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Basics Of MagLev Transportation

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the basics of MagLev(Magnetic Levitation) transportation systems and then to go on todescribe how spin wave technology can be utilized to improve the designof the magnetic systems used for levitation and propulsion in thesesystems. The primary advantage of spin wave technology overconventional electromagnetic systems is that the MagLev rails orMagLev guide ways can be dispensed with and the transportationcompartment can be made to push against spin waves present in anytype of ground material. This claim sounds extraordinary but in thischapter it will be explained in simple terms how it is possible.

There are two main processes taking place in MagLev systems:levitation and propulsion. Electromagnetic systems are used for bothfunctions. Usually, each electromagnetic system works independentlyof the other but some systems combine the electromagnetic designsinto one system that both lifts and propels. Both the levitation and thepropulsion functions are based on utilizing the push of opposing magneticfields and/or the pull of attracting magnetic fields.

Here are some links to give you the basics of the EM(electromagnetic) theory involved.

234

Click on the little diagrams at these first two links:

♦ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfie.html#c1

♦ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/faracon.html#c1

At the following link just skip down to Chapter 31 if you want:

♦ http://maxwell.byu.edu/~spencerr/websumm122/web.html

If your browser has Java enabled then try these links:

♦ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/magneticlines2/

♦ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/faraday2/

♦ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/lenzlaw/

♦ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/pulsedmagnet/

MagLev systems usually use either LIM (Linear Induction Motor)or (LSM (Linear Synchronous Motor) propulsion so here are somesites about these motors:

♦ http://unofficial.capital.edu/admin-staff/dalthoff/lim.html

♦ http://www.theproductfinder.com/motors/elemot.htm

♦ http://www.nctransportation.com/LinearMotor.html

♦ http://www.prod.sandia.gov/cgi-bin/techlib/access-control.pl/1995/951268.pdf

♦ http://www.baldor.com/pdf/brochures/br1800/Section6.pdf

♦ http://www.calinear.com/

♦ http://www.xrefer.com/xrefs.jsp?xrefid=508565

♦ http://www.ecn.purdue.edu/ESAC/Example_Simulations/example.whtml

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Here are some links to give you an overview of various MagLevsystems:

♦ http://www.skytran.net/press/sciam01.htm

♦ http://www.maglev2000.com/works/how-04.html

♦ http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/phy209s/projects/EDWDAV004/edwdav004.htm

♦ http://www.rtri.or.jp/rd/maglev/html/english/maglev_frame_E.html

♦ http://www.llnl.gov/str/Post.html

♦ http://www.pa.msu.edu/people/roberson/Inductrack/post.pdf_1.pdf

♦ http://www.pa.msu.edu/people/roberson/Inductrack/ieee1099.pdf

♦ http://www.pa.msu.edu/people/roberson/Inductrack/Inductrack_files/frame.htm

Now that you have an idea of what MagLev levitation andpropulsion is all about, we will explain how spin wave technology canbe utilized to design an improved MagLev system. Some basic designchanges are made to utilize the characteristics of spin waves. LaterMagLev design examples are given that will seem impractical usingconventional magnetic levitation equipment but this is just to givepreliminary insight into how it can be done using spin waves.

Basics of MagLev Transportation

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42

Propagation Velocity in MagLev Systems

To describe how to use spin waves for a MagLev system,comparisons are made to a MagLev system using LSMs (LinearSynchronous Motors) or LIMs (Linear Induction Motors). The forwardspeed of the bogie (train compartment) of a MagLev system that usesLSMs is determined by the propagation velocity of the electromagneticfields of the guide rail coils that push against the magnets of the bogie.The frequency and wavelength of the electromagnetic fields that do thepushing have to be considered.

The velocity of an electromagnetic wave in free space is referredto as “c”.

This velocity is constant and is approximately c = 3*108 meters/second. This velocity is established by the coefficient of inductivepermeability and coefficient of capacitive permittivity of space itself.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave in Free Space

The velocity of an electromagnetic wave moving along a singlewire is about 95% of the velocity in free space. This is due to theinductance down the length of the wire and the capacitive coupling ofthe surface of the wire to free space. Keep in mind that even thoughelectromagnetic signals move along the wire at almost the velocity oflight, the current of electrons within the wire will have an average drift

238

in one direction or the other at a much lower velocity in reaction to thechanging electromagnetic signals on the wire. This is called drift current.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave in a Wire

The velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a coaxial cable isslower still than an electromagnetic wave along a single wire. It istypically around 65-75% of the velocity in free space. This is due to theinductive and capacitive coupling to the coaxial shield. It takes moretime as a signal moves along the wire to charge up the capacitancebetween the wire and the shield. There is also self inductance of thecenter conductor and finally a mutual inductance with the shield suchthat a changing magnetic field from the signal moving along the wireinduces current in the opposite direction in the shield. This in turngenerates its own magnetic field which induces a CEMF (counterelectromotive force) opposing and thus slowing the propagation of thesignal along the wire.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave in a Coax Cable

The propagation velocity of an electromagnetic wave through aseries of large coils and large capacitors is slower still. This is due to themuch greater time it takes to charge up the capacitors and to overcomethe greater self-inductance of the coils.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave in a Seriesof Coils and Capacitors

For MagLev propulsion systems, the propagation of the signalenergizing the succession of coils along the guide rails can be sloweddown even more by simply switching on each coil in succession at therate desired.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave of aSeries Switched Coils

In each of the above examples the propagation velocity gets slowerand slower and the physical wavelength of the electromagnetic wave

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gets shorter and shorter compared to the wavelength of the samefrequency electromagnetic wave in free space.

The system of electromagnetic coils and capacitors has the effectof compressing the wavelength and slowing the propagation of the signal.If the coil excitation frequency is 10 Hz (10 Hertz = 10 cycles persecond) for example, this equates to an electromagnetic wavelength infree space of:

(1 divided by (10 cycles per second)) x (3x108 meters per second)= 3x107 meters

This wave travels through space at a velocity of 3x108 meters persecond.

Diagram Comparing Wavelength in Free Space

to Wavelength in Series of Coils and Capacitors

If a MagLev system used a succession of coils and capacitorsalong the MagLev guide rails then it is the propagation velocity of theelectromagnetic coil excitation signal that determines the velocity of thebogie. In a MagLev system using LSMs the bogie will move exactly atthe propagation velocity. In a MagLev system using LIMs the bogiewill have a certain amount of slip and will travel at a somewhat slowerrate than the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic coil excitationsignal that pushes and pulls on the magnetic fields of the bogie.

It is necessary to be able to adjust the propagation velocity inorder to control the bogie velocity and this can be done in various ways.Adjusting the capacitance between the coils can change the propagationvelocity but this alone is not very practical. One way to solve this problemis to have a switched system in which the guide way coils can beswitched on and off in a faster or slower succession.

Another solution is to have a succession of excitation coils drivenby a succession of multiple phases of the same AC coil excitation signal.This then becomes the same as a multi-pole rotary motor coil that hasbeen laid out flat. The multiple phases of a higher frequency coil excitationsignal will drive the excitation coils at a faster succession rate. Thepropagation velocity of the coil excitation signal then becomes dependantof the frequency of the excitation signal. This allows the bogie to beeasily accelerated by simply increasing the frequency of the coil excitationsignal. There will likely still be various values of capacitors switched inalong the succession of coils to maintain an optimum power correction

Propagation Velocity in MagLev Systems

240

factor for various ranges of coil excitation frequencies. Also, only thoseexcitation coils will be driven that are where the bogie is at any particulartime rather than all the excitation coils along the whole length of theguide rails.

Now let’s get back to analyzing the whole thing in terms of how itcan be implemented using spin waves to propel the bogie. For bogiesdriven by LSMs, the wavelength of the coil excitation signal will matchthe pitch (spacing between North-South-North-South poles) of the bogiemagnets. The bogie magnets have static magnetic fields that push andpull against the magnetic fields of the drive coils along the guide rails.

Diagram of magnetic fields of bogie and guide rail coils

The North-South-North-South fields of the drive coils can bethought of like teeth on a timing belt. It’s the propagation velocity of thebelt that matters and the pitch of the teeth will match the pitch of thebogie magnets. Since the magnetic fields of the bogie magnets are staticthey can be said to have a propagation velocity along the bogie of zero.A more generalized equation for the bogie velocity would be as follows:

v1 = Propagation Velocity of Guide Rail Drive Coils’ MagneticFields

v2 = Propagation Velocity of Bogie Magnetic Fields

vb = Bogie Velocity

vb = v2 – v1

This means that if the bogie’s magnetic fields propagation velocityis zero then:

vb = v1

Also, if there are magnetic fields on the bogie moving at the samerate and direction as the magnetic fields of the guide rail drive coilsthen:

v1 = v2

vb = v1 – v2 = 0 so the bogie will not move. This is like walking atthe same speed but in the wrong direction on an escalator or an airportmoving walkway.

