3.history of modern india_quick revision

8/18/2019 3.History of Modern India_quick Revision

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Chapter 3

Modern India

3.1 Revolt of 1857

Important Themes1. Books

2. Remarks and Assessments3. Leaders

4. Participants For/Against5. Causes of Revolt

6. Causes of Failure7. Impacts

1. BooksHistory of Indian Mutiny T.R.Holms

Indian Mutiny 1857 G.B.Malleson1857 S.N.SenIndian War of Independence, 1857 V.D.Savarkar

History of Sepoy War in India J.M.KayeSepoy War in India its Causes and

Remedies H.Mead

2. AssessmentsDisreli National revoltMallesan National insurrection

Savarkar Indian war of independenceS.B.Chawdhary Rising of the people

Outram Muslim conspiracy exploiting Hindugrievances

Tara Chand The effete order ot recover its departed glory Percival Spear The last effort of the conservativeBipin Chandra Backward looking

R.C.Majumdar Neither First nor National nor War of Independence

Leaders Died fightingKunwar Singh 9th May 1858

Rani Lakshmi Bai 17th June 1858 Tatya Tope 18th April 1859

Son and grandson of Bahadur Shah died fighting at Delhi


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Mirza Mughal

Mirza Khwaja SultanMirza Abu Bakr

Jinat Mahal (Begum) betrayedHugh Rose about Rani “Only man among rebels”

3. LeadersDelhi Bahadur Shah Zafar

Bakht KhanFeruz Shah (Mughal)

Kanpur Nana SahebMd. Azimullah

Tatya TopeRao Saheb

Lucknow Begum Hazrat MahalBijris Kadr (Son of Hazrat Mahal)

Faizabad Maulavi Ahmadullah

Arrah Babu Kunwar SinghAmar Singh (Brother)

Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai

British Commanders

General Mitchel Berhanpur

Lt. Baugh BarrakpurColonel Hersay Barrakpur

Col. Finnis MeerutGen. Hewitt Meerut

Lt. Willoughby Delhi John Nicholson DelhiLt. Hudson Delhi (Killed the Mughals)

Hugh Wheeler KanpurGen Havlock Kanpur and Lucknow

Gen Neill Kanpur, Lucknow, Benaras,Allahabad

John Lawrence Punjab

Outram Lucknow (Resident)Sir Colin Campbell Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly

Hugh Rose JhansiWilliam Taylor Arrah

Vincent Eyr Arrah

Mutinies before 1857

Sepoys of Bengal 1764

Vellore mutiny 1806Barrackpur 1824,1844,1849,1850,1852


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Berhampur 26th Feb 1857

Barrackpur 29th March 1857- 19th N.I24th April 1857- 34th N.I

2nd May 1857- 7th Awadh Regiment10th May- 3rd Cavalry

11th N.I20th N.I

4. ParticipantsFor

PeasantsArtisans

Dispossessed ZamindarsDeposed rulers

Satara (Lapse) Jaitpur

Sambalpur JhansiNagpur

AwadhKanpur

LucknowAgainst (Either neutral or supporters of British)

Regions

East, South, West (Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Punjab)

Classes

IntelligentsiaMerchants of Bombay, Madras, PunjabMoneylenders

Absentee LandlordsZamindars of BengalSoldiers of Punjab and South India

RulersNizam of Hyderabad (Salar Jang)

SindhiaHolkar

Gulab Singh of KashmirBegum of BhopalSir Jang Bahadur of Nepal

Raja of Jodhpur Rajputana Chieftains


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5. Causes of Revolt Exploitation of peasantry Alienation of middle and upper class Annexation of princely states Alien character of British rule Impacts on the sepoys (Religious Disabilities Act) Threat to religion

— Social reform

— Activities of missionaries Abolition of titles and pensions Military causes

— Severe jolt to British army ino First Afghan War

o Anglo-Sikh War

o Crimean War

Santhal Uprising

Immediate cause

Introduction of Enfield rifles (January 57) Pig fat, Beef cartridges

6. Causes of Failure Lack of organisation, discipline, common plan of action,

central leadership, modern weapons and material of war Hostility of many rulers Non-participation of East, South and West Hostility of many classes

o Intelligentsiao Merchanto Capitalists

o Moneylenderso New Zamindars

o Absentee Landlords Selfishness and conflict of many leaders British military superiority End of Crimean War

