mother, who is 80, whether she’d ever

seen snow in Iraq before, and her answer was no. Beijing , which is the capital of china, has develop

ed into an international city. Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is

a favorite vacation spot.

二 类指名词 普通名词作为先行词的情况，普通名词若是

用来表示类指，即表示的是同一类事物，而非具体的某一个事物，此时，用非限制性从句。

An elephant, which is the earth’s largest land mammal, has few natural enemies other than human beings.

One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk.( 象牙 )

用或不用逗号，句义有差别 在英文中，还有一类句子，用限制性或非

非限制性定语从句都可以，但强调的意义不一样，即句义不同，试比较。

He has a daughter who works in a hospital. He has a daughter ,who works in a hospita

l. The food which wasn’t in the fridge all wen

t off. The food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all we

nt off.

The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.

The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.

非限制性定语从句的翻译 注意：现制定定语从句一般翻译成定语的形式…… 的， 而

非限定定语从句往往会译成各种状语形式。 1 The food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off.( 译成原

因状语从句 ) 食物都坏了 , 因为没有放在冰箱里 . 2 The Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists ,with wh

om he especially wished to talk. （译成原因状语从句） 大使宴请了那些科学家 , 因为他特别想与他们交谈一下 . 3 The people were desperate for work, any work, which co

uld support their family. （译成条件状语从句） 人们急于找到工作，什么工作都行 , 只要能养家糊口 . 4 The millionaire had another house built, which he didn’t n

eed at all.( 译成让步状语从句 ) 那位百万富翁又建了一幢房子 ,尽管他并不需要 .

定语从句与同位语从句的区分 关键点： that 引导的定语从句和同位语从句

的区别。 二者在结构上有相似性，都是名词 +that 从

句， 这里的名词都称作先行词。 1 从结构上区分： that 是否作成分。 2 从意义上区分： that 引导的从句的意义不

同。

1 从结构上区分： that 是否做成分 That 在定语从句中要充当成分，比如作从句

的主语或宾语；而 that 在同位语从句中不作任何成分，仅起连词的作用。也就是说：

定语从句的结构是“ 名词 +that+ 不完整的句子，”

同位语从句的结构是名词 +that+完整的陈述句

例句分析 : 判断下列句子分别是什么从句。

1 1 ） The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.

2 ） The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.

2 1 ） The fact that we talked about is very important.

2) The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.

2 从意义上区分： that 引导的从句的意义不同。

定语从句相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰，描述和限制的作用；同位语从句相当于一个名词，对其前面名词饿内容的具体表达，二者是同位关系。

1 1) The news that you heard is not true. 2) The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theat

er is true. 2 1) The fact that you point out made me intereste

d. 2) The fact that there are no lives on the moon is k

nown to us all.

思维训练 请判断下列句子是定语从句还是同位语从句。 He turned down the proposal that she offere

d at the meeting. He turned down the proposal that she shoul

d be sent abroad to study.

状语从句练习 状语从句种类 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句 条件状语从句让步状语从句 比较状语从句

原因状语从句练习 常见连词 Because, for, as ,since 当中 because 能用强调词 only, just, perhaps等修饰 . 例句学习 1 我的哥们都不喜欢我 , 是因为我长相英俊又事业又成 . My close friends don’t like me because I am handsome and

successful. 2 可能因为现在的大多数跨国婚姻都是基于真爱 , 所以夫妇俩都很努力地克服双方的差异 .

Perhaps because most of today’s cross-cultural marriage occur because of their true love, these couples make great efforts/work hard to overcome their differences.

原因状语从句练习 3 我们明天没有课 , 为什么不出去野餐呢 ? 4 你是学英语专业的 , 我猜想你能帮我解决

这个句子 . Since we don’t have classes tomorrow, why

not go out for a picnic? Since you are an English major, I guess you

can help me with the sentence.

原因状语从句练习 连词 as 与 since 的用法差不多 , 所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显 , 或已为听话人所熟悉而不需要 because 加以强调 .

1 由于周一是法定假日 , 所有的政府机关都将休息 . National holiday/ government offices As Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will

be closed. 连词 for 表示推断的理由 , 是对前面分句的内容加以解释或

说明 . 昨晚下雨了 , 因为今天早上地都湿了 . It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.

连词总结 比较而言 : as 和 for 引导的主 , 从句 , 二者处于平等位置 .

Because 引导的从句显得比主句重要 , 强调原因 .

since 引导的从句显得次要 , 而主句重要 , 以说明将要做什么事 .

用介词表示因果关系常见的介词有 : Because of ,due to ,owing to 介词后面不能接从句

We had an accident because he was careless.

We had an accident due to his carelessness. Owing to his carelessness we had an accide

nt.

思维训练 1 ____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can ea

t dinner together tonight. 2____ the cold weather, we dicided not to g

o out. 3 It was ___he was so young that he could’ t

do it.

目的状语从句常用的从句连接词 so that, in order that, that,另外 ,

在目的状语从句中常含有情态动词 , 比如 may/might 或 could/ can 等 .

1 我关掉了电视 , 好让我的室友安静地学习 . I turned off the TV in order that my roommates cou

ld study in peace and quite. 2 小的时候 , 我常常睡觉时候带着手电筒上床 , 这

样我就可以偷看连环画册而不被父母发现 . When I was a child ,I would take a flashlight to bed

with me so that I could read comic books without my parents ‘ knowing about it .

结果状语从句常见连接词 : so …that, such…that 1 我们学校食堂的饭菜质量真差 ,练苍蝇都飞到那里去减肥 .

The food in our school canteen is so bad that flies go there to lose weight.

2 外交官和螃蟹是行为方式相同的动物 , 因为我们无法判断他们是向前走还是想往后退 .

Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going.

结果状语从句的倒装 such/so…that 引导结果状语从句 , 为了强调 , 可以倒装 .

So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

条件状语从句常见引导词 : if, unless冬天来了 ,传天还会远么 ? If winter comes, can spring be far behind?其他条件状语从句的连词 So long as, as long as 只要功夫深 ,铁杵磨成真 . So long as you work hard enough, an iron ro

d can be ground into a needle.

让步状语从句常见的引导让步状语从句的词 : though, although, e

ven though, even if 尽管他努力了 , 但他还是失败了 . Although he tried hard, he failed. 对于每一个人来说 , 家是不可或缺的 ,它永远为你守候 , 即使有一天你发现你要离开它 .

The family is the essential presence----the thing that never leaves you, even if you find you have to leave it.