Animated diagram of bogie not moving but withmoving magnetic fields and guide rail coils magnetic fields

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Propagation Velocity in MagLev Systems

If the propagation velocity of the bogie’s magnetic fields is in theopposite direction then the bogie velocity will be:

v2 = - v1

vb = v1 – (-v1) = 2 * v1

Animated diagram of bogie moving and with

moving magnetic fields and guide rail coils magnetic fields

Now consider a system where there are standing waves on thedrive coils such that the drive magnetic fields are toggling in North-South orientation but that have a propagation velocity of zero.

Animated diagram of guide rail drive coils’ signal

and toggling drive coil magnetic fields

It is also possible for there to be standing waves on the bogiemagnetic field coils making bogie magnetic fields that are toggling inNorth-South orientation but that have a propagation velocity of zero.

Animated diagram of bogie magnetic field coils’ signal

and toggling bogie magnetic fields

If both the bogie and the guide rail coils have standing waves thenthere is a way to propel the bogie. The phase of the standing waves ofthe bogie relative to the standing waves of the guide way drive coils canbe adjusted so that the two sets of magnetic fields push against eachother in one direction or the other depending on the direction and amountof phase shift. However, once the phase shift causes the bogie to bepushed to a new position, the phases will be back in alignment. Tomaintain a phase shift, the bogie’s standing waves must not be perfectstanding waves but will need to have a small propagation velocity inaddition to being standing waves. Then the bogie’s velocity will equalthe propagation velocity of its partially standing waves/partially travelingwaves.

Animated diagram of toggling bogie magneticfields pushing against toggling guide rail coil magnetic fields

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43

Levitating with Spin Waves

If you have studied the various web links about Faraday’s Law,Lenz’s Law and the web links about various MagLev systems thenyou should already understand the theory of MagLev levitation.Modifications to these basic designs will be described to explain how itwould be done with spin waves. Repelling and/or attracting forces ofthe guideway magnetic fields with the bogie magnetic fields will push orpull a bogie up causing it to levitate.

There will be alternating magnetic field orientations along theguideway and alternating magnetic field orientations of the bogie’smagnetic fields. The phase of the bogie’s alternating magnetic fieldscan be adjusted to control the amount of repulsive and attractive forceswith the magnetic fields of the guideway. Previously, the amount offorward or reverse propulsion force on the bogie was described ascaused by adjusting the phase of the alternating magnetic fields. This isstill true. Now there will be another type of phase adjustment that canbe made to control the degree of levitation. To understand the differenceit is necessary to describe better how the magnetic fields of a guidewayand of a bogie are created using spin waves.

The magnetic fields of spin waves are caused not by current flowof electrons but by the changing spin axis orientations of electrons. Amagnetic field can be created by the flow of electrons through a coil ofwire as has already been described.

244

Diagram of coil of wire and its magnetic field

A magnetic field can also be created from many electron spinaxis orientations all pointing in a similar direction. Each individual electronwill already have its own little magnetic field associated with its ownparticle spin characteristics.

Diagram of electron spin and its magnetic field

When all the spin axes orientations point in a similar direction thenit makes a large macroscopic magnetic field.

Diagram of many electron spins and their magnetic field

The electron’s spin axis also has a tendency to precess like agyroscope.

Animated diagram of an electron spin precessingand its magnetic field

Many electron spin axes all precessing together at microwavefrequencies will send out microwave frequency electromagnetic waves.

Animated diagram of many electron spins precessingand their magnetic field

For our application we want all the electrons to precess togetherbut we don’t want to make large microwave frequency electromagneticwaves. There is a way to prevent this. For every electron that precessesclockwise we will have an electron that precesses counter-clockwise.The combined electromagnetic waves from these motions will canceleach other except for waves of changing magnetic field orientation.

Animated diagram of two electrons’ spinsprecessing opposite directions

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Both North poles point the same way and then both South polespoint that same way. Now we need many electron pairs doing the samething. It is not important that their precession axes all be pointing similardirections but they do need to all lay in the same plane and precess inphase at the same rate such that all the North poles point a particulardirection and then all the South poles point that same direction.

Animated diagram of many electron pairs precessingopposite directions with various precession axis orientations

but all in the same plane

Now we have a magnetic field that alternates North-South-North-South but it does not send out microwave frequency transverseelectromagnetic waves. These magnetic field waves can pull on similarmagnetic waves from the guideway that are alternating in phase.