7. Impact Transfer of power (East India Company to British Crown) Changes in military organisation The ratio between British and Indian Before 57

o 1 : 6


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After 57

o 1 : 2 Bengalo 2 : 5 Bombay and Madras

Introduction of “Divide and Rule” policy The Muslims punished initially and appeased later Policy of annexation was abandoned British turned to most reactionary groups in search of new

friends

3.2 Freedom Movement

Important Themes1. Rise of National Consciousness

2. Economic Impact of British Rule

3. Events between 1885-19054. Events between 1905-19205. Events between 1920-19306. Events between 1930-1940

7. Events between 1940-1947

1.Rise of National Consciousness: Factors Destruction of industries and agriculture English education Communication networks-telephone and rail Unified administrative system Printing Press Racial Discrimination British Policy of Expansion Intellectual awakening:Socio-Religious Reform Movements

2. Economic Impact of British Rule

Deindustrialisation

Depeasantization

Commercialisation of Agriculture

Emergence of rich and poor

3. Events between 1885-1905

Ilbert Bill ControversyIn 1883, CP Ilbert proposed that some native officials should

be empowered to exercise criminal jurisdiction overEuropean subjects in certain parts of India.


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The resulting controversy - the bill was vociferously opposed

by many sections of the Anglo-Indian community. The billwas repealed during Rippon’s Viceroyalty.

Foundation of Congress

Indian National Congress founded by Allan Octavian Humein December 1885 with 72 delegates at Bombay

First President: WC BanerjeeEarly objectives: To seek the cooperation of all the Indians in its efforts. Eradicate the concepts of race, creed and provincial

prejudices and try to form national unity. Discuss and solve the social problems of the country. To request the government, give more shares to the

locals in administrative affairs.Safety Valve Myth

The INC was founded by A O Hume on advice of Dufferin toprovide a peaceful constitutional safety valve for the rising

mass discontent heading towards violent revolution.

4. Events between 1905-1920Partition of Bengal

Curzon decided to reconstitute the provinces of Bengal and

Assam-Western Bengal, with a population of 54 million (42million Hindus and 9 million Muslims); and Eastern Bengal

and Assam with a population of 31 million (12 million Hindusand 18 million Muslims).

The proposal was sent to London in February 1905. TheSecretary of State for India St. John Brodrich sanctioned itin June, and the proclamation of the formation of the new

province was issued in September. The province of Bengaland Assam came into being on October 16, 1905.

Swadeshi Movement

1905 to 1908

Emanated from Partition of BengalMost successful of the pre-Gandhian movements

The failure of the moderate techniques of press campaigns,

numerous meetings, petitions and big conferencesnecessitated the search for new forms-boycott of British

goods, rakhi bandhan, arandham (Ramendra Sunder

Trivedi). Two trends:Constructive Swadeshi

Self help through swadeshi industries, national schools

and attempts at village improvement and organisation.


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Swadeshi industries: Prafulla Chandra Ray, Nilratan

SarkarNational Schools: Satishchandra Mukherjee

Village reorganisation through revival of the traditionalHindu Samaj sketched out by Rabindranath Tagore,

Swadesh Bandhav Samiti of Aswinin Kumar DuttaPolitical Extremism

Objective: Awakening the national consciousness

through individual heroicsAnushilan Samiti, Yugantar weekly, Prafulla Chaki and

Khudiram Bose attempted to kill Kingsford, themegistrate of Muzaffarpur. Barrah dacoity by Pulin Das.

Muslim League

Dec 30, 1906Annual Meeting of Muhammadan Education Conference,

at Dhaka

Chairman Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk

Proposal of All India Muslim Laegue made by Nawab

Salimullah Khan

Headquarters: Lucknow

First President: Sir Aga Khan

Constitution written by Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar knownas “Green Book”

Syed Ameer Ali established a branch in London in 1908

Objectives of Muslim Lague To inculcate among Muslims a feeling of loyalty to theGovernment

To protect and advance the political rights and interests of

Muslims

To prevent the growth of ill-will between Muslims and other

communities

Surat Split1907

Moderates parted company with the Extremists

Extremists’ point of view: The moderate techniques have failed

Moderates’ point of view: The extremism may lead to

lawlessness and will give the British an opportunity to crushall political activities. Thus they are risking the future of thecountry.


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Ghadar Movement

Leaders: Lala Hardayal, Sohan Singh Bhakhna, BhaiParmanand, Harnam Singh Thundilat,

Portland and San Francisco, USA.

Lala Hardayal founded and edited Urdu Gurmukhi weekly “Ghadar” in 1913.The radical movement inspired by Ghadar

came to be known as Gadhar Movement. Thousands inspiredGhadar patriots returned to Punjab in India and attempted to

launch an armed insurrection against foreign rule during thefirst year of World War I.

