4 middle childhood: growth and development permission granted to reproduce for educational use...
TRANSCRIPT
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Middle Childhood: Growth and Development• First years of school are crucial for
children• Development follows predictable
patterns• Information about development is based
on averages• Slight variations are normal, but
developmental delays should be identified and treated continued
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Middle Childhood: Growth and Development
Stage/Age Erickson’s Psychosocial
Theory
Piaget’s Cognitive
Theory
Infancy Trust vs. mistrust
Sensorimotor
Toddler Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Preoperational
Early childhood
Initiative vs. guilt
Middle childhood
Industry vs. inferiority
Concrete operational
continued
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Middle Childhood: Growth and Development
Stage/Age Erickson’s Psychosocial
Theory
Piaget’s Cognitive
Theory
Adolescence Ego identity vs. ego diffusion
Formal operational
Young adulthood
Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthood
Generativity vs. self-absorbtion
Older adulthood
Integrity vs. despair
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Objective
• Explain the importance of readiness for learning for children entering kindergarten.
© mypokcik/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Beginning School
• Most children start school around age 5• In a kindergarten class, there may be
significant differences between the oldest and youngest students
• Early school years are crucial to brain development and school success
• Full-day kindergartens may provide a smoother transition to first grade
continued
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Beginning School
• Kindergarten readiness skills include– gross-motor skills– fine-motor skills– self-help skills– cognitive skills– social-emotional skills
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
For Discussion
• What do you remember most about your activities in kindergarten? How did these affect your feelings about school?
© Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Objective
• Trace the growth pattern of children during middle childhood.
© Stuart Monk/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Children Ages Five to Seven• Children of this age
– are talkative– are imaginative– love to explore– crave adult approval– can be sensitive– can be cooperative yet competitive
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Objective
• Analyze the physical and cognitive skills required to master a task.
© Anatoliy Samara/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Physical Growth and Development• Growth in height and weight slows
during this period, with an average of– 23 inches per year– 45 pounds per year
• Bodies look longer and leaner• Baby teeth are replaced by permanent
teeth
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Gross-Motor Skills
• Better developed than fine-motor skills• Physical skills makes them feel
independent• Full of energy to run, jump, skip, hop• Activities improve balance and
coordination• Fearlessness may result in accidents• Visual-motor coordination improves
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Fine-Motor Skills
• Hand-eye coordination improves• Dexterity improves• Writing skills are a combination of
cognitive and physical development• Cutting, coloring, building, and playing
electronic games all develop fine-motor skills
• Self-care depends on fine-motor development
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Objective
• Link children’s thinking skills at various ages to Piaget’s stages of development.
© tan4ikk/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Cognitive Development
• Children are– eager to learn– excited about starting school– curious and excited for independence
• They also– have limited attention spans– learn better through experience
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
For Discussion
• How are physical development and cognitive development related at this age?
© Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Thinking Skills
• At age five, children are unable to understand conservation
• They begin to understand around age seven
© Quayside/Shutterstock
continued
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Thinking Skills
• Children at this age begin to understand– sequences of steps– a mix of words, logic, and humor
• Imagination is still vivid– Allows them to express anxiety and conflict
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Language and Reading
• Children identify letters as symbols• Begin to recognize the sounds they
make• Start with letter combinations, then
word combinations• By the end of second grade, many are
competent readers• Children with difficulties at this stage
need extra help
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Objective
• Develop a list of the social skills children must learn.
© Darren Baker/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Social-Emotional Development• Children develop feelings of
competence by learning new skills• Self-confidence grows• They can feel inferior to other children
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Peer Relationships
• Peers become more important• Choice of friends may change often• Form closer one-on-one and group
relationships• Girls usually play with girls, boys
usually play with boys
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Family Relationships
• Children want to please their parents• They respond well to expectations and
rules• Sibling relationships may vary from
helpful to arguments
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
For Discussion
• Why do you think siblings of this age argue often?
© Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Objective
• Explain how the development of self-concept during this period is related to Erikson’s psychosocial theory.