Animated diagram in phase magnetic wavesand attractive forces

Similarly, they can push against alternating magnetic fields fromthe guideway that are of opposite phase.

Animated diagram of opposite phase magneticwaves and repulsive forces

The phase changes associated with the attractive or repulsivebogie levitating forces are demonstrated below using just a pair ofelectrons of the guideway and one pair of electrons of the bogie.

Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in opposite directionsand sending out magnetic waves that are in-phase

Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in opposite directions and sending out magnetic waves that are

45 degrees out of phase

Levitating with Spin Waves

246

Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in oppositedirections and sending out magnetic waves that

are 90 degrees out of phase

Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in oppositedirections and sending out magnetic waves

that are 135 degrees out of phase

Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in oppositedirections and sending out magnetic waves that are

180 degrees out of phase

However, the magnetic forces between the two are only everattractive or repulsive if the magnetic fields diverge as opposed to beingcompletely homogeneous.

Before this line of explaining things continues, it may be necessaryto first explain more about naturally occurring alternating magnetic waveswithin materials and to explain about diverging magnetic fields fromlarge bodies of material that are experiencing this phenomena. Pleaseread the next chapter, Diverging Alternating Magnetic Fields (Chapter44).

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44

Diverging Alternating Magnetic Fields

If a small magnetized sample of material is in a large magneticfield and it has become oriented such that its magnetic field is orientedwith the large magnetic field, then it is not the strength of the largemagnetic field alone that determines how strongly the small magneticsample is attracted. Rather, it is also the amount of divergence of thelarge magnetic field that determines how strongly the small sample isattracted towards the diverging magnetic fields.

Diagram of sample in non-diverging magnetic field

Diagram of sample in diverging magnetic field

This same phenomena is true when the strong magnetic field is analternating magnetic field. If a small sample of material is radiatingmagnetic waves that are in-phase with the magnetic waves of thediverging magnetic field, then both the strength and the amount ofdivergence affect how strongly the sample is attracted.

It is the natural tendency of paired electrons in orbitals around allatoms to precess clockwise and counter-clockwise and to develop in-phase magnetic waves among all of them. With a large body of atomslike the Earth, all of these in-phase magnetic waves add in strength.

248

However, this is not the only natural source of magnetic waves.There are also extremely high frequency precessional motions of quarkswithin protons and neutrons of all atoms. These motions generate theirown frequency of magnetic waves. These also have a natural tendencyto move to a state where all their magnetic fields alternate in phase.The typical transverse electric field components normally induced arecancelled due to the nature of the compensating precessional motionsfor sets of quarks and for pairs of electrons. The total attractive forceof the alternating magnetic fields of various frequencies that remainfrom all particle precessional motions within the Earth is equal to anaccelerating force of exactly 1G at sea level. In other words, gravitationalforce can be explained as caused by the attraction among all matter asa consequence of in-phase magnetic waves.

At any given distance out from the center of the Earth there willnot be perfect phase alignment among the magnetic waves that are allat that exact distance from the center. Instead there will be spin wavesand spin temperature fluctuations of the otherwise perfect phasealignment of these magnetic waves.

These magnetic waves are not the same as the following that youmay find if surfing the internet for “magnetic waves”:

♦ http://www.space.com/news/solarwind.html

♦ http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/solarmag.html

♦ http://www-solar.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~robert/statement.html

♦ http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast08jul99_2.htm

♦ http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/spacesci/swind/swind.htm

♦ http://www.planetary.org/news/articlearchive/headlines/1999/headln-071399.html

♦ http://history.nasa.gov/presrep99/pages/smithso.html

♦ http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast02sep99_1.htm

The difference is that the magnetic waves described in the NASAarticles, as well as the other articles, are waves of changing magneticfield intensity and orientation over periods of perhaps 300 seconds ormore. However, the magnetic waves described in this paper are orientedalong the same direction that the magnetic waves travel, completelytoggle in direction of orientation and toggle at extremely high frequencies.The magnetic waves described in this chapter are radiating outward in

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Diverging Alternating Magnetic Fields

all directions from gravitational centers as opposed to directionssomewhat related to the orientation of magnetic poles of a large bodylike the sun.

The magnetic waves described in this chapter are present betweenall matter all of the time. The waves have associated with them a slightnatural attractive force towards any centers of divergence. As moremass accumulates at these centers this naturally causes the divergenceto increase. These diverging alternating magnetic waves have theattributes we associate with gravity.

