5 themes of geography
DESCRIPTION
What is it like? Where is it? How do people relate to the physical world? How do people, goods, & ideas move from one place to another? How are places similar or different. Place Location Human/Environment Interaction Movement Region. 5 Themes of Geography. Latitude & Longitude. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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5 Themes of Geography5 Themes of Geography
a. What is it like?
b. Where is it?
c. How do people relate to the physical world?
d. How do people, goods, & ideas move from one place to another?
e. How are places similar or different
a. Place
b. Location
c. Human/Environment Interaction
d. Movement
e. Region
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East
Hemispheres
(º North, º West) (º North, º East)
(º South, º West) (º South, º East)
West
North
South
Prime Meridian
Equator
180 º180 º
90 º
90 º
Latitude & LongitudeLatitude & Longitude
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Absolute City LocationsAbsolute City Locations
• 23º N, 90º E• 46º N, 76º W• 4º N, 74º W• 35º S, 149º E
• Dhaka, Bangladesh• Ottawa, Canada• Bogotá, Colombia• Canberra, Australia
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Absolute City LocationsAbsolute City Locations
• 33º N, 44º E• 52º N, 0º• 7º N, 80º E• 35º S, 59º W
• Baghdad, Iraq• London, England, UK• Colombo, Sri Lanka• Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Time ZonesTime Zones
• Degrees around world?
• Hours in a day?
• # of degrees per time zone?
• 360
• 24
• 15=
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Map DistortionsMap Distortions
1.The extent of space between two objects or places; an intervening space
2. The position of one point in relation to another
3. A form or condition in which something may exist or appear
4. A roughly bounded part of the space on a surface; a region
1. Distance
2. Direction
3. Shape
4. Size/Area
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Map ElementsMap Elements
1. Shows Direction
2. Explains Content
3. Shows Distance
4. Explains Subject
1. Compass Rose
2. Legend/Key
3. Scale
4. Title
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Topographic MapsTopographic Maps• Map showing the relief features of the
earth’s surface– Variation, or difference in elevation of an area
• Contour Interval– Difference in elevation between two contour
lines
240
200
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Arctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
66½°N
66½°S
23½°S
0°
23½°N
Important Lines of LatitudeImportant Lines of Latitude
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High latitudes
High latitudes
Middle Latitudes
Middle Latitudes
Low Latitudes
Low Latitudes
Westerlies
Westerlies
Northeasterly Trade Winds
Southeasterly Trade Winds
Polar Easterlies
Polar Easterlies Sub Polar Low
Equatorial Low
Subtropical High
Polar High
Pressures Prevailing Winds
Subtropical High
Sub Polar Low
Polar High
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The Earth’s StructureThe Earth’s StructureInside The Earth
Inner Core
Outer CoreThe Mantle
The Crust
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Plate BehaviorsPlate Behaviors
1. Plates move towards each other
2. Plates move away from each other
3. Plates moving past and against each other
1. ConvergentSubduction & Collision
2. Divergent (Spreading)
3. Translation
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ClimatesClimates
• Vernon Hills• Five Factors:
• Determined by Elevation
• Humid Continental• Latitude• Ocean Currents• Wind Currents• Topography (Rain Shadow)• Elevation• Highland
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CultureCulture
• A new way of doing something
• A culture changes through its meeting with another culture
• The spread of an idea or culture trait
• Belief that one’s own ethnic group is superior
• Innovation
• Acculturation
• Diffusion
• Ethnocentrism
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H&G
S.F.
C.F.
Ind.
Ser.
Mang.
Primary
Secondary
Quaternary
Tertiary
R&D
Stairway to Stairway to Economic StabilityEconomic Stability Q
uinary
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Dependency Theory HistoryDependency Theory History
Settler Colonialism
• Settled by Europeans– Neo-Europes– Similar Climates & Land
• Production of Value-Added Products
• Mostly MDCs Today
Mercantile Colonialism
• Conquer/Occupied by Europeans
• Exporting Raw Materials• LDCs Today
– Neocolonialism
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MDCs vs. LDCsMDCs vs. LDCs
MDCs• Urban
• Service (Tertiary) based economy
• Has Infrastructure• Low Growth Rate• Established Middle
Class
LDCs• Urbanizing (Rural ->
Cities)• Agricultural (Primary)
Base economy• Needs infrastructure• High Growth Rate• Income Gap
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Age-Sex PyramidsAge-Sex Pyramids
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• Why is the earth’s population increasing the same amount each year despite a falling growth rate?– Exponential Growth (6.6 Billion)
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Types of EconomiesTypes of Economies
• Market Economy (Capitalism)– Consumers determine prices & production– Supply & Demand
• Command Economy (Communism)– Gov’t determines prices & production
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Spheres of the EarthSpheres of the Earth
• All water on the earth• All land including
ocean basins• All air surrounding the
earth• All life on earth
• Hydrosphere• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Biosphere
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Layers of the EarthLayers of the Earth
TOP SOIL
SUB-SOIL
WEATHERED ROCK
SOLID ROCK
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Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
Precipitation
Condensation
Evaporation/Transpiration
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LandformsLandforms
• Thin piece of land connecting two larger pieces
• Thin piece of water connecting two larger bodies
• Piece of land surrounded by water on three sides
• Chain of Islands
• Isthmus
• Strait
• Peninsula
• Archipelago
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Industrial LocationIndustrial Location
• Five Factors– Raw Materials– Labor– Transportation– Infrastructure– Energy
• Most important?– Labor
• Leeways– Transportation– ?– Container Sys., $ per mile drops– “If you move there, it will come”– Long distance power & pipe lines
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Deindustrialization/Roger & MeDeindustrialization/Roger & Me• New International
Division of Labor
• Manufacturing Export Zone
• High-Tech Corridor
• Globalization
• Man. Jobs -> Mexico• Rise of Services in Core
• Mexico
• Detroit (GM HQ)
• GM (HQ in MI, Factories in Mexico)
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DeforestationDeforestation
• Causes– Subsistence Farmers– Slash & Burn– Commercial Logging– Livestock Grazing– Roads (Fishbone)
• Effects– Global Carbon Cycle– Global Warming– Extinct Species (50%)– Medical losses
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Free Trade vs. Fair TradeFree Trade vs. Fair Trade
Free Trade
• Removing Barriers to Trade• Barriers
– Tariffs – Taxes on Imported Goods
– Subsidies– Quotas (limits on imported
goods)– Product Bans– Environmental Protection
laws
Fair Trade
• Provides for livable wages for LDC producers
• Protects infant industries
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Political Instability
Spanish Rule Independenc
eOligarch
y
Junta/
Caudillo
Democracy
Oligarchy – Rule by the few
Junta – Military Leaders / Caudillo – Military strong man
Coup – Government Takeover
Authoritarianism – Concentration of power within a single entity/person
Simon Bolivar – Led many independence movements
???
Guerrillas – Paramilitary forces
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Rise of Anti-Americanism in Rise of Anti-Americanism in Latin AmericaLatin America
• Anti-Globalization???– Brazil’s econ growth via exports???
• Why confusion of neocolonialism w/ globalization?– Life & Debt, use of IMF programs to take
advantage of developing markets
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AuthoritarianismAuthoritarianism
• Hugo Chavez of Venezuela– Answer to social & economic problems???
• Band aid on a broken leg