5 description of interpane products -...

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5 Description of INTERPANE Products


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Friedensreich Hundertwasseronce described the buildingenvelope as a person's "thirdskin". Glass, an essential part ofthis "third skin", differs positivelyfrom other external buildingcomponents by being trans-parent.

In contrast to the opaque com-ponents, the roof and walls,glass allows natural daylight andfree solar energy to be used.This is what makes glass soattractive.

Optimal daylighting increasesliving comfort with pleasantlylight rooms, and heightens thejoy of living and working andthus our sense of well-being.

In addition, solar energy gainsreduce the heating energy con-sumption of buildings.

The window has thus beentransformed from an energywaster to an environmentallyfriendly energy collector.

No wonder that the fascinatingmaterial, glass, has been used

widely and generously in resi-dential and commercial build-ings, as well as in industrialarchitecture.

Apart from these unique charac-teristics of glass, modern stand-ards concerning building scienceand construction technology mustalso be met:

● energy saving● thermal insulation● environmental conservation● sound insulation● solar control● security● personal safety● fire protection● design and construction● multi-functionality

This applies all the more, nowthat modern functional glazing isable to replace opaque externalbuilding components such asthe roof and walls.

INTERPANE offers suitable func-tional glazing for practically allarchitectural requirements.

5.1 CE Labelling - European product standards

5.2 Integrated management system at INTERPANE

5.3 iplus E low-e glazing

5.4 iplus E/ipaphon sound-insulating glazing

5.5 ipasol solar-control glazing

5.6 Conventional insulating glazing

5.7 ipasafe safety glass

5.8 Practical applications of safety glass

5.9 ipadecor - design options for glazing surfaces

5. 10 ipaview CF - intelligent liquid-crystal glazing for controllable privacy

5.11 Fire resistance

5.12 Insulating glazing as a functional design element

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5.1 CE Labelling - European product standardsCE stands for "CommunautésEuropéennes" - European Com-munities. This abbreviation isused e.g. to label building pro-ducts which conform with theharmonised European productstandards.

The CE label is neither a label of origin nor a quality seal. It may onlybe used to label a product, whenthe product conforms to theConstruction Products Directive. Itensures that the product may betraded throughout the EU withoutany restrictions. Never-theless,additional demands may be madeon the product due to individualnational specifications. In Ger-many, these are published in the"Bauregelliste" (building regulationlist).

The CE label documents thedeclaration by the manufacturerthat the product conforms to theunderlying product standard.

Proof of compliance with theConstruction Products Directiveoccurs at different levels. Onlytwo levels are relevant for glaz-ing:

Level 1:Initial testing with in-house moni-toring and external inspection -corresponds to the previousGerman "Ü-Zeichen".

Level 3:Manufacturer's declaration afterinitial testing with in-house moni-toring - corresponds approxi-mately to the previous German"ÜHP".

The requirements resulting fromthe Construction Products Direc-tive are formulated in the follow-ing product standards.

Product standard

Basic soda lime silicate glass products(e.g. float glass) EN 572

Insulating glass units EN 1279

Coated glass EN 1096

Thermally toughened soda lime silicatesafety glass EN 12 150

Heat-strengthened soda lime silicateglass EN 1863

Heat-soaked thermally toughened sodalime silicate safety glass EN 14 179

Laminated glass and laminated safetyglass EN 14 449

Date of introduction Level

01.09.2006 3

01.03.2007 3

01.09.2006 3

01.09.2006 3

01.09.2006 3

01.03.2007 3

01.03.2007 3 or 1

With the introduction of the har-monised European Standards(EN) for glass products, the cor-responding national standards(e.g. DIN in Germany) will bereplaced.

In general, the new Europeanstandards for glass have com-mon features:

● A quality managementsystem is demanded,

● quality criteria are prescribed and

● quality tests are specified.

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What must a manufacturer do so that the CE label can be applied to the company'sproducts?

Initial testing

● Select the products whichshould be labelled

● Prepare system and productdescriptions

● Specify performance charac-teristics

● Document the specificationsof the feedstock products

● Three possibilities exist asproof of the initial testing:

a) existing test certificatesare adequate (inspectionpossibly together with atesting institute)

b) transfer of initial testingresults

c) conduction of initial test-ing in-house or by a re-cognised testing institute

● Confirm successful initialtesting

● Provide application guide-lines (e.g. glazing guidelinesor handling instructions)

Factory Production Control

The requirements and the docu-mentation of the in-house produc-tion control must be described ina quality handbook.

● Name qualified staff for car-rying out the in-house pro-duction control

● Define organisational struc-ture and responsibilities

● Describe process organisa-tion (control of incoming deliveries, production tech-nology and productionsequences)

● Prepare testing plans andaudits

● Make testing facilities accessible

● Specify set of measures fordeviations

● Document the factory pro-duction control when carriedout

● Collect conformity declara-tions of suppliers

When the in-house productioncontrol has been established andthe initial testing has been passedsuccessfully, it is then possible for

● the conformity certificate to beawarded by the certificationagency (for level 1 products)

● the conformity declaration tobe made and

● the products to be labelledwith CE labels.

The labelling with the CE symbolcan be done e.g. directly on theproduct, on an adhesive label orthe delivery note.

The declared properties can be documented in any data format (e.g. table, catalogue,Internet pages). It is sufficient to indicate the access path onthe CE label, e.g. CE EN 1279www.interpane.net

Audits and inspections of on-going production

On-going conformity of the pro-duct with the technical specifica-tions is to be monitored by regu-lar quality audits under supervi-sion or by an independent bodywhich does not belong to theproduction:

● inspection of the factoryproduction control

● inspection of the quality-rele-vant product characteristics

● inspection of the testingmeans used

● documentation of the audittesting results

Further reference to CE labellingis included in the individual pro-duct chapters.

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5.2 Integrated management system at INTERPANE

5.2.1 Quality criteria for insulating glazing

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Quality is becoming increasinglyimportant as a criterion to distin-guish between competitors. Forthis reason, INTERPANE alreadyintroduced the higher-level Inte-grated Management System(IMS) in 2005. It encompassesnot only quality aspects but alsoenvironmental conservation andsafety at work.

INTERPANE's goal is to be a reliable partner for clients and

Quality is the fulfilment ofagreed and affirmed qualityspecifications.

Long-term business relation-ships which are conceived aspartnerships form the foundationfor the success of both partners.

Quality management does notmean higher costs but cost mini-misation for everyone - above allalso for the client.

suppliers, and to deliver high-quality products with well-con-trolled processes completelyand punctually.

INTERPANE sees itself as apacemaker for product and pro-cess innovations.

Throughout all the changes instandards and legal boundaryconditions, INTERPANE has al-ways attached greatest impor-tance to its own high quality criteria since its inception.

Among other activities, INTER-PANE was already actively involvedin 1982 in the foundation of theGerman "Gütegemeinschaft Mehr-scheibenisolierglas (GMI)" (Quality-Control Association for Multiple-Pane Insulating Glazing).

The German "RAL" quality seal isawarded to insulating glazing ma-nufacturers which successfullyimplement the quality and testingprocedure of the GMI in their pro-duction.

The objective of GMI was (and stillis) to position insulating glass onthe market as a reliable, durablyfunctional building product. Thiswas recognised by the Germanlegislative bodies, which includedmany of the quality criteria and pro-cedures from GMI in the 3rdThermal Insulation Regulationwhich was introduced in 1995.This includes external inspection ofthe insulating glazing manufacturer("Ü-Zeichen" regulation).

The harmonised European pro-duct standards (EN) for insula-ting glazing now also include theconcept of fixed quality cha-racteristics, in-house qualitycontrols and documentationof the test results. These stand-ards thus combine the qualityelements which had been devel-oped voluntarily, such as

● quality characteristics● testing procedures and● quality management.

However, these systematic andself-consistent sets of standardsare accompanied by seriousdisadvantages:

– on the one hand, the lack ofpreviously obligatory externalinspection of insulating glaz-ing manufacture,

– on the other hand, the lack of anintegrated quality-control sys-tem with regard to the final pro-duct, an "installed window".

The insulating glazing manufactu-rer is still well advised to maintainthe proven external inspection ofhis production. Gradual changesin feedstock materials and pro-duction processes are recog-

nised more quickly and certainly if a large number of random samples is taken, e.g. initial moisture content of desiccants,sealants or gas fill.

The insulating glazing standard,EN 1279, offers wide scope forvarying interpretation. This leadsnot only to uncertainty in imple-menting the standard, but also to"creative interpretation".

The practice of external inspec-tion ensures that the standardsare applied appropriately and thatthe declared product character-istics are indeed achieved; e.g.emissivity of the coating or gastightness of an insulating glassunit. In addition, the test resultsfrom neutral, external quality con-trol can already help to avoidlegal conflicts a priori.

Integrated quality approach

If the final customer's expecta-tion of functional, long-lived andthus durably operating windowsis to be met, already the installerof the windows should follow anintegrated quality concept. Thismeans that product compo-


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nents can only be fully functionalif they are selected and combi-ned correctly.

For this reason, the quality andtesting regulations for windowsdemand the use of quality-con-trolled insulating glazing, i.e. usually subject to external inspec-tion.

The quality and testing regula-tions defined by GMI for insulat-ing glazing extend beyond therequirements of EN 1279 byincluding special requirementson e.g. coated glass panes orthe compatibility of sealants.

EN 1279

– System description

– Product description

– Initial testing

– In-house production control

– Audit tests and inspections

– Conformity declaration

– Declaration of performancecharacteristics

– CE label

GMI Quality and TestingRequirements

– External monitoring

– Testing of feedstock pro-ducts

– Overview list of variants

– Compliance of test sampleswith system description

– Tolerances for gas fill

– Visual specifications for finalproduct


EN Standard specifications and additional quality-determiningcharacteristics of insulating glazing production.

Significant additional specifications according to GMI:

a) Gas fill percentages (ci0) > 90 % are minimum values, i.e. negativetolerances are not permitted.

b) The measured value for the emissivity (em) „the declared value ed + 0.01.

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INTERPANE insulating glazingproducts consist of two or moreglass panes, which are separa-ted from each other by one ormore desiccated and hermeti-cally sealed, gas-filled spaces.

To this purpose, the glass panesare separated by the desired gasspace width with one or morespacer bars made of aluminium,stainless steel or polymer/metalcombinations.

The edge seal for insulating glazing always consists of twosealant stages:

● a primary sealant, consistingof butyl extruded completelyaround three sides of everyspacer bar.

It serves as a barrier to watervapour and gas diffusion,and thus fulfils the mainobjectives of preventing airmoisture from entering andthe filling gas from escapingfrom the unit.

● a secondary sealant (e.g.polysulphide, PU, silicone)applied according to thesystem description.

This secondary sealant serves two purposes:

1. Permanent attachment of thepanes by formation of a chem-ical bond between the sealantand the glass surfaces aroundthe edge of the panes.

2. Hermetic sealing of the spacebetween the panes in theinsulating glass unit, making itairtight or gastight.

Cross-section through an INTERPANE insulating glass unit

This permanently elastic compositeaccommodates the mechanicalstress caused by pumping, suc-tion, shearing, pressure-relatedand thermally induced movement.

The gas in the space betweenthe panes is dried by the desic-cant which fills the hollow, perforated spacer bar (seeSection 4.13).

The desiccant also adsorbs thewater vapour which diffusesthrough the edges into the insu-lating glass unit during its life-time.

Depending on the product, thespace is filled with ambient air orgases and can contain insertssuch as glazing bars.

The following product familiesare manufactured by INTER-PANE in accordance with thedescription above:

● iplus low-e glazing● ipasol solar-control

glazing● ipaphon sound-insulating

glazing● ipasafe safety glazing● INTERPANE conventional

insulating glazing

The products of these productfamilies are manufactured inaccordance with the systemdescription of EN 1279, Parts 1,2, 3, 4 and 6.

INTERPANE insulating glazingthus fulfils the expectations onhigh-quality insulating glazingwith a long life expectancy.

The production of INTERPANEinsulating glazing is based onthe quality criteria presented inSection 5.2.1 and is subject toon-going external inspectionand in-house quality monitoring.

desiccant

secondary sealante.g. polysulphide/PU

spacer bar

primary sealantbutyl


5.2.2 Product description of INTERPANE insulating glazing according to EN 1279

iplus E, low-e coated glass as abasis for a comprehensive productpalette

Ug values down to 0.5 W/m2K(according to EN).

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5.3 iplus E low-e glazingSince the middle of the 1990's,low-e (low-emissivity) coated,thermally insulating glazing pro-ducts have evolved to becomestandard for window and facadeinstallations.

Insulating glazing with Ug = 1.1W/m2K has established itself onthe market. The trend towardmore energy-efficient buildingsis continuing.

The European Energy Perform-ance of Buildings Directive(EPBD) demands an integratedapproach in evaluating the ener-gy performance of buildings. Inthis concept, not only the thermal losses and solar gainsbut also the light transmittanceof the glazing are given highpriority.

With its iplus E product family,INTERPANE offers a broad spec-trum which can fulfil practically allarchitectural and functional require-ments on a building:

● iplus neutral E, the synonym forneutrally coloured low-e glaz-ing with Ug = 1.1 W/m2K

● iplus city E, triple protection fordiscerning building owners

● iplus 2CE and iplus CE - double-glazed units offeringtop-class thermal insulationwith Ug down to 1.0 W/m2K

● iplus 3E and iplus 3CE - superlow-e glazing for lowest-energyand passive buildings

● iplus 3L and iplus 3CL - triple-glazed low-e units withan optimal energy balance

The market and customer expec-tations on high-quality insulatingglazing are continually increasing.This has both ecological andeconomic reasons, e.g. concern-ing environmental conservationand energy savings. The stake-holders rightfully demand:

● a complete palette of sophi-sticated products

● continuous technical im-provement of the productswith respect to heating ener-gy consumption and air-con-ditioning

● punctual delivery of high-quali-ty coated glazing also withsubstrates of thermally toughe-ned glass, heat-strengthenedglass and glass laminates

● logistic services for complexbuilding projects

Benefits for clients and the envi-ronment already arise fromINTERPANE coating equipmentand procedures:

● coatings for highest technicaldemands

● customer-oriented production,logistically optimised for error-free, punctual delivery

● measurement and documen-tation of the production results

● environmentally friendly pro-duction without emission ofpollutants or noise


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Market perspectives

The existing German buildingstock, with an average annual heating oil consumption of 20 l/m2a and some values reaching up to 50 l/m2a, canhardly be described as "modern".

There are still approximately 340million windows in Germany (morethan 60 % of all installed windows)which are not equipped with low-e coated, thermally insulatingglazing and thus need energy-saving renovation. They do notmeet up to ecologically necessaryor economically sensible stand-ards, let alone the technologicallyfeasible potential.

These 340 million windowsaccount for approximately 440million m2 of outdated glazing.

The recent energy price explosionunderlines the need to save energy.

The German Federal Governmenthas also recognised this and hasinitiated correspondingly attractivefunding programmes for energy-related building renovation.

These national funding pro-grammes to stimulate improvedenergy efficiency in the building

stock will act as an example forall of Europe.

With the number of windowsthroughout Europe estimated tobe between 3.5 and 5 thousandmillion, this results in a giganticpotential for the glazing, windowand façade sector.

Let's work on it!

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Existing windows in Germany in 2006ä 560 million window units with

ä 730 million m2 glazed area

not low-e glazing= modernisation potentialä 340 million window units

withä 440 million m2 glazed area

low-e glazing ä 220 million window units

with ä 290 million m2 glazed area

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5.3.1 Coating technologyAt INTERPANE, in-line sputteringin vacuum chambers is used asthe coating technology (Fig. 1).

The pressure in the sputteringchamber is reduced to aboutone millionth bar (app. 10-3

mbar). The glass pane is trans-

ported from the input chamberthrough a transfer chamber tothe sputtering chamber, wherethe coating process actuallytakes place.

In order to obtain homogeneouscoatings, the glass is transpor-

ted under the coating devices ata constant speed.

Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of the continuously operating coating line with high-performance sputtering (in-line process).

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technical supply lines

vacuum pumps

buffer visualinspection

inspectionandbuffer band

buffer

cut-sizeremoval

stacker output lock sputteringchambers

input lock

glass washing machine

waterpurification

feeder forstock-size andcut-size panes

opticalmeasurement

transferchamber

transferchamber

The coating procedure itself isshown schematically in Fig. 2:For sputtering, a plasma is cre-ated in a vacuum chamber byapplying a high voltage betweena cathode and an anode. Theplasma forms when atoms of theinert gas, argon, are introducedinto the chamber and are trans-formed into heavy, positivelycharged argon ions by collisionswith electrons. The plasma canbe recognised by its typicalcoloured appearance, similar tothat in fluorescent tubes. Thestrong electric field created bythe high voltage accelerates theheavy, positively charged argonions toward the cathode.

A so-called "target", which con-sists of the coating material (e.g.silver), is mounted on the cathode.The incident high-energy argonions knock material out of the tar-get, which is then deposited as athin layer on the glass (Fig. 3).

Oxygen is additionally intro-duced into the chamber as areactive gas to form chemicalcompounds (e.g. bismuth oxide)with the atomised target materi-als.

Fig. 2: Schematic cross-section of a cathode chamber to deposit thin films by the magnetron sputtering procedure.

Fig. 3: Surface processes during sputtering.

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pump system

pump system

magnetron cat hodetarget

plasma

U = 500 V

gas inlet gas inletanode anode

glass pane

sputtered atom

sputtered atom

reboundingneutral gas atom

incidentionisedgas atom

momentum transfer

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5.3.2 iplus and ipasol basic coated glassA pane of glass which is coatedwith an extremely thin, low-emis-sivity coating is what INTERPANEmeans by "iplus basic coatedglass". It is then further pro-cessed into insulating glass unitswith excellent thermally insulatingproperties. By contrast, "ipasolbasic coated glass" is the semi-finished product for manufac-turing highly functional solar-control glazing (see Section 5.5).

INTERPANE has coating plants inLauenförde, Plattling and Seing-bouse in France.

As well as being further processedwithin INTERPANE, the iplus andipasol semi-finished products aredelivered to INTERPANE's partnersfor processing into functional insu-lating glazing. These products areavailable on the market both underthe brand names of "iplus" and"ipasol", as well as company-specific trade names (usually withthe descriptor "iplus / ipasol").

A common set of glass-processingguidelines for the INTERPANE pro-duction plants and the partnerswhich process the semi-finishedglass ensures that the high qualitystandard is met which is expectedfor high-performance, functionalinsulating glazing.

Why is a coating applied?

Single glazing, which was standarduntil the middle of the 1970's, isresponsible for large thermal losses(Ug = 5.8 W/m2K). Double glazingthen became more common, withits improved Ug value of about 3.0 W/m2K.

It was not until double glazing tech-nology was combined with modernthin-film technology to create trans-parent coatings on glass that thespecific energy losses could behalved yet again.

Colour-neutral, coated insulatingglazing was first introduced byINTERPANE to the market at thebeginning of the 1980's. A vigor-ous market campaign, includingthe distribution of basic coatedglass as a semi-finished product,ensured that iplus was soon widelydisseminated. Today, thermallyinsulating glazing (low-e glazing)with a Ug value of 1.1 W/m2K isaccepted as the state of the art.

With triple glazing, Ug valuesdown to even 0.5 W/m2K can beachieved. This means thermallosses that are only a tenth ofthose for single glazing!

In contrast to metals, which re-radi-ate about 2 to 10 percent of theabsorbed energy, i.e. which have alow emissivity value, e, (see Section4.2), glass does not possess thisfavourable property. More than 80percent of absorbed heat is emit-ted via the glass surface (e = 0.85).In order to combine the trans-parency of glass with the excellentemission properties of preciousmetals, thin metal films are depos-ited onto the glass. These aretransparent to sunlight but simulta-neously reduce the emissivity of theglass surface very effectively.Extremely thin silver films with athickness of about 1/100,000 mm(= 10 nm) are optimal.

The structure of low-emissivity and solar-control coatings

Different coating materials aredeposited onto glass to producethe INTERPANE thin-film stacks.Films to provide adhesion, ther-mal functions, cover and protec-tion form a complex system.

The optical properties are achievedby applying the interference princi-ple, which is familiar from anti-reflective coatings on camera andspectacle lenses.

The ipasol solar-control coatingsare similar to the others in prin-ciple, but have a significantlymore complex coating structure.

The desired properties regardingsolar and thermal radiation areobtained with additional absorb-ing and/or reflecting compo-nents

Example: Structure of a low-e coating on glass

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cover layer

protective layer

silver layer

adhesive layer

glass

Coated glass for temperingfrom INTERPANE

As coated glass cannot generallybe heat-processed to producethermally toughened or heat-strengthened glass, the coatingmust be deposited subsequentlyonto the thermally toughened orheat-strengthened panes.

As an alternative, INTERPANEdelivers coated glass with the product name of iplus ET, whichcan then be heat-processed bythe customer.

This offers logistic advantages:Manufacturers of safety glass, orproducers of insulating glass unitswith their own safety glass pro-duction, can deliver their productsat short notice if they store thecoated glass in their warehouse.Complicated and expensive trans-port of cut-size panes becomesunnecessary.

iplus ET is optically compatiblewith iplus E, so is suitable formixed glazing applications.

Coated glass dimensions

Both the commercially widespreadfloat glass panes ("jumbos"), withdimensions of 6.00 m x 3.21 m,and stock-size and cut-size panescan be coated. The minimumdimensions for coating are 0.24 mx 0.24 m. Glass with a thickness of up to 19 mm (float glass) and safety glass such as thermallytoughened and laminated glasscan be coated.

INTERPANE thus offers a com-prehensive delivery programme.

Quality-controlled production

The coating homogeneity plays aspecial role for large-area produc-tion of these low-e and solar-control coatings, iplus and ipasol.Inhomogeneity is disturbingly evi-dent as colour effects both in exter-nal reflection by and transmissionthrough a glazing unit.

INTERPANE coating plants areconsistently designed to achievehigh-quality, homogeneous coat-ing.

On-line technology to measurethe colour in reflection andtransmission is part of the pro-cess-control and quality-controltechnology - and the measure-ments are made not only at oneposition, but distributed overnine measurement points of thejumbo glass panes (see graphson next page).

The measurement results aresaved electronically togetherwith the equipment settings:They can be accessed at anytime and correlated with eachdelivery, pane for pane.

Comparison with benchmarks isalso made electronically. Colourdefects are recognised automa-tically and faulty coatings aresorted out.

CE label

Since 1.9.2006, the CE confor-mity label has been required forcoated glass.

Basic coated glass must conformto the European product standard,EN 1096. It specifies a manufac-turer's declaration about confor-mity after initial testing of the product (Level 3).

Beyond this, INTERPANE coat-ing companies voluntarily sub-ject their plants to external moni-toring by a notified body.Although the standard for emis-sivity specifies em „ed + 0.02, themeasured value of emissivity atINTERPANE em satisfies a smallertolerance, namely „ the declaredvalue ed + 0.01.

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The measurement protocol shows that measurements were made at nine positionsof the coated float glass pane. Comparison is made with benchmark curves.

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5.3.3 iplus neutral E coated insulating glazingThermal principle of operation

The heat flux through insulatingglazing is determined by the fol-lowing components:

● radiation exchange betweenthe panes according to theemissivity of the pane sur-faces for thermal radiation

● heat conduction by the gasin the gas-filled space

● convection of the gas in thegas-filled space

In conventional, uncoated dou-ble glazing, about two-thirds ofthe heat flux is caused by theradiation exchange between thepanes due to the high emissivityof the glass surface. Only one-third is caused by conductionand convection of the air in thespace between the panes.

The low-emissivity coating redu-ces the emissivity from ed ≈0.89for uncoated glass to e.g. ed ≈

0.03 for iplus E. Thus, the radi-ation exchange is suppressedalmost completely. The heat fluxdue to conduction and convec-tion in the gas-filled spaceremains unchanged.

Thus, a low-emissivity coatingbased on silver, such as is usedin iplus E, reduces the Ug value ofdouble glazing from approxi-mately 3 W/m2K to 1.4 W/m2K.

If, in addition, the air in the spacebetween the panes is replacedby an inert gas such as argon,which has a lower thermal con-ductivity, the Ug falls again by0.3 W/m2K to 1.1 W/m2K.

Coated insulating glazingThe following graph plots the Ug value as a function of the width of thegas-filled space and the type of gas, using iplus E as an example.

Calculation according to EN 673: 90 % gas fill.

argon air krypton

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Ug

valu

e [W

/m2 K

]

width of gas-filled space [mm]

outdoors indoors

coating (low-e coating)

thermal radiation (causes two-thirds of heat losses for uncoateddouble glazing)

heat conduction

convection

(causes one-third of heat losses for uncoated doubleglazing)

1. Heat transfer by radiation is practically eliminated by coating.

2. Argon gas fill reduces the contribution of heat conduction.

Heat-transfer processes through insulating glazing

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Light and radiative properties

The light, solar-radiation andthermal properties of a glazingunit are decisive.

Light and radiative propertiesrefer to the following fundamentalphysical processes:

● transmission

● reflection

● absorption

The light (or visible) properties aredefined with reference to visiblelight in the spectral range between 380 nm and 780 nm.Radiative properties refer eitherto the solar spectrum between300 nm and 2500 nm or to infra-red, thermal radiation with wave-lengths up to about 300 µm.

The operation principle for ther-mally insulating, low-emissivitycoatings is as follows:

The coatings act as a filter, whichis why they are also called "selec-tive". For short-wavelength radi-ation, (solar radiation particularlyin the visible range), low-emissivi-ty coatings are highly trans-parent, whereas they are highlyreflective for long-wavelengthradiation, particularly the infraredspectral range between 3000 nmand 50 µm.

In practice, this means that solarenergy (300 nm to 2500 nm) canenter indoor rooms relativelyunhindered (solar collectoreffect). This energy is absorbedby the materials in the room andmuch of it is emitted as long-wavelength thermal radiation.The functional low-emissivitycoating prevents this long-wave-length thermal radiation from leaving the room.

The greenhouse effect - an energy trap

Correlation between wavelength and spectral colours

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short-wavelength radiation (daylight)

long-wavelength radiation (thermal radiation)

visible light

violet blue green yellow red

wavelength [nm]

Edge coating removal

A simple process is applied toremove the coating along theedges of the pane,

● to guarantee reliable adhe-sion of the insulating glazingsealant to the glass,

● to avoid damage to the coat-ing along the edge of thepane due to the naturalpumping movement of theinsulating glass unit,

● to prevent moisture frompenetrating the individuallayers (see figure) and

● to prevent corrosion of thesilver film due to reactionwith water.

Coating on cut-size panes /coating spillover

When cut-size panes are coated(without masking), the coatingcan be deposited also onto thesides of the glass pane or even

onto the back surface to a limi-ted extent. This is unavoidablein the production process. Werecommend removal of this"spillover" coating already duringfurther processing to make insu-lating glass units, particularly ifthese regions are to be used asadhesion surfaces for sealingjoints.

Masking

For structural glazing, the ETAG002 (European Technical ApprovalGuideline) specifies adhesionwhich can bear mechanical loads.

Coated surfaces, including coatedglass, must be tested for their func-tionality as part of an authorisationprocess.

The adhesion zone must be keptfree of coating materials if "softcoatings" have been deposited.

For this reason, INTERPANE usestape to mask the load-bearingadhesion zone of structural glazingduring the coating process.

The INTERPANE coating com-panies offer cut-size coatedglass with customer-specifiedmasking. See also Section 3.8on Structural Glazing.

Effect of glazing bars onthermal insulation

Due to the thermal bridge effect ofgenuine glazing bars (muntins) orincorrectly designed internal glaz-ing bars for insulating glass units,the thermal insulation of windows isoften reduced appreciably. Thethermal bridges arise due to zoneswith higher thermal conductivityalong the edge of the glass,through the material of genuine glazing bars and by contact between the glass panes and glazing bars inserted into the gas-filled space.

Technically mature glazing barsystems such as the "Swiss Cross"and the "Viennese glazing bar"reduce these problems, as large-area glazing units with (optically)small sections can be achieved. At the same time, the typical worsening of Ug values andsusceptibility of windows withgenuine glazing bars to conden-sation can be reduced (see alsoSections 3.3.2 and 5.12.2).

iplus E improves indoor comfort

With iplus E, it is possible to plangenerously glazed areas whichmeet not only economic andecological criteria but also aes-thetic demands, without wastingenergy.

At the same time, the roomsremain comfortable.

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Incorrect: edge coating still present

Correct: edge coating removed

sealant applied onto coating

cover layer (penetrated)

Ag layer (free oxidation)

adhesive layer (penetrated)

sealant adheres directly to glass

53

3

In order to achieve indoor comfort,the temperatures of the room air,the indoor window surfaces andthe indoor wall surfaces must be assimilar as possible. The individualsurface temperatures of the envel-oping surfaces of a room shouldthus not differ by more than about6 K.

For given outdoor meteorologi-cal conditions, the indoor panetemperature depends directly onthe Ug value.