© Forster Forest/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Self-Concept
• Childhood is a critical time for developing self-concept– Positive: act in ways that enhance abilities;
feel capable and worthwhile– Negative: adopt self-defeating behaviors
• Sense of competence results in self-confidence
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Moral Development
• Children this age can– tell the difference between right and
wrong– understand and abide by rules– wait for their turn– share toys– express anger and jealousy in competition
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Children Ages Eight and Nine• Second through fourth grades
– Increased skills– Greater knowledge– Better judgment– Increased independence
• Eight-year-olds are more easygoing than nine-year-olds
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Physical Growth and Development• More individual variation than at
younger ages• Some may begin puberty at eight or
nine• Steady growth continues
– Girls have slightly larger gains than boys
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Motor Skills
• Increased strength• Better body control• Physical activities
help build stamina and confidence
• Hand-eye coordination continues to improve © Cheryl Ann
Quigley/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Cognitive Development
• Learning becomes more complex• May experience a downturn in interest
and enthusiasm in learning• Those who fall behind have a harder
time catching up later as the pace of learning increases
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Thinking Skills
• Longer attention spans• Improved memory• More complex thinking, including
– seriation– classification– conservation– transitivity
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Language and Reading
• Children now focus on meaning– Identify main points– Summarize– Make predictions
© Rob Marmiom/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Social-Emotional Development• Eight- and nine-year-olds mature
rapidly• They can complete more complex
tasks, which gives them self-confidence• They begin to be sensitive to criticism
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Peer Relationships
• Want to be part of a group• Have a best friend• Look for acceptance and loyalty• Begin to show empathy and caring• Exclusion from groups may result in
bullying problems
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Family Relationships
• Focus shifts outside the family• Children may ignore or argue with
parents• Often in conflict with siblings• Need consistent rules and limits
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
For Reflection
• Do you recall your family relationships at this age? How had they changed from when you were younger? Why do you think this was the case?
© Archipoch/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Self-Concept
• Children at this stage want to feel– a sense of belonging– that they are competent
• They are still full of doubts• May criticize others to look better
in comparison
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Moral Development
• Generally remain in Kohlberg’s preconventional level
• May follow rules if they see a benefit to themselves
• Are concerned about fairness
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Children Ages 10 to 12
• Move from elementary to middle school
• Fifth, sixth, and seventh grade
• Often called preadolescents or preteens
© Tracy Whiteside/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Physical Growth and Development• May show early signs of puberty• Growth can be uneven• Girls develop ahead of boys• Can be a time of uncertainty or
growing self-confidence
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Motor Skills
• Muscle strength and reaction time improve
• May now participate in activities that require complex skills
• Fine-motor skills are improved enough to complete complicated projects
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Cognitive Development
• Children must adapt to– multiple teachers– more independent learning– additional homework
• Teaching relies more on verbal explanation– Listening skills– Note taking
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Thinking Skills
• Sequencing and ordering
• Complex memorization• Executive strategies
© Hasan Shaheed/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Language and Reading
• Preteens– know about 40,000 words– use more complex sentences– understand grammar– are often proficient readers
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Social-Emotional Development• Preteens
– struggle with new feelings and expectations
– see themselves as becoming independent– can develop strong bonds with adults
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Peer Relationships
• Crave acceptance, enjoy groups for a sense of belonging
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock continued
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Peer Relationships
• By age 12, interest in the opposite gender
• Opinions of peers are highly valued• Respond enthusiastically to projects to
help others
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Family Relationships
• Preteens may defy parents’ authority• Teens need parents’ time,
understanding, and wisdom• Communication is important• Sibling relationships may be strained
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Self-Concept
• Preteens feel self-sufficient• May not see their own limitations• Often confide in friends rather than
family• Have a strong fear of rejection
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Objective
• Identify the change in moral development that occurs about the end of this period.
© Jaren Jai Wicklund/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
For Reflection
• How did your social-emotional development at age 12 differ from your social-emotional development at age 10?
© Archipoch/Shutterstock
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Moral Development
• Some may still be in Kohlberg’s preconventional stage
• Others are now in the conventional stage– They make decisions based on the desire
to be perceived as “good” or “bad”
• May begin questioning parents’ values
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Key Points• Ages 5-7: steady growth, enthusiastic
learning, building positive self-esteem• Ages 8-9: gain more motor control,
show less enthusiasm for learning, find friends more important
• Ages 10-12: may enter puberty, capable of complex thought, fitting in is very important
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Review• Explain the meaning of conservation.Something can remain the same even if
it appears different.
• ____ is the ability to place objects in order by a characteristic, such as smallest to largest.
Seriation
continued