250

251

Bibliography

Armstrong, A. H.. An Introduction to Ancient Philosophy.The Newman Press, 1949

Einstein, Albert. Principle of Relativity. Dover Publications, 1924found at: http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/

Feynman, Richard P. Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 2.Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1970

Hawking, Stephen W. A Brief History of Time. New York, NY:Doubleday Dell Pub, 1998

Kittel, Charles. Introduction to Solid State Physics.John Wiley & Sons, 1996

Lerner, Rita G. and George L. Trigg, eds. Encyclopedia of Physics.John Wiley & Sons, 1990

Rajam, J B. Atomic Physics. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 1966

Stanford, Ray. Socorro Saucer, in a Pentagon Pantry.Blueapple Books, 1976

Williams, W. and L. Pearce. The Origins of Field Theory.University Press of America, 1966

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253

Index

2 slit apparatus 1942 slit experiment 462D plane 1942nd law of thermodynamics 1643D space 1753D Space - 3D Time 1683D time 164, 1754th dimension 169

Absolute zero 139Acicular magnetic particle 93, 190Acicular particles 190Acoustic spin 49Acoustic spin waves 68Acoustic vibration 49Acoustic-magnetic resonance 52Adverse affects 220Aether 27Air conditioning 16Air pressure 109Air tank 17Alternating magnetic field 155Ampere 19Ancient Greeks 28Ancient Philosophy 28Angular momentum 181Angular momentum energy 61Anisotropic 84, 93Anisotropic magnetic particles 190

Ankalle, Dramar 131Anomalous energy 202Antenna 113

caduceus coil 219coil 113designs 132loop 121reflecting 123reflector

87, 88, 114, 116, 119, 125, 133, 220Antenna’s inductance 220Antiferromagnetic 101Antigravity propulsion 195Antimatter 173, 178Armstrong, A. H. 28Arrow of Time 163Ashcroft 134Atom 18, 98, 142, 149, 159, 213Atomic lattice

50, 88, 102, 105, 206Attractive forces 139Avalanche 88, 128–129

Bar magnet 206Barium 80, 133Barium Ferrite 49, 54, 68Barometric air pressure 109Barometric pressure gradient

26, 206

254

Beat frequency 88, 121–122Bloch equations 134Bloore, Mark 149Bogie 237, 239

Caduceus coil antenna 219Capacitive coupling 237Capacitor 16, 20Car battery 16Cavity wall 191CEMF 58Chaotic motion 28Charge 16, 26, 206

electric 16Charge, substance of 26Cigar shaped UFOs 69Circular reflector 187Classical electrodynamics

95, 97, 153, 181, 212Classical physics 45Coaxial cable 238Coercive force 83, 127Coercivity 83, 191Coherent

magnons 115, 116precessing electrons 214precession 93, 141, 191spin waves

116, 187, 190, 209, 214Compensated spin 161, 184Compression wave 208, 209Computer simulation 190Condenser 16, 20Conductive sphere 57Contraction, length 215, 217Copper pipe 57Coulomb 19

field 31force 19potential 33

Coulomb’s Law 19Counter electromotive force 238Counter electromotive force (CEMF)

58

Credit card 190Crystal lattice 101Curie temperature 88, 111, 127, 187Current loop 189Cylinder 119

ferromagnetic 115, 120

Dark matter 174DeBroglie 27, 180Dilation, time 215Dipole 111

magnetic 45, 206Dirac 47Diverging magnetic field 247Doppler shift 172Drift current 238Dynabee 98, 181

Easy axis 82, 84Einstein 166Electric

charge 16, 18field 205field energy 26field force 26force 16, 201, 215

Electric field, total 29Electrical appliances 121Electrocaloric effect 109, 111Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,

On the 166Electrogravity propulsion 195Electromagnetic

energy exchanged 213levitation 233propulsion 233theory 233wave 27, 183, 186, 187, 237

Electron 26angular momentum 47, 55–56classical radius 31coherent precessing 214free 137mass 33

255

paired 194, 213paramagnetic resonance

105, 113, 208unpaired

102, 113, 115, 194, 206angular momentum 98, 155in orbitals 179precessing 96, 205precessional phase 160spin 46, 49spin, compensated 82spin resonance 208spin, uncompensated 82, 83structure of 29

Electrostatics 15Ellipsoid cavity 65EM radiation 139EM waves 95, 97, 137

exchanged 83transverse 147

EmissionRF 131stimulated 124

Energyangular momentum 61anomalous 202density 34electric field 26electromagnetic, exchanged 213exchange 194gravitational 39transferred 210 178electromagnetic 101, 107flows 25heat 53, 108, 109, 114, 115local, density 36storage 189thermal 107, 115