The following comfort diagramwas developed on the basis ofinvestigations by Bedford and

Liese. With an indoor tempera-ture of + 22 °C, iplus neutral E isalready close to causing an"uncomfortably" warm room. Ifthe room temperature is re-duced by 2 K, iplus neutral is onthe optimum curve.

Experience shows that redu-cing the indoor temperatureby 1 K can save up to 6 % inheating energy.

iplus neutral E prevents toomuch heat being lost from thehuman body by radiation andconvection. This increasescomfort.

Effect of coated, thermallyinsulating glazing on plantgrowth

Investigations conducted byProf. K. Zimmer at the Institutefor Ornamental Plants, Universityof Hanover, demonstrated that anegative effect on plant growthis not to be expected.

Although the light intensity is re-duced slightly, the spectral distri-bution of the light is not changedsignificantly. This applies also tothe ultraviolet component ofdaylight, so that the light quality isretained and colour rendering isgood. At the same time, reducedabsorption of radiated energymeans that the plants heat up less.

This was also confirmed by scienti-fic investigations by S. Hoffmann in1998 at the Institute for Technologyin Horticulture and Agriculture atthe University of Hanover (see alsoSection 7.6).

Comfort diagram according to Bedford and Liese

For an outdoor temperature of -10 °C and an indoor temperature of + 21 °C, the indoor pane temperature (surface temperature) is

for Ug value surface temperature

conventional, uncoateddouble glazing 3.0 W/m2K + 9 °C

iplus neutral E 1.1 W/m2K + 17 °C

iplus CE 1.0 W/m2K + 17 °C

iplus 3CE / iplus 3CL 0.5 W/m2K + 19 °C

outer wall 0.3 W/m2K + 20 °C

92


U = 0.3 W/m2Khighly insulated wall

Ug = 1.1 W/m2Kiplus neutral E

Ug = 3.0 W/m2Kdouble glazing

outdoor temperature –10 °C

optimum curve

uncomfortably warm

uncomfortably cool

room temperature

surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re

5.3.4 iplus neutral E - the innovative thermally insulating glazingAn iplus neutral E thermally insulat-ing glass unit consists of two glass panes which are separatedfrom each other by a hermeticallysealed, gas-filled space.

The two glass panes are kept apartby the desired distance - usually 14 mm or 16 mm - by a spacerwhich is attached by the well-proven, permanently elastic doublesealing system.

The space is filled with an inert gas,and one glass surface is coatedwith an iplus E film.

The extremely thin film (thickness: ≈ 0.1 µm) is usually located on thesurface of the indoor pane whichfaces the space (position 3).

However, the coating could also belocated on the inner surface of theoutdoor pane (position 2), e.g. foraesthetic reasons, without the Ugvalue being affected negatively.

iplus neutral E continues to be astandard for colour neutralityamong coated insulating glazing.

Cross-section through an iplus neutral E insulating glass unit

desiccant

gas fill

outdoors indoors

low-ecoating


spacer bar


53

4

93


53

4

Delivery programme for iplus neutral E

94

Technical data: iplus neutral Eproduct configura- Ug value rated light and solar-radation thick- mass max. max. max.name tion according properties according to EN 410 ness dimensions area ratio of

outer/ to EN 673 sidespace/inner lengths

g value light general colourtransmit- rendering index

tance in transmission

mm W/m2K % % – mm kgm2 cm m2 –

iplus neutral E 4/16/4 1.1 60 80 97 24 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus neutral E 5/16/6 1.1 59 78 96 27 27 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 10

iplus neutral E 6/16/6 1.1 58 78 96 28 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus neutral E 4/14/4 1.2 60 80 97 22 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus neutral E 5/14/6 1.1 59 78 96 25 27 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 10

iplus neutral E 6/14/6 1.1 58 78 96 26 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus neutral E 4/12/4 1.3 60 80 97 20 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus neutral E 5/12/6 1.3 59 78 96 23 27 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 10

iplus neutral E 6/12/6 1.3 58 78 96 24 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

● The customer ordering our products is responsible for ensuring that the glass thickness is dimensioned correctly according to the applicable technical regulations.

● The specified rated values refer to the testing conditions and the application scope of the referencedstandard.


5.3.5 iplus CE and iplus 2CE -Peak thermal insulation with double glazing

Among new buildings, averageenergy consumption values of70 kWh/m2a are the standard.The planner has the freedom todecide how this energy target isto be achieved.

The attractive iplus CE andiplus 2CE products present agood option for optimised ther-mal insulation in windows.

Compared to iplus neutral E, theUg value is better by up to 10 percent. With heat transfer coef-ficients down to 1.0 W/m2Kaccording to EN 673, the limitshave been reached for what isphysically feasible and economic-ally viable with a double-glazedconfiguration.

The particularly slim iplus CEglazing unit, with its installationthickness of only 18 mm, is ideallysuited to replace uncoated double glazing "from yesterday"in window frames which are stillfunctional, improving the energyperformance of the whole window.

Cross-section through iplus CE

desiccant

kryptongas fill

outdoors indoors

low-e coating


spacer bar


53

5

95



Delivery programme for iplus CE and iplus 2CE

96

Technical data: iplus CE and iplus 2CEproduct configuration Ug value rated light and solar-radiation thickness mass max. max. max.name outer/ according properties according to EN 410 dimensions area ratio of

space/inner to EN 673 sidelengths



mm W/m-2K-1 % % – mm kgm2 cm m2 –

iplus CE 4/10/4 1.0 60 80 97 18 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus CE 5/10/6 1.0 59 78 96 21 27 245 / 300 6 .00 1 : 10

iplus CE 6/10/6 1.0 58 78 96 22 3 0 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus CE 4/12/4 1.1 60 80 97 20 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus CE 5/12/6 1.1 59 78 96 23 27 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 10

iplus CE 6/12/6 1.1 58 78 96 24 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus CE 4/14/4 1.1 60 80 97 22 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus CE 5/14/6 1.1 59 78 96 25 27 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 10

iplus CE 6/14/6 1.1 58 78 96 26 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus CE 4/16/4 1.1 60 80 97 24 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus CE 5/16/6 1.1 59 78 96 27 27 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 10

iplus CE 6/16/6 1.1 58 78 96 28 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus 2CE 4/10/4 1.0 52 78 96 18 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 2CE 6/10/6 1.0 50 77 95 22 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus 2CE 4/12/4 1.0 52 78 96 20 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 2CE 6/12/6 1.0 50 77 95 24 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus 2CE 4/14/4 1.0 52 78 96 22 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 2CE 6/14/6 1.0 50 77 95 26 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus 2CE 4/16/4 1.0 52 78 96 24 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 2CE 6/16/6 1.0 50 77 95 28 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10



53

5

Energy criterion:

Ug – 1.6 W/m2K x g value „0

All iplus thermally insulating tripleglazing units from INTERPANE,both from the iplus 3E series andthe iplus 3L series, meet the cri-teria of the Passivhaus-Institut.

Example:

iplus 3E with 2 x 14 mm space width0.64 - 1.6 x 0.47 = -0.112

iplus 3L with 2 x 16 mm space width0.62 - 1.6 x 0.55 = -0.260


5.3.6 iplus thermally insulating triple glazing with iplus L and iplus EAlthough triple glazing was (andis) primarily used until now as anideal product for passive andlowest-energy buildings, this typeof glazing is being demandedincreasingly also for conventionalhousing construction and high-grade building renovation due toawareness of CO2 emissions andthe explosion in energy costs.

In particular, high-quality windowsneed high-performance glazing,which is why INTERPANE offersnew, future-oriented products forthese application areas.

Today, it can already be foreseenthat future tightening of the ener-gy-saving regulations will effec-tively prescribe the installation oftriple glazing. Another reason toact today!

iplus 3E and iplus 3CE

These well-known and well-pro-ven products from the passive-building series have Ug valuesdown to 0.5 W/m2K according toEN 673 and thus minimise ther-mal losses. iplus 3E and 3CEglazing consists of combinationswith iplus E basic coated glass.

iplus 3L and iplus 3CL

Taking account of the specificphysical properties of triple glaz-ing, INTERPANE has developedspecial basic coated glass forenergy-optimised triple glazingunits.

The emissivity of this coating(see Section 4.2) is higher thanfor iplus E basic coated glass.The coating design allows iplus3L and iplus 3CL to achieve higher light transmittance and a higher total solar energy transmittance (g value).

Despite this optimisation fortransmission of solar radiation,Ug values down to 0.5 W/m2Kaccording to EN 673 are alsoachieved with these products.

Cross-section through iplus 3CL

low-ecoating

krypton gas fill

desiccant spacer bars

secondary sealante.g. polysulphide/PUprimari sealant

butyl

53

6

97

Optimal edge sealing systems

To optimise the excellent energyperformance of high-quality tripleglazing, the use of thermallyimproved edge sealing systems("warm edge") is recommended.

Criteria for super-insulatingglazing

The renowned "Passivhaus-Institut Dr. Feist" in Darmstadtspecifies a Ug value of „0.80 W/m2K as acomfort criterion.In addition, theenergy criterionspecifies a positiveenergy balance for the glazing.


Delivery programme for iplus triple glazing

98

Technical data: iplus 3E and iplus 3CEproduct configuration Ug value rated light and solar-radiation thickness mass max. max. max.name outer/ according properties according to EN 410 dimensions area ratio of





iplus 3E 4/16/4/16/4 0.6 47 71 95 44 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 3E 4/14/4/14/4 0.6 47 71 95 40 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 3E 4/12/4/12/4 0.7 47 71 95 36 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 3CE 4/12/4/12/4 0.5 47 71 95 36 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 3CE 4/10/4/10/4 0.6 47 71 95 32 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

– max. unit thickness: 46 mm– max. unit mass: 250 kg● The customer ordering our products is responsible for ensuring that the glass thickness is dimensioned

correctly according to the applicable technical regulations.● The specified rated values refer to the testing conditions and the application scope of the referenced

standard.● For optical reasons, the use of black spacers is recommended.

53

6

Technical data: iplus 3L and iplus 3CLproduct configuration Ug value rated light and solar-radiation thickness mass max. max. max.name outer/ according properties according to EN 410 dimensions area ratio of





iplus 3L 4/16/4/16/4 0.6 55 72 96 44 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 3L 4/14/4/14/4 0.7 55 72 96 40 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 3L 4/12/4/12/4 0.8 55 72 96 36 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 3CL 4/12/4/12/4 0.5 55 72 96 36 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus 3CL 4/10/4/10/4 0.6 55 72 96 32 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

– max. unit thickness: 46 mm– max. unit mass: 250 kg● The customer ordering our products is responsible for ensuring that the glass thickness is dimensioned

correctly according to the applicable technical regulations.● The specified rated values refer to the testing conditions and the application scope of the referenced

standard.● For optical reasons, the use of black spacers is recommended.


5.3.7 iplus city E - Multifunctional glazingTriple protection for discerning customers

Particularly for private homesand building objects in primelocations, building owners fre-quently demand windows andglazing with special featureswhich meet the occupants'expectations of greater comfort,higher living quality and moresecurity.

Not only is excellent thermalinsulation specified, but usuallyalso protection against burglaryand good sound insulation.Standard glazing does not suf-fice here.

iplus city E is an attractive, mul-tifunctional addition to the iplusproduct family, which meets thespecial demands of high-qualityhomes in urban locations.

iplus city E combines threeessential functions:

● thermal insulationexcellent Ug value of 1.1 W/m2K according to EN 673

● anti-burglar protectionresistance to manual attack(P4A) according to EN 356

● sound insulationsound insulation value of up to38 dB, thus meeting soundinsulation category 3 accordingto VDI 2719

In addition, the thickness of theinsulating glass unit, only 26 mm,allows it to be installed into almostall window constructions withoutdifficulty.

With this triple combination of pro-tective properties, iplus city E is anextremely effective addition to theiplus E product family. It offersmore living quality for an economi-cal price.

Cross-section through iplus city E

low-ecoating

PVB interlayer

outdoors

indoors

spacer bar


krypton gas fill

desiccant


53

7

99


Delivery programme for iplus city E

53

7

Technical data: iplus city ERwmea-sured

value ofsound

reductionindex

correction values anti-burglarprotection

rated light and solar-radiationproperties according to EN 410

g valueEN 356C Ctr C100-5000 Ctr 100-5000 light trans-mittance

Ug

valueaccord-ing to

EN 673

thickness mass max.dimensions

max.area

max.ratio of side

lengths

general colourrendering index in

transmission

● Please note that for thicker panes, the intrinsic green/yellow colouring of the insulating glass units becomes more evident.



Configurationouter/

space/inner

mm W/m2K dB dB % % -

10(P4A)/16/4 1.1 38 -3 -8 -2 -8 P4A 53 77 95

10(P4A)/12/4 1.1 37 -3 -7 -2 -7 P4A 53 77 95

100

mm kg/m2 cm m2 –

30 34 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

26 34 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

53

8


5.3.8 iplus sun - climate glazingNow a glazing type is available foreveryone, particularly private homeowners, that suits our changeableclimate - iplus sun.

Conservatories or glazed exten-sions quickly overheat in summerwhen the sun shines strongly, but become unpleasantly cold inwinter.

iplus sun offers ideal protectionagainst overheating in summer,as the g value (total solar energytransmittance) has been reducedto 43 %, while the light transmit-tance is still a high 71 %. The Ug

value of 1.1 W/m2K according toEN 673 is very respectable andprovides effective protectionagainst thermal losses in winter.

Technical data: iplus sunproduct configuration Ug value rated light and solar-radiation thickness mass max. max. max.name outer/ according properties according to EN 410 dimensions area ratio of


g value light shadingtrans- coefficient

mittance


iplus sun 4/16/4 1.1 43 71 0.54 24 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus sun 6/16/5 1.1 42 70 0.53 27 27 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 10

iplus sun 6/16/6 1.1 42 69 0.53 28 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus sun 4/14/4 1.2 43 71 0.54 22 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus sun 6/14/5 1.1 42 70 0.53 25 27 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 10

iplus sun 6/14/6 1.1 42 69 0.53 26 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus sun 4/12/4 1.3 43 71 0.54 20 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus sun 6/12/5 1.3 42 70 0.53 23 27 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 10

iplus sun 6/12/6 1.3 42 69 0.53 24 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10



101

iplus sun makes sure that theindoor climate is right.

Delivery programme for iplus sun climate glazing

iplus E/ipaphon glazing fromINTERPANE combines sound-insulating and high-qualitythermally insulating properties on a standard basis.For architecture in noisy locations.


5.4 iplus E/ipaphon sound-insulating glazingComplete environmental protec-tion demands not only protectionagainst noise but also protectionof our natural surroundings.

The German energy-saving ordi-nance demands fundamental andsignificant improvement of thethermal insulation in new and old buildings. Thus, modernsound-insulating double glazingmust not only cover a wide range of sound insulation (up to RW = 52 dB) but also strongly reduce thermal transmission losses.

The ipaphon sound-insulatingglazing range is thus combinedwith the high-quality iplus E coating on a standard basis.

All ipaphon types can also becombined with almost all ipasolcoatings instead of iplus E.

The sound insulation remainsunchanged while the energy-relevant technical values areclose to those of the ipasol typeused.

Your INTERPANE supplier will behappy to determine the technicalvalues of the ipasol/ipaphoncombination of your choice.

asymmetric glazingconfiguration

low-ecoating

sound-insulatinginterlayer

outdoors

indoors

gas fill

spacer bar


desiccant


Cross-section through iplus E/ipaphon S

103

54

weighted sound reductionindex RW of single and laminated glass panes

■ single pane+ laminated glassa) stiff plateb) flexible platec) single pane (according to VDI 2719)

This diagram applies only to single glazing.

kmeasuredvalues

5.4.1 Building science fundamentalsThe complete window unit isimportant in achieving protectionagainst noise, i.e. window frame,sealant, installation in the facadeand sound-insulating glazing unit.

Individual details on determiningthe sound insulation needed fora window are described com-prehensively in Section 3.5.

The quantity used to characteriseprotection against noise is theweighted sound reduction indexeval-uated according to DIN4109, also known as the RWvalue. It is measured in dB.

It is recommended that informa-tion regarding sound insulationbe validated by measurementson the complete window unitaccording to EN 20 140 or ENISO 717.

The physical principles applyingto transmission of sound differfundamentally from those relat-ing to heat transfer.

A rule of thumb is: The soundinsulation depends on the massper area of the installed buildingcomponent.

In addition, the double-glazedconfiguration of sound-insulatingglazing generally improves theweighted sound reduction index.However, due to coupling between the panes via the inter-vening gas space, resonancesoccur which reduce the soundinsulation in the lower frequencyrange.

These effects mean that a normaldouble (4/12/4) or triple (4/8/4/8/4)glazing unit will not improve thesound insulation significantly com-pared to a single pane with thesame mass per area as that of theconstituent panes of the multipleglazing.

The sound insulation providedby an insulating glass unit isdetermined by the followingparameters:

a) Pane mass

The greater the mass per area ofa pane, the higher is the soundreduction index in general.

b) Pane stiffness

The more flexible a pane is, thehigher is the sound reductionindex in general. Laminated glasspanes with a sound-insulatinginterlayer exploit this proveneffect: The elastic connection oftwo thin single panes combines ahigh mass per area with a lowbending stiffness.

In this way, the sound insulationis improved both in the lowerand the upper frequency range.

In addition, the laminated glasshas the effect of reducing soundconduction through the edgespacer of the insulating glassunit.

c) Glazing configuration

The thickness of the externaland internal panes must be different. In general, the moreasymmetric the glazing unit

configuration is, the greater isthe sound reduction index, asthe resonant frequencies for theindividual panes are different.

d) Gas space width

In general, the wider the gasspace is, the higher is the soundreduction index, as the cavityresonance is shifted to lower frequencies.

A change in the gas space widthis usually accompanied by a change in the U value (see Section5.3.3).

e) Gas fill

To protect the environment,INTERPANE no longer uses SF6to improve the sound insulation.Argon and krypton, the gasesused, change both the soundinsulation and the thermal insu-lation.

In the discussion above of thedetermining factors, "in general"has been deliberately included.Particularly in reference to soundinsulation, a general discussioncan not adequately cover allaspects of the specific individualcase.

Optimal individual results do notalways combine to give a betterresult. This is due to the interac-tion between the individual para-meters.

The sound reduction index of aninsulating glass unit can be planned on the basis of the phys-ical and technical knowledge indicated here, but its exact valuecan only be determined by meas-urement.

A calculation-based determina-tion using the mass per area isneither correct nor permissible.

54


104

pane thickness

mass per area [kg/m2]

54

1

105


Reduction of sound insulationdue to obliquely incidentsound waves

Depending on the installationposition, directional soundwaves can be obliquely incidenton the glazing, e.g. in tall buildings on streets with heavytraffic.

In these cases, the conditions ofthe test stand are very differentto those encountered in reality.The actual sound insulation islower than that determined inthe test stand.

Account can be taken of thisfact by specifying higher valuesfor the sound insulation thanthose determined according toDIN 4109 (see Section 3.5).

Reduction of sound insula-tion in the lower frequencyrange

In all glazing configurations withtwo or more panes, a clearreduction in the sound insulationcan be found in the lower frequency range at 125 Hz to250 Hz. This is clearly evident in the measurement curves ofthe relevant test certificates forsound insulation.

Thus, even if the RW value is 44 dB, the sound reduction indexfalls to 20 dB in this lower frequen-cy range.

However, this property shouldnot be overemphasised, ashuman hearing is relativelyinsensitive specifically in thelower frequency range.

Better protection against deep,dull sounds from heavy trafficcan always be achieved byinstalling heavy, flexible, asym-metric, sound-insulating doubleglazing. Its sound insulation isbetter for the lower frequencyrange than that of stiff monolithicglazing.

Spectral adaptation values(C, Ctr)

The European standard, EN ISO717, to determine the acoustic pro-perties of buildings and buildingcomponents offers the option ofadapting the measured soundreduction index with so-called"spectral adaptation values" C andCtr (see Section 4.9) to the existingoutdoor noise spectrum.

Effect of glazing bars onsound insulation

Genuine glazing bars (muntins)have the disadvantage that theyact as thermal and acousticbridges. If there is a large num-ber of glazing bars, significantsound transmission can occurdue to imperfect joints betweenthe bars. This disadvantage canbe reduced by careful work-manship. In addition, glazingbars create thermal bridges.

Modern glazing bar systemswhich are integrated into thespace between the panes, e.g."Swiss cross" or "Viennesecross", largely avoid these nega-tive effects (see Section 5.12.2).

Average values of noise spectra due to road traffic in situations with continuous and interrupted streetfrontages.

unra

ted

third

ban

d le

vel d

B

frequency in HZ

continuous building frontage to streetfree-standing buildings

Adapted from: Bauphysik 4/87

106

54

2


5.4.2 Planning criteria for the application of iplus E/ipaphon sound-insulating glazing with two or more panes

Combining the functions ofsound insulation with thermalinsulation or solar controldemands clear specification ofthe individual functional proper-ties already during the planningphase.

Due to the characteristic features ofsound-insulating double glazing,such as

– wider gas-filled spaces and– asymmetric glazing

configuration,

a list of further criteria must betested:

● As a fundamental principle,the thicker glass pane of

the sound-insulating double-glazed unit should be posi-tioned outdoors to minimisedistortions due to the "double-glazing effect" and to withstandwind loads.

● In small insulating glass units,i.e. where the edge length is < 50 cm, for gas-filled spacewidths exceeding > 16 mmand/or where the ratio of sidelengths is unfavourable, theedge seal is subjected to extremely high loads.

Thus, already before the mainplanning phase, it is necessaryto find an integrated solutionconcerning the configuration of

the insulating glass units, thedimensioning of the edge sealand the glass. If necessary, thethinner pane must be made ofthermally toughened glass.

● The usage of glass with highsolar absorptance values, e.g.absorbing solar-control glass,generally requires the gas-filledspace width to be limited to amaximum of 16 mm. In addi-tion, the need for thermallytoughened glass must alreadybe determined during the plan-ning phase.

107

54

3


Product group Example

● iplus E / ipaphon sound insulation with float glassor with P2A or laminated glass 36/26-1.1(German: Verbundsicherheitsglas) 37/29 V-1.1

● iplus E / ipaphon S increased sound insulationinterlayer (German: Schallschutz) 44/35 VG-1.1

● iplus E / ipaphon SF increased sound insulation with sound-insulating/safety-glassinterlayer (German: Sicherheitsfolie) 46/37 SF-1.1

● iplus CE / ipaphon sound insulation with float glassand krypton gas fill 37/22-1.1

● iplus CE / ipaphon SF increased sound insulationwith sound-insulating/safety-glassinterlayer and kryptonglass fill 49/38 SF-1.1

5.4.3 Product range of sound-insulating double glazing with iplus E/ipaphon

iplus E/ipaphon sound-insulatingdouble glazing is distinguished bythe combination of panes withdifferent thicknesses, usuallywider spaces between thepanes, the gas fill and in somecases, the use of laminatedglass. This laminated glass isproduced with special sound-insulating interlayers, which can

also have additional safety-rele-vant properties (ipaphon SF).

With gas fills, Ug values downto 1.1 W/m2K according to EN 673 can be achieved.

The product name for iplusE/ipaphon sound-insulatingdouble glazing consists of the

following elements:

● rated sound reduction indexRW in dB

● thickness of insulating glassunit in mm

● ID for pane configurationwith interlayer

● Ug value in W/m2K according to EN 673

Example for increased sound insulation with a sound-insulating interlayer

iplus E coating and argon gas fill

sound-insulating combination

increased sound insulation

rated sound reduction index RW in dB

glazing unit thickness in mm

sound-insulating interlayer

Ug value according to EN 673

INTERPANE sound-insulating products feature good thermal insulation (iplus E coating). The product spectrumcovers the following groups:

iplus E / ipaphon S 44/35 VG 1.1

Function / Sound-insulatingglazing configurations

54

3


Delivery programme for iplus E/ipaphon sound-insulating double glazing with increased thermal insulation

mm dB dB

configurationouter/

space/inner

typeproduct name Rw

measuredvalue

EN 20 140

Technical data: iplus E/ipaphon combined thermal insulat

* Coating at position 2.

** If the ratio of side lengths exceeds 2:1, we recommend the use of ipasafe thermally toughened gla

*** P2A according to EN 356

**** iplus E/ipaphon SF with a 0.76 mm interlayer has safety properties like laminated safety glass acco

● Please note that for thicker panes, the intrinsic green/yellow colouring of the insulating glass units be

● The customer ordering our products is responsible for ensuring that the glass thickness is dimension

● The specified rated values refer to the testing conditions and the application scope of the referenced

● Maximum mass: 500 kg per insulating glass unit

correction values

C Ctr C100-5000 Ctr 100-5

iplus E/ipaphon 36/26-1.1 6/16/4 36 -2 -5 -1 -5

iplus E/ipaphon 37/28-1.1 8/16/4 37 -2 -5 -1 -5

iplus E/ipaphon 37/29 V-1.1 9(P2A)/16/4*** 37 -2 -6 -1 -6

iplus E/ipaphon 38/26 V-1.3* 6/12/8VSG 38 -1 -5 -0 -5

iplus E/ipaphon 39/34-1.1 10/20/4 39 -2 -6 -1 -6

iplus E/ipaphon 43/36 V-1.1* 8/16/12VSG 43 -2 -6 -1 -6

iplus CE/ipaphon 37/22-1.1 6/12/4 37 -3 -7 -2 -7

iplus CE/ipaphon 37/26-1.1 6/16/4 37 -3 -8 -2 -8

iplus CE/ipaphon 39/26-1.1 10/12/4 39 -3 -7 -2 -8

iplus CE/ipaphon 40/30-1.1 10/16/4 40 -4 -9 -3 -9

iplus CE/ipaphon SF 43/31 SF-1.1 SF 9/16/6**** 43 -3 -8 -2 -8

iplus CE/ipaphon SF 49/38 SF-1.1 SF13/16/SF9**** 49 -3 -9 -2 -9

iplus E/ipaphon S 41/31 VG-1.1 VG9/16/6 41 -2 -7 -1 -7



iplus E/ipaphon S 48/38 VG-1.1 VG13/16/VG9 48 -2 -7 -1 -7

iplus E/ipaphon SF 41/31 SF-1.1 SF9/16/6**** 41 -3 -8 -2 -8



iplus E/ipaphon SF 48/38 SF-1.1 SF13/16/SF9**** 48 -2 -8 -1 -8

iplus E/ipaphon SF 50/42 SF-1.3 SF13/16/SF13**** 50 -2 -7 -1 -7

iplus E/ipaphon SF 52/46 SF-1.3 SF17/16/SF13**** 52 -1 -5 0 -5

108

m2K % % - mm kg/m2 cm m2 –

thickness mass max.dimensions

max.area

max. ratio of

sidelengths

Ug

uerding

N 673general colourrendering indexin transmission

lightltrans-

mittance

g value


and sound insulation

he thinner pane.

o the "Technical regulations for the use of linearly edge-supported glazing".

more evident.

ectly according to the applicable technical regulations.

d.

.1 58 79 96 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

.1 56 78 95 28 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

.1 54 78 96 29 33 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

.3 53 76 95 26 35 225 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

.1 55 77 95 34 35 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6**

.1 52 75 93 36 51 250 x 400 10.00 1 : 10

.1 58 79 96 22 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

.1 58 79 96 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

.1 55 77 95 26 35 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

.1 55 77 95 30 35 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

.1 53 76 95 31 36 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

.1 50 74 92 38 52 260 / 410 9.l60 1 : 10

.1 53 76 95 31 36 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

.1 53 75 94 35 46 250 x 400 10.00 1 : 10

.1 50 74 93 39 56 250 / 400 8.90 1 : 10

.1 50 74 92 38 52 260 / 410 9.60 1 : 10

.1 53 76 95 31 36 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

.1 53 75 94 35 46 250 x 400 10.00 1 : 10

.1 52 75 94 37 51 250 x 400 10.00 1 : 10

.1 50 74 92 38 52 260 / 410 9.60 1 : 10

.3 50 73 91 42 62 260 / 410 9.60 1 : 10

.3 49 72 91 46 72 260 / 410 9.60 1 : 10

109

54

3

110

Sound insulation curves

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 36/26-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 37/22-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 37/26-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 37/28-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 37/29 V-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 38/26 V-1.3

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 39/26-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 39/34-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 43/36V-1.1


54

3

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 40/30-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 44/35 VG-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 45/39 VG-1.1


soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 41/31 SF-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 41/31 VG-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 48/38 VG-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 43/31 SF-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 49/38 SF-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 45/35 SF-1.1

111


54

3

112


soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 48/38 SF-1.1

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 50/42 SF-1.3

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 52/46 SF-1.3

soun

d re

duct

ion

inde

x R

[dB

]

frequency f (Hz)

Type: 46/37 SF-1.1


54

3

5.4.3


Delivery programme for iplus E/ipaphonsound-insulating double glazing with increased thermal insulation

mm dB dB W/m2K % % - mm kg/m2 cm m2 –

configurationouter/

space/inner

typeproduct name thickness mass max.dimensions

max.area

max.ratio of

sidelengths

Rw

measuredvalue

EN 20 140

Ug

valueaccordingto EN 673

general colourrendering indexin transmission

lightltrans-

mittance

g value


Technical data: iplus E/ipaphon combined thermal insulation and sound insulation

* Coating at position 2.

