4 oa ss - texas children's hospital · • outline the normal progression and timing of...
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Oluyemisi Adeyemi-Fowode Texas Children’s Hospital
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Objectives • Outline the normal progression and timing of pubertal development • Review characteristics of normal and abnormal menses in
adolescent girls • Review probable causes and workup of abnormal uterine bleeding in
adolescent girls • Discuss management of abnormal uterine bleeding associated with
ovulatory dysfunction
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Puberty
Stages of Puberty • Therlache (Breast development) • Pubarche (Pubic hair) • Growth Spurt (Peak height velocity) • Menarche (First menstrual period)
Breast bud
Onset pubic hair
Peak height velocity
Menarche
Adult breast
Adult pubic hair
10.5
11.0
11.4
12.8
14.6
13.7
8 10 12 14 16 18
Age in Years
Mean
Menarche • Age has remained relatively stable
– Menarche: 12 years – 2-3 years after thelarche
• Typically at Tanner stage IV – Rare before Tanner stage III
• Evaluation warranted – Lack of breast development: age 13 – Primary amenorrhea: age 15
ACOG: Menstruation in girls and adolescents: Using the menstrual sign as a vital sign. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Dec;126(6):e143-6.
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Normal Menstrual Cycles in Adolescent Girls
Menarche (median age) 12.43
Mean cycle interval 32.2 days in first gynecologic year Menstrual cycle interval Typically 21-45 days Menstrual flow length 7 days or less Menstrual product use Three to six pads or tampons per day
ACOG: Menstruation in girls and adolescents: Using the menstrual sign as a vital sign. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Dec;126(6):e143-6.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Once menarche is reached, uncommon to remain
amenorrheic for > 90 days • Mean blood loss per period: 30 ml • > 80 ml associated with anemia
Discontinuation of the term Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB) is recommended Limited clinical use!!!!!
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Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Flow requiring changes of menstrual products Q1-2 hrs • Flow lasting > 7 days at a time
Ask the patient to chart her menses
Technology • iOS & Android
– Period Tracker – My Cycles – MonthPal – Pink Pad
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PALM-COEIN Classification System Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Heavy menstrual bleeding (AUB/HMB) • Intermenstrual bleeding (AUB/IMB)
PALM–structural causes Polyp (AUB-P)
Adenomyosis (AUB-A) Leiomyoma (AUB-L) • Submucosal leiomyoma (AUB-LSM) • Other leiomyoma (AUB-LO) Malignancy and hyperplasia (AUB-M)
COEIN–nonstructural causes Coagulopathy (AUB-C)
Ovulatory dysfunction (AUB-O) Endometrial (AUB-E)
Iatrogenic (AUB-I) Not yet classified (AUB-N)
Working group on Menstrual Disorders. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011;113:3-13
Probable Causes of AUB by Age Group
AH James, et al. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 158 (2011) 124-134.
Cause Adolescent (13-19 years)
20-35 years
35-45 years
Peri/post-menopausal
Anovulatory bleeding in the adolescent Bleeding disorder (known or unknown) Chronic menorrhagia with acute deterioration Local pathology eg, fibroid with necrosis or endometrial polyp Adding of a new systemic disease eg, leukemia
Anticoagulant therapy
Postoperative complication
Hypothyroidism
Perimenopausal anovulation
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Irregular Bleeding • STIs • Malignancy • Uterine Lesions • Trauma Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Associated With Ovulatory Dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;122(1):176-85.
Physiologic • Adolescence • Perimenopause • Lactation • Pregnancy
Pathologic • Hyperandrogenic anovulation (eg, PCOS, congenital adrenal
hyerplasia, or androgen-producing tumors) • Hypothalamic dysfunction (eg, secondary to anorexia nervosa) • Hyperprolactinemia • Thyroid disease • Primary pituitary disease • Premature ovarian failure • Iatrogenic (eg, secondary to radiation or chemotherapy) • Medications
Causes of Anovulation
Irregular Menses Panel
• UPT
• FSH/LH/Estradiol
• TSH
• Prolactin
• Testosterone panel
• DHEA-S
• 17-OHP
• Pelvic US
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Excessive Uterine Bleeding • Anovulation
• Von Willebrand’s Disease
• Liver failure
• Malignancy
• Rare hematological conditions – Factor deficiencies – ITP – Aplastic anemia
Excessive Bleeding • Anticoagulation • Trauma
ACOG: Menstruation in girls and adolescents: Using the menstrual sign as a vital sign. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Dec;126(6):e143-6.
Heavy Menses Panel
• UPT
• CBC
• TSH
• PT/INR/PTT
• Fibrinogen
• Von Willebrand panel
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AUB-O • Treatment goals
– Halt abnormal bleeding – Prevent recurrence – Improve QOL – Avert morbidity – Simultaneously provide contraception
• AUB-O is an endocrine abnormality
• Exogenous steroids is an important component
Treatment for AUB-O • Combined Hormonal therapy • Progestin therapy
Combined Hormonal Therapy Combined Oral Contraceptives
Transdermal patches Vaginal ring
Progestin Therapy Progestin only Pills
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate Etonorgestrel Implant Intrauterine Device
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Medical Conditions to Avoid Use of Estrogen • Uncontrolled hypertension
• Severe cardiac valve disease
• Rheumatic disease associated with antiphosphopholipid antibodies
• Migraines with aura
• Severe liver disease
• Personal history of VTE
• Strong family history of VTE
• Breastfeeding
• Major surgery requiring long-term immobilization
U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use
Oral Contraceptive Pills
Typical failure rate: 9%
Kost K et al. Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception (2008) 77 p. 10-21.
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Contraceptive Patch: Ortho Evra®
• A treatment cycle consists of the application of 3 patches for 7 days each, consecutively, with a 7 day patch-free phase
• Decreased efficacy at higher BMI i.e. >198 lbs (90 kg)
Kost K et al. Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception (2008) 77 p. 10-21.
Typical failure rate: 8%
Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate • Depo Provera® 150 mg injected IM or 104 mg
SQ q 12 weeks
• Most common side effects are: – Irregular bleeding – Weight gain – Decreased bone density
Typical failure rate: 7%
Kost K et al. Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception (2008) 77 p. 10-21.
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Long-Acting Reversible Contraception • Contraceptive implants
– Nexplanon®
• Intrauterine devices – Paragard®
– Mirena®
– Skyla®
• Preferred method per AAP, ACOG • Most common side effect is irregular bleeding
Typical failure rate: <1%
Kost K et al. Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception (2008) 77 p. 10-21.