Energy levelquantum 179

Energy state 185Entropy 111, 120, 164

lattice 113, 114spin 113, 114

Epoxy 84, 132Exchange coupling 194Exchange energy 156, 194Exchange interaction 99Eye point 194

Faraday’s Law 151, 243Ferrimagnetic 79, 102Ferrite

barium 49, 54, 132, 133crystals 80, 84cubical crystals 81hard 79, 84, 88hexaferrites 81magnetic 79powder 80, 84soft 79, 84, 87

Ferromagnetic 79, 101, 104, 105cylinder 120cylinder of 115material 132resonance 124, 208, 211

Ferrous material 79Feynman, Richard P. 24, 173Field coil 88, 93, 114, 132Field Theory 27Film 124Flying cigar 68Flying saucer 69Flying vehicle 141, 195Flywheel battery 63, 75Flywheel disk 63Football games 119Force

electric 16, 215electric field 26gravitational 140, 248magnetic 215strong nuclear 140, 150

Free electrons 137Free space 237Freon 16

256

Frequencybeat 121fundamental precession 138Larmor 114, 121, 187microwave 190, 209precession 124, 191, 133, 207resonant 220

Fundamental precessionfrequencies 138

Generator rotor 190Gerrard, Steve 69Gravitational

attraction 38energy 39field 39, 175force 140, 248

Gravity140, 147, 149, 153, 154, 158, 159–160, 249

theory of 141Green, Martin (David) 34Guideway 243Gyromagnetic factor 47Gyroscope 104, 183, 186, 207

Halbach, Klaus 74Halbach magnet-array 74Harmonious precessional motion

156, 213Harmony

precessional 138, 203 83, 98, 99, 137–

138, 149, 152, 155Harris, Steven B. 33Hawking, Stephen 163Heat

capacity 107energy 53, 114, 115radiant 187 84

Helmholtz, Hermann von 27, 203Herring, Richard 150, 154Hertz 210

Hurricane 53, 107, 108, 109, 206Hysteresis 88, 127

characteristics 186curve 81loop 81, 84loss 84, 125, 129magnetic 124

Incoherent light 185Inductance

mutual 238self 238

Inductor 84Inertia 182, 195Inhomogeneous field 151Inhomogeneous magnetic field 152Intelligent life 147Interference

pattern 194Iron 79, 133, 206

Juillard, Jérôme 43

Kiln 80Kittel, Charles 105, 134Korostelev, Vladimir 49

Larmor frequency104, 114, 121, 187

Lasercooling 202spin wave 185, 187pulsed 127

Lasing medium 93, 113, 114, 127Lattice

atomic 206entropy 102, 113, 114temperature 111–112, 113vibrations 103

Laws of thermodynamics 53LC tank circuit 116Length contraction 215, 217Lenz’s Law

57, 177, 190, 209, 210, 243

257

Leyden jar 16, 20Light

speed of 167velocity of 167

Light bulb 209, 210Light pulse 165Linear Induction Motor 234, 237Linear Synchronous Motor

234, 237Local energy density 36Loop antenna 121Loop of wire 205Lotus shape 25

Maghemite 80Maglev guide ways 233Maglev rails 233Maglev systems 233Magnet 206

permanent 79, 84Magnet-array 74Magnetic

anomaly 47avalanche 186dipole 45, 183, 206domain 84, 93doping 191energy storage 189flux 206flux density 208force 215hysteresis 124levitation 233moment 132, 183tape 93waves 68, 143, 149, 159, 248

Magnetic field 205alternating 155inhomogeneous 152sweeping 146toggling 138

Magnetic particle 93, 209acicular 190anisotropic 190

Magnetite 80Magnetization reversal 124Magnetocaloric Effect

52, 88, 101, 102, 103, 108,109, 111, 129

Magnon95, 102, 104, 105, 113, 115,119, 124, 130, 183

coherent 115, 116laser 113, 118, 123

Mass 29Matter 173, 178

motion 164phase shifted 175waves 180

Maxwell 203Maxwell model 203Mermin 134Metastability 128Metastable 187

spin 187spin state 186state 124, 185

Microwave frequencies 190, 209Microwaves 128Millikan, Robert A. 20Minkowski space-time 168, 169Molecular dipoles 111Momentum

spin wave 209Motion

chaotic 28precessional 181

Motion in time 167Motionless motor 74Motor

multi-pole rotary 239motionless 74

Motor-generator 75, 209, 210Multi-pole rotary motor 239Mutual inductance 238

Nano-crystal 191, 210, 212NASA 248

258

NeillGreg 153

Neutron83, 99, 142, 149, 159, 195, 213

New Mexico 69Newman, Joseph 202Newsgroup 71, 123, 149NMR 202Nuclear force 140, 150Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 202Nuclear spins 184Nuclear strong force 201Nuclei 213Nucleus 99, 201