** If the ratio of side lengths exceeds 2:1, we recommend the use of ipasafe thermally toughened glass for the thinner pane.

*** P2A according to EN 356

**** iplus E/ipaphon SF with a 0.76 mm interlayer has safety properties like laminated safety glass according to the "Technical regulations for the use of linearly edge-supported glazing".

� Please note that for thicker panes, the intrinsic green/yellow colouring of the insulating glass units becomes more evident.

� The customer ordering our products is responsible for ensuring that the glass thickness is dimensioned correctly according to the applicable technical regulations.

� The specified rated values refer to the testing conditions and the application scope of the referenced standard.

� Maximum mass: 500 kg per insulating glass unit

correction values

C Ctr C100-5000 Ctr 100-5000

iplus E/ipaphon 36/26-1.1 6/16/4 36 -2 -5 -1 -5 1.1 58 79 96 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus E/ipaphon 37/28-1.1 8/16/4 37 -2 -5 -1 -5 1.1 56 78 95 28 30 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus E/ipaphon 37/29 V-1.1 9(P2A)/16/4*** 37 -2 -6 -1 -6 1.1 54 78 96 29 33 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

iplus E/ipaphon 38/26 V-1.3* 6/12/8VSG 38 -1 -5 -0 -5 1.3 53 76 95 26 35 225 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon 39/34-1.1 10/20/4 39 -2 -6 -1 -6 1.1 55 77 95 34 35 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6**

iplus E/ipaphon 43/36 V-1.1* 8/16/12VSG 43 -2 -6 -1 -6 1.1 52 75 93 36 51 250 x 400 10.00 1 : 10

iplus CE/ipaphon 37/22-1.1 6/12/4 37 -3 -7 -2 -7 1.1 58 79 96 22 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6




iplus CE/ipaphon SF 43/31 SF-1.1 SF9/16/6**** 43 -3 -8 -2 -8 1.1 53 76 95 31 36 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus CE/ipaphon SF 49/38 SF-1.1 SF13/16/SF9**** 49 -3 -9 -2 -9 1.1 50 74 92 38 52 260 / 410 9.l60 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon S 41/31 VG-1.1 VG9/16/6 41 -2 -7 -1 -7 1.1 53 76 95 31 36 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon S 44/35 VG-1.1 VG9/16/10 44 -2 -6 -1 -6 1.1 53 75 94 35 46 250 x 400 10.00 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon S 45/39 VG-1.1 VG13/16/10 45 -2 -5 -1 -5 1.1 50 74 93 39 56 250 / 400 8.90 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon S 48/38 VG-1.1 VG13/16/VG9 48 -2 -7 -1 -7 1.1 50 74 92 38 52 260 / 410 9.60 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon SF 41/31 SF-1.1 SF9/16/6**** 41 -3 -8 -2 -8 1.1 53 76 95 31 36 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon SF 45/35 SF-1.1 SF9/16/10**** 45 -3 -8 -2 -8 1.1 53 75 94 35 46 250 x 400 10.00 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon SF 46/37 SF-1.1 SF11/16/10**** 46 -2 -6 -1 -6 1.1 52 75 94 37 51 250 x 400 10.00 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon SF 48/38 SF-1.1 SF13/16/SF9**** 48 -2 -8 -1 -8 1.1 50 74 92 38 52 260 / 410 9.60 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon SF 50/42 SF-1.3 SF13/16/SF13**** 50 -2 -7 -1 -7 1.3 50 73 91 42 62 260 / 410 9.60 1 : 10

iplus E/ipaphon SF 52/46 SF-1.3 SF17/16/SF13**** 52 -1 -5 0 -5 1.3 49 72 91 46 72 260 / 410 9.60 1 : 10

109108

5.4.3

ipasol solar-control insulatingglazing from INTERPANE formodern glass architecture:Highly effective solar controlcombined with high light transmission. A comprehensiverange of high-performance ipasol products opens up a wideand attractive field for the planner.

55


5.5 ipasol solar-control glazing

116

Characteristic features of solar-control glazing for prestigiousbuildings include low total solarenergy transmittance (g value),good thermal insulation (Ugvalue) and the highest possiblelight transmittance (tv). Aboveall, however, aesthetic demandsregarding colour and reflectionmust be met.

Whereas the desired low g valueswere always accompanied bysignificantly reduced light trans-mittance values in conventionalsolar-control glazing, moderncoating technology has madehighly selective solar-control coatings with extremely low Ugvalues feasible.

These high-tech products areprimarily used for high-profilebuildings with large glazedareas.

Large areas of glass can lead toa high energy consumption forair-conditioning in summer. Thecooling costs are sometimesmuch higher than the heatingcosts in winter.

The low g value provides reliefhere and thus reduces costs. Inaddition, the low Ug value causes drastic cost savings inwinter. These two character-istics also have a positive effecton the investment costs for building technology.

The complete set of technicaldata predestines ipasol not onlyfor application in our temperateclimatic zone but also in tropicaland sub-tropical regions withtheir extreme climatic conditions.

ipasol solar-controlcoating

outdoors indoors

spacer bar


gas fill

secondary sealant

e.g. polysulphide/PU

Cross-section through ipasol

5.5.1 Product range of ipasol solar-control insulating glazing

55

1

117

The ipasol product range consistsof solar-control glazing types whichtransmit natural daylight unusuallywell but nevertheless feature extra-ordinarily low solar gains.

These highly selective solar-controlcoatings approach the limits ofwhat is physically feasible with theirperformance.

If the outdoor reflectance is low,glass façades with high trans-parency in both directions canbecome reality. Energy-efficientbuildings that are visibly "filledwith life" can be achieved thisway.

Highly reflective ipasol products setarchitectural accents, so that everydesign concept can be imple-mented.

Design freedom, particularly forcompletely glazed façades, is further extended by a range of matching spandrel elements.

ipasol is also produced withmodern, high-performance coatingtechnology (see Sections 5.3.1 and5.3.2).

In most cases, the coating is loca-ted on the inner surface of the out-door pane, facing the gas-filledspace (position 2).

Exceptions may be made foroptical reasons, when the coat-ing will be located at a differentposition.

For ipasol, the solar-control coatingis always deposited onto glass witha thickness of 6 mm, unless

mechanical requirements demandthicker glass.

By using thinner glass for thesecond pane, optical distortion inthe façade due to the "double-glazing effect" is reduced.

If the space between the panes insolar-control glazing is thicker than16 mm to improve sound insula-tion, the configuration of the insu-lating glass units should already bechecked during the planning phasewith regard to the "double-glazingeffect" (see Section 4.10).


55

1

118

The colour of the outdoor appearance and the intensity of reflected light can be derived from the spectral reflectance values in the visible range from 380 nm to 780 nm.

The specified rated values refer to the testing conditions and the application scope of the relevant standard.

ipasol platin 25/14

ipasolshine 40/21

incident radiation100 %

outdoorsolar radiationreflectance33 %

outdoor lightreflectance28 %

lighttransmittance25 %

solar radiationtransmittance12 %

internal secondaryheat gain3 %







ipasol neutral 50/25







ipasolneutral 48/25








reflection

absorption

transmission

wavelength [nm]tra

nsm

ittan

ce [%

]

refle

ctan

ce [%

]

reflection

absorption

transmission

wavelength [nm]

trans

mitt

ance

[%]

refle

ctan

ce [%

]reflection

absorption

transmission

wavelength [nm]

trans

mitt

ance

[%]

refle

ctan

ce [%

]

reflection

absorption

transmission

wavelength [nm]

trans

mitt

ance

[%]

refle

ctan

ce [%

]

55

1

119




ipasolplatin 47/28

ipasolneutral 60/31













ipasol neutral 68/34













ipasolneutral 70/36

reflection

absorption

transmission

wavelength [nm]

trans

mitt

ance

[%]

refle

ctan

ce [%

]

reflection

absorption

transmission

wavelength [nm]

trans

mitt

ance

[%]

refle

ctan

ce [%

]

reflection

absorption

transmission

wavelength [nm]

trans

mitt

ance

[%]

refle

ctan

ce [%

]

reflection

absorption

transmission

wavelength [nm]

trans

mitt

ance

[%]

refle

ctan

ce [%

]


120

55

1



ipasolneutral 73/39







reflection

absorption

transmission

wavelength [nm]tra

nsm

ittan

ce [%

]

refle

ctan

ce [%

]

121

55

1

Delivery programme for ipasol standard solar-control range

Technical data: ipasolproduct configura- rated light and solar-radiationname tion properties according to EN

outer/space/inner

U gva

lue

acco

rdin

gto

EN

673

g va

lue

light

trans

mitt

ance

light

refle

ctanc

eou

tdoo

rs

abso

rpta

nce

outd

oors

abso

rpta

nce

indo

ors

shad

ing

coef

ficie

nt

sele

ctivi

tyfa

ctor

thic

knes

s

mas

s

max

.di

men

sion

s*

max

.ar

ea

max

.ra

tio o

f sid

e le

ngth

s

* Larger dimensions are possible if the glazing configuration is changed.● ipasol can be combined with ipaphon sound-insulating double glazing, ipasafe thermally toughened, heat-strengthened or laminated glazing and

rolled glass. Bullet-resistant glazing is available on request. It is not possible to coat rolled glass and wired glass.● The customer ordering our products is responsible for ensuring that the glass thickness is dimensioned correctly according to the applicable

technical regulations.● The specified rated values refer to the testing conditions and the application scope of the referenced standard.● If the energy absorptance in the outer pane exceeds 55 %, we recommend the use of ipasafe thermally toughened safety glass.● For continuity reasons, the product names for ipasol solar-control glazing are derived from the g value according to DIN 67507.

Nevertheless, for energy calculations, the g value according to EN 410 is to be used.

mm W/m2K % % % % % – – mm kg/m2 cm m2 –

ipasol platin 25/14 6/16/4 1.1 15 25 28 55 0 0.19 1.67 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

ipasol platin 25/14 8/16/6 1.1 15 24 28 58 1 0.19 1.67 30 35 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

ipasol shine 40/21 6/16/4 1.1 22 40 16 53 1 0.28 1.82 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

ipasol shine 40/21 8/16/6 1.1 22 39 16 55 1 0.28 1.82 30 35 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

ipasol neutral 48/25 6/16/4 1.1 27 48 16 46 1 0.34 1.78 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

ipasol neutral 48/25 8/16/6 1.1 27 47 16 49 2 0.34 1.74 30 35 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

ipasol neutral 50/25 6/16/4 1.1 27 50 10 52 1 0.34 1.85 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

ipasol neutral 50/25 8/16/6 1.1 26 49 10 54 2 0.33 1.81 30 35 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

ipasol platin 47/28 6/16/4 1.1 30 47 40 29 2 0.38 1.57 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

ipasol platin 47/28 8/16/6 1.1 29 46 40 33 2 0.36 1.59 30 35 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

ipasol neutral 60/31 6/16/4 1.1 33 60 11 40 1 0.41 1.82 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

ipasol neutral 60/31 8/16/6 1.1 32 59 11 43 2 0.40 1.79 30 35 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

ipasol neutral 68/34 6/16/4 1.1 37 68 10 32 1 0.46 1.84 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

ipasol neutral 68/34 8/16/6 1.1 36 66 10 35 2 0.45 1.86 30 35 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

ipasol neutral 70/36 6/16/4 1.1 39 70 12 33 2 0.49 1.79 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

ipasol neutral 70/36 8/16/6 1.1 38 68 12 36 2 0.48 1.79 30 35 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

ipasol neutral 73/39 6/16/4 1.1 42 73 10 32 2 0.53 1.74 26 25 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

ipasol neutral 73/39 8/16/6 1.1 41 71 10 36 3 0.51 1.76 30 35 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10


5.5.2 ipasol solar-control insulating glazing equipped with sound-insulating properties

Glazing production technologygenerally allows combination ofthe ipasol solar-control rangewith the ipaphon sound-insulat-ing programme.

For combinations of ipasol solar-control glass with ipaphonsound-insulating glazing accord-ing to the delivery programme inSection 5.4.3, the requirementson thermal insulation accordingto energy-saving regulationsmust be taken into account.

The RW value of the standardconfiguration (6/16/4) is 36 dB,regardless of the ipasol typeused. For other sound-insulat-ing combinations, individualtests of the Ug and RW valuesare recommended already in theplanning phase.

The planning criteria listed inSection 5.4.2 are to be observedwhen ipaphon insulating glazingis used.

In small insulating glass units, i.e. where the edge length is < 50 cm, for gas-filled spacewidths exceeding 16 mm and/orwhere the ratio of side lengths is unfavourable, the edge seal issubjected to extremely high loads.If necessary, the thinner panemust be made of thermallytoughened glass.

If glass with high absorptancevalues is used, e.g. body-tintedglass, the gas-filled space widthmust generally be limited to amaximum of 16 mm. In suchcases, use of thermally toughenedglass may also be necessary.

The technical data presentedrefer to the test pane formatspecified for measurements orcalculations in the relevant ENstandards.

122

55

2


123

55

3


5.5.3 Benefits of ipasol solar-control insulating glazing in sub-tropical regions

To date, single glazing is still beinginstalled in tropical and sub-tropicalregions such as Mediterraneancountries, South-East Asia or LatinAmerica.

This leads to a restricted architec-tural style because either body-tinted glass or strongly reflectiveglazing is used almost exclusivelyto obtain the solar control needed.

Due to the low light transmittanceof such glazing, the indoor roomsare more or less isolated from natu-ral daylight.

Even when the sun is shining out-side, the rooms are illuminated withartificial lighting. This artificial light-ing only adds to the overheating ofthe rooms, which is already highdue to the high thermal transmis-sion resulting from the lack of ther-mal insulation.

In addition, if there is a large temperature difference betweencooled indoor rooms and hot,humid outdoor air, condensationoccurs on the outer glass surfacedue to the poor Ug value.

By contrast, ipasol solar-controlinsulating glazing allows rooms tobe lit optimally with natural daylight,as it combines high light trans-mittance with a low g value.

The configuration as insulating glazing and the low-emissivity coating on a surface facing thespace between the panes ensuresthat the heat flow from outdoors toindoors is reduced drastically.

Smaller air-conditioning units canthus be chosen before installationand the operating costs decreasesignificantly.

Lower flow rates of cool air im-prove comfort and occupant satisfaction increases appreciably.

The insulating glazing configurationimproves sound insulation, anddisturbing condensation on theoutdoor surfaces is largely elimi-nated.

As the ipasol solar-control coatingsare protected by their position within the insulating glass unit, therisk of damage to the coating from the environment or cleaningprocedures is almost zero.

5.5.4 ipacolor spandrel elementsSpandrel elements offer an archi-tect a distinctive option to clad the external façade of a buildingentirely with the sophisticatedmaterial, glass. By deliberatelychoosing the spandrel and win-dow elements appropriately, eitherharmoniously uniform façades orvisual accents can be achieved.

Glass as a material also offersmany functional benefits.

Glass

● resists weathering

● resists environmental factors

● is durable

● is mechanically stable and

● requires little maintenance.

Two fundamentally different typesof façade concepts can be imple-mented with different construc-tions: "cold façades" and "warmfaçades".

A cold façade is constructed withspandrel plates, which consist ofsingle glass panes or double glazed units (insulating glazing).

By contrast, single or double-glazed spandrel panels are used ina warm façade. Spandrel panelsconsist of spandrel plates whichare clad on the back surface withthermally insulating material suchas mineral wool or PU foam.

ipacolor spandrelelement

warm façadespandrel panel

cold façadespandrel plate

single-glazed double-glazed single-glazed double-glazed

124

55

4


125

55

4


a) Cold façade

A cold façade is a two-layerexternal wall structure with aventilated space between thelayers (see illustration at right).

q Outer layer

The outer layer consists of a single-glazed or double-glazed spandrelplate of thermally toughened glass.

The space in a double-glazedspandrel plate (insulating glassconfiguration) is generally 6 mmwide.

The outer pane fulfils the functionsof

– architectural design

and

– protection against weathering.

If these spandrel plates areinstalled with point-formed glazing supports at a heightexceeding 8 m, according toGerman regulations (DIBt) theinstallation must be supervisedby an authorised inspectionbody according to § 24 cSection 1 No. 5 MBO (German:Musterbauordnung).

w Inner layer

The load-bearing external wallfulfils the functions of

– supporting the glass spandrel plate

– enclosing the indoor space

and

– thermal insulation.

e Intermediate space

The space between the outerand inner layer is needed so that

– moisture can be removed by ventilation, preventing damage

and

– the heat generated after absorption in double-glazed spandrel plates can be removed.

This is important, because theedge seal of insulating glass units issubjected to greater loads if thetemperature in the space betweenthe panes is higher.

For single-glazed spandrel plates,the intermediate space for ventila-tion must be dimensioned accord-ing to DIN 18 516 Part 1:

– The distance between the spandrel plate and the wall is‰20 mm.

– The cross-sectional area of the inlet and outlet vents is ‰50 cm2 per running m.

For double-glazed spandrel plates(insulating glazing), the distancebetween the spandrel plate and thewall must be ≥ 30 mm due to thehigher thermal loads.

– The minimal value for thecross-section of the lowerinlet vent is 40 % of the panewidth x intermediate spacethickness (thus ‰120 cm2

per running m).

– The minimal value for thecross-section of the upperoutlet vent is 50 % of thepane width x intermediatespace thickness (thus ‰150cm2 per running m).

Cold façade

airair

b) Warm façade

A warm façade is a non-ventilated,single-layer external wall structure.

For a warm façade, single-glazedor double-glazed spandrel platesare combined with thermal insula-tion of the back surface and a moi-sture barrier toward the room, toform a spandrel panel.

This spandrel panel can then bemounted in the load-bearing façade construction like an insulating glass unit.

In addition to the functions of aspandrel plate in a cold façade,such as

– architectural design

and

– protection against weathering,

the spandrel panel also fulfils thefunctions of

– room enclosure– thermal insulation,– sound insulation, among

others.

However, spandrel panels do nothave any load-bearing function.

As there is no rear ventilation in a warm façade, the followingessential points must be observedconcerning the insulating glassconfiguration of double-glazedspandrel panels:

– The spandrel panels must be supported on all sides.

– The space between the panes is usually 4 mm wide.

– Both panes must be made of heat-soaked thermally toughened glass (see Section 5.7.1).

General product specifica-tions of ipacolor spandrelelements

● Spandrel elements are madeof heat-soaked thermallytoughened glass.

● To dimension the glass thickness, the loads accordingto DIN 18 516 Part 1 are defini-tive, unless increased loadsresult from the specific installa-tion situation. Beyond that, thedimensioning principles of DIN18 516 Part 4 are to be ob-served. The thickness of eachindividual pane may not be lessthan 6 mm.

● INTERPANE spandrel ele-ments are normally deliveredwith bevelled edges.

However, exposed edges ofsingle-glazed spandrel platesshould be polished. When single-glazed spandrel platesare ordered, the exposededges should be specified.

Warm façade

126

55

4

spandrelpanel

spandrelpanel


127

55

4


Configuration of ipacolor spandrel plates for cold façades

Configuration Support Further information forstructure installation and glazing

– on all sides

– on two sides

– point-formed

– on all sides

– on two sides

– point-formed

– on all sides

– on all sides

– on two sides

none

none

– The film must not be damaged during storage, handling and installation.

– If the glass breaks, the glazing system must guarantee that the broken spandrel plate remains in the frame.

– If sealants are used for the glazing, their compatibility with the film must be guaranteed.

– If the spandrel plate is supported on two sides only, the edge seal must be made with suitable silicone.

coating

heat-soaked thermally toughened glassceramic frit coating / adhesive film

heat-soaked thermally toughened glassceramic frit coating / adhesive film

adhesive film

heat-soaked thermally toughened glass

coating

coloured layer

heat-soaked thermally toughened glass

space thickness usually 6 mm

Configuration of ipacolor spandrel panels for warm façades

Configuration Support Further information forstructure installation

and glazing installation

– on all sides

– The rebate area must be ventilated.

– The rebate area must not becompletely filled with sealant.

– The panel must be installed withthe pressure compensation openings at the bottom.

– The glazing installation mustcomply with the INTERPANE glazing guidelines.

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4


HSG *

HSG *

HSG *HSG *

HSG *HSG *

batten

insulating material

vapour barrier, e.g. aluminium shell

ceramic frit coating

batten

insulating material

air gap ‰ 10 mm


adhesive film

adhesive filmpressure compensation opening l 8 mm

pressure compensation opening l 8 mm

batten

insulating material

air gap ‰ 10 mm


adhesive film


adhesive film cut back around edges space width usually 4 mm

batten

insulating material


ceramic frit coating


space width usually 4 mm

* heat-soaked thermally toughened glass

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Building science propertiesof spandrel panels

Thermal insulation

As the spandrel panel providesthe thermal insulation of a warmfaçade, this property must bedimensioned accordingly.

Flush-edged construction

● The thickness of the completeelement is thus primarily deter-mined by the required U valueand the insulating materialused.

Stepped edge construction

● If the thickness of the panelis greater than the availablerebate area, the edge zoneof the panel can be madenarrower. This allows it to fitinto the foreseen rebate.

Sound insulation

By using certain insulating mater-ials in ipacolor spandrel panels, it isalso possible to achieve additionalsound insulation. However, testsmust be made to determine whether the sound reduction indexis suitable.

Fire resistance

If fire resistance is specified,non-flammable materials mustbe used.

Comparison of insulating materials for ipacolor spandrel panels

Physical properties hard polyurethane mineral wool glass foamfoam matting

effective density [kg/m3] 30 to 40 ‰30 125 to 135pressure resistance [N/mm2] 0.2 to 0.25 compressible 0.5 to 0.7vapour diffusion resistance factor ‰30 ≈ 1 ∞thermal conductivity coefficient according to DIN 4108 [W/m2K] 0.02 and 0.025 0.035 0.048application temperature range [°C] – 180 to + 200 „200 – 260 to + 430water absorption none possible nonefire-related properties B 1, B 2 and B 3 non-flammable building non-flammable building

component category component categoryA 1 u. A 2 A 1

thermal transmittance thickness [mm](U value) in W/m2K 25 0.70 1.13 1.45for different thicknesses of 40 0.46 0.76 1.00the insulating materials 45 0.41 0.69 0.90

50 0.37 0.63 0.8360 0.32 0.53 0.7080 – 0.41 0.54

100 – 0.33 0.44

Correlation of the deliverableipacolor spandrel elementsto the INTERPANE productrange of insulating glazing

Spandrel elements are usedmainly in prestigious buildings incombination with ipasol solar-control glazing.

However, it is also possible tocombine them with iplus E low-ecoated glazing.

The following table presentsrecommendations for colour-matched spandrel elements.

Optimised colour matching between insulating glazing andspandrel elements can be achieved with double-glazedconfigurations. Nevertheless,the complete façade elementshould be assessed on site ifpossible, to judge whether theoverall effect is harmonious.

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Delivery programme for ipacolor spandrel elements

*) The intended application (cold façade or warm façade) should be specified with the order.

Insulating glass unit Standard recommendation for colour-matchedspandrel elements *)single glazing double glazing

ceramic frit adhesive film ceramic frit or adhesive film

ipasol solar- platin 25/14 – – 9039

control glazing shine 40/21 1025 4401 9035

neutral 48/25 – – 9041

neutral 50/25 2009 4301 9031

platin 47/28 1500 4500 9029

neutral 60/31 – – 9038

neutral 68/34 5161 4405 9028

neutral 70/36 – – 9037

neutral 73/39 2010 – 9030

low-e glazing iplus neutral E 5101 – 9034

climate glazing iplus sun 2010 – 9032

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5.6 Conventional double glazing

Delivery programme for uncoated double glazing

Conventional double glazing withthe Ug value of 2.9 W/m2Kaccording to EN 673 no longermeets modern demands regard-ing ecology and economy.

Due to the more stringent speci-fications, conventional doubleglazing finds only restricted usetoday.

The thermally insulating effect ofuncoated double glazing isdetermined essentially by theinsulating effect of the air in thespace between the panes.

The U value of the double glazedunit depends primarily on thethickness of this space and onlysecondarily on the thickness ofthe individual panes.

Technical data: uncoated double glazingproduct configuration Ug value rated light and solar-radiation thickness mass max. max. max.name outer/ according properties according to EN 410 dimensions area ratio of


g value light general colourtrans- rendering index

mittance in transmission



mm W/m2K % % – mm kg/m2 cm m2 –

conventionaldouble glazing 4/12/4 2.9 77 82 98 20 20 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

conventionaldouble glazing 5/12/5 2.8 75 80 97 22 25 245 / 300 6.00 1 : 6

conventionaldouble glazing 6/12/6 2.8 72 79 96 24 30 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

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57


Safety aspects and glass as astructural building component areincreasingly important issuestoday.INTERPANE produces high-qualitysafety glass products such as thermally toughened glass, heat-strengthened glass and laminated safety glass at variouslocations.

57


5.7 ipasafe safety glass

134

Glass building components are a distinctive feature of modernarchitecture. The possibility ofusing glass as a load-bearing component motivates architects,planners and engineers to imple-ment increasingly daring designs.The response to this challenge hasbeen the development of glazingtypes which combine active, passive and mechanical safetyaspects.

Active safety means:

● protection against burglary,shooting and damage to lifeand limb

Passive safety means:

● protection against injury caused by glass as a material

Mechanical safety (in a building)means:

● residual structural stabilityand

● residual structural strength

in the case of damage (seeSection 5.7.2).

Two main types of safety glasscan be distinguished:

● laminated safety glass and

● thermally toughened safetyglass

In addition to classic thermallytoughened safety glass, so-called"heat-strengthened" glass hasthermal and mechanical propertieswhich lie between those of floatglass and thermally toughenedsafety glass (see Section 5.7.2).Heat-strengthened glass is notsafety glass according to the con-ventional definition.

CE labelling

ipasafe safety glass fulfils therequirements of

– EN 12 150, Part 2 for ther-mally toughened safety glass

– EN 1863, Part 2 for heat- strengthened glass

– EN 14 179, Part 2 for heat-soaked thermally toughened glass

– EN 14 49, Part 2 for laminated safety glass

The CE label confirms compli-ance of the product with therequirements of the applicablestandards (see also Section 5.1,CE Labelling).

German "Ü" symbol

All types of ipasafe safety glassconform to the requirements ofthe German building regulationlist (BRL-A).

Each Ü symbol confirms theconformity of the product withthe relevant requirements of theGerman building regulation list(BRL-A).

5.7.1 Thermally toughened safety glass

135


Product description of thermally toughened safetyglass according to EN 12 150

Thermally toughened safety glassis glass in which a permanent surface compressive stress hasbeen induced by thermal treat-

Generation of the internalstress in thermally toughenedsafety glass

The specific thermal conductivityof glass ensures that the outerzones of the pane quickly solidifywhen it is cooled rapidly. As thecore of the pane cools, it con-tracts. This contraction process

is hindered by the already solidi-fied outer zones. The character-istic stress distribution of thermal-ly toughened safety glass results,with the outer surfaces beingunder compressive stress towardthe core, whereas the core of thepane is subjected to tensilestress as cooling proceeds.

ment. The actual production pro-cess for thermally toughened glassconsists of rapid and homogen-eous heating of a glass pane to atemperature above 600 °C andsubsequent rapid cooling (anneal-ing) by blowing cold air onto thepane.

Both types of stress must be in equilibrium with each other, as this isthe only way to achieve the stable stress condition which guaranteesthe safety properties of thermally toughened safety glass.

As part of the initial type testing andfactory production control, the twoessential properties of thermallytoughened safety glass accordingto EN 12 150 are tested:

● Fragmentation structure:If the stress equilibrium isdestroyed and breakageoccurs, a fine network ofsmall, mainly blunt-edgedglass pieces must form.This significantly reduces therisk of injury.

● Mechanical strength:(bending tensile strength):120 N/mm2 (thermally tough-ened safety glass made offloat glass), compared to 45 N/mm2 for normal floatglass.

In addition to these properties relevant to safety, thermally tough-ened safety glass also featuresother advantages:

● Greater resistance toimpact:Pendulum test according toEN 12 600

● Greater resistance to tem-perature differences:Thermally toughened safetyglass is resistant to tempera-ture differences of up to 200 K over the pane area.Normal float glass is muchmore sensitive to tempera-ture differences (40 K).

571

loading heating blowing (cooling) removal

ventilators

> 600 °C

initial stress – compressive + tensile

glas

s th

ickn

ess

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Heat-soaked thermallytoughened safety glass

a) Product description for heat-soaked thermally toughened safety glass according to EN 14179

Heat-soaked thermally toughenedsafety glass is glass in which a permanent surface compressivestress has been induced by ther-mal treatment. The actual produc-tion process for thermally tough-ened glass consists of rapid andhomogeneous heating of a glasspane to a temperature above 600 °C and subsequent rapid cooling (annealing) by blowing coldair onto the pane. Subsequently,the glass pane is heat-soaked at290 °C ± 10 °C to minimise the riskof spontaneous breakage.

Delayed breakage of thermallytoughened glass panes withoutapparent application of any exter-nal force is called spontaneousbreakage. Spontaneous break-age should not be confused withdelayed breakage which iscaused by mechanical forces orsubsequent damage to theedges. Inappropriate transportand incorrect further processingcan also lead to breakage.

In a heat-soak test, possiblespontaneous breakage is deliber-ately induced by heating the pane.

The EN 14 179 standard has beenrecognised as a harmonised Euro-pean product standard by publica-tion in the official gazette of theEuropean Union. However, theGerman building regulation list(BRL) specifies further require-ments for the application of heat-soaked thermally toughened glass.

Criteria for calibration

In calibrated heat-soak furnacesat the INTERPANE factory, allparts of the glass pane are sub-jected at all positions to a tem-perature of 290 °C ± 10 °C for aduration of at least 2 hours. Theheat-soak test specified in theGerman building regulations listhas a duration of at least 4 hours.

The heat-soaking process mustfollow the illustrated time-temper-ature profile. The system must becapable of following this profileboth when the furnace is fullyloaded and when it has a partialload of only 10 %.

A heat-soak test complying withthe regulations minimises the riskof spontaneous breakage afterinstallation due to nickel sulphideinclusions, according to the cur-rent state of the art.

Time-temperature profile as a calibration criterion

LegendT glass temperature at every position, °C 3 glass temperaturet time, h d ambient temperaturet1 point in time when the first glass pane reaches 280 °C a heating phaset2 point in time when the last glass pane reaches 280 °C b soaking phase1 first glass pane to reach 280 °C c cooling phase2 last glass pane to reach 280 °C

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As part of the initial type testingand factory production control,the two essential properties ofheat-soaked thermally tough-ened safety glass according toEN 14 179 are tested:

● Fragmentation structure:If the stress equilibrium isdestroyed and breakageoccurs, a fine network ofsmall, mainly blunt-edgedglass pieces must form.This significantly reduces therisk of injury.

● Mechanical strength:(bending tensile strength):120 N/mm2 (heat-soakedthermally toughened safetyglass made of float glass),compared to 45 N/mm2 fornormal float glass.

In addition to these properties relevant to safety, heat-soakedthermally toughened safety glassalso features other advantages:

● Greater resistance toimpact:Pendulum test according toEN 12 600

● Greater resistance to temperature differencesThermally toughened safetyglass is resistant to tempera-ture differences of up to 200 Kover the pane area. Normalfloat glass is much more sen-sitive to temperature differ-ences (40 K).

b) Heat-soaked thermally toughened safety glass according to the German building regulations list A(BRL-A), Part 1

For applications where the GermanTechnical Building Code specifiesheat-soaked thermally toughenedsafety glass, heat-soaked thermal-ly toughened soda lime silicatesafety glass which is subject tothird-party surveillance must beused according to the conditions ofthe German building regulation listBRL-A, Part 1, Nr. 11.13, Appendix11.11.

From now on, heat-soakedthermally toughened safetyglass subject to third-party sur-veillance must always be usedwhen thermally toughenedsafety glass is required, unlessthe glazing is not adjacent tospaces where people can bepresent (circulation spaces)and is mounted at a height ofless than 4 m.

This is a consequence of thetechnical regulations for applica-tions of linearly supported glazingin combination with the list of theGerman Technical Building Code.

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138

Application areas for thermally toughened safetyglass and heat-soaked thermally toughened safetyglass

● Residential and commercial buildingsfor stairwells, doors, auto-matic door systems andglass dividing walls

For exterior glazing which isone storey high, e.g. outdoorsliding doors, thermally tough-ened glass is urgently recom-mended for safety reasons!

● Sport buildingsresistant to ball impactaccording to DIN 18 032,Parts 1 and 3

● School and kindergartenbuildingsfor safety reasons to avoidinjury

● Near heatersto prevent breakage due tothermal stress

If a heater is less than 30 cmaway from a glazing unit, ther-mally toughened glass shouldbe used for the interior pane -see INTERPANE's glazing guidelines, Section 6.4.1

● Completely glazed façadesThe spandrel glazing used asfaçade cladding must complywith DIN 18516, Part 4(Requirements and testing).

● Banisters and balustradesGlass is used in banisters andbalustrades to prevent injurydue to falling off stairs and bal-conies. The German "Techni-cal regulations for applicationof glazing to prevent falling"define the possibilities forapplying thermally toughenedsafety glass in balustrades

(Section 7.7.3). Proof of theimpact resistance of thermallytoughened safety glass is to beprovided by pendulum testsaccording to EN 12 600. Therequirements of the relevantnational building regulationsmust be observed.

● Outdoor applicationsnoise reduction walls alongroads and railway lines, busshelters, showroom windowsand show cases.


Test report for ipasafe on resistance to ball impactThermally toughened safety glass 6 mmmax. dimensions: 1200 mm x 1800 mmThe validity of the test report is regularly renewed with unchanged content.

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141

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Processing options for thermally toughened safetyglass

The generated stress distribution inthermally toughened safety glassmeans that subsequent process-ing such as cutting, drilling or simi-lar machining is no longer possible.Even disturbance of the surfacetension leads to destruction of thepane. Thus, all processing mustbe carried out before the thermaltoughening process.

a) Edge finishing

Every glass pane which is to bethermally toughened must beedge-finished prior to tough-ening. For the production tech-nology, the edges must be atleast arrissed.

● ArrissedAn arrissed edge corres-ponds to a cut edge whichhas been bevelled to someextent by a grinding tool.

● GroundThe glass pane is machinedto the required dimensions by grinding the edges. Theground edges can have bro-ken borders (correspondingto an arrissed edge). Blankspots and conchoidal frac-tures are permissible.

● Smooth groundThe whole area of the edge is ground. The borders arebevelled by grinding. Smoothground edges appear matt.Blank spots and conchoidalfractures are not permissible.

● PolishedThe polished edge is a groundedge which has been furtherfinished by polishing. Polishingtraces are permissible to a certain extent.

● Bevel edge

A bevel edge forms an anglea to the glass surface, where45 ° „ a „ 90°.

The edges can be "smoothground" or "polished".

The edges are finished eithermanually or with machines,depending on the length of theedge and the shape of the pane.

For panes which must be atleast partially manually edge-finished, we recommend manualedge finishing around the entireperimeter for optical reasons.Technical clarification is neces-sary for each specific case.

b) Cant corners

The production technology re-quires that custom-shaped paneswith acute angles of < 30 ° be cutback.

Cant corner

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144


● The diameter of the hole orthe width of the notch mustbe greater than or equal tothe glass thickness:D ‰S

● The distance of a hole ornotch from the glass edgemay not be less than half thediameter

A ‰

The distance from the edge tothe hole or notch may be smallerthan the minimum specified

c) Holes, notches and cut-outsat corners and along edges

A, B = separation distanceD = hole diameterK = edge lengthS = glass thickness

above only if a stress-relievingcut is made and the hole diame-ter is ‰ 1.5 times the glass thickness:

D ‰ 1.5 S

The same criteria apply for thedistance between two holes asbetween a hole and the edge ofthe glass pane.

The diameter of a notch may notbe greater than 1/3 of the affec-ted pane edge length:

D „K/3

The following tolerances applyfor the diameter of a hole ornotch:

D „120 mm: ± 1.0 mmD > 120 mm: ± 2.0 mm

Tolerances on the positionsof holes

Tolerances for holes and not-ches are determined by the pro-duction process. In general, thetolerances for the width andlength of holes and notches cor-

respond to the values tabulatedon the next page.

The hole diameter should be atleast 4 mm larger than the boltdiameter due to the sleevewhich must be used around thebolt. The diameter of the hole ornotch should be dimensionedsuch that the effect of toleranceson distances can be compen-sated.

If more than four holes form agroup, the minimum distance between the holes must be larger.

● Cut-outs along the edge or atcorners must have a radiuswhich is greater than or equalto the glass thickness, andmust be at least 10 mm. Thecut-outs should be dimen-sioned such that the effect oftolerances on distances can becompensated. The cut-outdiameter may not be longerthan one third of the paneedge.

D2

S < 8 mm S ‰8 mm

D ‰1.5 S S „D < 1.5 S D ‰1.5 S S „D < 1.5 S

A ‰2 S A ‰2 S A ‰2.5 S A ‰2.5 S

A ‰2 S + 5 mm A ‰5 S A ‰2.5 S + 5 mm A ‰5 S

B ‰2 S + 5 mm B ‰2 S + 5 mm B ‰2.5 S + 5 mm B ‰2.5 S + 5 mm

position of hole

edge zone– distance to an

edge

corner zone– distance to

two edges

–

4

5

6

8

10

12

15

19

Requirements on the quality of thermally toughened safetyglass

a) Scope

These quality criteria apply toflat, thermally toughened safetyglass for use in buildings andconstructions.

The following basic products areused to produce thermally tough-ened safety glass:

Glass: – float glass EN 572,Part 2

– patterned glass(cast glass) EN 572,Part 5

The glass can be– colourless or coloured– transparent, translucent,

opaque or opalescent– coated or enamelled (ceramic)– surface-treated,

e.g. sand-blasted or etched.

b) Tolerances

Nominal thicknesses and tolerances for basic productsaccording to EN 12150, Part 1

Tolerances on the width (B) and length (H) derived from EN 12 150, Part 1

tolerances in mm

float glass patternedglass

± 0.2 ± 0.5

± 0.8

±0.3 ± 1.0

–

± 0.5 –

± 1.0 –

Thermally toughened safety glass for coating

The quality criteria concerning tolerances, flatness, etc. may be stricter for thermally toughened safety glass products which are to be coated. INTERPANE should be consulted prior to ordering.

Length H or width B absolute tolerance absolute tolerance

of the glass edge nominal thickness nominal thickness

„ 12 mm > 12 mm

up to 500 mm ± 1.0 mm ± 2.0 mm

up to 1000 mm ± 1.5 mm ± 2.0 mm

up to 2000 mm ± 2.0 mm ± 2.5 mm

up to 3000 mm ± 2.5 mm ± 3.0 mm

up to 3500 mm ± 3.0 mm ± 4.0 mm

more than 3500 mm ± 3.5 mm ± 5.0 mm

nominalthickness

in mm

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145


maximum values for

type of glass overall local

glass thickness bow bow

[mm] [mm/m] [mm/300 mm]

Flatness

The deviation from flatnessdepends on the thickness, thedimensions and the ratio of edgelengths of a pane. The deforma-tion is known as bow. Two typesof bow are distinguished: overallor general bow, and local bow.

Overall or general bow (tG)

The glass pane is placed atroom temperature in a verticalposition and supported on itslonger side by two load-bearingblocks at the quarter points.

The deformation is measured asthe maximum distance h1 from astraight metal ruler or a stretchedwire to the concave surface of theglass (see figure). It is measuredalong the edges of the glass andalong the diagonals.

In all cases, the value for overallbow is expressed as the ratio ofthe deformation h1 to the meas-ured length of the edge of theglass (B or H as applicable) orthe diagonal.

tG =h1

B or Hmmm

tÖ =h2

300mmmm

Local bow (tÖ)

Local bow is measured over a limited length of 300 mm by usinga straight ruler, or a stretched wire(see figure). It is expressed as theratio of the distance h2 to a lengthof 300 mm:

For patterned glass, local bow isdetermined by using a straightruler resting on the high points ofthe pattern and measuring to ahigh point of the pattern.

* For square and nearly square formats with a ratio of side lengthsbetween 1:1 and 1:1.3, the deviation from flatness is inevitably greater than for narrower rectangular formats. Particularly for glassthicknesses „6 mm, INTERPANE should be consulted before ordering.

Maximum values for overall and local bowderived from EN 12 150, Part 1

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146

4 – 19float glass

patternedglass

3* 0.3

4 – 10 4 0.5

Overall and local bow

overallbow

localbow


B or

H o

r di

agon

al30

0 m

m

thermallytoughened

safetyglass

made of

c) Deviations in pattern and colour

It is fundamentally impossible toguarantee that the structure ofseveral adjacent panes of pat-terned glass will be symmetric.

The direction of a pattern shouldbe specified in the order. If thisspecification is missing, theglass pane will be produced withthe direction of the patternparallel to the pane height.

For reasons relating to the production technology, shifts inthe design and slight colour differences are possible withpatterned glass and colouredglass.

d) Tests

Within the framework of the factory production control and third-partysurveillance, the production of ipasafe thermally toughened glass isregularly tested in accordance with the relevant standards.

Fragmentation structure according to EN 12 150, Part 1.

Count values and dimensions of particles

minimum max. length

type of nominal particle of longest

glass thickness count particle

[mm] [mm]

float glass 4 – 12 40 100

float glass 15 – 19 30 100

patterned glass 4 – 10 30 100

dimensions of counting template: 50 mm x 50 mm

Mechanical strength (bending tensile strength) according to EN 1288, Part 3 / EN 12 150, Part 1

Pendulum testaccording to EN 12 600.

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147

thermallytoughenedsafety glassmade of

thermallytoughenedsafety glassmade of

type of glass


*)

nominal mechanical strength

thickness (bending tensile

strength**)

[mm] [N/mm2]

float glass 4 – 19 120

patterned glass 4 – 10 90

enamelled float glass 4 – 19 75

*) ceramic-coated surface in tension

**) The mechanical strength value (bending tensile strength) is defined

as the minimum quasi-static bending load for which a lower

confidence limit of 95 % leads to a 5 % probability of breakage.

148

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e) Visual assessment of quality

The testing principles and relevanttables for visual assessment aredefined in the "Guideline to assessthe visual quality of architecturalglazing", published in Section7.7.5.

The permissibility of deviationswhich are observed during thesetests is decided according to thesetesting principles and tables.

f) Physical characteristics

Optical features

As the glass lies on rollers in the fur-nace during the thermal tough-ening process, slight changes inthe surface can occur occasionally.These so-called "roller waves" arecaused by physical processes andcannot always be avoided. In theindividual case, they can cause aslight distortion of the reflectedimage.

The thermal toughening processcan also cause chemical andmechanical changes in the sur-face structure such as smallspots ("roller pick-up") and rollerimpressions.

Anisotropy

Anisotropic iridescent effects canbe observed on thermally tough-ened safety glass. A detailed expla-nation of these effects can befound in Section 4.12.

Thermal durability

The mechanical properties of ther-mally toughened safety glass areunchanged for application temper-atures up to 250 °C. Thermallytoughened safety glass can resistboth sudden temperature chan-ges and temperature differencesacross the pane surface of up to200 K.

Wettability of the glass surface by moisture

The wettability of the glass surface can vary due to theeffect of traces from rollers, fingerprints, labels, paper grain,vacuum suction cups, slurries or lubricants.

If the glass surfaces are moist-ened by condensation, rain orcleaning water, the differing wet-tability can become evident.These effects are typical charac-teristics and do not provide areason for reclamation.

g) Marking

Every pane of ipasafe thermallytoughened safety glass is per-manently marked at least with"EN 12 150" and the name orlogo of the manufacturer.According to this standard, themarking must be indelible.

Similarly, every pane of ipasafeheat-soaked thermally tough-ened safety glass is permanentlymarked at least with "EN 14 179"and the name or logo of the manu-facturer.

The permanent, easily visiblemarking of ipasafe heat-soakedthermally toughened safety glassaccording to the German build-ing regulation list (BRL) includesthe following specifications:

— manufacturer or factory— ESG-H— certification body.


Delivery programme for thermally toughened safety glass

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149

type of glass colour glass thickness / dimensions

4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm 15 mm 19 mm

float glass clear 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 260 / 450 260 / 450 260 / 450

float glass blue – – 200x300 200x300 200x300 – – –

float glass bronze 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 260 / 450 – –

float glass grey 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 260 / 450 – –

float glass green 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 – – –

translucent glass translucent 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 260 / 450 260 / 450 –

satin-finished glass translucent 200x300 200x300 200x300 260x450 260x450 200x300 – –

Antelio silber clear – – 260x450 200x300 – – – –

Stopsol super silber clear – – 260x450 200x300 200x300 – – –

Gothic translucent 70x150 – – – – – – –

Ornament 504 translucent 100x200 – – – – – – –

SR Barock translucent 70x150 – – 180x400 – – – –

SR Chinchilla translucent 100x200 – 180x360 180x400 – – – –

SR Listral translucent – – 180x360 180x400 180x400 – – –

SR Madera 176 translucent – – – 180x400 – – – –

SR Mastercarre translucent 100x200 – 180x300 180x300 200x320 – – –

SR Masterligne translucent 100x200 – 180x300 180x300 – – – –

SR Masterpoint translucent 100x200 – 180x300 180x300 – – – –

SR Silvit 178 translucent 100x200 – 180x360 180x400 180x400 – – –

Gothic bronze 70x150 – – – – – – –

SR Barock bronze 70x150 – – – – – – –

SR Chinchilla bronze 100x200 – – 180x400 – – – –

SR Silvit 178 bronze 100x200 – – 180x400 – – – –

Dimensions up to 600 cm are available on request.

Minimum dimensions: 20 cm x 30 cm for rectangular ipasafe thermally toughened safety glassMinimum diameter: 30 cmMaximum ratio of side lengths: 1 : 10Maximum mass: 350 kg per glazing unit

● For square and nearly square formats with a ratio of side lengths between 1:1 and 1:1.3, the deviationfrom flatness is inevitably greater than for narrower rectangular formats. Particularly for glass thicknesses „6 mm, INTERPANE should be consulted before ordering.

max. dimensions in cm for ipasafe thermally toughened safety glass (with or without heat soaking)


5.7.2 Heat-strengthened glass

150

Product description of heat-strengthened glassaccording to EN 1863

Heat-strengthened glass is pro-duced with a similar productionprocess to thermally toughenedsafety glass.

The difference is that after beingheated quickly and homogen-eously to over 600 °C (as for ther-mally toughened safety glass), theglass pane is cooled much moregradually by ventilation with coldair. The thermal treatment inducesa permanent surface compressivestress in the glass, which then hasa significantly higher resistance tothermal and mechanical loads thanfloat glass.

The essential characteristics ofheat-strengthened glass are testedas part of the initial type testing andin the ongoing factory productioncontrol.

● The mechanical strength (bending tensile strength) of 70 N/mm2 is between the values for untreated float glassand thermally toughened safetyglass made of float glass.

● The fragmentation structure of asingle pane is similar to that ofnormal float glass. For thisreason, heat-strengthenedglass is not safety glass.

As the degree of thermal stress inthe strengthening process is relati-vely low, spontaneous breakagedue to nickel sulphide inclusion canpractically be ruled out. Thus, theheat soak test is not necessary.

Heat-strengthened glass should bepreferred to thermally toughenedsafety glass if greater mechanicalstrength and resistance to tempe-rature differences than for normalfloat glass are needed, but the resi-

572

As with thermally toughened safetyglass, such processing must bedone before the heat-strength-ening process. See Section 5.7.1.

INTERPANE has been granted a"General authorisation by build-ing inspection authorities" forheat-strengthened glass. Thiscovers both monolithic heat-strengthened glass and laminatedglass made of heat-strengthenedglass for glazing applications withlinear or point supports.

Thus, authorisation is no longerneeded for individual cases.

This means that our clients no longer have to bear the costs forthe extensive bending, fragmenta-tion and building component tests.

A copy of the authorisation canbe requested from INTERPANEHildesheim.

dual self-support after damage tothermally toughened safety glass istoo small, due to the large numberof small particles.

However, the main use of heat-strengthened glass is as a compo-nent of laminated safety glass; inthis combination, a type of safetyglass results which optimally unitesstructural properties with featuresproviding active and passive safety.

This combination of increasedmechanical strength, resist-ance to temperature differ-ences and residual structuralstrength makes it the ideal product for:

● dividing walls● overhead glazing● balustrades● point-supported glazing● load-bearing glass elements

such as steps.

The processing options for heat-strengthened glass, e.g. forr

● edges● holes● notches● edge and corner

cut-outs

correspond to those for thermally toughened safety

float glass heat-strengthened thermally toughenedglass safety glass

mechanical (tensile bending) 45 N/mm2 70 N/mm2 120 N/mm2strength sB


572

151

Properties

* 12 N/mm2 for overhead glazing, 18 N/mm2 for vertical glazing** calculated value corresponding to the general authorisation

vertical areas float glass

without safety requirements ●

with safety requirements ●

higher mechanical loads ● ●

higher thermal loads ● ●

residual structural stability when supported on all sides ●

overhead glazing float glass

outer pane ● ● ●

monolithic inner pane forbidden forbidden forbidden

inner pane of laminated safety glass (resi-dual structural strength) consisting of 2 x ● ● forbiddenbalustrades float glass

monolithic ●

laminated safety glass consisting of 2 x ● ● ●

(with residual structural strength) ●

laminated safety glass consisting of 2 x

INTERPANE uses the following definitions:

– residual structural stabilityThe ability for a glass pane toremain standing for a limitedduration, under certain installa-tion conditions, if no furtherload is applied after the glasselement has been damaged.

– residual structural strengthA further-reaching propertythan residual self-support,meaning that, for a limitedduration after damage, theglass element continues tocompletely fill the frameaperture and to bear limitedloads.

permissible szul.

depending on theapplication

12/18 N/mm2* 29 N/mm2** 50 N/mm2

permissible temperaturedifference Du over the

pane area40 K 100 K 200 K

can be cut yes no no

fragmentation structureradial cracks,large pieces

radial cracks,large pieces

network of cracks,small blunt pieces

spontaneous breakagepossible

no no yes

Application areasheat-

strengthened glass

thermallytoughened safety glass

heat-strengthened

glass


heat-strengthened

glass



152

Requirements on the qualityof heat-strengthened glass

a) Scope

These quality criteria apply to flat,heat-strengthened glass, whichhas been produced by the horizon-tal production process, for use inbuildings and constructions.

The following basic products areused to produce heat-strength-ened glass:

Glass: – float glass EN 572, Part 2

– patterned glass (cast glass) EN 572, Part 5

The glass can be– colourless or coloured– transparent, translucent,

opaque or opalescent– coated or enamelled– surface-treated,

e.g. sand-blasted or etched.

b) Tolerances

Nominal thicknesses and tolerances for basic productsaccording to EN 1863, Part 1

Heat-strengthened glass for coating

The quality criteria concerning tolerances, flatness, etc. may be stricterfor heat-strengthened glass products which are to be coated. INTERPANE should be consulted prior to ordering.

572

–

4

5

6

8

10

12

tolerances in mm

float glass patternedglass

± 0.2 ± 0.5

± 0.8

±0.3 ± 1.0

–

nominalthickness

in mm

Tolerances on the width (B) and length (H) derived from EN 1863, Part 1

Length H or width B absolute tolerance absolute tolerance

of the glass edge nominal thickness nominal thickness

„ 12 mm > 12 mm

up to 500 mm ± 1.0 mm ± 2.0 mm

up to 1000 mm ± 1.5 mm ± 2.0 mm

up to 2000 mm ± 2.0 mm ± 2.5 mm

up to 3000 mm ± 2.5 mm ± 3.0 mm

up to 3500 mm ± 3.0 mm ± 4.0 mm

more than 3500 mm ± 3.5 mm ± 5.0 mm

maximum values for

type of glass glass overall local

thickness bow bow

[mm] [mm/m] [mm/300 mm]

heat-stregthened glass 3 – 12 3* 0.3

made of float glass

heat-strengthened glass 4 – 10 4 0.5

made of patterned glass


153

Flatness

The deviation from flatnessdepends on the thickness, thedimensions and the ratio of edgelengths of a pane. The deforma-tion is known as bow. Two typesof bow are distinguished: overallor general bow, and local bow.

Overall or general bow (tG)

The glass pane is placed at roomtemperature in a vertical positionand supported on its longer sideby two load-bearing blocks at thequarter points.

The deformation is measured asthe maximum distance h1 from astraight metal ruler or a stretchedwire to the concave surface ofthe glass (see figure). It is meas-ured along the edges of the glassand along the diagonals.

In all cases, the value for overallbow is expressed as the ratio ofthe deformation h1 to the meas-ured length of the edge of theglass (B or H as applicable) or thediagonal.

tG =h1

B oder Hmmm

tÖ =h2

300mmmm

Local bow (tÖ)

Local bow is measured over a limited length of 300 mm by usinga straight ruler, or a stretched wire(see figure). It is expressed as theratio of the distance h2 to a lengthof 300 mm:

* For square and nearly square formats with a ratio of side lengthsbetween 1:1 and 1:1.3, the deviation from flatness is inevitably greater than for narrower rectangular formats. Particularly for glassthicknesses „6 mm, INTERPANE should be consulted beforeordering.

Maximum values for overall and local bow5

72

For patterned glass, local bow isdetermined by using a straightruler resting on the high points ofthe pattern and measuring to ahigh point of the pattern.

Overall and local bow

overallbow

localbow

B or

H o

r di

agon

al30

0 m

m


154

d) Tests

Within the framework of the fac-tory production control andthird-party surveillance, the pro-duction of ipasafe thermallytoughened glass is regularlytested in accordance with therelevant standards.

Fragmentation structure according to EN 1863, Part 1.

Mechanical strength (bending tensile strength) according to EN 1863, Part 1 / EN 1288, Part 3

float glass 3 – 12 70

ceramic-coated glass 3 – 12 45 *)

patterned float glass 4 – 10 55

*) ceramic-coated surface in tension**) The mechanical strength value (bending tensile strength) is

defined as the minimum quasi-static bending load for which a lowerconfidence limit of 95 % leads to a 5 % probability of breakage.

572

heat-streng-thenedglass

made of

type of glassnominal

thickness[mm]

mechanical strength(bending tensile strength**)

[N/mm2]

c) Deviations in pattern and colour

It is fundamentally impossible toguarantee that the structure ofseveral adjacent panes of pat-terned glass will be symmetric.

The direction of a pattern shouldbe specified in the order. If thisspecification is missing, theglass pane will be produced withthe direction of the patternparallel to the pane height.

For reasons relating to the pro-duction technology, shifts in thedesign and slight colour differen-ces are possible with patternedglass and coloured glass.

fragment

Typical fragmentation structure

25 mm

100 mm


572

155

e) Visual assessment of quality

The testing principles and relevanttables for visual assessment aredefined in the "Guideline to assessthe visual quality of architecturalglazing", published in Section7.7.5.

The permissibility of deviationswhich are observed during thesetests is decided according tothese testing principles andtables.

f) Physical characteristics

Optical features

As the glass lies on rollers in thefurnace during the heat-streng-thening process, slight changesin the surface can occur occa-sionally. These so-called "rollerwaves" are caused by physicalprocesses and cannot always beavoided. In the individual case,they can cause a slight distortionof the reflected image.

The thermal toughening processcan also cause chemical andmechanical changes in the sur-face structure such as smallspots ("roller pick-up") and rollerimpressions.

Anisotropy

Anisotropic iridescent effects canbe observed on heat-strength-ened glass. A detailed explanationof these effects can be found inSection 4.12.

Thermal durability

The mechanical properties of heat-strengthened glass are unchangedfor application temperatures up to250 °C. Heat-strengthened glasscan resist both sudden tempera-ture changes and temperature differences across the pane sur-face of up to 100 K.

Wettability of the glass surface by moisture

The wettability of the glass surfacecan vary due to the effect of tracesfrom rollers, fingerprints, labels,paper grain, vacuum suction cups,slurries or lubricants.

If the glass surfaces are moistenedby condensation, rain or cleaningwater, the differing wettability canbecome evident. These effects aretypical characteristics and do notprovide a reason for reclamation.

g) Marking

Every pane of ipasafe heat-strengthened glass is marked atleast with "EN 1863" and thename or logo of the manufactu-rer. According to this standard,the marking must be indelible.

4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm 15 mm 19 mm

float glass clear 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 260/450 – –

float glass blue – – 200x300 200x300 200x300 – – –

float glass bronze 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 260/450 – –

float glass grey 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 260/450 – –

float glass green 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 – – –

translucent glass translucent 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 260/450 – –

satin-finished glass translucent 150x250 200x300 260x450 260x450 260x450 200x300 – –

SR Mastercarre translucent 100x200 – 150x210 200x300 – – – –


156

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Delivery programme for heat-strengthened glass

type of glass colour glass thickness / dimensions

Heat-strengthened glass gains safety properties if it is laminated to form laminated safety glass.

Dimensions up to 600 cm are available on request.

Minimum dimensions: 20 cm x 30 cm for rectangular ipasafe heat-strengthened glassMinimum diameter: 30 cmMaximum ratio of side lengths: 1 : 10Maximum mass: 350 kg per glazing unit

● For square and nearly square formats with a ratio of side lengths between 1:1 and 1:1.3, the deviationfrom flatness is inevitably greater than for narrower rectangular formats. Particularly for glass thicknesses „6 mm, INTERPANE should be consulted before ordering.

max. dimensions in cm for ipasafe heat-strengthened glass


5.7.3 Laminated safety glassProduct description of laminated safety glassaccording to EN 14 449

In the production of laminatedsafety glass, two or more glasspanes lying on top of each otherare firmly joined together by oneor more highly elastic interlayersof polyvinyl butyral (PVB).

During the production process, aroller press or similar equipment is used to prepare a preliminarylaminate. This is then transformedto a permanent laminate, consist-ing of the glass panes and interlay-ers, by application of heat andpressure in an autoclave.

The customary "glass-clear"appearance in transmission canbe slightly affected, dependingon the number and thickness ofinterlayers.

Laminated safety glass has theproperty that in the case of break-age, the glass fragments adhere tothe interlayer. This means thatpractically no sharp-edged glasssplinters become detached. Thisminimises the risk of injury con-siderably.

In addition, the tough elasticinterlayer hinders the penetrationof the entire glazing element, sothat active safety is raised signi-ficantly (resistance to manual orbullet attack, depending on theconstruction).

Compared to thermally toughenedsafety glass, laminated safety glassis distinguished by a decisiveadvantage: In the case of break-age, a pane of thermally toughenedsafety glass crumbles into smallpieces. Usually the pane collapsescompletely. As a result, thermallytoughened safety glass then doesnot offer any further protectionagainst burglary or injury.

Cross-section through laminated safety glass

By contrast, after laminated safe-ty glass has been broken, it stillacts to seal the frame aperture.The residual structural stabilityand strength guarantee that evenafter laminated safety glass hasbeen damaged, it still protects lifeand property for a certain periodof time.

Depending on the construction,combinations of several panesand PVB interlayers of differentthicknesses can provide addi-tional protection against manualand bullet attack.

As well as laminated safety glasspanes with PVB interlayers, laminated glass without safetyproperties is available.

As part of the initial type testing,laminated safety glass must meetthe following specifications ac-cording to EN 14 449:

● A) High-temperature testaccording to EN ISO 12 543,Part 4 (boiling test at 100 °Cfor 2 hours)

● B) High-humidity testwith condensationaccording to EN ISO 12543,Part 4 (condensation test at50 °C and 100 % relativehumidity for two weeks)

● C) Radiation testaccording to EN ISO 12 543,Part 4 (2000 h exposure to900 W/m2 radiation with aquasi-solar spectrum)

● D) Pendulum testaccording to EN 12 600(twin-tyre impactor, 50 kg,drop height of 450 mm)

foil

float glass float glass

573

157


As part of the factory productioncontrol process, samples of thecontinually produced laminatedsafety glass are subjected to thefollowing tests:

● boiling test and condensationtest (see p. 157 A and B)

● sphere drop test (mechanicalstrength, 4 m drop, 1 kgsphere)

● pummel test (test of adhesionbetween glass and interlayer)

Modern production technologyallows lamination not only of several float glass panes, but alsothermally toughened safety glass,heat-strengthened glass, certaintypes of patterned glass, polishedwired glass and glass with solar-control or low-e (iplus E) coatings.

Laminated glass combines highmass per pane area with low bending stiffness due to the elasticinterlayers which join the panes ofglass to each other. This improvesthe rated sound reduction indexcompared to that of monolithicpanes of the same thickness.

As a further option, specialsound-insulating interlayers canbe used to combine the safetyfeatures of laminated safetyglass with increased sound insu-lation.

Application areas for laminated safety glass

The ideal application areas forlaminated safety glass resultfrom its properties of retainingglass splinters and residual self-support if breakage occurs:

● Public buildings

Most of the German statebuilding authorities recom-mend laminated safety glassfor the entire entrance area.

In some states, this is obliga-tory for schools and kinder-gartens.

● Sport buildings

In addition to the applicationin the building entrances,laminated safety glass is alsorecommended in the areaswhere sport and games areplayed due to its mechanicalresistance to ball impact upto certain limits.

Similarly, installation of lami-nated safety glass aroundindoor pools is a sensiblesafety precaution.

● Industrial and commercialsectors

Laminated safety glass is app-lied here especially to protectagainst burglary. To increasesecurity and for quick detectionof a break-in, the glass canalso be equipped with a con-ductive circuit to trigger analarm.

● Residential sector

Apart from protection againstburglary, laminated safety glassis primarily installed here to pro-tect life and limb, e.g. as trans-parent door components or inglazing units extending overthe height of a complete storey.

● Balustrades

Glass is used in banisters andbalustrades to reduce the riskof falling off stairs and bal-conies. Proof of safety in the case of breakage of laminatedsafety glass is to be providedby pendulum tests accordingto EN 12 600 (see also Section7.7.3).

● Overhead glazing

The inner pane of overheadglazing must be made of lami-nated safety glass consistingof float or heat-strengthenedglass for safety reasons (seealso Section 7.7.1).

Further processing of laminated safety glass

It is clear that panes of laminatedsafety glass can be further processed by coating and produc-tion of thermally insulating glazing(iplus neutral E) or solar-control glazing (ipasol).

158

573

Test report for ipasafe on resistance to ball impactLaminated safety glass 8 mmmax. dimensions: 2100 mm x 3600 mmThe validity of the test report is regularly renewed withunchanged content.

573

159

Test report for ipasafe on resistance to ball impactLaminated safety glass 8 mmmax. dimensions: 2100 mm x 3600 mmThe validity of the test report is regularly renewed withunchanged content.

573

160


Processing options for laminated safety glass

a) Edge finishing

The production technology forlaminated safety glass made ofthermally untreated float glass doesnot require any form of edge-finish-ing. For laminated safety glassmade of thermally toughened orheat-strengthened products, theedge-finishing possibilities corre-spond to those of thermally tough-ened glass (see Sections 5.7.1 and5.7.2).

If the client requests it, the followingforms of edge-finishing as de-scribed in EN ISO 12 543, Part 5can be offered:

● ArrissedAn arrissed edge corre-sponds to a cut edge whichhas been bevelled to someextent by a grinding tool.

● GroundThe glass pane is machinedto the required dimensionsby grinding the edges. Theground edges can have bro-ken borders (correspondingto an arrissed edge). Blankspots and conchoidal frac-tures are permissible.

● Smooth groundThe whole area of the edge isground. The borders are bev-elled by grinding. Smoothground edges appear matt.Blank spots and conchoidalfractures are not permissible.

● PolishedThe polished edge is aground edge which has beenfurther finished by polishing.Polishing traces are permis-sible to a certain extent.

● Bevel edgeAll types of ipasafe laminatedsafety glass can be producedwith a bevel edge which formsan angle a to the glass surface,where 45° „a < 90°.

The edges can be "smoothground" or "polished".

The maximum glass thicknessis 50 mm.

The edges are finished eithermanually or with machines, de-pending on the length of the edgeand the shape of the pane.

For panes which must be atleast partially manually edge-finished, we recommend manualedge finishing around the entireperimeter for optical reasons.Technical clarification is neces-sary for the specific case.

INTERPANE should be consul-ted before laminated safety glaz-ing units weighing more than500 kg are ordered.

b) Cant corners

The production technology re-quires that custom-shaped paneswith acute angles of < 30 ° be cutback.

161

573

Cant corner


c) Edge options

● Recessed edge

Laminated safety glass can al-so be produced with a steppededge profile. The recessededge usually runs parallel toone or more edges. After con-sultation, special options suchas corner sections are possible.

ipasafe laminated safetyglass with a recessed edge

single step (side view)

double step (side view)

● The panes are processedindividually to producerecessed edges.

● See p. 164 for displacementtolerances.

● maximum dimensions: 200 cm x 300 cm, otherdimensions on request

● minimum production dimen-sions: 25 cm x 45 cm

● maximum ratio of sidelengths: 1:10

● option also available in com-bination with thermally tough-ened safety glass or heat-strengthened glass

● Edge trimming of interlayer

For laminated safety glassmade of thermally toughenedglass, the edges must be fin-ished before lamination. If theedge is polished or smoothlyground, the PVB interlayer istrimmed back to the glassedge for optical reasons.

d) Cut-outs, holesaudio grills

Accurate drawings whichspecify all technical detailsmust be supplied for theseprocessing steps.

The thickness of the lamina-ted safety glass must be atleast 8 mm.

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Requirements on the qualityof laminated safety glass

a) Scope

These quality criteria apply to flat,laminated safety glass for use inbuildings and constructions.

The following basic products areused to produce laminated safetyglass:

Glass:● float glass EN 572, Part 2● drawn sheet glass

EN 572, Part 4● patterned glass (cast glass)

EN 572, Part 5● thermally toughened safety

glass EN 12 150, Part 1● heat-strengthened glass

EN 1863, Part 1● other types of flat glass

The glass can be● colourless or coloured● transparent, translucent,

opaque or opalescent● coated or enamelled (ceramic)● surface-treated, e.g. sand-

blasted or etched.

Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer:

The interlayers can be● colourless or coloured,● transparent, translucent or

opaque.

b) Tolerances

Nominal thicknesses andtolerances according to EN 572, Parts 2, 4 and 5

The nominal thickness of laminatedsafety glass is the sum of the individual thicknesses of the basicproducts used for its production.

– nominal thickness of PVB interlayer0.38 mm and 0.76 mm.

Nominal thicknesses and tolerances according to paragraph a)

nominal tolerances in mmthickness [mm] drawn sheet glass patterned glass float glass

3± 0.24

5± 0.5 ±0.2

6± 0.3

8 ± 0.4 ± 0.810 ± 0.5 ± 1.0 ± 0.312 ± 0.6 –15 – – ± 0.519 – – ± 1.0

The permissible thickness tolerance of laminated safety glass is the sum ofthe permissible tolerances of the basic products used for its production.The tolerance for the interlayer thickness is not taken into account.

It should be noted that depending on the type of basic product used, it maybe necessary to use additional interlayer films due to the requirements of theproduction technology.

Tolerances (t) in mm on the width (B) and length (H)

edge finishing cut and arissed ground, smoothly groundor polished and

bevelled

element „8 > 8 „26 „40 > 40thickness each with an

[mm] individual individualglass glass

pane in pane inlaminate laminate

< 10 ≥ 10nominal up to + 2.5 +1.0dimen- 100

± 1.0 ± 2.0– 2.0 – 2.0

sions up to + 3.0 + 1.0 + 1.0(cut 200

± 1.5– 2.0

± 3.5+ 1.0 – 3.0 – 3.0

sizes) more than + 2.5 + 3.5 – 3.0[cm] 200 – 2.0 – 3.0

± 4.0

standard ± 3.0dimensions

Tolerances on the width (B) and length (H) for laminated safety glass made of thermally untreated glassderived from EN 12 543, Part 5

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573

Displacement toleranceDue to the production technology, the individual glass panes canbecome misaligned.

● laminated safety glass of thermally untreated glassMisalignment tolerances occur only for laminates with cut or arrissed edges and lie within the tolerances for width and length (see Table on p. 163).

● laminated safety glass of thermally toughened or heat-strengthened glassMisalignment tolerances occur for all types of edge finishing for these products and are specified in the following table. The width B and length H must be considered separately.

Maximum permissible displacement

Tolerances (t) in mm on the width (B) and length (H)edge finishing arrissed ground, smoothly ground

or polished

element thickness [mm] „ 8 > 8 general

± 2.0 ± 2.0 ± 2.0

+ 3.0 + 3.0 + 3.0– 2.0 – 2.0 – 2.0

+ 3.0 + 3.5 + 4.0

nominaldimen-sions[cm]

up to 100

up to 200

more than200


Tolerances on the width (B) and length (H) for laminated safetyglass made of thermally toughened or heat-strengthened glassderived from EN 12 543, Part 5

nominal dimension (B or H) maximum permissible displacement

B, H „100 cm 2.0 mm

B, H „200 cm 3.0 mm

B, H > 200 cm 4.0 mm

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573


Tolerances on cut-outs andaudio grills

These tolerances depend on theindividual technical specifica-tions. Please clarify before plac-ing an order.

Tolerances on holes

The tolerances on the hole dia-meter are:

for „24 mm element thickness: ± 2.0 mm

for > 24 mm element thickness: ± 2.5 mm

The tolerances on the hole posi-tions are:

for thermally untreated glass: ± 1.5 mm

for thermally toughened or heat-strengthened glass: ± 2.5 mm

These tolerances due to the pro-duction technology must betaken into account in addition tothe tolerances which are re-quired due to aspects of theconstruction and installation.

c) Laminated safety glass for coating

The quality criteria may be stricterfor laminated safety glass productswhich are to be coated. INTER-PANE should be consulted priorto ordering.

d) Deviations in colour of the laminate

Please note that as the laminatethickness increases, the intrinsiccolour of the laminate maybecome evident as a green/yellow tint.

e) Tests

Within the framework of the factoryproduction control and third-partysurveillance, the production of ipa-safe laminated glass is regularlytested in accordance with the rele-vant standards.

● mechanical strength (bending tensile strength) according to EN 1288, Part 3

● sphere drop testaccording to EN 14 449

● boiling test according to EN 12 543, Part 4

● pendulum testaccording to EN 12 600

The requirements on laminatedsafety glass for security glazing toprotect persons and objects aredefined in the following standards:

– EN 356, EN 1063, EN 13 541

– VdS Guideline 2163 (VdS - German association ofdamage-prevention experts)

– accident prevention regulation (Unfallsverhütungsvorschrift -UVV) for banks

f) Visual assessment of quality

The testing principles and relevanttables for visual assessment ofmonolithic laminated safety glasspanes are defined in the "Guidelineto assess the visual quality of archi-tectural glazing". This defines thetesting principles and permissibletolerances (see Section 7.7.5.).

g) Marking

Cut-size panes of ipasafe lami-nated safety glass are marked.Multiple markings are possible.The marking must be legible andpermanent.

165

573

166


Delivery programme for cut-size, monolithic, ipasafe laminated safety glass

● Dimensions up to 600 cm are available on request.● Minimum dimensions: 25 cm x 45 cm for rectangular ipasafe laminated safety glass● Minimum diameter: 45 cm● Maximum diameter: 180 cm● Maximum ratio of side lengths: 1:10● Maximum mass: 500 kg per glazing unit

573

Cut-size laminates of two panestype maximum dimensions

[cm]

5/2 120 x 216

6/2 225 x 321

8/2 260 x 420

10/2 260 x 420

12/2 260 x 420

14/2 260 x 420

16/2 260 x 420

18/2 260 x 420

20/2 260 / 420

22/2 260 / 420

24/2 260 / 420

30/2 260 / 420

38/2 260 / 420

Cut-size laminates of more than two panes

type maximum dimensions[cm]

9/3 225 x 321

12/3 260 x 420

15/3 260 x 420

18/3 260 x 420

16/4 260 x 420

20/4 260 / 420

24/4 260 / 420

Cut-size, two-pane laminated safety glass of thermally

toughened or heat-strengthened ipasafe glass

type maximum dimensions type of[cm] glass

6/2 100 x 150 only TVG*

8/2 100 x 200 ESG** or TVG*

10/2 120 x 300 ESG** or TVG*

12/2 260 x 420 ESG** or TVG*

16/2 260 x 420 ESG** or TVG*

20/2 260 / 420 ESG** or TVG*

24/2 260 / 420 ESG** or TVG*

30/2 260 / 420 only ESG**

Cut-size combinations with special glass

type of glass colour glass max. di-thickness mensions

[mm] [cm]

Ornament 504 translucent 4 150 x 210

Ornament 597 translucent 4 150 x 210

SR Chinchilla translucent 4 150 x 210

SR Chinchilla bronze 4 150 x 210

SR Chinchilla translucent 6 150 x 210

SR Listral 200 translucent 6 150 x 210

SR Mastercarre translucent 4 150 x 210

Stopsol super silber clear 6 150 x 210

satin-finished glass translucent 4 150 x 210




* TVG – heat-strengthened glass** ESG – thermally toughened glass

5.7.4 ipasafe security glazing


At the same time, as the stan-dard of living has risen, so hasthe demand by individuals toprotect their property and valua-bles, particularly if the housesare in exposed or endangeredlocations.

Laminated safety glass is thetransparent building materialwhich is best suited to provide

adequate protection againstattack.

In addition to the resistancewhich laminated safety glassoffers to attack, additional deter-rence and thus more security isgiven by the combination ofalarm circuits in the glazing withwarning systems.

Over the last few decades, thenumber of burglaries affectingprivate dwellings has multiplied.The police has thus intensifiedits advice to take precautionarymeasures. These are intendedto effectively thwart a burglary orto cause so much delay that theburglars give up because theirbreak-in attempts would attracttoo much attention.

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574


comply with structural buildingregulations. Often, the maximumpane areas specified in the deliv-ery programmes are reduced asa result.

For the reasons presentedabove, it is not permissible toarbitrarily change the installationorientation, e.g. by turning theglazing around. Accordingly,ipasafe security glazing is clearlylabelled in this respect.

The relevant standards concern-ing security glazing are EN 356for resistance to manualattack, EN1063 for bullet resistance and EN 13 541 forresistance to explosion.

Product description of ipasafe security glazing

ipasafe security glazing productsare laminated safety glass productswhich comply with EN 14 449 andare thus subject to the obligatorymechanisms of initial type testingand ongoing factory productioncontrol. Depending on the type ofresistance offered, they are dividedinto the following groups:

● resistance to manual attack Level 3

● bullet resistance Level 1

● resistance to explosionLevel 1

For the Level 1 products, notonly factory production controlbut also third-party surveillanceby a notified body is obligatory.

The attack face is defined duringthe initial type testing of ipasafesecurity glazing. This determinesthe orientation for installation.

All ipasafe security insulating glassunits are generally designed suchthat the attack face corresponds to the outer pane of the units.Thus, the attack face is defined as"position 1".

If, for specific buildings such asprisons, the other side should bethe attack face, or if a non-stan-dard outer pane such as alarm-wired thermally toughened glassis required, this must already betaken into account during theplanning phase. Furthermore,the manufacturer must be noti-fied when the order is placedand the dimensioning must

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574


a) Glazing providing resistance to manual attack - thrown objects

The standards classify glazingaccording to their resistanceagainst thrown objects. The pro-tection offered increases with the

Resistance to manual attack - categories according to drop test

EN 356

category of drop height number of spheres*

resistance [mm] dropped

P1A 1500 3

P2A 3000 3

P3A 6000 3

P4A 9000 3

P5A 9000 3 x 3

number of the resistance class.The testing procedure is based onthe assumption of heavy thrownobjects, which are simulated by adrop test with a metal sphere weighing app. 4110 g and having adiameter of 10 cm. The sphere isdropped several times onto each

sample (110 cm x 90 cm) from aspecified height. The test has beenpassed if none of the spherespenetrate the sample. The differenttesting requirements and the resulting resistance categories ofthe relevant standard are pre-sented in the following table.

* sphere mass: 4.1 kg

INTERPANE holds testing certificates for ipasafe P1A to P5A.

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Delivery programme for standard ipasafe security glazing products offeringresistance to manual attack - categories according to drop test

● All types listed above can be combined with iplus E low-e coated glass as the indoor pane.Ug values: 16 mm space = 1.1 W/m2K (argon gas fill) EN 673

10 mm space = 1.0 W/m2K (krypton gas fill) EN 673The specified rated values refer to the testing conditions and the application scope of the referenced standard.

● If the ipasafe pane is intended to be the indoor pane, it can be combined with an ipasol solar-control pane as the outer pane.

● Combinations with patterned glass or alarm-wired thermally toughened glass are also possible.

● Please note that as the laminate thickness increases, the intrinsic colour of the laminate may become evident as a green/yellow tint. This effect can be reduced by the use of low-iron glass.


● Minimum dimensions: 25 cm x 45 cm for rectangular ipasafe laminated safety glass

● Minimum diameter: 45 cm

● Maximum diameter: 180 cm

● Maximum mass: 500 kg per glazing unit

type

ipasafe P1A

P2A

P3A

P4A

P5A

ipasafe

ipasafe

ipasafe

ipasafe

resistancecategoryaccordingto EN 356

houses and apartmentsin built-up areas

isolated privatebuildings

houses with valuablecontents and remoteholiday flats

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max. ratio

of side

lengths

Technical data: ipasafe P1A - P5A according to EN 356product configuration thickness mass max. max.

(outer/space/ dimensions area application areas

inner for IGU’s)

mm mm kg/m2 cm m2 –

monolithic 7 16 225 x 321 7.22 1:10

7 / 10 / 4 21 26 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6

7 / 10 / 6 23 31 225 x 321 7.22 1:10

monolithic 9 21 260 x 420 10.92 1:10

9 / 10 / 4 23 31 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6

9 / 10 / 6 25 36 250 / 400 8.00 1:10

monolithic 9 21 260 x 420 10.92 1:10

9 / 10 / 4 23 31 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6

9 / 10 / 6 25 36 250 / 400 8.00 1:10

monolithic 9,5 22 260 x 420 10.92 1:10

9,5 / 10 / 4 23 32 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6

9,5 / 10 / 6 25 37 250 / 400 8.00 1:10

monolithic 10,5 22 260 x 420 10.92 1:10

10,5 / 10 / 4 24 32 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6

10,5 / 10 / 6 26 37 250 / 400 8.00 1:10

Delivery programme for special ipasafe security glazing products providing resistance to manual attack - categories according to drop test


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Technical data: ipasafe special types - monolithic glazingproduct config- thickness mass max. max. max. ratio

uration dimensions area of side application areas

lengths

mm kg/m2 cm m2 –







type

room partitions

P3A monolithic 11.5 27 120 x 300 3.60 1:10

P4A monolithic 11.5 27 120 x 300 3.60 1:10


display window glazing, villas in prime locations

P3A monolithic 9.5 22 100 x 200 2.00 1:10

P3A monolithic 13.5 32 260 x 420 10.92 1:10

P4A monolithic 9.5 22 100 x 200 2.00 1:10

ipasafe 8/2heat-strength-ened glass

ipasafe8/2-alarm

ipasafe 10/2heat-strength-ened glassipasafe 12/2heat-strength-ened glassipasafe 10/2thermally tough-ened safety glass


b) Glazing providing resistance to manual attack - hand-held implements

The standards classify glazing intothree categories according to theirresistance against attack withmanually held implements. Theprotection offered increases withthe number of the resistance class.A mechanically swung axe weigh-ing 2 kg is used for the test. Thenumber of axe strikes is deter-mined which is required to producea 400 mm x 400 mm square open-ing in the sample (110 x 90 cm).

The different testing requirementsand the resulting resistance cate-gories of the relevant standard arepresented in the following table.

The number and type of axe strikeswhich the sample survives deter-mines the category of resistance tomanual attack with a hand-heldimplement.

The tested glazing type is allocatedthe lowest resistance categorydetermined for three samples.

INTERPANE holds testing certifi-cates for ipasafe P6B to P8B.

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Resistance to manualattack - categories according

to axe test

EN 356

category of number of

resistance axe strikes

P6B 30 to 50

P7B 51 to 70

P8B more than 70


Delivery programme for standard ipasafe security glazing products providing resistance to manual attack - categories according to axe test

Technical data: ipasafe P6B - P8Bproduct configuration thickness mass max. max. max. ratio addi-

(outer/ dimensions area of side tional application

space/inner) lengths function examples

for IGU’s) mm kg/m2 cm m2

type

ipasafe

ipasafe

ipasafe

photo and video shops phar-

macies, sections of depart-

ment stores, computer centres

galeries, museums, antique

shops, department stores,

psychiatric institutions

juweller’s shops, fur shops,

prisons

P6B

P7B

P8B

BR2-S/

EH1

BR3-S

● All types listed above can be combined with iplus E low-e coated glass as the indoor pane.

Ug value: 16 mm space = 1.1 W/m2K (argon gas fill) EN 67310 mm space = 1.0 W/m2K (krypton gas fill) EN 673

The specified rated values refer to the testing conditions and the application scope of the referenced standard.










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monolithic 18 39 260 x 420 10.92 1:10

18/10/6 34 54 250 / 400 8.00 1:6

monolithic 24 54 260 / 420 9.26 1:10

24/10/6 40 69 250 / 400 7.25 1:6

monolithic 31 67 260 / 420 7.46 1:10

31/10/6 47 82 250 / 400 6.10 1:6BR4-S


Anti-burglar glazing with VdS approval

To determine the insurance premi-ums for insured property, theGerman association of experts fordamage prevention, VdS Scha-denverhütung GmbH, tests theresistance of anti-burglar glazing(einbruchhemmend - EH) to thedifferent types of manual attack.The approved products are publi-cised in a list.

These glazing types are dividedinto five resistance categories:

EH01EH02EH1EH2EH3

Which resistance category isrequired for a certain individualobject depends on the prevailingcircumstances. The insurancecompany should be consultedearly in the planning process.

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EH01

EH02

EH1

EH3

ipasafe 10/2thermallytoughenedsafety glass

ipasafe

ipasafe

ipasafe

EH2ipasafe

room partitions

villas, high-risk objects

photo and video shops, pharmacies, sectionsof department stores, computer centres

galleries, museums, antique shops, depart-ment stores, psychiatric institutions

jeweller’s shops, fur shops, prisons

houses with valuable contents andremote holiday flats

EH01ipasafe

type

product

resistancecategoryaccording

to VdS

Technival Data: ipasafe EHconfiguration thick- mass max. max. max. ratio

(outer/space/ ness dimen- area of side application examples

inner for sions lengths (see also Section 3.7 - Windows and

IGU’s) mm kg/m2 cm m2 – Safety)


Delivery programme for ipasafe security glazing products tested accordingto VdS criteria (VdS - German association of damage prevention experts)

● All ipasafe EH types listed above can be combined with iplus E low-e coated glass as the indoor pane.Ug values: 16 mm space = 1.1 W/m2K (argon gas fill) EN 673






● The ipasafe EH types are tested and approved by VdS (German association of damage prevention experts).





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monolithic 9.5 22 260 x 420 10.92 1 : 10

9.5/10/4 23 32 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

9.5/10/6 25 37 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

monolithic 11.5 27 120 x 300 3.60 1 : 10

monolithic 11 23 260 x 420 10.92 1 : 10

11/10/4 25 33 141 x 240 3.40 1 : 6

11/10/6 27 38 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 10

monolithic 18 39 260 x 420 10.92 1 : 10

18/10/6 34 54 250 / 400 8.00 1 : 6

monolithic 25 51 260 / 420 9.80 1 : 10

25/10/6 41 66 250 / 400 7.58 1 : 6

monolithic 36 78 260 / 420 6.41 1 : 10

36/10/6 52 93 250 / 400 5.38 1 : 6

Categories of bullet-resistant glazing according to EN 1063

calibre bullet resistance class test bullet

range velocity

splinter- non-splin-

ing tering [m] [m/s]


c) Bullet-resistant security glazing

ipasafe bullet-resistant securityglazing from INTERPANE pro-vides the greatest degree of pro-tection for life and limb. The testprescribes three shots at the testsample at a testing temperatureof 18 °C (± 5 °C), whereby theshots are to be positioned at afixed distance from each other.The resistance categories differaccording to the calibre of the

ammunition used. In addition,non-splintering (NS) and splintering(S) categories are differentiated.

Non-splintering ipasafe units areinstalled where a person couldbe positioned directly behind thepane during an attack.

INTERPANE holds testing certifi-cates for all types of ipasafe bullet-resistant security glazing. Adviceshould be obtained if the testing

*) L: lead

CB: coned bullet

FJ: full metal jacket

FN: flat nose

HC1: steel hard core

PB: pointed bullet

RN: round nose

SC: soft core (lead)

SCP1: soft core (lead) and steel penetrator

**) The test consists of a single shot.

ammunition

*)

typemass

g

.22 LR L/RN 2.6±0.10 BR1-S BR1-NS 10 360 ± 10

9 mm Luger FJ/RN/SC 8.0±0.10 BR2-S BR2-NS 5 400 ± 10

.357 Magn. FJ/CB/SC 10.25±0.10 BR3-S BR3-NS 5 430 ± 10

.44 Rem Magn. FJ/FN/SC 15.55±0.10 BR4-S BR4-NS 5 440 ± 10

5.56 x 45 FJ/PB/SCP 1 4.0±0.10 BR5-S BR5-NS 10 950 ± 10

7.62x51 FJ/PB/SC 9.45±0.10 BR6-S BR6-NS 10 830 ± 10

7.62x51 FJ/PB/HC1 9.75±0.10 BR7-S BR7-NS 10 820 ± 10

cal. 12/70 Brenneke 31.0±0.50 SG1-S **) SG1-NS **) 10 420 ± 20

cal. 12/70 Brenneke 31.0±0.50 SG2-S SG2-NS 10 420 ± 20

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conditions differ significantly fromthe application circumstances.

As all types of bullet-resistantsecurity glazing consist of multi-ple-pane, asymmetrically config-ured laminated safety glass, theseproducts automatically providebetter protection against burglary.

The resistance categories arelisted in the following table.


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Technical Data: ipasafe BR1-BR7, SG1, SG2

Delivery programme for monolithic ipasafe bullet-resistant security glazing products

product

typeresistance category

according toEN 1063 mm kg/m2 cm m2

thickness massmax.

dimensionsmax.area

max.ratio of

side lengths

ipasafe BR1-S 10.5 22 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe BR1-NS 18 42 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe BR2-S 19 43 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe BR2-NS 28 67 260 / 420 7.46 1:10ipasafe BR3-S 23 53 260 / 420 9.43 1:10ipasafe BR3-NS 34 82 260 / 420 6.09 1:10ipasafe BR4-S 29 65 260 / 420 7.69 1:10ipasafe BR4-NS 51 123 260 / 420 4.07 1:10ipasafe BR5-S 45 105 260 / 420 4.76 1:10ipasafe BR5-NS 63 151 260 / 420 3.31 1:10ipasafe BR6-S 47 111 260 / 420 4.50 1:10ipasafe BR6-NS 70 169 260 / 420 2.96 1:10ipasafe BR7-S 78 186 260 / 420 2.67 1:10ipasafe BR7-NS 78 186 260 / 420 2.67 1:10ipasafe SG1-S 34 82 260 / 420 6.09 1:10ipasafe SG1-NS 63 151 260 / 420 3.31 1:10ipasafe SG2-S 45 105 260 / 420 4.76 1:10ipasafe SG2-NS 70 169 260 / 420 2.96 1:10








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Delivery programme for ipasafe bullet-resistant security glazing products as insulating glass units

Technical data: ipasafe BR1-BR7, SG1, SG2product

typeresistance category

according toEN 1063 mmmm kg/m2 cm m2 –

thicknessconfiguration(outer/space/inner for IGU’s

massmax.

dimensionsmax.area

max.ratio of

side lengths

ipasafe BR1-S 10.5/10/6 26 37 250 / 400 8.00 1: 6ipasafe BR1-NS 11/10/9 30 47 260 / 420 10.60 1: 6ipasafe BR2-S 14.5/10/9 33 53 260 / 420 9.40 1: 6ipasafe BR2-NS 23.5/10/9 42 77 260 / 420 6.50 1: 6ipasafe BR3-S 13/10/10.5 33 53 260 / 420 9.40 1: 6ipasafe BR3-NS 28.5/10/11 49 93 260 / 420 5.30 1: 6ipasafe BR4-S 11/10/20 41 70 260 / 420 7.10 1: 6ipasafe BR4-NS 34.5/10/13 57 113 260 / 420 4.40 1: 6ipasafe BR5-S 17/10/22 49 90 260 / 420 5.50 1: 6ipasafe BR5-NS 35/10/11.5 56 110 260 / 420 4.50 1: 6ipasafe BR6-S 17/10/26 53 100 260 / 420 5.00 1: 6ipasafe BR6-NS 48/10/11.5 69 141 260 / 420 3.50 1: 6ipasafe BR7-S 34.5/10/34.5 79 165 260 / 420 3.00 1: 6ipasafe SG1-S 17/10/22 49 90 260 / 420 5.50 1: 6ipasafe SG1-NS 35/10/11.5 56 110 260 / 420 4.50 1: 6ipasafe SG2-S 35/10/11.5 56 110 260 / 420 4.50 1: 6ipasafe SG2-NS 48/10/11.5 69 141 260 / 420 3.50 1: 6

● All ipasafe EH types listed above can be combined with iplus E low-e coated glass as the indoor pane.Ug values: 10 mm space = 1.4 W/m2K (argon gas fill) EN 673


● Combinations with ipasol solar-control glazing, patterned glass or alarm-wired thermally toughened glass are possible under certain conditions. Consultation during the planning phase is necessary.








d) Glazing providing resistanceto explosion pressure according to EN 13 541

This standard specifies require-ments and testing procedures forthe classification of explosion-resistant security glazing for usein buildings. The main require-ment on explosion-resistantsecurity glazing is to protecthumans against blast waves.

The procedure is intended to testonly those types of explosion-resistant security glazing whichhave already been allocated acertain resistance categoryaccording to EN 356. Thus, theER types always also possessfurther security properties concern-ing manual attack by thrownobjects or hand-held implements,depending on the category.

Classification of explosion-resistant security glazing according to EN 13 541

classification

code

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574

The samples are tested underwell-defined conditions; the testdetermines the maximum posi-tive pressure of a reflected shockwave which a glazing type with-stands for a longer period of time.

The classification is only valid forthe tested glass sizes of about 1 m2.

characteristics of the plane shock wave

minimum values of the

positive maximum overpressure

of the reflected blast wave (Pr)

[kPa]

positive specific

impulse (i+)

[kPa x ms]

duration of the positive

pressure phase (t+)

[ms]

ER 1 50 „Pr < 100 370 „ i+ < 900 ‰20

ER 2 100 „Pr < 150 900 „ i+ < 1500 ‰20

ER 3 150 „Pr < 200 1500 „ i+ < 2200 ‰20

ER 4 200 „Pr < 250 2200 „ i+ < 3200 ‰20

180

5.7.5 ipasafe security glazing conforming to bank requirementsTo protect endangered zones oftheir premises, such as countersand cash desks, banks havedefined their own guidelines forthe installation of bullet-resistantlaminated security glazing.

ipasafe bank glass optimallymeets these security specifica-tions.

Bank glazing is available asmonolithic panes for indoorapplications.

According to the German accidentprevention regulation (Unfallver-hütungsvorschrift - UVV) for banks,the only type of glazing which ispermitted in newly equipped pre-mises is

BR3-S / P7B.

In addition, the ipasafe Bank14/2 product, which is classifiedas P3A, can be used as a barrierto prevent burglars climbing overthe counter.

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Delivery programme for ipasafe bank glazing products

EN 1063/356

resistance categoryaccording totype

* Additional function: resistance category P3A (resistant to manual attack - thrown objects)


Technical data: ipasafe bank glass - monolithic glazing(combination tested according to the criteria of the accident-prevention regulation for banks (UVV)

product thickness mass max. max. max. ratio

dimen- area of side

sions lengths

mm kg/m2 cm m2 –

ipasafe bank BR3-S / P7B 28 64 260 / 420 7.80 1 : 10

ipasafe bank climbing barrier 14 / 2* 13.5 32 260 x 420 10.92 1 : 10


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5.7.6 Overview of the delivery programme for ipasafe security glazing

Comments on the following tables

● The maximum mass per glaz-ing unit is 500 kg.

● The specified rated valuesrefer to the testing conditionsand the application scope ofthe referenced standard orthe testing conditions of theVdS (German association ofdamage prevention experts).

● The customer ordering our pro-ducts is responsible for ensuringthat the glass thickness isdimensioned correctly accord-ing to the applicable technicalregulations.

● Early consultation withINTERPANE's applicationsexperts is necessary if largerglass thicknesses or gas-filledspaces are intended.


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Table I: ipasafe delivery programme - monolithic security glazing

ipasafe P1A 7 16 – – 225 x 321 7.22 1:10ipasafe P2A 9 21 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe P3A 9 21 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe P4A 9.5 22 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe P5A 10.5 22 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe 8/2 heat-strengthened glass P3A 9.5 22 – – 100 x 200 2.00 1:10ipasafe 10/2 heat-strengthened glass P3A 11.5 27 – – 120 x 300 3.60 1:10ipasafe 12/2 heat-strengthened glass P3A 13.5 32 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe 10/2 thermally toughened

safety glass P4A 11.5 27 – – 120 x 300 3.60 1:10ipasafe 8/2-alarm P4A 9.5 22 – yes 100 x 200 2.00 1:10

ipasafe P6B 18 39 BR2-S/EH1 – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe P7B 24 54 BR3-S – 260 / 420 9.26 1:10ipasafe P8B 31 67 BR4-S – 260 / 420 7.46 1:10

ipasafe EH01 9.5 22 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe 10/2 thermally toughened

safety glass EH01 11.5 27 – – 120 x 300 3.60 1:10ipasafe EH02 11 23 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe EH1 18 39 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe EH2 25 51 – – 260 / 420 9.80 1:10ipasafe EH3 36 78 – – 260 / 420 6.41 1:10

ipasafe BR1-S 10.5 22 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe BR1-NS 18 42 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe BR2-S 19 43 – – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10ipasafe BR2-NS 28 67 – – 260 / 420 7.46 1:10ipasafe BR3-S 23 53 – – 260 / 420 9.43 1:10ipasafe BR3-NS 34 82 – – 260 / 420 6.09 1:10ipasafe BR4-S 29 65 – – 260 / 420 7.69 1:10ipasafe BR4-NS 51 123 – – 260 / 420 4.07 1:10ipasafe BR5-S 45 105 – – 260 / 420 4.76 1:10ipasafe BR5-NS 63 151 – – 260 / 420 3.31 1:10ipasafe BR6-S 47 111 – – 260 / 420 4.50 1:10ipasafe BR6-NS 70 169 – – 260 / 420 2.96 1:10ipasafe BR7-S 78 186 – – 260 / 420 2.67 1:10ipasafe BR7-NS 78 186 – – 260 / 420 2.67 1:10ipasafe SG1-S 34 82 – – 260 / 420 6.09 1:10ipasafe SG1-NS 63 151 – – 260 / 420 3.31 1:10ipasafe SG2-S 45 105 – – 260 / 420 4.76 1:10ipasafe SG2-NS 70 169 – – 260 / 420 2.96 1:10

ipasafe bank BR3-S/P7B 28 64 – – 260 / 420 7.80 1:10ipasafe bank climbing barrier 14/2 13.5 32 P3A – 260 x 420 10.92 1:10

product thickness approx.mass

additionalproperties

alarm wiringpossible

max.dimensions

max.area

max. ratio ofside lengths

type resistancecategory mm kg/m2 cm m2


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Table II: ipasafe delivery programme - security insulating glass units

ipasafe P1A 7/10/4 21 26 – yes 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6ipasafe P1A 7/10/6 23 31 – yes 225 x 321 7.22 1:10ipasafe P2A 9/10/4 23 31 – yes 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6ipasafe P2A 9/10/6 25 36 – yes 250 / 400 8.00 1:10ipasafe P3A 9/10/4 23 31 – yes 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6ipasafe P3A 9/10/6 25 36 – yes 250 / 400 8.00 1:10ipasafe P4A 9.5/10/4 23 32 – yes 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6ipasafe P4A 9.5/10/6 25 37 – yes 250 / 400 8.00 1:10ipasafe P5A 10.5/10/4 24 32 – yes 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6ipasafe P5A 10.5/10/6 26 37 – yes 250 / 400 8.00 1:10ipasafe P6B 18/10/6 34 54 BR2-S/EH1 yes 250 / 400 8.00 1: 6ipasafe P7B 24/10/6 40 69 BR3-S yes 250 / 400 7.25 1: 6ipasafe P8B 31/10/6 47 82 BR4-S yes 250 / 400 6.10 1: 6

ipasafe EH01 9.5/10/4 23 32 – yes 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6ipasafe EH01 9.5/10/6 25 37 – yes 250 / 400 8.00 1:10ipasafe EH02 11/10/4 25 33 – yes 141 x 240 3.40 1: 6ipasafe EH02 11/10/6 27 38 – yes 250 / 400 8.00 1:10ipasafe EH1 18/10/6 34 54 – yes 250 / 400 8.00 1: 6ipasafe EH2 25/10/6 41 66 – yes 250 / 400 7.58 1: 6ipasafe EH3 36/10/6 52 93 – yes 250 / 400 5.38 1: 6

ipasafe BR1-S 10.5/10/6 26 37 – – 250 / 400 8.00 1: 6ipasafe BR1-NS 11/10/9 30 47 – – 260 / 420 10.60 1: 6ipasafe BR2-S 14.5/10/9 33 53 – – 260 / 420 9.40 1: 6ipasafe BR2-NS 23.5/10/9 42 77 – – 260 / 420 6.50 1: 6ipasafe BR3-S 13/10/10.5 33 53 – – 260 / 420 9.40 1: 6ipasafe BR3-NS 28.5/10/11 49 93 – – 260 / 420 5.30 1: 6ipasafe BR4-S 11/10/20 41 70 – – 260 / 420 7.10 1: 6ipasafe BR4-NS 34.5/10/13 57 113 – – 260 / 420 4.40 1: 6ipasafe BR5-S 17/10/22 49 90 – – 260 / 420 5.50 1: 6ipasafe BR5-NS 35/10/11.5 56 110 – – 260 / 420 4.50 1: 6ipasafe BR6-S 17/10/26 53 100 – – 260 / 420 5.00 1: 6ipasafe BR6-NS 48/10/11.5 69 141 – – 260 / 420 3.50 1: 6ipasafe BR7-S 34.5/10/34.5 79 165 – – 260 / 420 3.00 1: 6

ipasafe SG1-S 17/10/22 49 90 – – 260 / 420 5.50 1: 6ipasafe SG1-NS 35/10/11.5 56 110 – – 260 / 420 4.50 1: 6ipasafe SG2-S 35/10/11.5 56 110 – – 260 / 420 4.50 1: 6ipasafe SG2-NS 48/10/11.5 69 141 – – 260 / 420 3.50 1: 6

product elementthickness

approx.mass

additionalproperties

alarm wiringpossible

max.dimensions

max.area

max. ratio ofside lengths

type resistance category mm kg/m2 cm m2configuration


5.7.7 ipasafe alarmipasafe alarm is a pane of thermal-ly toughened safety glass which isadditionally equipped with an alarmloop designed for connection to aburglar alarm system. As a semi-finished product, it can be furtherprocessed into insulating glassunits or monolithic laminated safetyglass.

Operating principleThe alarm is triggered by an elec-trically conductive alarm loopwhich is enamelled onto the surface of the thermally toughenedsafety glass pane. As a thermallytoughened safety glass panealways fractures over the entirearea if it is damaged, the alarm loopwill be interrupted and triggers analarm signal from the connectedalarm system. The thermally tough-ened alarm-wired pane must bepositioned toward the direction ofattack (attack face).

Electric properties of thealarm loopThe maximal permissible currentis 0.5 A. The resistance of thealarm loop is 6 V ± 3 V.

This low resistance value meansthat a large number of ipasafealarm-wired panes can be con-nected to a main cable. This isadvantageous for windows dividedinto small pane areas, e.g. with glazing bars.

The resistance between the alarmloop and the sabotage connection(middle wire) is greater than 20MΩ. This ensures compatibilitywith conventional commerciallyavailable alarm systems.

Connection cableAn approximately 30 cm long, four-wire, flexible, single-coloured,round cable is supplied for con-nection to the burglar alarmsystem. Each wire cross-section is0.14 mm2. The connection cableis equipped with a moisture-protected flat plug by the manu-facturer.

A 5 m or 10 m extension cable,also equipped with a moisture-pro-tected socket, is available as anaccessory.

The advantage of this moisture-protected plug-and-socket con-nection is that neither a solderedconnection nor a heat-shrunk insu-lator is needed at the building site.This makes quick and safe installa-tion feasible.

If the glazing must be replaced, anelectrician is not needed; the plug-and-socket connection can bemade by the glazier.

When security systems with alarm-wired glass are used, compatibilitybetween the glazing, frame andother safety components shouldalready be ensured during theplanning phase.

The corresponding guidelines ofthe VdS should be observed (VdS- German association of damageprevention experts).

Maximum dimensions for ipasafe alarm-wired panes ofthermally toughened glass

glass width x length

thickness in cm

4 mm 150 x 250

5 mm 200 x 300

6 mm 260 x 450

8 mm 260 x 450

10 mm 260 x 450

12 mm 260 x 450

15 mm 260 / 450

As with all thermally toughenedpanes, subsequent machining isnot possible. Thus, the exactdimensions must be specifiedon the order.

Position of the alarm loopWhen ipasafe alarm is ordered, theposition of the alarm loop must bespecified.

Four options are available for ipa-safe alarm-wired insulating glazing:

VdS Schadenverhütung GmbHrecommends that the alarmloop always be positioned inthe upper part of the glazing.(VdS - German association ofdamage prevention experts)

(views from indoors

For ipasafe alarm-wired glazingwith laminated glass, the alarmloop may be installed only inthe upper left or upper rightpositions.

Upper leftedge(Randoben links)= ROL

If the ipasafe alarm-wired glazing isconstructed of laminated safetyglass, the corresponding restric-tions on dimensions must be takeninto account (see Section 5.7.3).

For an insulating glass unit, the per-missible dimensions can be foundin the section on the correspond-ing product category.

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Upper rightedge(Randoben rechts)= ROR

Lower leftedge(Randunten links)= RUL

Lower rightedge(Randunten rechts)= RUR

standardalarm loop

desiccantspacer bar

thermallytoughenedsafety glassoutdoors

Cross-section through an ipasafe alarm-wired insulating glass unit




577

(German association of damageprevention experts) can beequipped with an additionalalarm loop. Other combinationscan be delivered on demand.This also applies for conventionalinsulating glass configurations andcoated insulating glass units.

ipasafe alarm-wired insulating glaz-ing has been tested by the VdSand approved with the authorisa-tion number G 103139.

Alarm-wired thermally toughenedsafety glass combined in aninsulating glass unit with lami-nated safety glass provides thegreatest protection possibleagainst burglary. The first attacktriggers the alarm, and the ipasafelaminated pane then hinders entry,so that counter-measures can betaken.

The "Glazing Guidelines" accordingto Section 6.4.13 must be ob-

ipasafe alarmloop (standard version)

ipasafe alarmcircuit (concealedversion)

186

served in the installation of ipasafealarm-wired insulating glass units.

ipasafe alarm-wired glazingwith laminated safety glassThe monolithic ipasafe alarm-wiredglazing element with laminatedsafety glass (VSG) has been ap-proved by the VdS with the authorisation number G 192005.

ipasafe alarm-wired glazing withlaminated safety glass can also bedelivered as a monolithic securityglazing element with resistance tomanual attack with thrown objectsor hand-held implements. Lami-nated ipasafe alarm-wired glazing cannot be provided inthe concealed-loop variant.

The "Glazing Guidelines" accordingto Section 6.4.13 must beobserved in the installation oflaminated ipasafe alarm-wiredglazing in the monolithic form.

Variants of the ipasafe alarmloop

The alarm loop is visible in the stan-dard version delivered. The form isrelated to the INTERPANE trade-mark.

This makes the building securitysystem also visible externally andadditionally indicates that burglaryattempts will have consequences.ipasafe alarm-wired thermally toughened safety glass thus actsas a deterrent.

For application areas where avisible alarm loop should be avoided for optical reasons (e.g.ipasol solar-control glazing), ipasafe alarm is available in avariant with an inconspicuousalarm circuit applied at the edgeof the glass. When the pane isinstalled in a conventional win-dow frame, this alarm circuit iscovered by the glass rebate andis thus practically invisible.

ipasafe alarm-wired insulating glass units

All ipasafe safety insulating glassunits with security glazing and allglazing types tested by the VdS


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5.8 Practical applications of safety glassModern architecture is an archi-tecture of light and transparency.Today's discerning planners andbuilding owners demand glassconstructions as a substitute fornon-transparent materials.

These demands on the onehand and the diversity of oursafety glass range on the otherhand make a comprehensive

spectrum of practical glassapplications feasible.

From the "simple" interior doorup to complex glass construc-tions which completely replaceformerly required building mater-ials - the sophisticated material,glass, is a visible expression ofcontemporary architecture.

5.8.1 ipador all-glass doors

5.8.2 ipador all-glass door systems

5.8.3 ipador horizontal sliding walls

5.8.4 iplus HT anti-reflectiveglazing

5.8.5 ipasafe construction glass

5.8.6 Processing for glass support systems

5.8.7 ipatec point-supported canopy systems and overhead glazing

5.8.8 ipasafe S flooring glass

5.8.9 Glazing for lifts / elevators

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1

5.8.1 ipador all-glass doors

Model: ipador S Model: ipador J

The ipador product range includesa comprehensive and sophisticat-ed programme of all-glass doorsfor interior living and working areas.

ipador all-glass doors let light intorooms, define structures withoutseparating, and create a feeling ofspaciousness.

With a wide selection of up-to-date glass designs and modern,functional, metal fittings, the glassdoors can be chosen to fit in harmoniously with the interiordecoration scheme. For particu-larly individual interior design, werecommend the ipador juwel range(see page 190).

The doors are delivered in commonstandard dimensions (Model S,Model J) or are custom-made indimensions and designs specifiedby the client. Model S differs fromModel J in the type and construc-tion of the fittings, depending onthe requirements of the door frame.

Standard dimensions of doors for installation in rebated frames:

Standard height 1 = 1972 mm

raw building construction dimensions mm 750 x 2000 875 x 2000 1000 x 2000

frame rebate dimensions mm 716 x 1983 841 x 1983 966 x 1983

glass dimensions mm 709 x 1972 834 x 1972 959 x 1972

glass dimensions for door with rail mm 709 x 1942 834 x 1942 959 x 1942

Standard height 1 = 2097 mm

raw building construction dimensions mm 750 x 2125 875 x 2125 1000 x 2125

frame rebate dimensions mm 716 x 2108 841 x 2108 966 x 2108

glass dimensions mm 709 x 2097 834 x 2097 959 x 2097

glass dimensions for door with rail mm 709 x 2067 834 x 2067 959 x 2067

During planning, the direction in which the door opens should always beclearly defined. The patterned side is always the side on which the hingeis mounted, i.e. the patterned side faces the direction of opening.

DIN right

DIN left


Illustration of the DIN directions of rebated frames with hinges.

reba

te h

eigh

t:

glas

s do

or h

eigh

t:

hing

e:

(sta

ndar

d 1

435)

reba

te h

eigh

t:

glas

s do

or h

eigh

t:

hing

e:

(sta

ndar

d 1

435)

hing

e:

(sta

ndar

d 24

1)

hing

e:

(sta

ndar

d 24

1)

cent

re o

f loc

k:

stan

dard

= 9

08 fo

r 197

2 do

or h

eigh

tst

anda

rt =

103

3 fo

r 209

7 do

or h

eigh

t

cent

re o

f loc

k:

stan

dard

= 9

08 fo

r 197

2 do

or h

eigh

tst

anda

rt =

103

3 fo

r 209

7 do

or h

eigh

t

glass door widthrebate width

glass door widthrebate width

3,5 3,53,5 3,5

OKFF OKFF

7 7


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1

Types of glass deliverable for ipador all-glass doors

model ipador S and ipador J ipador Variant

dimensions and glass thickness in mm

Type of glass standard height 1: 709 x 1972 834 x 1972 959 x 1972 < 1000 x 2100 < 1200 x 2300

standard height 2: 709 x 2097 834 x 2097 959 x 2097

colour 8 mm 8 mm 8 mm 8 mm 10 mm

float glass clear X X X X X

float glass blue X X X X X

float glass bronze X X X X X

float glass grey X X X X X

float glass green X X X X X

satin-finished glass translucent X X X X X

SR Barock translucent X X X X –

SR Chinchilla translucent X X X X –

SR Listral 200 translucent X X X X X

SR Madera 176 translucent X X X X –

SR Mastercarre translucent X X X X X

SR Masterligne translucent X X X X –

SR Masterpoint translucent X X X X –

SR Silvit 178 translucent X X X X X

SR Chinchilla bronze X X X X –

SR Silvit 178 bronze X X X X –

Fittings in different forms andcolours that harmonise with theinterior decoration can be deliv-ered as complete sets.

Lock-handle combination

Lock-handle combination

Door hinge

Door hinge


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ipador juwel all-glass doorswith style

This door range sets accents.The transparency of the safetyglass in combination with attrac-tive designs makes every roomappear spacious and gives it anindividual highlight.

Colour, shape, light and glassenter an aesthetic union withipador juwel. Glass doors notonly create architectural spacebut also identify the interior as acreative room element.

ipador juwel - screen-printedceramic on glass

These ipador juwel all-glassdoors are coated with high-qual-ity enamel layers in a screen-printing process. The ceramiclayer, which is fired onto the sur-face during the thermal tougheningprocess, does not fade and isdurable and scratch-resistant.

ipador juwel - fluted bevel on glass

Classic or modern - ipador juweldoors with a fine fluted beveldesign for that special touch in ahome.

ipador juwel - appliqué on glass

Whether it is just an additionalaccent on an ipador juwel all-glass door or as a generaldesign element: appliqué ele-ments of glass, metal, wood orstone give a visual accent andunderline your personal style.

ipador juwel - refined mattsurfaces on glass

A fine sand jet creates a mattsurface and conjures filigreeforms, structures and patternsonto the surface of the ipadorjuwel all-glass door.

On request, doors can be de-signed in many different ways inaccordance with individualplans. We are happy to adviseyou competently on customisedand series production.

58

2


5.8.2 ipador all-glass door systemsipador all-glass door systemsare elegant solutions for presti-gious entrances.

Their transparency is welcom-ing, their lightness is pleasing,their brilliance is stylish.

Almost everything is possible:single or double pendulum orrebated doors, circular segmentor rounded arch doors, alwayswith the option of upper andside elements.

The glass can be clear or coloured,transparent or translucent, with orwithout structure. Matt surfaces,ground designs and enamel coatings can be applied in differentvariants for individual effects (seeSection 5.9 on ipadecor).

ipador all-glass door systemsalways consist of high-qualityipasafe thermally toughenedsafety glass (see Section 5.7.1).This special glass is practicallyinsensitive to thrust and impactand highly resistant to bendingstress.

If it is damaged by violent force,it crumbles into small blunt pie-ces.

The usual glass thicknesses are10 mm or 12 mm, depending onthe dimensions of the all-glassdoor system. According to thestructural requirements, bracingelements may be needed.

An extensive range of fittingsallows highly differentiated anddiverse functionality.

By varying the surface treatment,the fittings can be harmonised witha great diversity of interior decor-ation schemes.

Visible glass edges are polishedand thus meet the highestexpectations.

Overview of types

Manifold combinations (doors,side elements, upper panels)allow the all-glass area to bedivided up into fixed and mova-ble elements in many differentways.

The following catalogue of types(1 to 24) documents the widerange of variants.

ipador, catalogue

191

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2


In addition to the door shapes shown previously,rounded arch doors or circular segment doorscan be installed (see following illustrations).

Rounded arch doors

Circular segment doors

Depending on the wall thickness and maximum door height, a large space between the top of these roundeddoors and the wall arch may be necessary so that the door can be opened by 90 °. In this case, the air gapshould be foreseen in the building construction.

192

filling

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2


Types of doors

Both types of door, pendulumdoors and doors in rebated frames, are available.

● Pendulum door

The door can be swung open inboth directions.

● Doors in rebated frames

A distinction is made for doors inrebated frames between DINright and DIN left. The DINorientation is determined by thedirection to which the door canopen. The door can open onlyin one direction (the same doorside as the hinge).

Bracing glazing

In all-glass door systems, whichcan consist of several panes,bracing glazing may be neces-sary due to the glazing dimen-sions and the distribution of theglazing elements.

If the dimensions of A or B in thediagram are „400 mm, there isno need for bracing glazing,even if the limits indicated on thenext pages are exceeded.

The construction of the bracingglazing is determined by structu-ral requirements and buildingauthorities' specifications.

pendulum door

door in rebated frame

DIN right

DIN left

193

upper glazing element

side panel

side panel

door door

N.B.: Bracing glazing is always constructed of 12 mm thick glass.

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2


The following diagrams give anoverview of the required bracingvariants:

● bracing as a function of theheight of the upper glazingelement

● bracing as a function of thecomplete height of the all-glass door system

Dimensioning the bracing glazing

Dimensioning the bracing glazingas a function of the height of the upper glazing element

● maximum door dimensions

In order to guarantee unhinderedfunctionality of the door, thevalues indicated in the diagrammust be observed.

Examples of graph interpretation:

1. A = 1100 mm, B = 600 mm:Upper glazing zone con-sisting of three or more ele-ments must be braced onone side.

2. A = 1000 mm, B = 1300 mm:All all-glass door systemsmust be braced from bothsides.

3. A = 600 mm, B = 1900 mm:All all-glass door systemsmust be braced continuouslyover the entire height.

Seitenteilbreite A in mm

doors, upper glazing and side elements all 10 mm thickdoors, upper glazing and side elements all 12 mm thick

Bracing glazing is always 12 mm thick.

minimum dimension b 160 mmminimum dimension d 160 mmmaximum dimension H 1700 mm a = b + H

maximum dimension H1 1200 mm c = d + H1

20

10

194

one ot two elements

one ot two elements

three or more elem

ents

three or more elem

ents

heig

ht B

of u

pper

gla

zing

ele

men

t in

mm

sing

le-s

ided

bra

cing

doub

le-s

ided

bra

cing

brac

ing

over

th

e co

mpl

ete

heig

ht

side panel width

58

2


Dimensioning the bracing glazing as a function of the heightof the all-glass door system

double-sided bracing: pendulum doors

door height in mm

single-sided bracing: doors in rebated frames

door height in mm

bracing glass elements

Examples for reading graph:

1. Double-sided bracing:Pendulum doors

All-glass door system height6000 mm/door height 2500 mm:The bracing glass element mustbe 350 mm wide.

2. Single-sided bracing:Doors in rebated frames

All-glass door system height4500 mm/door height 2600 mm:The bracing glass element mustbe 380 mm wide.

N.B. : If a horizontal line is drawn atthe height of the all-glass doorsystem, its intersection with the dia-gonal line determines the width ofthe bracing glass element. A verticalline upwards from the diagonal iden-tifies the maximum door height forthat width of the bracing element. Ifthe door height is greater, the verticalline is displaced to the right alongthe diagonal until it coincides withthe door height.

195

all-g

lass

doo

r sy

stem

hei

ght

in m

m

width

of br

acing

glas

s elem

ent in

mm

all-g

lass

doo

r sy

stem

hei

ght

in m

m

width of bracing glass

element in m

m

58

2


Maximum dimensions: Door elements

glass thickness (mm)

q Light metal (LM) hinge above and below 10 or 12

w Light metal (LM) hinge above and light metal (LM) rail below 10 or 12

e Consultation with INTERPANE application technology necessary.

door width in mm

door

hei

ght

in m

m

196

58

2

Deliverable types of glass for ipador all-glass door systems

type of glass colour glass thickness (mm)

10 12

float glass clear X X

float glass blue X –

float glass bronze X X

float glass grey X –

float glass green X –

satin-finished glass translucent X X

SR Silvit 178 translucent X –

SR Listral 200 translucent X –

Mastercarre translucent X –


Standard machining for ipador all-glass door systems

Door elements Side panels and upper element

● all edges polished ● all visible edges polished

● cut-outs for corner fittings ● cut-outs for corner fittings

● two holes for handles ● machining for lock retaining plate

● machining for a lock in the side centre or the corner

Tolerances

door width glass thickness (mm)

(mm) door height ≤ 2000 mm door height > 2000 mm

limit for overall bow 300 – 950 1.0 1.5

951 – 1300 1.5 2.0

tolerance for width door width or height tolerance (mm)

and height ≤ 2500 + 1.0 / – 2.0

> 2500 + 1.0 / – 2.5

197

In addition to these standard types of glass, ipador all-glass systems can also be delivered withmany different decorative patterns.

198

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3


5.8.3 ipador horizontal sliding wallsipador horizontal sliding walls offeroptimum flexibility for varying roomdimensions.

The standard version of ipadorhorizontal sliding walls is manu-factured of thermally toughenedsafety glass made of clear floatglass. In addition, the sametypes of glass and decorationcan be used as for ipador all-glass door systems (see Section5.8.2).

A sophisticated rail systemallows complete glass walls,including integrated pendulumdoors, to be pushed to the side.The special construction of thesliders means that the elementscan be moved very easily, butstill offer excellent mechanicalstability.

Individual elements can also bepushed around a corner withoutneeding a disturbing floor rail,and can be "parked" in almostany desired position.

Each ipador horizontal sliding wallsystem is planned, produced andmounted individually according tothe needs and desires of the building owner.

Five different elements can becombined with each other.

q The revolving door or pen-dulum door end element is atthe end of the system andcannot be pushed aside:

● pendulum door end ele-ment with a floor-mounteddoor closer or

● revolving door end elementwith a door closer mountedon the swivel bearing or theupper edge.

Both variants can be deliv-ered with a lower lock and anupper positioning pin (specialproduction for lock positionedat the side).

Overview of system elements in ipador horizontal sliding walls

w The sliding element can bepositioned anywhere withinthe sliding wall system.

e The door element, available as a

● pendulum door sliding ele-ment with a floor-mounteddoor closer

● pendulum door sliding ele-ment with a frame-mounteddoor closer

● revolving door sliding elementwith a door closer mountedon the sliding rails.

The door elements can bemounted at any position withinthe system.

r The fixed element can bepositioned in accordance withthe intended function of thehorizontal sliding wall.

t The rebate-framed door endelement must be positioned at the end of the system, as it can-not be slid, resembling a fixedelement in this respect.

It is mainly used where a door isintended to be opened in onedirection only.

As the rails can be mitre-cut andmounted, curved rails are notneeded. As a result, almost allindividual floor-plan conceptscan be implemented.

The adjacent figureillustrates examplesof three differentpossible combina-tions of elements ina sliding wall, eachincluding a floor planof the elements in the"parked" position.

199

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4

5.8.4 iplus HT anti-reflective glazingUncoated panes of float glasshave a surface reflectance ofabout 8 %. Coating both surfa-ces with iplus HT reduces thelight reflectance to about 2 %.The surfaces become anti-reflec-tive, resulting in a higher transmit-tance for incident sunlight.

In thermal applications of solarenergy, it is important that themaximum amount of incidentsolar energy over the entire spec-trum be used.

Almost all solar collectors havecovers made of glass panes.Some of the incident solar energyis reflected by the glass surfaces.A further amount is absorbed inthe glass pane and is radiatedoutward and inward as heat.These effects reduce the amount of energy which reachesthe absorber plate.

Thus, the greatest possible ener-gy transmittance (te) for solarenergy and long-term durabilityare important properties of glasscovers for thermal applications ofsolar energy. The energy trans-mittance must be increased byreducing the reflectance andabsorptance of the pane.

te (max) = 1– re (min) – ae (min)

Due to the high thermal stressesand mechanical loads experi-enced, collector covers are madeof thermally toughened safetyglass.

Conventional cover panes aremade of low-absorptance low-iron glass, either with smooth orstructured surfaces. If the low-iron glass is coated with iplus HT,the transmittance of the glass isincreased due to its anti-reflectiveproperty. The 5 % increase inenergy transmittance which isachieved in this way automatical-ly raises the solar yield. A furtheradvantage of iplus HT is the weak

angular dependence of thereflectance of the coated glass.This results in a significantly higher transmittance of obliquely

incident radiation during the earlymorning, late afternoon or theless sunny winter months.

Technical values according to EN 410 for iplus HT on a low-iron glass substrate

4 mm low-iron 4 mm low-iron glassglass substrate substrate with iplus HT

% %light transmittance tv 91 97light reflectance rv 8 2energy transmittance te 89 94

– Long-term durability

With the coatings being on posi-tions 1 and 2, iplus HT is constant-ly exposed to severe environmentalconditions. It meets the stringentcriteria specified in all relevanttesting standards (EN 1096, IEC 61 215). The highly transmissiveproperty is stable over the servicelifetime. iplus HT is scratch-resis-tant and can be further machinedwithout difficulties.

– Optical performance

In addition to increasing theenergy yield and reducing theangular dependence comparedto structured glass, iplus HT

also meets the aesthetic demandsof modern architecture. The clearview through to the interior of thecollector is not obstructed - theappearance is not "diffuse". Thetransparency of the glass indicatesthe quality of the collector.Transparency combined withhomogeneity makes it possible touse solar-thermal collector areas asdesign elements.


Operating principle of iplus HT - highly transmissive coverglass for solar collectors

uncoated glass glass coated with iplus HT

200

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5


5.8.5 ipasafe construction glassContemporary architecture fea-tures glass that is used, not onlyas a design element, but also asa structural building componentwith load-bearing functions.

Today, increasingly large areas ofthe building envelope are glazedand as a result, parts of the sub-structure are more often visible.Consequently, the demandsregarding precise constructionwork are significantly higher thanin the past.

The glazing products which areneeded for this type of constructionmust comply with still narrowertolerance limits than are specified in DIN standards.

Narrower tolerance limits formthe basis for achieving excellentvisible quality with the entireconstruction. Parallel joints,regular grid patterns of joints,accurate corner intersectionsand optimal planarity meet thehighest expectations.

INTERPANE has developed "ipasafe construction glass" forthese prestigious glazed construc-tions. ipasafe construction glass isdistinguished by appreciably nar-rower tolerances on dimensions.These are monitored for the finalproduct according to a testingplan.

With ipasafe construction glass,installation becomes a simpleand cost-effective task for thefaçade builder.

The essential product features ofthermally toughened safetyglass, heat-strengthened glassand laminated safety glass areoptimised for ipasafe construc-tion glass. In addition, the pro-duction is subject to both in-house and third-party surveill-ance.

The tolerances and properties ofipasafe construction glass arepresented in the followingtables.

201

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5


width or length„200 cm ± 1.0 mm ± 1.5 mm„300 cm ± 1.0 mm ± 2.0 mm„400 cm ± 1.5 mm ± 2.5 mm„500 cm ± 2.0 mm ± 3.0 mm

deviation of the diagonals„200 cm ± 1.0 mm ± 1.5 mm„300 cm ± 1.5 mm ± 2.0 mm„400 cm ± 2.0 mm ± 2.5 mm„500 cm ± 2.5 mm ± 3.0 mm

flatness 1.5 mm/m

local bow over 300 mm length 0.15 mm

relative position of holes to each other ± 0.5 mm

edge quality ground, smoothly ground or polishedpane format rectangular formatsminimum dimensions 300 mm x 450 mmmaximum dimensions 2600 mm x 4200 mmheat-soak test on demand according to EN 14 179 and/or BRL A

Tolerances for ipasafe construction glass

productproperties

6 mm to 12 mm thermallytoughened safetyn glass or

heat-strengthened glass

tolerances

15 mm and 19 mm thermallytoughened safety glass

width or length„200 cm ± 2.0 mm„300 cm ± 2.0 mm„400 cm ± 2.5 mm„500 cm ± 3.0 mm

relative position of holes to each other ± 1.0 mm

displacement of edges and holes 1.0 mm

edge quality ground, smoothly ground or polishedpane format rectangular formatsminimum dimensions 300 mm x 450 mmmaximum dimensions 2600 mm x 4200 mm

productproperties VSG 12/2

of 2 x TVG

tolerances on laminated safety glass (VSG) made of 2 heat-strengthened panes (TVG)

VSG 20/2of 2 x TVG

VSG 24/2of 2 x TVG

VSG 16/2of 2 x TVG


202

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6

5.8.6 Processing for glass support systemsSupport systems for glazingedges

Use of the glass edge to structur-ally attach glazing elements hasopened up possibilities for novelglazing systems.

The glass edge can be milled toproduce specific profiles accordingto the glass material used. Thismakes a form-fitted and friction-locked connection feasible be-tween the glass and the substruc-ture.

Point-supported glazing elements

Point supports can also be imple-mented as an alternative to classicmethods of supporting glazing elements.

These glazing elements are usu-ally produced out of thermallytoughened safety glass or lami-nated safety glass made of ther-mally toughened safety glass orheat-strengthened glass.

Depending on the type of support,either countersunk or cylindricalholes can be used.

Point-supported glazing elementsoffer the visible advantages of a frameless glazing element withoutthe need for complicated adhesiveattachment and substructures.

ipasafe thermally toughenedsafety glass or heat-strength-ened glass with countersunkhole

ipasafe thermally toughenedsafety glass or heat-strength-ened glass with cylindricalhole

ipasafe thermally toughenedsafety glass or heat-strength-ened glass with milled edges

ipasafe thermally toughenedsafety glass or heat-strength-ened glass can be producedwith edges finished in variousstep and bevelled profiles andwith milled notches. INTERPANEmust be consulted about theform in each individual case.

Due to the special type of attach-ment, it is not only the load on thecentre of the glazing which isimportant. The forces acting in thezone around the holes through theglass are at least equally important.

ipasafe glazing elements with holesfeature high-quality finishing of thehole surfaces. This guaranteesthat the pane will be supported reliably.

These ipasafe glazing elementscan also be delivered as construc-tion glass, both as monolithic elements and as insulating glassunits (IGU). In the IGU variant, theload on the edge seal must also be taken into account due to thespecific stress distribution.

For simple point-supported verticalor overhead glazing, the technicalguidelines for dimensioning andproducing point-supported glazingcan be applied. In more complexcases, specific authorisation for theindividual case is still required.

ipasafe thermally toughenedsafety glass or heat-strength-ened glass with a joint supportsystem


203

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6

Construction examples for bolted ipasafe glazing elements

Counter-sunk fixing bolt Anchor fixing into laminated glassSpider clamp

204

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7


5.8.7 ipatec point-supported canopy systems and overhead glazing

Protected by glass andstainless steel

Support systems and fittingsmade of high-quality, weather-resistant stainless steel can beused to design an individual, ele-gant and functional entrance -the first impression conveyed bya commercial building or a pri-vate house. The timeless stylishappearance of a glass canopyharmonises with every buildingstyle.

General permit by buildinginspection authorities (AbZ = allgemeine bauauf-sichtliche Zulassung)

The general permit by buildinginspection authorities for glasscanopy systems means that nofurther structural calculations, nobuilding component testing andno specific authorisation for theindividual case are required.

AbZ

AbZ

no essentialdeviations

205

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7


Safety with general permit by building inspection authorities (AbZ = allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung)

article number article name safety

1945VA “Basic“ complete systemset of 2 AbZ No. 70.3-85

1944VA “Basic“ complete systemset of 3 AbZ No. 70.3-85

*

1855VA “Triangel“ complete systemset of 2 AbZ No. 70.3-85

1854VA “Triangel“ complete systemset of 3 AbZ No. 70.3-85

*

1865VA “Diamont“ complete systemset of 2 AbZ No. 70.3-85

1864VA “Diamont“ complete systemset of 3 AbZ No. 70.3-85

*

* see example on page 207

206

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7


Safety with general permit by building inspection authorities (AbZ = allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung)

article number article name safety

1985VA “Informo“ no essentialset of 2 deviations from

AbZ No. 70.3-85complete system

1984VA “Informo“ no essentialset of 3 deviations from

AbZ No. 70.3-85complete system

1875VA “Tec“ no essentialset of 2 deviations from

AbZ No. 70.3-74* complete system for

point supports andglass + structuralspecifications of

substructure

1874VA “Tec“ no essentialset of 3 deviations from

AbZ No. 70.3-74complete system forpoint supports andglass + structuralspecifications of

substructure

* see example on page 209

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7

207


Technical information on AbZ 70.3-85

Maximum dimensions for 1944VA, 1854VA and 1864VA

A drip edge with a maximum width of 30mm can be applied along the free sides ofthe flat pane (see dotted line).

Overview of dimensions for 6-point support systems (systems with 4-point supports are also deliverable)

maximal a maximal b corresponding glazing maximal diameter of area aroundconfiguration snow load hole without enamel

coating

laminated safety glass928 mm 1,200 mm = 2 x 8 mm 1.00 kN/m2 ‰140 mm

heat-strengthened glasslaminated safety glass

1,128 mm 1,350 mm = 2 x 10 mm 1.00 kN/m2 ‰140 mmheat-strengthened glasslaminated safety glass


1,228 mm 1,200 mm = 2 x 10 mm 0.75 kN/m2 ‰ 70 mmheat-strengthened glasslaminated safety glass



1,378 mm 1,350 mm VSG = 2 x 12 mm TVG 0.75 kN/m2 ‰ 70 mmheat-strengthened glass

1) The distances to the edges must be different, the difference in distance must be at least 15 mm.

x x x

x x x

t = laminated safety glass made of 2 x 8 to 2 x 12 mm heat-strengthened glassminimuminterlayer thickness 1.52 mm

holes through glass: = ø 16 mm

b1 max. 3300 mm

a1 m

ax. 1

700

mm

150 - 3001)

7210

0 - 2

501)

150 - 3001)„max. b „max. b

„m

ax. a

max. 10

min

. 35

max. 30

58

7

ipatec overhead glazing with general permit by building inspection authorities (AbZ = allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung)

More safety and simple planningfor overhead glazing.

Entire roofscapes of glass can bedesigned on the basis of the newgeneral permit by building inspec-tion authorities - no structural loadcalculations, no building com-ponent testing and no specificauthorisation for the individual caseare required.

Drip edges, ceramic or printedsurfaces - no problem!

The mechanical load limit, e.g.due to snow, is 1.16 kN/m2, the limit for wind suction loads is2 kN/m2.

As the examples show, there arenumerous and diverse applica-tion areas - from a few squaremetres to roofs that are 80 mlong.

Overhead glazing can be de-signed simply and quickly by useof the permit number Z-70.3-74(for three types of point support)and any type of substructure.

The point-supported models canbe mounted either above orbelow the glass for every type ofsubstructure.


208

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7

209


Technical information on AbZ 70.3-74

Maximum dimensions

Overview of dimensions for 4-point support systems (systems with 6-point supports are also deliverable)

maximal a maximal b corresponding glazing maximal diameter of area around configuration mechanical hole without ceramic

line load coating

laminated safety glass928 mm 1,150 mm = 2 x 6 mm 1.163 kN/m2 ‰140 mm

heat-strengthened glasslaminated safety glass

928 mm 1,400 mm = 2 x 8 mm 1.163 kN/m2 ‰140 mm heat-strengthened glasslaminated safety glass

928 mm 1,400 mm = 2 x 8 mm 0.913 kN/m2 ‰ 70 mmheat-strengthened glasslaminated safety glass

1,378 mm 1,350 mm = 2 x 10 mm 1.163 kN/m2 ‰ 70 mm heat-strengthened glasslaminated safety glass

1,178mm 1,650 mm = 2 x 10 mm 1.163 kN/m2 ‰ 70 mmheat-strengthened glasslaminated safety glass

1,328 mm 1,750 mm = 2 x 10 mm 0.913 kN/m2 ‰ 70 mmheat-strengthened glass

1) The distances to the edges must be different, the difference in distance must be at least 15 mm.

x x

x x

t = laminated safety glass made of 2 x 6 to 2 x 10 mm heat-strengthened glassminimum interlayer thickness 1.52 mm

holes through glass: = ø 16 mm

b1 max. 2350 mm

a1 m

ax. 1

878

mm

75 - 3001)

72 -

250

72 -

2501

)

75 - 3001)„max. b

„m

ax. a

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8

210


5.8.8 ipasafe S flooring glassGlazed areas that can be walkedupon form very effective accents inan interior design.

The basic glazing configurationconsists of laminated safety glasswith an upper protective pane ofthermally treated glass (thermallytoughened safety glass or heat-strengthened glass), which caninclude coloured design options,and the lower load-bearing glasslaminate.

The following points should benoted in the application of flooringglass:

● The glass panes must be laid ona flat and inflexible substructure.

● The glass panes should bemounted on all sides on anunderlay of material with hard-ness in the range between 60and 70 Shore A. Glass-glass orglass-metal contact is forbid-den.

● The underlay under the glassedges should be about 30 mmthick.

● As a minimum requirement,the edges should at least bearrissed. Other forms of edgefinishing are preferable.

● To prevent sliding, the glasssurface should be orderedwith an anti-sliding screen-printed coating in accordancewith regulations for workplaces.

● The glass surface is susceptibleto scratching.

● Steps which are supported ontwo sides must be dimensionedindividually. Residual structuralstability must be proven by building component testing.

● The required glass thicknessesfor glass panes that are sup-ported on four sides can bedetermined from the followingdiagram in accordance withthe area and point loads.

q Protective pane which protects the load-bearing glass laminate against damage.The protective pane is at least 6 mm thick in all glazing configurations and usually consists of thermally treated glass (thermally toughened safety glass or heat-strengthened glass) with or without a printed coating.This pane is not considered to be load-bearing for the calculations.

w PVB interlayers

e The load-bearing glass laminate consists of two or three glass panes.

Fig. 1 Pane configuration and recommendations for installation

sealing (compatible withlaminated safety glass)

preformed sealing strip

spacer block

underlay material

frame along completeperimeter

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8

211


Diagram to dimension flooring glass which is supported on four sidesBoundary conditions: Permissible mechanical 15 N/mm2 for float glass according

stress (tensile bending): to technical guidelines for linearlysupported glass

Permissible sag: l/200Load: 5 kN/m2 load per unit area + dead load

2 kN over 10 cm x 10 cm (centre of element) + dead load

The diagram was calculated according to the technical guidelines for linearly supported glazing presented in Section 7.7.1.

product mass [kg/m2] thickness [mm] thickness tolerance [mm]

ipasafe S26 67 28 ± 2

ipasafe S30 77 32 ± 2

ipasafe S36 93 39 ± 2

ipasafe S44 113 47 ± 2

Minimum pane dimensions: 250 mm x 450 mm

The diagram was checked by a structuralengineer and a structural engineeringinspector. Building component tests forthe least favourable configurations werecarried out in accordance with the recom-mendations of the German Institute forBuilding Technology (DIBt) for flooringglass. The technical documents can berequested from INTERPANE Sicherheits-glas in Hildesheim.

Flooring glass should not be confused with glazed areas which may be walked on e.g. for maintenance and cleaning purposes (e.g. glass roofs, etc.).These types of glazing must conform to the testing principles specified in GS-BAU-18 (February2001) by the main association of German trade organisations (HVBG).

glass width

gla

ss le

ngth

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212


5.8.9 Glazing for lifts / elevatorsGlazed lift systems are distinc-tive features of modern architec-ture. Glass-walled lifts conveythe impression of lightness andeffortless floating.

Implementation of these modernglass construction conceptsdemands that a series of guide-lines, regulations and ordinancesbe observed.

As a general principle, theGerman lift ordinance (AufzV)6/98 and the European lift gui-deline 95/16 EG 7/99 must beobserved.

In addition, the EN 81 02/99standard with the title "Safetyrules for the construction andinstallation of lifts" applies.

Furthermore, the legal regula-tions of the State building authority in each German stateapply to the walls surroundingthe lift shaft.

Different specifications apply tothe lift cabin itself and the liftshaft.

Requirements on the walls ofthe lift shaft

If glass is installed in the walls ofa lift shaft, EN 81 demands proofof structural stability underattack by a force of 300 N on around or square area of 5 cm2. Iflift shaft walls are exposed towind loads, these must also betaken into account in the proofof structural stability.

2000 mm

max.

diameter

Requirements on the slidingdoors

x support along 2 edges, upper and lowerlaminated safety glass made of thermally treated glass (VSG-V)

minimum thickness:16 mm + 0.76 mm PVB interlayerwidth:360 mm to 720 mmdoor height:clear height max. 2100 mm

x support along 3 edges, upper, lower and one sidelaminated safety glass

minimum thickness:16 mm + 0.76 mm PVB interlayerwidth:300 mm to 720 mmdoor height:clear height max. 2100 mm

x support along all edgeslaminated safety glass

minimum thickness:10 mm + 0.76 mm PVB interlayerwidth:300 mm to 870 mmdorr height:clear height max. 2100 mm

Labelling

According to EN 81, the glasspanes must be labelled with atleast the following information:

x name of the manufacturer / pro-duct name

x type of glass (laminated safetyglass or laminated safety glassmade of thermally treated glassVSG-V)

x thickness (e.g. 5/5 / 0.76)

max.

diameter

Requirements on the walls ofthe lift cabin

x laminated safety glass made of thermally treated glass (VSG-V) minimum thickness: 8 mm + 0.76 mm PVB interlayer

x laminated safety glassminimum thickness: 10 mm + 0.76 PVB interlayer

x laminated safety glass made of thermally treated glass (VSG-V) minimum thickness: 10 mm + 0.76 mm PVB interlayer

x laminated safety glassminimum thickness: 12 mm + 0.76 PVB interlayer

The specifications apply for linearsupport of the glass panes on allsides.

If the lower edge of the glassareas is less than 1.1 m abovethe floor of the lift cabin, a load-bearing hand-rail must be mount-ed at a height between 0.9 m and1.1 m. It may not be attached tothe glass.

1000 mm

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213

5.9 ipadecor - design options for glazing surfacesPrestigious architecture with largeglazed areas offers practically unlimited opportunities for plannersand artists to vary the colour, form,pattern and structure. In the handsof a creative architect, the façadecan be the backdrop for artisticdesign.

The confines of rectangular structural units can be overcomeby playing with colours and patterns, and geometric and freedesign forms. Creative design ofthe individual elements trans-forms the building to a piece ofart.

The interaction between glassand light - in reflection, transmis-sion and absorption - opens upaesthetic and light-design effectswhich can be mixed and matchedwith each other.

The public building sector, andsimilarly the commercial andindustrial sectors, have longsince discovered and applied thisdiversity of design.

However, not only large commer-cial and public buildings are suitable objects for modern glassdesign; there are also manifoldpossible applications in privatehousing.

The noble material, glass, alreadyappears in a new light if a simpledesign is added.

The great durability of glass makesit permanent for generations.

Nevertheless, glass design de-mands considerable expertise -"glass does not forgive errors".

INTERPANE, as an innovativepartner, can support you with itslong years of experience in realis-ing your dreams in glass: creatively,constructively, competently!

Processes for designing on glass

Today's possibilities for pro-ducing designs on glass are greater than ever before.

On the one hand, well-establishedand proven processes such asclassic screen-printing or sand-blasting are available. On the otherhand, completely new approachesto glass design have arisen, includ-ing ceramic digital printing.

It is precisely this combination ofestablished and innovative pro-cesses which can achieve resultsthat would have been inconceiv-able only a short time ago.

INTERPANE offers its commercialpartners a comprehensive rangeof products and design proces-ses, which are marketed underthe brand name of ipadecor.

The processes described on thefollowing pages can be com-bined in almost unlimited wayswith each other. The designs canbe applied in combination withfloat glass, thermally toughenedglass, heat-strengthened glass,laminated safety glass and insulating glass units.


59

214


Process technology for designs on glassCeramic digital printingHigh-resolution reproduction of illustrations,patterns etc. in colour.

Dimensions / Mass

max. dimensions 260 cm x 370 cm

min. dimensions 20 cm x 30 cm

glass thickness 4 mm to 19 mm

max. mass 500 kg

The newest technology allows photorealistic illustrations tobe produced with ceramic pigments.

Designs have now become feasible, which could not beimplemented with screen-printing. In addition, ceramic digital printing can be combined with screen-printing, offeringcreativity yet another option.

As no screens have to be prepared, there are no longer anylimits to individuality, which can express itself differently oneach individual pane, if desired.

Ceramic digital printing with "ipadecor C4 color management" by INTERPANE / Hoffmann GTD.Few colours are needed to obtain many colour nuances, also some beyond the RAL and NCS palettes, yetstill well-defined and reproducible.With the help of the "ipadecor C4 color management" colour cube, realistic colour hues can be selected.

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215


Ceramic screen-printingCeramic pigments fired onto glass, weather-resistant, coloured, white, black (opaque), etch effect, non-slip (translucent)

Dimensions / Mass




glass thickness 120 kg

Sand-blastingRefined matt surfaces, satin finish, engraving, reliefs, over the whole surface or in segments,ornaments, pictures, text, with fingermark protection if desired

Dimensions / Mass




glass thickness 120 kg

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216


Fluted bevellingHigh-quality ornaments and patterns withmatt or polished fluted bevelling.Fluted bevelling with V-formed, C-formedand asymmetric profiles can be delivered.

Dimensions / Mass




max. mass 350 kg

Coloured laminated glassLaminated safety glass with transparent ortranslucent coloured interlayers.The combination of different basic colourhues results in a practically unlimited colour palette.

Dimensions / Mass




max. mass 1000 kg

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217


Veneer-glass laminatesVeneers of many different types of materialscan be laminated behind or between glasswith a special process. The veneer mater-ials are available in numerous decorativevariants. Sophisticated composite mater-ials result, which are easy to clean and pro-vide permanent protection for the decora-tive surface.

Dimensions / Mass


other dimensions on request



max. mass 120 kg

Photo/slide glass laminatesPhotographic reproductions which meet thehighest demands are protected permanent-ly against environmental agents (UV, mois-ture, etc.) in a glass laminate. The accuratereproduction leads to probably the best pre-sentation form for photographic displayobjects

Particularly suitable for museums, privatecollections, etc.

Dimensions / Mass


other dimensions on request



max. mass 120 kg

Advice on processes for design on glass

To facilitate selection among the diverse range of possibilities, INTERPANE Sicherheitsglas(Safety Glass) in Hildesheim offers technical design consultancy to interested customers bya glass design studio and trained advisors.

This simplifies communication between designers and producers and allows creative processes to be implemented in co-operation between the partners.

The newest technology for image processing and design creation makes modern design feasible and optimises the development process.

510

218


5.10 ipaview CF - intelligent liquid-crystal glazing for controllable privacy

Convincing transparency, opaqueprivacy screening or an eye-catching display - ipaview CFmakes glazing multi-functional.ipaview CF from INTERPANEstands for a controllable liquid-crystal glass laminate: a liquid-crystal film and two indium tin oxidefilms sandwiched between floatglass panes.

With its integrated grid connection,ipaview CF allows transparency to be controlled at the press of abutton. When voltage is applied,the liquid crystals become ordered- the glass appears transparent tothe eye, although with a slightangular dependence. When thepower is turned off, the crystalstructure appears milky white - theglazing unit obstructs the view inboth directions and can function asa display and advertising spacewith rear-projected images.

Whether as an intelligent screensystem for open-plan offices, aflexible element for reception andconference rooms to create aconducive atmosphere, the glazingfor bank counters with additionalsafety features, or the basis for aneye-catching product presentationat a trade fair or in a shop window- ipaview CF opens up complete-ly new functions and perspectives.

