4 philosophy 2015.pdf

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A S S O C P R O F D R A L I N A A B D R A H I M

F A C U L T Y S C I E N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G Y

U N I V E R S I T I S A I N S I S L A M M A L Y S I A

Chapter 4Scientific Reasoning

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Western Science

principle of parsimony the scientific principlethat things are usually connected in the simplest ormost economical way.

knowledge without predictive tools and which donot allow repeatability (wahyu/ knowledge basedon naqli )- is not recognized as knowledge to the

west

this differentiate between western & Islamicscience

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in the field of worldly knowledge, the process ofinterpretation, experiments and observations willproduce a variety of rules, regulations or theory

This is suitable to acquire knowledge in the physical world of science, using quantitative methods

However, the method based on scientific methods orrational knowledge, cannot be used to study thespiritual world, or the essence and characteristics of

God.

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Analysis and Reductionism

1. Analysis is the activity of breaking an observationor theory down into simpler concepts in order tounderstand it.

2. Reductionism in science can have several differentsenses.

3. One type of reductionism is the belief that all fieldsof study are ultimately amenable to scientificexplanation

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Daniel Clement Dennet (1995)

1. Invented the term greedy reductionism to describethe assumption that such reductionism waspossible

2. He claims that it is just ‘bad science’, seeking tofind explanations which are appealing or eloquent,rather than those that are of use in predictingnatural phenomena

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Islamic Sciences

Empirical knowledge is acquired from knowledgeand facts that can be evaluated and perceived by thehuman senses (visual, auditory, etc)

The mind (aql) functioned as a tool to provideconclusion and evaluation, based on the senses

The foundation of empirical knowledge is based onthe senses, while the rational approach of

knowledge, rely on the mental ability of the mind.

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Inf luence on and by

Islamic (Muslim)

Phi losophy and

where i t f i ts in

regards to other

wor ld p h i losoph ies

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Islamic Science vs secularism

Secular Science-

did not accept metaphysical world & proof of‘naqli’

Science is a human activity, and what affectsscientists will have an effect on science.

One may think that having such unscientificfactors affect theory judgments is bad for science.That may very well be true, but unfortunately

there is no known way to separate the helpfulprinciples (explanatory power etc.) from theunfavorable ones (personal biases etc.) in thesubconscious minds of scientists that make thesetheory judgments.

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Western rationalism depend entirely on the human mind. Islamic science define the limitations and abilities of the human

mind.

The empirical and rational knowledge based from western

approach, should not neglect the element of wahyu, orrevelation, especially when making an interpretation of anyfindings.

Instead, Islamic science must integrate the empirical, rationalapproach with wahyu and the Quranic teachings, to help thehuman mind to decipher and perceive the majestic creation ofthe world through Allah.

Thus increasing faith on the existence of God, Creator of all beings

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Because every human being has their own uniqueset of shaping principles, different scientists (andregular human beings) can look at the exact sameset of data and disagree about which theory mostrationally explains the observations.

Rather than the traditional view that science is to be protected from biases and other imperfectionsof people,

it turns out that science (western science) isinescapably infected with humanness.

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“ Science and Muslim Society” by Nasim Butt

Seminar on “Knowledge & Values” International Federation of Institutes of Advance Study (IFIAS) Stockholm September 1981.Framework for 10 Islamic values :

Tauhid (keesaan Allah)

Khilafah (human as viceregent on this world) Ibadah

‘ Ilm (knowledge)

Halal (Allowed)

Haram (prohibited)

Zhulm (zalim)

Ishtishlah (general benefits, wellbeing/kemaslahatan umum)

Dhiya (transgression / kecerobohan)

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Ukuran Sains Barat (WESTERN

SCIENCE)

Ukuran Sains Islam (ISLAMIC SCIENCE)

Percaya pada rasionalitas

BELIEVE IN RATIONALITY

Percaya pada wahyu

BELIEF OF REVELATION

Sains untuk sains

SCIENCE FOR THE SAKE OF SCIENCE

sains untuk mendapat keridhoan Allah

SCIENCE TO GAIN ALLAH’S BLESSINGS

Satu-satunya metode, cara untuk

mengetahui realitas

ONLY ONE METHOD TO UNDERSTAND

REALITY

Banyak metode berlandaskan akal dan wahyu

MANY METHODS FROM AQL AND WAHYU

Netralitas emosional sebagai prasarat

kunci menggapai

raasionalitas.EMOTIONAL NEUTRALITY

AS A PREREQUISITE TO REACH

RATIONALITY

komitmen emosional sangat penting untuk

mengangkat usaha-usaha sains spiritual maupun

social.EMOTIONAL COMMITMENTS ESENTIAL IN

GAINING SPIRITUAL AND SOCIAL EVENTS

Tidak memihak NON COMMITAL 5.Pemihakan pada kebenaran COMMITMENT

TOWARDS TUTH

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Ukuran Sains Barat (WESTERN

SCIENCE)

Ukuran Sains Islam (ISLAMIC SCIENCE)

Tidak adanya bias NO BIASE BASED ON

OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS

6.Adanya subyektifitas SUBJECTIVITY

Penggantungan pendapat NO OPINION 7.Menguji pendapat TESTING OF OPINION

Reduksionisme REDUCTIONISM 8.Sintesis SYNTHESIS

Fragmentasi FRAGMENTED 9.Holistik HOLISTIC

Universalisme 10.Universalisme

Individualisme 11.Orientasi masyarakat ORIENTATION TOWARDS

SOCIETY

Neralitas VALUELESS 12.Orientasi nilai ORIENTED TOWARDS VALUE

Loyalitas kelompok GROUP LOYALTY 13.Loyalitas pada Tuhan dan makhluknya LOYALTY

TOWARDS ALLAH AND BEINGS

Kebebasan absolut

ABSOLUTE FREEDOM

14.Manajemen sains merupakan sumber yang tidak

terhingga nilainya

MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES

Tujuan membenarkan sarana

THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS

15Tujuan tidak membenarkan sarana

UNACCEPTABLE IF THE METHODS GOES AGAINSTVALUES OF ISLAM

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