5.1 Microprocessors I:

Introduction

Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiMechatronics Engineering Department

Philadelphia University, Jordan

Microprocessors I:

Introduction

This session is divided into 4 main parts (12 sequences): microprocessors, microcontrollers, PLC, and DSP

In this presentation, we will define microprocessors, give a brief historical background, and introduce their main functionality

Microprocessors:

Historical BackgroundThree projects in the early 70’s delivered microprocessors

Intel: 4004• In 1969, Intel designed a programmable calculator with different

chips programmed via hard-wire• Intel launched a project to design a general-purpose chip that can

perform various logic functions that can be activated by providing patterns of 0s and 1s through registers with appropriate timing

• In 1971, Intel released the first 4-bit microprocessor: 4004. It had 2,300 transistors, 640 bytes of memory-addressing capacity, and 108 kHz clock speed

Texas Instruments: TMS 1000• In 1971 implemented a pre-programmed embedded calculator

Garret: CADC• In 1968, a project with the US Navy developed a microprocessor

for main flight control in the F-14 Tomcat Fighter

Microprocessors Development

In 1972, Intel developed the first 8-bit microprocessor (8008)

In 1976, 8-bit microprocessors were available by Intel (8085), Zilog (Z80), and Motorola 6800.

Motorola had a different architecture and instruction set from the Intel design

In 1975, National Semiconductor introduced the first 16-bit single-chip microprocessor

Later, Texas Instruments developed TMS 9900 and Intel 8086

32-bit microprocessors were developed in the early 80’s by AT&T bell Labs, Motorola (famous 68000), and Intel (80386)

64-bit microprocessors were developed in the early 90’s by Intel and AMD

Today, microprocessors can have up to 40M transistors, with one terabyte of memory, with 2.0 GHz frequency

Intel Microprocessors Development

Processor Year Transistors Clock Speed Data Bus Address Bus

Intel

4004 1971 2,300 108 KHz 4-bit 10-bit

8085 1976 6,500 5 MHz 8-bit 16-bit

8086 1978 29,000 5 MHz 16-bit 20-bit

80386 1985 275,000 16 MHz 32-bit 32-bit

Pentium 1993 3.1 M 60 MHz 32-bit 32-bit

Pentium 4 2000 42 M 2.0 GHz 64-bit 36-bit

Digital Computer

Programmable machine that processes binary data

Includes CPU (ALU plus control unit), memory, input, and output

Micro-

Processor

as

CPUInput Output

Memory

What is a microprocessor ? Digital Electronic device composed of transistors fabricated on a

single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) Manufactured using LSI (large-scale integration) technology Multipurpose, Programmable, Clock driven, and Register-based Accepts binary data as input, processes this data according to

instructions stored in memory, and provides results as binary output

Microprocessors serve as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) in computers

Main Components inside

MicroprocessorsThe three main parts of microprocessors are:

• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) -- Provides arithmetic operations such as addition and logic operations such as AND

• Register Array (RA) – Stores data temporarily during execution of a program

• Control Unit (CU) -- Provide timing and control signals to the data flow between the microprocessor, memory, and I/O.

Microprocessors:

Binary InstructionsMicroprocessors are designed to understand and execute binary instructions and operate in binary digits, 0 and 1. These bits represent electrical voltage levels.

• Bit - a binary digit, 0 or 1

• Byte - a group of 8 bits

• Word - a group of bits that computer recognizes

The size of the word depends on the microprocessor used. The 8085 processor is an 8-bit microprocessor and uses an 8-bit word while the pentium4 is a 64-bit microprocessor uses a 64-bit word.

Microprocessors Language

Instruction – a command in binary that is recognized and executed by the computer to accomplish a taskExample 0011 1100 is an instruction that increments the number in the register (called accumulator) by one

Machine Language – a computer language built on a designed set of instructions specific to each computer

Mnemonic – a combination of letters to suggest the operation of an instructionExample INR A is a mnemonic that increments accumulator by one

Assembly Language – a computer language built on a designed set of mnemonics specific to each computer

Low-level Language – a computer language that depends on the computer used. Examples are Machine and Assembly languages

High-level Language – a computer language built on a designed set of English-like words general to all computers. It requires a compiler to be executed. Examples are C/C++, Fortran, and Visual Basic.

Assembly Language

1. Copy OperationsCopies data from source to destination

• Between registersExample: copy contents of register B to register C

• Data to registerExample: load register B with data byte 62H

• Between memory location and registerExample: from memory location 3000H to register B

• Between I/O device and accumulatorExample: from input keyboard to accumulator

Assembly Language

2. Arithmetic Operations• Addition• Subtraction• Increment/Decrement

3. Logic Operations• AND, OR, Exclusive-OR• Rotate• Compare• Compliment

4. Branching Operations• Jump• Call, Return, and RESTART

Summary

Microprocessors are integrated circuits that process digital data according to stored instructions

Several companies including Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments make microprocessors

Microprocessor main components are: ALU, CU, and RA

Assembly language is a computer language based on a set mnemonics

Assembly language instructions can be divide into: copy, arithmetic, logic, and branch operations