On the Electrodynamics of MovingBodies 166

Orbital motion 180, 181Orbital motions 99Orbitals 138

Paired electrons 194, 213Parallel-plate capacitor 34Paramagnetic resonance 113Past and future 175Permanent magnet 79, 84Permanent magnet rotor 71, 209Permeability 178, 237Permittivity 178, 237Permittivity of space 37Perovskites 80Phase

difference 137precessional 208shifted matter 175

Philadelphia Experiment 174Phonon

50, 101, 103, 104, 114, 116, 119, 130Photon

27, 95, 101, 103, 105, 114, 119,129, 138, 183, 185

stimulating 87, 185, 186Physics, classical 45Physics, quantum 46

Podkletnov’s experiments 141Pointlike particle 30Polarity 18Polasek, John C. 37Pop protons 201Population inversion

126, 127, 133, 186Positron 26Power supplies 121Poynting vector 24, 25Precessing electrons 205Precession

angle 47, 97axis 96coherent 141phase 46rate 88synchronized 125synchronized motion 213

Precession frequenciesfundamental 138

Precession frequency87, 104, 124, 133, 191, 207

Precessional harmony 138, 203dis-harmony 47

Precessional motion 137, 181, 195harmonious 213

Precessional phase 141, 194, 208Precessional radiation 140Precessional rotation 195Pressurized air 16Probability waves 180Propagation velocity 237Propulsion

antigravity 195electrogravity 195

Proton83, 99, 142, 149, 159, 195,201, 213

pop 201popping 203

Pulsed laser 127Pusch, Gordon D.

29, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159

259

QED 30Quantum energy level 179Quantum level 153Quantum physics

46, 82, 95, 180, 194Quark

83, 99, 140, 142, 149, 159, 195, 201, 213precessing of 194precessional motions of 27, 248

Radiant heat 187Radiation

EM 139precessional 140thermal 140

Rajam, J B 27Recording tape 84, 132, 190Rectify 121Reflector antenna

123, 220, 113, 114, 116, 119, 125Reflector, circular 187Renormalization 21Renormalized theory 30Resistor 209Resonance

electron paramagnetic 105, 208electron spin 208ferromagnetic 124, 208, 211nuclear magnetic 202 113

Resonant cavity 65, 177, 212ellipsoid 66

Resonant frequency 220RF emissions 131RF signal. 120Rotating magnetic disk 76Rotor

permanent magnet 58, 71, 209solid state 75solid-state 68

Rotor design 71Rust 80

Scattering experiments 33Sea 179

Sea of standing waves 194Self inductance 238SETI project 147Simulation 190SlinkyTM 208, 209Socorro 69Socorro Saucer 69Solid state 134Solid state rotor 75Solid-state rotor 68, 75, 177Southampton UFO Group 69Space, 3D 175Space, compressible, warpable 28Space-time 168Spanner, Michael 31Special relativity 169, 215Speed of light 167Spherical cavity 211Spin

compensated 161, 184metastable 187nuclear 184temperature processes 164entropy 98, 102, 113, 114flip 46, 83states 127temperature 111, 113, 139uncompensated 50, 102

Spin state 186metastable 186

Spin Up, Spin Down 46Spin wave

95, 96, 113, 115, 177, 205, 207, 209coherent 190levitating with 243momentum 97, 190, 209propagation velocity 98resonance 121velocity of 75

Spin wave laser 185, 187Spin-lattice coupling 186Spin-orbit

coupling 103interaction 105

Spinels 80

260

Spiral arms 25Spread spectrum 147Spring, waves in 208Standing waves 179, 180, 182, 241Stanford, Ray 69State

metastable 185Stator coil 73, 210Stator sphere 58, 177Stator windings 209Stern-Gerlach apparatus 154, 158Stern-Gerlach experiment 47Stimulating photons 88, 185, 186Strong nuclear force 140, 150Strontium 80Substance of charge 26Sun 108Superconductive material 211Superconductor test apparatus 141Sweet, Floyd 49, 53Switching power supplies 121Synchronized precessional motion