Komagata Maru IncidentApril 4,1914: journey starts from Hong Kong

September 26, 1914 Journey ends at Calcutta The Komagata Maru was a Japanese steamliner chartered by an affluent businessman, Gurdit Singh, to bring Indian

immigrants to Canada. The ship’s route departed from HongKong, stopped in Japan and then headed to Canada. The ship

was eventually turned back at Vancouver where landing wasrefused, and terminated eventually at Calcutta.

Home Rule MovementIdea of Home Rule originated with Mrs. Besant but BG Tilak

started it before she could . April: 1916 BG Tilak, September1916: Annie Besant

Objective: To attain home rule for India within British empire.

Lucknow Pact

Signed by Indian National Congress and Muslim League atLucknow in 1916. Marked an important step forward in the

Hindu-Muslim unity.

Champaran Satyagraha

Under tinkathia system peasants were forced to grow indigo in3/20 th part of the land. Gandhiji was invited by Rajkumar

Shukla. Gandhi’s visit in April 1917. First met the DistrictCommissioner and planters. They were hostile. Gandhiji was

ordered to leave the area. He disobeyed the order. Was

summoned to court, he pleaded guilty.Later the case wasdropped. Peasants’ statements were collected. Govt finally appointed an enquiry committee, Gandhiji being one of themembers. Tinkathia system was abolished and illegal money


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taken by the planters was partially refunded. First satyagraha

on Indian soil. First major political work of Gandhiji in India.Was carried strictly on the principles of Satyagraha.

Ahmedabad Satyagraha

Dispute between the textile mill-owner and labourers aboutbonus and dearness allowance.Labourers wanted 50% increase,mill-owner was ready to give 20%. Gandhiji thought 35% is

justified. The labourers struck the work 26 Feb 1918. Gandhijisat on fast unto death. The mill-owner agreed for arbitration.

The arbitrator recommended 35% increase in dearnessallowance. The satyagraha was successful. First satyagraha of

industrial workers.Was wholely peaceful. Gave rise to strongGandhian Labour Union.

Kheda Satyagraha22 March 1918 to July 1918. Crop failure due to famine. The

rule permitted suspension of revenue collection if the crop wereless than four anans. According to peasants’ and Gandhiji’s

estimates the crops were less than four annas. The satyagrahastarted. Mohanlal Pandya removed the standing onion crop onGandhiji’s advice. This was the first instance of non-violent

mass civil disobedience.Though peasants’ demands were notmet fully. This was first peasants’ struggle under Gandhiji’s

leadership.

Rowlatt Act Satyagraha

Just ice Rowlatt commit tee appo inted to report to thegovernment the nature and extent of anti-government

activities and to suggest the legal remedies to enable the Govtto suppress those activities.Committee’s recommendations

embodied in two bills:1) Possession of an anti-govt document made illegal

2) Govt officers given sweeping powers The first bill became an act in March 1919. The second couldnot be passed. Satyagraha was organised by Gandhiji.First the

date of hartal was decided as 30th March then postponed to 6th

April.The Civil disobedience was a great success.

Jaliawala Bagh MassacreRawlatt Act Satyagraha leader in Punjab Dr. Satyapal and Dr.Kitchlew were arrested. The procession against their arrest

was fired upon by the police. The crowd became violent and 5-6 English men were killed. General Dyer prohibited meetings


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and gatherigs. A meeting of around 10,000 men and women

was organised peacefully in Jaliawala Bagh on 13th April 1919.General Dyer ordered firing. 1650 rounds were fired. 400

persons died, 1200 were injured.

4. Events between 1920-1930Khilafat Question

During the First World War, Turkey sided with Germany

against the British. The Sultan of Turkey was the Khalifa,the future of Khalifa, therefore, became a matter of concern

for Indian Muslims.The promises made by the British govtwere forgotten after the defeat of Turkey. Turkish Empire

was broken. Indian Muslims felt agitated over this. Gandhijisaw it as an excellent opportunity to forge communal unity,

bring Muslims in the freedom movement and form acommon front against the British. The Khilafat Committeewas formed. It demanded that terms of treaty with Turkey

should be changed to satisfy the Indian Muslims. Gandhisuggested the programme of Non-Cooperation with the

British Government. This programme was adopted by theCommittee in May 1920.

Non-Cooperation

The redressal of injustice of Punjab and Khilafat and theattainment of Swaraj became the key issue. Gandhi

announced the inauguration of Non-violent Non-CoperationMovement on the 1st August 1920. A special session of

Congress in September accepted the programme. The

Nagpur Congress in December 1920 endorsed itenthusiastically. The programme consisted of the following

points:Surrender of titles and honours given by the British

Government, Boycott of law-courts, Boycott of educationalinstitutions, Boycott of councils and elections, Boycott of

foreign cloth, Boycott of Government functions, Picketingof liquor shops, Refusal to get recruited in the army.

Chauri-Chura IncidentOn 5th February 1922 a mob including Congressmen set

fire a police station at Chauri Chaura ,UP killing 22 policemen. Gandhi was shocked and he persuaded Congress to

suspend Non-Cooperation Movement.

Kisan Sabha Movement

1929: Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha founded by Swami Shahjanand


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1936: All India Kisan Sabha, Lucknow

President: Swami Shahjanand

General Secretary: NG Ranga

Aug 1936: Bombay Session: Kisan Manifesto

Dec 1936: Faizpur Session along with Congress

Akali Movement

Led by Kartar Singh Jhabbar, Master Tara Singh and BabaKharak Singh SGPC (Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak

Committee) and Akali Dal was founded.

Agitations:

Nankana Saheb Affair

Keys affair

Akal Takht Toshakhana

Satyagraha at Guru Ka Bagh

Temple Entry Movement

1923: Kakinada Session passed Temple Entry Resolution

Sri Narayana Guru, N.K Asana and T.K Madhvan

1931: Guruvayur Satyagraha led by K.Kelappan A.K. Pillaiand Subrahmanian the “Singing Sword of Kerala”

Movement led by the depressed classes Ezhavas and Pulayas

Swaraj Party

Swaraj Movement differentiated between the Pro-Changersand the No-Changers.

Pro-Changers: CR Das, Moti Lal Nehru, Vitthalbhai Patel,wanted council entry

No-Changers: Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, andVallabhbhai Patel; preferred constructive works and social

reforms

Gaya Session: Council entry resolution of CR Das was

defeated

CR Das and Moti Lal Nehru resigned from Congress andfounded Congress Khilafat Swaraj Party (March 1923)

Revolutionary TerrorismBandi Jeevan written by Sachindra Sanyal

Hindustan Republican Association by Sharat Chandra


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Hindustan Socialist Republican Association by Bhagat

Singh , Bhagvati Charan Vohra, Yeshpal, Rajguru , SukhdevChittagong Armoury raid: Surya Sen

Simon CommissionAn all white commission appointed in 1927 to review the

Indian Council Act of 1919.

Lord Birkenhead commented that Indians are incapable of

creating a workable political framework

Simon Commission was bycotted by all except Justice Party and Unionist Party

All India States Peoples’ Congress

1927: All India States Peoples’ Congress formed by Balwantrai Mehta, Maniklal Kothari and G.R Abhayankar

Till 1938 Policy of non-interference followed by Indian

National Congress

Haripura session declared Purna Swaraj to cover states

1939: Nehru President of AISPC

Delhi Proposals

1927: Jinnah gave the proposals to INC for unity

Ending of separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims

1/3 seats in the centre to be reserved for Muslims

Reserved seats in the centre until universal suffrage wasachieved

Creation of three new provinces-Sind,Baluchistan andNWFP

Residual powers to provinces

Hindu Mahasabha opposed on the following grounds;

No new Muslim majority province

No reservation of seats for Muslims in majority proivnces of Punjab and Bengal

Nehru Report1928: Nehru report contained following main provisions:

Dominion status for India. Federal form of government with residuary powers

vested in the centre.


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Parliamentary form of government headed by a Prime

Minister and six ministers appointed by the GovernorGeneral.

Bi-cameral legislature. No separate electorate for any community. System of weightage for minorities was as bad as that

of separate electorates. Reservation of Muslim seats could be possible only if

Muslim population was at least ten per cent. Muslims should enjoy one-fourth representation in the

Central Legislature. Sindh should be separated from Bombay only if the

Committee certified that it was financially self-sufficient.

The NWFP should be given full provincial status. A new Kanarese-speaking province Karnatic should be

established in South India. Hindi should be made the official language of India.

Jinnah’s 14 Points The form of the future constitution to be federal with

the residuary powers vested in the provinces. A uniform measure of autonomy for all provinces. Adequate and effective representation of minorities in

every province. In the Central Legislative, Muslim representation shall

not be less than one-third. Separate electorate to be continued. Any territorial distribution shall not in any way affect

the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and theNWFP.

Full religious liberty to be guaranteed to allcommunities.

No bill to be passed if three-fourth of the members of any community oppose the same.

Sindh to be separated from the Bombay presidency. Reforms to be introduced in the NWFP and Baluchistan

on the same footing as in the other provinces. Constitution to guarantee Muslims an adequate share

in all the services. The constitution to guarantee the protection of Muslim

culture. No cabinet, either central or provincial to be formed

without one-third Muslim ministers.


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Amendment of Constitution only with the concurrence

of the States.

All Parties Conference

All Parties Conference met in Lucknow in August 1928 to

consider Nehru Report. The radicals rejected it

Buttler Committee Report

1928: British Paramountcy to be retainedNot to be transferred automatically to any dominion

Paramountcy to be exercised directly by the Viceroy andnot Governor-General in Council

Removed relations of Princes with a possible futureGovernment

Irwin Offer1929:After the publication of Simon Report Irwin announced

that the Dominion Status was a natural issue of IndianConstituttional progress. The Round Table Conference was

proposed

Delhi Statements

1929: Made by Gandhi, Motilal, Jawaharlal,Malaviya andLiberals

Accepted Irwin Offer with 4 conditions The principle of Dominion Status to be accepted

immediately INC to have majority representation in the Round

Table Conference

General amnesty to political prisonersPolicy of general reconciliation

Purna Swaraj

On 29th December 1929, Indian National Congress, on aresolution moved by Mahatma Gandhi in the Congress

Session in Lahore took an historic decision. Pt. JawaharlalNehru, who presided over the Congress Session declared

“Purna Swaraj” as the ultimate goal of the Congress andcalled upon all people to observe 26th January every year as

the “Independence Day.”

5. Events between 1930-1940Civil Disobedience Movement

11 Point Ultimatum

31 Jan 1930


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50% cut in army expenses

50% cut in the salary of civil services50% reduction of land revenue

Total prohibition

Changes in Arms Act

Release of political prisoners

Rupee- Sterling ratio to be lowerd

Textile Industry protection

Reservation of coastal shipping for Indians

Abolition of salt tax and govt monopoly

Dandi March12 March 1930 to 6th April 1930

Sabarmati to DandiSalt manufactured illegally

News of arrest of Gandhi led to working class strike inSholapur

Choola Mill workers struck work in Madras

Sarojini Naidu led the Darshana Salt Works Satyagraha

Foreign journalist Webb Miller covered the reports of

Satyagraha

Rajagopalachari led the march from Trichinopoly toVedaranniyam

K Kelappam marched from Calicut to Payannur

Central Provinces led forest Satyagrahas

Participants:

Large-scale participation of women and teenagers

Massive response from business and peasantry

Massive participation of illeterates

Forms:

Illegal manufacturing of salt

Picketing of liquor shops and auctions

No revenue campaign in Bardoli

Forest Satyagrahas in Central ProvinceResignation of rural officials

Refusal of Chaukidari Tax

Prabhat-Pheris and singing of National songs


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Distribution of illegal pamphlets

Vanar Sena of boysManjari Sena of girls (Indira Gandhi’s active association)

Simon Commission Report

May 1930Recommendations:

Responsible govts in the provinces in place of diarchy Emergency powers reserved with Govt

No changes at CentreNo mention of Dominion Status

Round Table Conference I12 November 1930 London

Attendees: All parties except Congress (Congress leadersin jail due to Civil Disobedient Movement)

Total 89 delegates 58 from different communities from

British India and rest from Princely States

Prominent Hindu delegates: Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, Mr.

Jaikar and Dr. Moonje

Gandhi Irwin Pact

The agreement between Gandhi and Irwin was signed on March5, 1931.

1. The Congress would discontinue the Civil DisobedienceMovement.

2. The Congress would participate in the Round TableConference.3. The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to

curb the Congress.4. The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating

to offences not involving violence.5. The Government would release all persons undergoing

sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the CivilDisobedience Movement.

Round Table Conference IISeptember 7,1931, London

Participated by Congress also

Main task of the conference was done by two committeeson federal structure. The communal problem represented

the most difficult issue for delegates. Nehru report wasrejected by the minorities.


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Ottoman Imperial Economic Conference

India conceded lower import duty rates for some Britishcommodities in return for preferential treatment in UK for

raw material exports

Lees-Modi Pact

Preferential treatment to Lanchashire by Bombay , inreturn Lancashire buying more raw cotton from Bombay as

the cotton exports to Japan was on decline.

Communal Award

After the failure of the Second Round Table conference,

British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the‘Communal Award’ on August 16, 1932.

The right of separate electorate to all minority communities

Untouchables declared as a minority- Hindu depressedclasses were given a number of special seats, to be filled

from special depressed class electorates.

Principle of weightage maintained with some modifications

in the Muslim minority provinces.

Principle of weightage applied also for Europeans in Bengaland Assam, Sikhs in the Punjab and NWFP, and Hindus in

Sindh and NWFP.

Poona Pact

24 September 1932

Agreed to by the leaders of Depressed Classes and the rest

of communities

Reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes out of general

electorate seats in the provincial legislatures

Election to these seats to be by joint electorate

Representation of Depressed Classes in the Central

Legislature to be on the principle of joint electorates andreserved seats

Round Table Conference III

November 17, 1932, LondonShort and unimportant. Congress absent. Ended onDecember 25, 1932.


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The re co mmendations of the three Round Table

Conferences were embodied in a White Paper. It waspublished in March 1933, and debated in parliament directly

afterwards, analyzed by the Joint Select Committee andafter the final reading and loyal assent, the bill reached

the Statute Book on July 24, 1935.

Govt of India Act of 1935 A Federation of India was promised The Governor General remained the head of the central

administration The Federal Legislature was to consist of two houses,

the Council of State (Upper House) and the Federal

Assembly (Lower House). The Council of State was to consist of 260 members,

out of whom 156 were to be elected from the BritishIndia and 104 to be nominated by the rulers of princely

states. The Federal Assembly was to consist of 375 members;

out of which 250 were to be elected by the LegislativeAssemblies of the British Indian provinces while 125were to be nominated by the rulers of princely states.

The Central Legislature had the right to pass any bill,but the bill required approval of the Governor General

before it became Law. On the other hand GovernorGeneral had the power to frame ordinances.

The Indian Council was abolished. The Secretary of State was not expected to interfere in

matters that the Governor dealt with, with the help of

Indian Ministers. The provinces were given autonomy with respect to

subjects delegated to them. Diarchy, which had been established in the provinces

by the Act of 1919, was to be established at the Centre.However it came to an end in the provinces.

Two new provinces Sindh and Orissa were created. Reforms were introduced in NWFP as were in the other

provinces. Separate electorates were continued as before.

One-third Muslim representation in the CentralLegislature was guaranteed.

Autonomous provincial governments in 11 provinces,under ministries responsible to legislatures, to be set

up.


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Burma and Aden were separated from India.

The Federal Court was established in the Centre. The Reserve Bank of India was established.

Elections of 1937

Absolute majority in 5 out of 11 provinces for the Congress(Central Province, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and Madras)

Congress Ministries formed in Bombay, Assam and NWFP

Bengal, Punjab and Sind had non-Congress Ministries

Wardha Scheme 1937Basic education through vernaculars

Manual productive work given much importanceSelf-sufficient schools through the sale of their own

manufactures

Village-crafts

6. Events between 1940-1947Pakistan Resolution

1930: Iqbal’s reference to a North West Muslim state

1933: Chaudhary Rehmat Ali and some Cambridge studentsdemanded Pakistan (Punjab, Kashmir, Sind, Baluchistan)

Aligarh scheme of Zafarul Hassan was for four independentstates of Pakistan, Hyderabad, Bengal and Hindustan

1940: Pakistan Resolution was drafted by Sikandar HayatKhan and Fazlul Haq, seconded by Khaliquzzaman

Anti-Compromise ConferenceMarch 1940 at Ramgarh

Organised by Subhash Chandra Bose. He felt that thedifficulty of Britain should be turned into India’s opportunity

August Offer

August 1940

Made by Lord Linlithgo

Dominion status promised but without timeline

Post-war body to enact a constitution subject to sanction by

British Parliament

Immediate expansion of Viceroy’s Council

Defence, Finance and Home to remain with the Britishers

Formation of a War Advisory Council


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Individual Satyagraha

Purposes:Expressing to the people a strong feeling against joining

the war

Giving the British govt an opportunity to peacefully acceptIndian demands

Freedom of speech , especially the right to make anti-warspeech.

17 Oct 1940At Paunar, Vinoba Bhave began the individual Satyagraha

by delivering anti-war speech. Nehru was the second

satyagrahi.

Cripps MissionDeputed by British Parliament in 1942

To contain the political crisis

Headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a Cabinet Minister, knownas a strong supporter of Indian national movement

Prompted by two considerations:

Gandhi’s call for Satyagraha could affect war efforts

Fall of Singapore , Rangoon and Andamans to the

Japanese was threatening the entire fabric of British colonial empire

Cripps Offer:

British Govt to set up an Indian Union within the

British Commonwealth

A Constituent Assembly to be elected by theprovincial legislatures

Constituent Assmbly to negotiate a treaty withBritish Govt

Future right of secession was explicitly stated

Quit India Movement

Reasons:Failure of Cripps Mission

Japanese ThreatBritish attitude towards Indians

Resolution passed on 6 August 1942 at Gowalia Tank , Bombay Massive popular rebellion after the leaders were arrested

Parallel National Governments:Balia: Chittu Pandey


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Tamluk Jatia Sarkar: Satish Samant

Satara Parati Sarkar: Nana PatilUsha Mehta ran an illegal radio station from Bombay

Nehru: Almora JailMaulana Azad: Bankura Jail

Gandhi: Agan Khan Palace

Azad Hind Fauz

Conceived by Mohan Singh in Malay

Formation of INA by Mohan Singh and Niranjan Gill

Assisted by Ras Behari Bose

Reorganised by Subhash Chandra Bose

Singapore and Rangoon two Headquarters

Imphal campaign: Shah Nawaj Khan21 Oct 1943: Azad Hind Government

Rani Jhansi Regiment : Women soldiers

Bombay Plan

Jan 1944

Tata, Birla, Sri Ram and Purushottamdas Thakurdas

Five Year Plans

State initiative in the development of infrastructure

Doubling the per-capita income within 15 years through

quick development of basic industries

Land reforms

Rajagopalachari Formula1944

Muslim League should cooperate with the Congress in theformation of provisional interim government

A commission to be appointed to demarcate the boundariesof the Muslim dominated districts of North West and East of

India.

The people of these districts to decide the issue of separationfrom India through plebiscite

In case of partition the joint safeguarding of defence,commerce, communications and other essential sectors

Gandhi-Jinnah Talks1944


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The Rajagopalachari formula became the basis for the

Gandhi-Jinnah talks to reach a settlement on theconstitutional problem. Jinnah rejected the whole formula

terming it as a maimed, mutilated and moth-eaten one. The main reason was that he was vehemently against the

idea of conducting a plebiscite.

Wavell Plan and Simla Conference1945Background: Failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks, Wavell offered aplan to end the deadlock. He summoned a conference of all

leaders and interests in SimlaPlans:

Leaving Executive Council completely in the hands of

Indians

Giving equal representation to the Muslims and Hindus in

the Council

This to be an interim arrangement till the drafting of newconstitution

Both the plan and the conference failed due to theunreasonable attitude of the Muslim League. Jinnah

wanted that the League alone should choose the Muslimmembers of the Executive Council, which was not

acceptable to the Congress

INA Trials

12th Nov 1945

Trial of Shah Nawaz Khan, PK Sehgal and Gurubaksh Singh

Dhillon

Counsels of defence: Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru,KN Katju, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Asaf Ali

Issues: Abandon trials in the interest of good relationsbetween India and Britain. The main issue was not whether

they were guilty instead the issue was Britain’s right todecide a matter concerning Indians.

RIN Mutiny

18 Feb 1946, Bombay Ratings of HMIS Talwar struck workdue to flagrant racial discrimination, unpalatable food and

abuse after the arrest of BC Dutt who had scrawled QuitIndia on the ship.

19th Feb: HMIS Hindustan in Karachi also mutinied

Muslim League and Congress disclaimed any responsibility for the mutiny.


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Clement Atlee mentioned in the House of Commons that

the rise of Indian National Army and the mutiny in theRoyal Indian Navy were seen from London as warnings that

the time for British withdrawals from Indian shores hadcome.

Cabinet Commission

1946Announced by British Prime Minister Clement Atlee

Members: Pathic Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, AVAlexander

Recommendations:

The provinces to meet in three groups-North West, Eastand the rest

Any province wanting to secede from the Union coulddo so after first elections

The Constitution of the Union to be drawn up by a

Constituent Assembly of 296 members elected on acommunal basis by provincial assemblies and India

states

An interim government to be formed, till the transfer of power and the new constitution was launched

Response:

Congress agreed to participate in election and Constituent

Assembly but refused to join the interim government

The Muslim League approved the plan and expected Viceroy

to call upon an interim govt. But Viceroy refused to do so.TheML withdrew its acceptance

Interim Government

August 12, 1946 Wavell called upon the Congress to formthe interim government. Congress accepted. Initially

League refused but later joined.But League did notparticipate in the Constituent Assembly that met to draft

the constitution.

8 Dec 1946: Constituent Assembly begins its session

Direct Action

16 August 1946 Jinnah withdrew his earlier acceptance to the CabinetMission Plan and fixed 16 th August as Direct Action

day.Calcutta, Noakhali, Garhmukteshwar witnesedcommunal frenzy.


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Atlee’s Announcement

20th Feb 1947 The date of withdrawal from India was fixed as 3rd June

1948

Partition was unavoidable in the face of ConstituentAssembly lacking full support

Mountbatten Plan

Also known as 3rd June Plan

Provisions:

Muslim majority provinces permitted to form separate state

and separate Constituent Assembly

The provinces of Punjab and Bengal to be partitioned

The question of NWFP and the Sylhet district of Assam to

be decided by a plebiscite

A bill was to be introduced in the British parliament to give

effect to these proposals

India Independence Act

As per the Mountbatten Plan a bill was passed in BritishParliament on 18th July 1947 known as Indian Independence

Act.

