5 - planning earthwork
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8/10/2019 5 - Planning Earthwork
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Construction Engineering
CIV420H1
Fall 2014
Construction Equipment Management
(Planning Earthwork)
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment ManagementPlanning Earthwork
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Planning for earthwork construction
• The goal of planning is to minimize the resourceexpenditures required to complete the project.
• Planning involves all of these:
• Inputs to prepare a plan and cost estimate:
1- Operational plan—
what is to be done, sequence2- Scheduling — when each operation is to be done
3- Cost estimating — what is the expected cost.
4- Resource planning—
what resources arerequired
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Planning for earthwork construction
Inputs to prepare a plan and cost estimate:
1- Quantities involved (volume or weight)
2- Haul distances
3- Grades for all segments of the hauls.
• The constraints of planning are:
1- Requirements of contract documents.
2- Legal requirements (OSHA, licensing)
3- Physical and/or environment limits.
4- Climatic conditions.
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Graphical presentation of earthwork:
Plan view — presents the horizontal alignment offeatures.
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
Construction Engineering
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5Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
Planning for earthwork construction
• Graphical presentation of earthwork:
Profile view — presents the vertical alignment offeatures.
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Graphical presentation of earthwork:
Cross section view — A view formed by a planecutting the work at right angles to its long axis.
Material volumes in a project that is linear in extentare usually determined from cross sections
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Earthwork quantities:
• End-Area Determination
The general trapezoidal formula to calculate area:
wh
hhhh
Area nn
22
1210
sides parallel twothebetweencetandisw
sides parallel adjacent individual theof lengthstheh , ,h n0
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
Construction Engineering
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Earthwork quantities:
• Average End Area
The precision is about ± 1.0%
27 L
2 A A
cy yardscubicnet Volume 21
areasend respectivetheof sf feet squareinarea Aand A 21
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Earthwork quantities:
• Average Height
Source: Nunnally, S. W. Construction Methods and Management
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Soil volume characteristics
• Bank state: Natural
• Loose state: Excavated
• Compacted state: Compacted
Source: Nunnally, S. W. Construction Methods and Management
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Soil volume characteristics
• Swell (%) =((bank density /loose density) -1) x 100
• Load factor = loose density/bank density
= 1/(1+swell)
• Shrinkage(%) = (1- (bank density/compact density) x 100
• Shrinkage factor = bank density /compact density
= 1- shrinkage
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11Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment ManagementPlanning Earthwork
Source: Nunnally, S. W. Construction Methods and Management
Soil volume characteristics
• Swell and shrinkage factors
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Earthwork volume sheet
Allows for the systematic recording of information and making the necessaryearthwork calculations.
The ordinate accounts only for material that must be transported beyondthe limits of the two cross sections.
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Mass Diagram
The stations of a project versus the cumulative sum of excavation andembankment from some point of beginning of the project profile.
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Mass Diagram
An effective tool for planning the movement of material on any project of
linear extent.
Provides information about:
1- Quantities of materials,
2- Average haul distances,
3- Types of equipment that should be considered.
When combined with a ground profile, the average slope of haul segmentscan be estimated.
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Using Mass Diagram
• Balance linesA horizontal line that intersects the mass diagram in two places.
Constructed so that its length is the maximum haul distance for differenttypes of equipment.
The maximum haul distance is the limiting economical haul distance for aparticular type of equipment.
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
Construction Engineering
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Using Mass Diagram
• Balance linesA balance line of 5,000 ft was constructed for a large push-loaded scraper.Some hauls will approach the maximum haul distance while some others willbe short.
The average haul distance is placed one-third of the distance from balance
line in the direction of the high or low point of the curve.
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
Construction Engineering
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Using Mass Diagram
• Balance linesWhen there are multiple equipment to be utilized, balance lines should bedrawn to conform to their capabilities.
the average haul distance is placed midway between the balance lines.
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
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19Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
Planning for earthwork construction
• Using Mass Diagram
• Average grade
%9.8100 ft 203 ft 18
fill thetocut the from going grade Average
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Using Mass Diagram
• Haul Distances
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment ManagementPlanning Earthwork
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”
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Planning for earthwork construction
• Using Mass Diagram
• Haul Distances (graphically)An average haul line should be drawn though the vertical centroid of the areadefined between the mass diagram and the balance line.
The centroid of areas 1, and 2 is one-third of its altitude above the base.
Scaling from the mass diagram graph, haul distances 1, and 2 are 400, 350 ft.
For area 3, the half-point of its height is used to construct the average haulline which yields a distance of 12,200 ft.
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment ManagementPlanning Earthwork
Source: Peurifo y and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods”