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Motivational Interviewing



What are Explanations

“A claim that pacifies wonder.”

(Furman & Ahola, 1988)



ExplanationsAttribute responsibility to an external cause which

may

Give offender a sense of relief

Reduce culpability

Absolve him from guilt

Give him a sense of entitlement to

forgivenessGive him permission to make a new

start where all is forgiven

(Jenkins, 1993)



Searching for a cause

Sidetracks

Taking responsibility



Goal of Therapy

Take Responsibility for Behavior

“Acknowledge fully the existence and significanceof the abuse”

“Understand the potential impact on his abuse on

others” Accept culpability

Cease abusive behavior

(Jenkins, 1993)



Evaluate Explanations

How likely is it that it will assist theperpetrator in taking responsibility for hisbehavior

(Jenkins, 1993)



Deviant Arousal Pattern

Externalizes the cause

Blurs the line between arousal and action

Abuse is seen as natural outcome of

arousal



Impulse Control

“It is difficult to determine just what “impulse

control” means, let alone how a man can

take responsibility for his abusive

behaviour if he has „poor impulse control.‟”

(Jenkins, 1993, p. 19)



Characterological Explanations

Why in some contexts and not others?



Making Sense of Explanations

Does it help perp take full responsibility?

Does it point to “plausible and accessiblesolutions” for ceasing to abuse

Is it sensitive to all levels of context fromthe individual to the socio-cultural?

(Jenkins, 1993)



Explanations

Should not be used to “excuse” behavior

or diminish responsibility

Should be used to factors which “restrain

men from taking responsibility for theirbehaviour”

(Jenkins, 1993)



Search for

What has stopped him in the past fromtaking responsibility for his behavior?

What has stopped him from takingresponsibility to develop sensitive andrespectful relationships with the victim andother family members?

(Jenkins, 1993)



Therapist‟s Role

Decline invitations to attributeresponsibility to external factors

Invite him to accept responsibility himself

(Jenkins, 1993)



Steps in TherapyInvite offender to attend to the abuse

Invited him to establish a mission inresponsibility

Invite him to consider his readiness for such a

mission

Facing the abuse

Contextualizing the abuse

Demonstrating responsibility

Preventing Relapse

(Jenkins, 1993)



Levels of Denial

• Denial of extent or existence of abuse

“I might have accidentally touched her.”

• Denial of significance“I didn‟t hurt her. She enjoyed it too.”

• Denial of responsibility.

“She wanted me to do it.” • Denial of likelihood of recurrence.

“It won‟t happen again.”

(Jenkins, 1993)



Attend to the Abuse

How did the allegations come out into theopen?

How were you told?

What contact have you had with authorities?

How has this affected other family members?

What do you think the victim feels now?What do you think the victim thinks shouldhappen now?

What do you think should happen now?



Praise Any Taking ofResponsibility

Call abusive behavior abusive.

• “It takes a lot of courage to face up to thefact you sexually abused your step-daughter. Most men can‟t face it.”

(Jenkins, 1993)



Total Denial

Don‟t argue with him.

Work on family. Family confrontations are more

effective than therapists.

Acknowledge his fears, e.g., of not going home.

Ask permission to tell him your role.



Total Denial

“Here we work with offenders and sometimes

members of their families. We are concernedwith every member of the family and try to find

ways that will help resolve problems around theabuse that will help all family members.”

“We are not layers or police and we cannot

determine the truth of the matter. Only you andthe victim know this.”



Total Denial

“In 99% of the cases that we see, where

things are unclear, there turns out to be atleast a grain of truth in the allegations. . .

When there is some truth to allegations,most men are not able to face this at first.”

(Jenkins, 1993)



Why Men Can‟t Face It

Shame at what they have done.

Push it to the back of their minds.

Fear of consequencesSeems too big a step.

Pushed it so far back they have almost

forgotten it.



Externalize Restraints

Most abusers are very caring people.

They wanted to stop the abuse but didn‟tknow how.

Feel panic at it coming out into the open.

Most want to make things right.



Invitation to Openness

When there is some truth and offenderwants to help the victim and build a betterfamily life,

It‟s his job to decide whether to face up or

cop out.

No one should push him.

(Jenkins, 1993)



Invitation to Openness

Facing up is only way rift in family can behealed

Copping out is living a lie

Ask, “Would it be possible to have a familylife based on respect and trust if hedoesn‟t face up?”

(Jenkins, 1993)



Facing Up

Only way to help the victim.

Only way court will see progress.

Only way to have self-respect



Ending the Interview

Take time to consider it.

I imagine:Your family is important to you.

Your victim is important to you.

You want a family life based on respect andtrust.

• He should leave uncomfortable.



Even if He Claims Innocence

Victim believes he is guilty

Victim not convinced he respects her/hisboundaries

He has failed to make child trust him tokeep her safe.



After Some Admission

Goals

Assisting those he has victimized

Preventing further abuse

Developing self-respect

(Jenkins, 1993)



Assisting Victim

Difficult to be away from home. How areyou handling this?

What kind of family life do you want?

How do you want it to be different thanbefore?

What kind of chances do you want to see?

Do you think the victim has lost some trustin you as a result of the abuse?

(Jenkins, 1993)



Assisting Victim

Is it important to you that the victim haveas few scars as possible from this?

Are you the first person in your family whohas abused others but made a stand to tryand stop it?

(Jenkins, 1993)



Has anyone taken the time to explain toyou the impact of abuse?

Discuss the fact that kids need boundariesto feel safe.

Kids are burdened by secrets

They suffer in silence.

Some believe they are bad and dirty.



Invitations to Prevent Recurrence

What would it mean to you if you reoffended?

Is it important to you to take all the steps youcan?

Can you talk about what makes you think itwon‟t happen again.



I understand you don‟t want to abuse again.

My concern is if you have enoughunderstanding and a plan that will work.

Most offenders want to push it out of theirmind and they don‟t fully face how they got

into abuse.

(Jenkins, 1993)



Invitation to Embark on aMission of Responsibility

Believe he should be involved in decision tomove out of the home.

Reason this is important.

Provides an assurance of safety for victim

Gives everybody space to work on theirfeelings.

Victim needs time and space to work on

her/his problems.



Are you prepared to do what‟s best for the

victim?

Are you ready to do what‟s right?

What tells you that you are ready?

How will you handle your fears?



Facing the Abuse

Would you be taking yourself seriously – or kidding yourself – if you thought youcould understand what you put the victim

through without facing the details of whatyou did?”

If you could face up to this, what would itsay about you?



Invitation to Acknowledge theSignificance of the Abuse

If he says the child thought the abuse wasOK

“What will that mean for the victim‟s future?”

• Ask permission to give him information,e.g., that abused children get veryconfused because they often love theoffender. Feel it‟s their responsibility.



Invitation to Take Full Responsibility

Do you think the victim wanted sex oraffection?

If victim “wanted it” what should a father

do if their child was playing with matchesor running out into the street?



Contextualizing the Abuse

Ignore “why;” consider “how”

How did you fail to realize she wanted it tostop?

What other ways were you abusive to her?

How long have you used the victim tosolve your feelings?

Do you think you used her/him for yourown purposes?



Demonstrating Responsibility

Are you prepared to handle your ownstress?

Are you ready to face your own feelingswithout using others?

Do you want to use your head to think oryour penis?

Do you think you are becoming more orless aware of other people‟s feelings and

their right to boundaries?



Preventing Relapse

How have you deal with sexual feelings orurges towards the victim or other childrenin recent times?

Do you think you can be 100% sure youwon‟t abuse again unless you have tested

yourself against urges?

What has stopped you from noticing yoursexual urges?

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