Features

x transition from transparent to milky at the press of a button

x usable as a display and screen: possible with beamers

x low electricity consumptionx maximum safety with minimal

maintenance

Applications

x as an intelligent room divider and screen

x as an optical barrier for per-sonal safety and product protection

x for trade fair and shop displays

x for outdoor advertising and displays

x as a rear-projection screen forconference rooms and auditoriums

x usage in insulating glass unitsis currently being prepared

Dimensions

x maximum glass dimensions980 mm x 3000 mm

x customised special dimensions possible

x can be combined to provide alarge-area glass frontage

Product variants

x as laminated glassx in combination with most

common types of glass

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219


switching voltage: AC 110 V

power demand: app. 7 W/m2

frequency: 50 Hz to 60 Hz

current demand: app. 0.1 A/m2

switching time: ¥ 1 s

switching cycles: > 3 000 000

operating temperature range: –20 °C to +60 °C

geometrical forms: all square and rectangular forms

Deliverable as laminated glazing made of thermallytoughened glass, heat-strengthened glass or floatglass

Deliverable dimensions: max. 980 mm x 3000 mmmin. 200 mm x 300 mm

max. mass: 120 kg

Several switchable films can be applied side-by-side, making larger dimensions also possible. Alongthe joint, a clear gap with a width of 4 mm to 6 mmis visible.

Laminatedglass type: 10/2 total thickness: 11 mm ± 1 mm

8/2 total thickness: 9 mm ± 1 mm

Technical data

Example of configuration:

4 mm glass/adhesive film/liquid-crystal film/adhesive film/4 mm glass

transparent translucent

tv app. 79% app. 70%

tuv app. 4% app. 3%

te app. 68% app. 61%

g value app. 74% app. 69%

Transparent switching state: good viewing properties, not completely transparent, slight angular dependence

Translucent switching state:obstructs view, good screen for rear projection

Delivered power supply:

transformer with primary and secondary wiring

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220

5.11 Fire resistancePrecautionary fire protection meas-ures in buildings are divided into

● prevention of a fire starting

● confinement of the area affected by a fire after it hasbroken out.

DIN 4102 - fire behaviour of build-ing materials and building compo-nents - contains the definitions,classifications and test regulationswith respect to fire resistance forbuilding materials and buildingcomponents.

Normal glass is only of limited usefor fire protection.

In the case of fire, if heat is appliedfrom one side to float glass panes,they quickly shatter and large pie-ces of broken glass fall out. Firecan leap through the opening andquickly spread into the next firezone.

The increasing application of glassin buildings for façades, spandrelelements and dividing walls hasresulted in stricter regulations con-cerning precautionary fire protec-tion measures.

Application area

Fire-resistant glazing in buildingsprevents destructive fire fromoccurring and spreading. It isapplied in accordance with theGerman model building ordi-nance (Musterbauordnung -MBO) and allows the fire to beextinguished effectively and livesand property to be saved.

This means

– securing emergency access routes

– preventing flames from spreading

– separating building fire zones– protecting life and property

and– allowing buildings to be

evacuated

by use of the transparent buildingmaterial, glass.

In addition to these requirements,which are regulated in building ordi-nances and are defined by buildinginspection authorities for each indi-vidual case, architectural aspectsdetermine further specifications forthe fire-protection systems withregard to

– aesthetics and safety– multiple functions in the façade– large areas for individual panes

and– simplification of glazing

installation systems.

As a result, natural daylight canenter a building while the requirements on fire protectionare fulfilled almost invisibly.

Fire resistance systems andtheir classification

The test requirements for stan-dardised burning tests are defined(at the time of writing) in DIN 4102,Fire behaviour of building materialsand building components, in Parts5 and 13. According to the testspassed, a distinction is made between:

● Fire resistance class G

Light-transmitting buildingcomponents in vertical, tiltedor horizontal orientations,which are intended to preventonly the spreading of fire and

smoke for a period of timeaccording to the classified fireresistance duration. The trans-mission of thermal radiation isonly impeded, not prevented.

Classification:

G30, G60, G90, G120 (G120means a fire resistance durationof 120 minutes).

Glass types used:

– specially thermally toughenedfloat glass

– thermally toughened borosilicate glass

– laminated glass with fire-resistant interlayers.

● Fire resistance class F

Light-transmitting building com-ponents in vertical, tilted or hori-zontal orientations, which areintended to prevent not only thespreading of fire and smoke butalso the transmission of thermalradiation for a period of timeaccording to the classified fireresistance duration.

Classification:

F30, F60, F90, F120

Glass types used:

– thermally toughened fire-resis-tant glass with a gel filling

– multi-pane laminated glasswith fire-resistant interlayers.

Glazing with either F or G classifi-cation is always mounted as fixedglazing. It must always be testedand used as part of a complete fire-protection system consisting of theglass, frame, sealant and fixedmounting. The fire-resistant glaz-ing can be further processed byspecially authorised producers intodouble glazing units or laminatedglass. In doing so, the authorisa-tion requirements must be ob-served.

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● Fire resistance class T

Building components construct-ed as self-closing doors with orwithout glazing, so-called firezone barriers authorised by building inspectors, which areintended to prevent not only thespreading of fire and smoke butalso the transmission of thermalradiation for a period of timeaccording to the classified fireresistance duration.

In addition to proof of the burning behaviour, these building components must passa continuous performance test.

Classification:

T30, T60, T90, T120, T180

In addition, T-classified build-ing components are subject toseparate quality control.

Depending on the application,for example in corridors, furtherstandards and ordinances mayapply concerning access safety,e.g. regulations for public meet-ing rooms or workplaces. Thesame applies for applications inthe façade.

Beyond this, the application ofEuropean standards (EN) isrequired in individual cases.

New European standardisation

The currently valid Germantesting and classification stan-dard, DIN 4102, will be replacedafter a transitional period by thenew procedure for testing andclassifying fire-resistant buildingmaterials according to

– DIN EN 1363 Fire resistancetests, general requirements

Class E:

No flames or ignitable gases onthe side of the building compo-nent away from the fire

INTEGRITY

Class EW:

as for Class E. In addition, thetransmittance of thermal radia-tion may not exceed 15 kW/m2

RADIATION

Class EI:

Heat shield function. On average,the temperature of the glass sur-face away from the fire may notincrease by more than 140 K

INSULATION

Classification according to DIN EN 13 501

Until the European standard has been incorporated into the German build-ing regulations, the old G, F and T classifications will remain in force.

– DIN EN 1364 Fire resistancetests for non-loadbearing build-ing components, Part 1 Walls

– DIN EN 13 501 Classification offire-resistant building compo-nents.

After passing the relevant fireresistance test for a duration of30, 60 or more minutes, a build-ing component is classified as E, EW or EI according to DINEN 13 501.

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Proof of utilisability

The general German proof of utili-sability of fire protection systemson site is the "General permit bybuilding inspection authorities",example Z 19.14-1436. The spe-cific features of the fire-resistantglazing, including detailed draw-ings of the system, the productionand labelling of the building pro-ducts used and the in-house andthird-party inspection regulationsfor the glass panes used, are described in the permit documen-tation.

The permit documentation must bepresent at the application site. Theprofessional company responsiblefor installing the fire-protectionsystem must supply the buildingowner with a declaration of con-formity concerning correct instal-lation in accordance with theauthorisation specifications,which should be forwarded to therelevant building inspectionauthority, if required.

Labelling

The German "General permit bybuilding inspection authorities"requires permanent and unambi-guous labelling of both the fire-resistant glazing and the completefire protection system. The follow-ing regulations must be observed:

– Fire-resistant glazing:Etched or ceramic stamp with:

name of the manufacturer(e.g. INTERVER)product name(e.g. INTERFLAM ® E)glass thickness(e.g. 6 mm)

– Fire protection system: Steel plate label with:

type of glazing(e.g. INTERFLAM ® E 03)fire resistance class(e.g. G30)name or identification code of the manufacturerpermit number(e.g. Z 19.14-1436)year of production

The label is to be screwed ontothe frame of the fire-resistantglazing.

CE label for fire-resistant glazing

If the standards for a producthave been completely harmo-nised within the EU, the productmust carry a CE label. For glassintended for use in fire-resistantglazing, this labelling has beenvoluntary since 1st March 2006and obligatory since 1st March2007. As the implementation ofthe labelling requirement occurson a national basis, at present(September 2007) during the so-called co-existence phase boththe CE label and the national "Ü"symbol are valid in Germany.

The INTERVER products, INTER-FLAM ® and INTERFIRE ®, con-form with the German technicalstandards, as indicated by the"Ü" symbol. Furthermore, theINTERFLAM ® E and INTER-FLAM ® EW products are sub-ject to quality control as glassproducts and are labelled accord-ing to the CE requirements in EN 12 150, System 3, by the notified body, MPA NRW.

In addition, for the product typesINTERFLAM ® EW and INTER-FIRE ® EI, which have transparentfire-resistant interlayers, the CElabel according to EN 14 449 isregistered with the internationallynotified body, efectis, for fire resis-tance duration periods of up to 120 minutes. efectis also carriesout the obligatory factory inspec-tion for these products. The rele-vant declarations of conformity canbe provided by INTERVER onrequest. The delivered glass ismarked with a permanent stampand the delivery documents con-form with the relevant regulations.

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All technical rights reserved

CE-Marking:All INTERFLAM® and INTERFIRE® glasses are CE-certified by cticm / Notified Body 1166.

Basic Standards:Fire tests in accordance with national norms and EN Standard EN 1363/1364 as well as certificatesaccording EN 13501-2. Detailed information about tested sizes and frames systems in each country areavailable on our actual element overview.

Thic

knes

s of

gla

ss (

mm

)

Tick

ness

of

elem

ent

(mm

)

Spac

er (

mm

)

Ligh

tran

smis

sion

in %

G-V

alue

in %

b-fa

ctor

(sh

adin

g co

effi

cien

t)

Soun

dred

ucti

on in

dB

U-V

alue

in W

/m2

K

max

. siz

e of

pro

duct

ion

in c

m

min

. siz

e of

pro

duct

ion

in c

m

wei

ght

in k

g/m

2

Single glass

INTERFLAM E 5 5 – 90 86 0,98 28 5,8 200 x 355 25 x 35 12,5

6 6 – 89 85 0,97 30 5,8 200 x 355 25 x 35 15,0

8 8 – 88 85 0,96 32 5,8 200 x 355 25 x 35 20,0

10 10 – 88 84 0,93 34 5,8 200 x 355 25 x 35 25,0

12 12 – 87 80 0,93 35 5,8 200 x 355 25 x 35 30,0

INTERFLAM EW 6 6 – 83 75 0,86 30 3,6 200 x 355 25 x 35 15,0

Laminated glass

INTERFLAM E 5 / 5 10,8 – 86 76 0,87 35 5,8 160 x 320 25 x 35 25,0

6 / 6 12,8 – 86 75 0,86 38 5,8 160 x 320 25 x 35 30,0

INTERFLAM EW 6 / 6 12,8 – 70 68 0,78 38 3,6 160 x 320 25 x 35 30,0

Sealed units

INTERFLAM E 6 / 6 ≥ 20 ≥ 8 82 75 0,86 33 3,0 180 x 355 25 x 35 30,0

6 / 8 ≥ 22 ≥ 8 81 74 0,84 33 3,0 180 x 355 25 x 35 35,0

6 / 10 ≥ 24 ≥ 8 80 71 0,82 35 3,0 180 x 355 25 x 35 40,0

INTERFLAM EW 6 / 6 ≥ 20 ≥ 8 75 72 0,82 33 1,8 180 x 355 25 x 35 30,0

INTERVER delivery programme for INTERFLAM ® E and INTERFLAM ® EW fire-resistant and safety glazing

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Basic Standards:Fire tests in accordance with national norms and EN Standard EN 1363/1364 as well as certificatesaccording EN 13501-2. Detailed information about tested sizes and frames systems in each country areavailable on our actual element overview.

All technical rights reserved

CE-Marking:All INTERFLAM® and INTERFIRE® glasses are CE-certified by cticm / Notified Body 1166.

Thic

knes

s o

f gl

ass

(mm

)

Tick

nes

s o

f el

emen

t (m

m)

Inte

rlay

er (

mm

)

Spac

er (

mm

)

Ligh

tran

smis

sio

n i

n %

G-V

alue

in %

Sou

nd

red

uct

ion

in

dB

U-V

alu

e in

W/m

2K

max

. siz

e o

f p

rod

uct

ion

in

cm

min

. siz

e o

f p

rod

uct

ion

in

cm

wei

ght

in k

g/m

2

Single compound

INTERFLAM EW 30/10 4 / 4 10 2 – 88 74 35 5,8 200 x 300 25 x 35 23,0

INTERFLAM EW 120/13 5 / 5 13 3 – 88 74 37 5,8 200 x 300 25 x 35 29,0

INTERFLAM A0 5 / 5 13 3 – 88 74 37 5,8 200 x 300 25 x 35 29,0

INTERFIRE EI 30/16 5 / 5 16 6 – 87 73 38 5,0 200 x 300 25 x 35 34,0

INTERFIRE EI 60/24 5 / 4 / 5 24 5 – 86 69 42 5,0 150 x 280 25 x 35 52,0

INTERFIRE A60 5 / 5 / 5 25 5 – 86 69 42 5,0 150 x 280 25 x 35 54,5

INTERFIRE EI 90/32 5 / 8 / 5 33 7 – 82 63 43 5,0 150 x 250 25 x 35 68,0

INTERFIRE EI 120/47 5 /8 /8 /5 47 7 – 76 57 46 5,0 150 x 250 25 x 35 98,0

Sealed units

INTERFLAM EW 120/13 5 / 5 / 6 31 3 12 77 62 38 1,3 200 x 300 25 x 35 43,0

INTERFIRE EI 30/16-2 5 / 5 / 6 34 6 12 76 61 39 1,3 200 x 300 25 x 35 47,0

INTERFIRE EI 60/15-3 5 /4 /5 /6 42 5 12 75 57 43 1,3 150 x 280 25 x 35 65,0

INTERFIRE EI 90/32 5 /8 /5 /6 51 7 12 73 51 47 1,3 150 x 250 25 x 35 82,0

INTERVER delivery programme for INTERFLAM ® EW and INTERFIRE ® EI fire-resistant and safety glazing with functional layers for thermal insulation

INTERPANE designer glazing forharmonious renovation of historicbuildings and distinctive new construction: aesthetically pleasingforms combined with modern functionality.

512

5.12 Insulating glazing as a functional design elementThe building constructor, the publiccurator of historic buildings, thetown planner, the building authorityand the planning architect all deter-mine the external appearance of abuilding and thus also the design ofwindows and glazing.

When an old building is to berenovated, often the require-ments on historic buildings and

Insulating glazing, with its diversedesign options, offers planners andbuilding constructors a wide fieldfor exercising creativity:

● shaped glass

● glazing bar design

● patterned glass

town planning demand that afaçade be retained or be re-placed by a reconstructionwhich imitates the original asclosely as possible.

Apart from this aspect, a build-ing constructor often wishes toset special accents in a newbuilding by including particulardesign features.

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5.12.1 Shaped glassA great range of different shapedglass can be produced withmodern production methods.

This means that the possibilities for individually designed glassarchitecture are almost unlimited.

The illustrations overleaf indicatethe dimensions which must bespecified for production. If glazingunits are ordered with differentglass types or pane thicknesses,the drawings must always includea specification of the type of glassfacing the viewer.

The templates needed for pro-duction must be made of singlesheets of flat plywood or hard-board in 1:1 scale. The templa-tes must not be thicker than 5mm.

Only the template dimensionsare definitive for production.

For the variants illustrated on thefollowing pages, no templatesare needed if the requireddimensions are specified accu-rately.

In drawings of custom-shapedinsulating glass units includingiplus E low-e panes, ipasol solar-control panes, iplus E/ipaphonsound-insulation panes or spe-cial glass, it is equally essentialto specify the coated surface.

Customised shapes with re-entrant angles (e.g. models 55 and56) must be made of thermallytoughened glass.

The delivery possibilities for allother customised shapes whichare not illustrated in the cata-logue must be agreed upon inadvance before ordering.


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Catalogue of shaped glass


1 oblique edge 1 oblique edge polygon polygon trapezium

trapezium polygon polygon polygon polygon

polygon polygon polygon polygon polygon

polygon polygon polygon equilateral triangle polygon

triangle triangle polygon polygon polygon

polygon triangle triangle triangle

Deliverypossibilities for

shapes notincluded in thiscatalogue on

request

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Catalogue of shaped glass


triangle oblique trapezium oblique trapezium polygon polygon

rectangle plus parallelogram rectangle plus parallelogram parallelogram parallelogram circle with diameter D*

circle segment with radius R circle segment with arc height H2 circle segment with arc height H2 circle sector with radius R circle sector with radius R

circle sector with arc height H1 circle sector with arc height H1 2 rounded corners 4 rounded corners semicircle (2 x R = B)

polygon polygon circle sector with radius R rhombus

circle with radius R* semicircle (circle segment) circle segment with radius R circle segment with segment circle segment with radius Rheight H1

radii at least 10 cm radii at least 10 cm

*) l at least 45 cm for mono-lithic laminated safety glassl at least 30 cm for mono-lithic thermally toughened

glassFor insulating glass units:

min. l = 30 cmmax. l = 150 cm

1) 1)

1) thermally toughened glass

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5.12.2 Glazing barsThe problems associated withsmall insulating glass units areknown: the air or gas which issealed into the space between thepanes expands and contracts frequently during the lifetime of theunit, creating a load due to theresulting pumping movement. Ifthe external air pressure falls(with respect to that at the timeof production), the panes becomeconvex. If the air pressure rises,the panes deform concavely.

This (physically caused) effectdoes not usually cause prob-lems, as the modern sealantsused in high-quality insulatingglass units and the limited elasti-city of the glass can accommo-date this phenomenon. How-ever, the smaller the insulatingglass unit, the more the glasspanes act as stiff, inelastic plates. This means that the entire stress resulting from thepumping movement is applied to the edge seal. Under certain circumstances, this can shortenthe lifetime of the insulatingglass unit.

For this reason, modern glazingbar systems for insulating glassunits such as the "Swiss Cross"and "Viennese glazing bar" arepreferable to constructions withsmall-area insulating glass units.

Effect of glazing bars on

There are additional positiveeffects for the "Swiss Cross" dueto

● the mass increase due to theglazing bar profiles used and

for the "Viennese glazing bar"due to

● the mass increase due to thespacers used

● the mass increase due exter-nally applied glazing bars and

● the external attenuation result-ing from the bars adhering to the panes.

If glass with high absorptance or asymmetric glass thicknessesare used, the permissibility of thecombination must be tested inadvance.

Effect of glazing bars onthermal insulation

Additional heat fluxes occur nearinternally mounted or externallyapplied glazing bars which mustbe taken into account when theU values for the window are cal-culated.

Significant parameters include:

● number of glazing bars

● material of the glazing bars

● width of the glazing bars

● distance of the glazing bars from the glass surface

● emissivity of the glass surface

● gas fill

The effects can be described bythe additional linear thermalbridge term j.

DIN V 4108 requires that the effectof glazing bars be taken intoaccount by the correction factor Δ Ug when the Ug,BW value is determined (see Section 3.3.2).

sound insulation

Windows with glazing bars havealways been considered criticalwith respect to sound insulation.Genuine glazing bars bring therisk that sound will be transmit-ted significantly through cracksin the glazing bar joints. For thisreason, a correction factor (KSp)for glass-dividing glazing barsshould be taken into account inaccordance with DIN 4109,Appendix 1/A1.

When glazing bars are mountedwithin the space of insulatingglass units, the sound-insulatingeffect can be reduced.However, the impact sound conduction (EN 717) through theglazing bars in an insulatingglass unit can be eliminated ifthe glazing bar element in thegap does not have direct contact with the panes.

This condition is met, for exam-ple, by insulating glass units pro-duced by INTERPANE with the"Swiss Cross" and the"Viennese glazing bar". See alsothe investigation by E. Sälzerpublished in "Bauphysik 6/85".

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INTERPANE insulating glass units with "Viennese glazing bars"

This glazing bar system gives theappearance of a conventionallyproduced, double-glazed windowwith genuine glazing bars.

The window frame is filled with onecomplete insulating glass unit.External glazing bars are fixed sub-sequently to the surface of thepane during installation of the win-dow. The internal spacer barsbehind the glazing bars do notcontact the glass surfaces directly.With a gap of usually 3 mm between the glass and the spacerbars, the mechanical behaviour ofthe insulating glass unit corre-sponds to that of large-area glazing.

Please note Section 6.4.12 inINTERPANE's Glazing Guidelines.

internal spacerbar

externallyapplied

glazing bar

spacer bardesiccant

Cross-section through an insulating glass unit with "Viennese glazing bars"

Delivery programme for INTERPANE insulating glass unitswith "Viennese glazing bars"

configuration 4/16/4 5/16/6

max. dimensions (cm) 141 x 240 245/300

max. area (m2) 3.40 6.00

max. ratio of side lengths 1: 6 1: 6

Visible width ofspacer bar (combi-nations also possible) 20 mm 24 mm 30 mm

Please note that the external glazing bars (always somewhat widerthan the internal spacer bars) are applied by the window installer.

The colour of the internal spacer bar is matched to that of theregular spacer bars for the insulating glass unit.




INTERPANE insulating glass units with"Swiss Cross" glazing bars

The glazing bars are mountedwithin the gap between thepanes and do not contact theglass surfaces directly.

The "Swiss Cross" consists ofextruded aluminium bars and isproduced in various widths andcolours.

The joints between the glazingbars look like those of genuinewooden glazing bars made by acarpenter, and guarantee thatthe cross maintains its shapedurably.

“Swiss Cross”glazing bars

spacer bardesiccant

Cross-section through an insulating glass unit with "Swiss Cross" glazing bars

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The glazing bars in INTERPANE insulating glass units can be deliveredin many different colours and wood effects. Two-colour combinations are also possible.

Delivery programme for INTERPANE insulating glass units with"Swiss Cross" glazing barsconfiguration 4/16/4* 5/16/6*

max. dimensions (cm) 141 x 240 245 / 300

max. area (m2) 3.40 6.00


Standard "Swiss Cross" modelglazing bar widths 18 mm 26 mm 45 mm 66 mm

Different glazing bar widths can also be combined with each other.

The 66 mm glazing bar can be delivered only in white.

Glazing bar 2000 "Swiss Cross" modelglazing bar widths 18 mm 26 mm 45 mm

Glazing bars with widths 18 mm + 26 mm, and 26 mm + 45 mm, can be combined.

* Production with a gap width of 14 mm is possible.

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INTERPANE insulating glass units with"Filigree" glazing bars

A charming variation of the "SwissCross" is presented by filigree internally mounted glazing bars.The fine glazing bars, with a cross-section of only 8 mm x 10 mm, adda decorative accent particularly toexclusive architecture with distinc-tive window shapes. They closelyresemble genuine hand-craftedglazing.

Just as with the "Swiss Cross",the glazing bars are mountedinternally in the gap between thepanes without direct contact tothe glass surface, and are thusprotected against weathering.This configuration also makesthe panes particularly easy toclean.

Rectangular patterns can be pro-duced according to the customer'swishes, as long as the area of thelargest rectangle does not exceed70 cm x 70 cm.

Different filigree glazing bars areoffered according to the demandsof each regional market. Ask yoursupplier about the possibilities.

internal“Filigree“

glazing bars

spacer bardesiccant

Cross-section through an insulating glass unit with "Filigree" glazing bars

233type 1 type 2




Delivery programme for INTERPANE insulating glass units with"Filigree" glazing barsconfiguration 4/16/4* 5/16/6*

max. dimensions (cm) 141 x 240 245/300

max. area (m2) 3.40 6.00


* Production with a gap width of 14 mm is possible.

max. single rectangle dimensions (cm2) 70 x 70

glazing bar divisions only rectangular

glazing bar cross-section (mm2) 8 x 10, viewing width 10 mm

standard anodised colours gleaming gold, lead-coloured,

polished brass

standard colour white, polymer-coated

anodised glazing bar, cross-section 6 mm x 8 mm,

oval cross-section, gleaming gold viewing width 8 mm

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5.12.3 Insulating glazing combined with patterned glassPatterned glass is a form of castglass which gains a certain surfacestructure on passing through roll-ers. Visibility through such glass islimited.

Patterned glass is used where visi-bility is unnecessary or undesirable,and where it can be applied as adesign element.

The patterns chosen for cast glassvary with fashion over time. Dis-tinctions are made between:

● translucent and coloured patterned glass

● translucent cast glass withoutpatterns

● translucent and coloured wired glass

● translucent and coloured patterned, wired glass.

Almost all types of commerciallyavailable patterned glass can beprocessed to form insulatingglass units (see Table 5.12.4).

rence in thickness between acast glass pane withoutwiring and the opposing panemay not exceed 4 mm. Thisshould be noted particularlyfor sound insulation combina-tions with specified configura-tions.

● When coloured cast glass orwired cast glass is exposed tosolar radiation, it may heat upinhomogeneously, particularly ifthe glass is partly shaded. Ifsuch panes are part of an insu-lating glass unit, the danger ofbreakage due to thermal stressis increased. In these cases,thermally toughened glass orheat-strengthened glass shouldbe used; the supplier is obligedto inform the final customer ofthis situation.

● If coloured cast glass is com-bined with coated glass (low-eor solar-control coatings), thecast glass pane should be tempered (thermally toughenedor heat-strengthened glass).

● In general, the patterned sur-face is positioned toward thegap between the panes. It ispossible that the sealant thenbecomes visible around theedges of the gap.

In combinations of cast glass,the approximately 12 mmdepth of the edge seal can beexceeded by up to 3 mm insome positions.

We draw your attention to thefact that the special propertiesof this type of glass make itmore prone to breakage.

● In asymmetric combinationsof pane thicknesses (e.g. forsound insulation), if a floatglass pane is to be replacedby cast glass, this pane mustbe at least as thick as thereplaced float glass pane.

● When wired glass is used forone pane of an insulatingglass unit, the other panemust always be thinner or atmost equally thick. The diffe-

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5.12.4 Patterned glass combinations

235

pattern

insulating glass max. max.panes ratio of dimensions

colour thickness side lengths(mm) structure for 12 mm

orientation surface gap cm2

Bamboo translucent 5 V X 1 : 10 161 x 213

Barock translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 165 x 210

Barock bronze 4 V X 1 : 6 165 x 210

Cast antique translucent 4 X X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Cast antique 103 yellow 4 X X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Cathedral hammered small translucent 4 X X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Chinchilla translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 156 x 213

Chinchilla bronze 4 V X 1 : 6 156 x 213

Delta translucent 4 X X 1 : 6 156 x 213

Delta bronze 4 X X 1 : 6 156 x 213

Delta matt translucent 4 X X 1 : 6 156 x 213

Edelit double-sided translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Gothic translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 156 x 213

Gothic bronze 4 V X 1 : 6 156 x 213

Ice flower glass translucent 4 X X 1 : 6 150 x 240

Listral SR 200 translucent 6 V X 1 : 10 200 x 321

Listral SR 200 translucent 8 V X 1 : 10 200 x 321

Madras Uadi translucent 5 V X 1 : 10 180 x 321

Madras Pave translucent 5 X X 1 : 10 180 x321

Mastercarre translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 200 x 321

Masterligne translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 200 x 321

Masterlens translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 200 x 321

Masterpoint translucent 4 X X 1 : 6 200 x 321

Masterray translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 200 x 321


Legend: Y = structure orientation can not be taken into account

V = structure orientation running parallel to height

X = structure orientation optional, structured side optional

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Neolit translucent 4 X X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Niagara translucent 5 V X 1 : 10 156 x 213

Niagara bronze 5 V X 1 : 10 156 x 213

Niagara matt blank translucent 5 V X 1 : 10 156 x 213

Old German K – short edge ‰ 25 cm translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Old German K – short edge ‰ 25 cm bronze 4 V X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Pattern 176 (Madera) translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Pattern 176 (Madera) bronze 4 V X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Pattern 178 (Silvit) translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Pattern 178 (Silvit) bronze 4 V X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Pattern 187 (Abstracto) translucent 4 Y X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Pattern 187 (Abstracto) bronze 4 Y X 1 : 6 150 x 210

Pattern 504 translucent 4 X X 1 : 6 150 x 210






Satinato translucent 4 X X 1 : 6 225 x 321

Satinato translucent 6 X X 1 : 10 225 x 321

Silk translucent 4 V X 1 : 6 165 x 210

Wired glass with grid translucent 7 X X 1 : 10 186 x 300

Wired pattern 187 (Abstracto) translucent 7 Y X 1 : 10 180 x 245

Wired pattern 523 translucent 7 X X 1 : 10 180 x 245

All other types of patterned glass on request.

5.12.4 Patterned glass combinations

pattern

236

Legend: Y = structure orientation can not be taken into account

V = structure orientation running parallel to height

X = structure orientation optional, structured side optional


X The specific physical properties of this type of patterned glass should be observed when it is used to make insulating glass units. We thus recommend that an area of 1.5 m2 should not be exceeded.

•

X•

X•

insulating glass max. max.panes ratio of dimensions

colour thickness side lengths(mm) structure for 12 mm

orientation surface gap cm2

5 description of interpane products -...

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