213Synchronous precessional motion

195

Tank circuit 116Tape

recording 132Temperature

Curie 127, 187 139lattice 111–112, 113spin 111–112, 113

Temperature processes, spin 164Tesla 207The Wave 119Theory of gravity 141Thermal

energy 115, 157motion 101radiation 140

Thermodynamic 107, 108phase changes 108

Thermodynamic system 108

Thermodynamics2nd law of 164

Thin film 124Thomas, Jet 38Thomson, JJ 20Time 178

3D 164, 175Arrow of 163cosmological 163dilation 215motion in 167nature of 163–175psychological 163

Time travel 175Toggling magnetic field 138Transferred energy 210Transmutation 201Transportation compartment 233Traveling waves 241Trim capacitors 220Tuning diodes 87Twister 203

UFO 69, 122Uncle Al 80, 124Uncompensated spin 50, 102Units of measure 16Universe

contract 164expand 164

Unpaired electrons 115, 194Unsolved Mysteries 69

Vehicle 182Velocity of light 167Vortex 28, 202Vortex, eye 25Vortices 28

Warner, Joseph D 82Water 108Water vapor 107Wave 27

acoustic spin 68

261

coherent spin88, 116, 141, 187, 209, 214

compression 208, 209electromagnetic

27, 183, 186, 187, 237EM 95, 97, 137EM, exchanged 83EM, transverse 147magnetic 68, 143, 149, 159, 248magnetic field 147matter 180probability 180spin

96, 113, 131, 177, 205, 207, 209spin, coherent 190spin, momentum 190traveling 116, 241spin 115spin resonance 121standing 220traveling 220

Wave, The 119Waves

sea of standing 194standing

124, 129, 179, 180, 182, 241Weather system, circulating 26, 31Weight loss 141Whirlpools 27Williams, L. Pearce 27Windmill 53Work 210Wrist exerciser 181

Zamora, Lonnie 69

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Summary:Potential of Spin Wave Technology

Signal Processing:There are 2 basic forms of motion of all electrically charged

particles. Either they can change in position or change in spin axisorientation. Much of electronics today is based on the first of these 2forms of motion. Signal processing electronics can be advanced byusing devices based on the propagation of changing spin axis orientations.

Communications:Almost all forms of radio communication today are based on the

radiation of electromagnetic waves from electrically charged particlesthat move back and forth changing position. Communications technologycan be advanced by instead using electromagnetic waves radiated fromthe precessional rotations of electrically charged particles. Fluctuationscan be induced in and propagate through the sea of electromagneticstanding waves among all matter in the universe.

Power Generation:It should be possible to build spin wave lasers and spin wave

electrical power generation devices. It should be possible to absorbsome of the energy present in standing waves among all matter andconvert it to electricity to power electrical equipment. This can beaccomplished through spin wave interactions with the electromagneticstanding waves among all matter.

Propulsion:It should be possible to create and sustain spin wave processes

within a flying vehicle that utilizes a metallic resonant cavity, also servingas a “Faraday cage”. These spin wave processes can be used to shiftthe phase of the precessional motions of all atomic particles of thevehicle and its contents relative to the phase of standing waves radiatedto and from the precessional motions of all external matter. This cancreate electromagnetic forces between vehicle and these standing wavesamong all external matter. Force vectors can be controlled to lift andpropel the vehicle at very high speeds.

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About the Author

George J Bugh grew up on a small ranch-farm in the hill countrynear Austin, Texas. His Father had been an officer in Air ForceIntelligence, working as a district director of the OSI and later workingat the Pentagon before he retired to Austin, Texas. After graduatingfrom high school in 1975, George Bugh also joined the Air Force wherehe became a specialist in the field of flight simulators.

After four years in the Air Force, he attended college and obtaineda bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering technology at the DeVryInstitute of Technology in Irving, Texas. After graduation he wasemployed by a major aerospace company, again working on flightsimulators.

Twenty years later George Bugh is a senior staff electronicsengineer. He works with electronics, electromagnetic devices and testequipment for research and testing of advanced aircraft designs usingflight simulation studies. On his own time he has made it his personalmission to figure out if there could be any truth to claims of excesselectrical power output from many unusual electromagnetic devicesdiscussed on the Web by different inventors. He has spent the lastseven years studying physics, relativity, the nature of time and spinwave processes.

His personal research and theories are not related to his day job.After receiving permission from his day job employer, George Bughhas given the copyrights to his research files to the Vasant Corporation.

Turn back one more page to read a summary of thepotential of spin wave technology.