The Act came into force the same day though it fixed 15th

August 1947 as the date for setting up two Dominions.

The country was partitioned and India became independenton 15th August 1947

1947Integration of States

By 15th August 1947 all states except Kashmir, Hyderabadand Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession with

India. Goa was with Portugese and Pondicherry with French.

3.3 Constitutional Development

Regulating Act of 1772 First intervention to curb the powers of East India Company Court of Directors to inform British Govt all communications

of civil, military and revenue affairs of East India Company

in India Governor of Bengal raised to Governor General Governor General’s council to have 4 members


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Governor General to vote in case of tally of votes by the

members Defence of Bombay and Madras to come under Bengal Civil and Military affairs of all territories and Civil, Military

and Revenue administration of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa

to East India Company Supreme Court established in Calcutta for European

citizens, employee of East India Company and citizens of

Bengal

Act of 1781 Supreme Court given the power to dispense justice to all

citizens of Calcutta taking into consideration the socialand religious customs

Pitts India Act of 1784 Objective: to remove the defects of Regulating Act of 1772 Board of Control constituted comprising 6 commissioners

(Including 2 Cabinet Ministers-Secretary of State and

Chancellor of Exchequer) Secret Committee to replace the Court of Directors for

political and military matters No. of Councillors reduced to 3 Bombay and Madras Presidencies became subordinate to

Calcutta in all matters East India Company could not declare war or peace without

the sanction of the Directors or the Secret Committee Governor General’s position strengthened

Act of 1786 Governor General given power to override his Council –Veto

power

Act of 1788 Full power and supremacy vested in Board of Control in the

matters of East India Company’s administration

Charter Act of 1793 Territorial possessions extended for another 20 years

Written law for the rights of person and property Translation of law books in vernacular languages Governor General’s power to override emphasised


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Charter Act of 1813

East India Company’s monopoly of trade over India ended Charter renewed for another 20 years

Charter Act of 1833 Monopoly of trade with China ended Governor General of Bengal became Governor General of

India Law Member introduced with limited legislative power-Lord

Macuallay first Law Member Governor General of India vested with the powers to regulate

all over India Law Commission constituted-Indian Penal Code and Code

for Civil and Criminal Law enacted President of Board of Control became the Minister of Indian

Affairs East India Company to have only political function Competitive exams to be held for recruitment to the civil

services No discrimination clause-Section 87

Charter Act of 1853 Law Member became the full member of Executive Council Central Legislative Council –1 member from each province,

2 civillians nominated by Governor General, Chief Justice-Ex-officio Chairman

Separation of Executive from Legislative India held in trust for Crown

Government of India Act of 1858 Authority transferred to Crown The President of Board of Control to become the Secretary

of State India Council formed with 15 members to assist the

Secretary of State Executive Council of Governor General enlarged-1

reopresentative from each province, Chief Justice –Ex officioChairman, 4 civilians to be nominated by the Governor

General of India

Indian Councils Act of 1861 Fifth Law Member added to the Executive Council Bombay and Madras got Legislative Council


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K KUNDAN

Imperial Legislative Council to perform the legislative

function (The Governor General Executive Councilperformed two roles-working both as Executive body and

Legislative body) Portfolio system introduced Imperial Legislative Council’s membership 1 representative from each province Chief Justice as Ex-officio Chairman 5 Councillors More than 6 and less than 12 civilians to be nominated by

Governor General

Indian Council Act 1892 Additional Members increased from 10 to 16 2/5 th of the members to be non-official (partly nominated,

partly elected) Non-official members could ask questions, could not

participate in financial legislation

Government of India Act 1909 (Morley Minto Reforms) Additional members increased to 69 (37 official, 32 non-

official) Out of 32 non-official members 5 nominated and 27 elected Election introduced Separate electorate for Hindu and Muslims Function of Imperial Legislative Council Discussion of budget but no voting rights Could ask questions Could move resolutions but veto to the Viceroy No discussion of Foreign Policy and Railway expenditure

Government of India Act of 1919 (Montague Chelmsford

Reforms) Objective: to develop self governing institutions and

progressive realisation of responsible government Dyarchy introduced in provinces-subjects to be shared

between province and centre Reserved subjects, executed by the Govt and the nominated

Executive Council: Land Revenue, Justice, Police, Printing

press, Mines, Factories and Public Service Transferred Subjects under elected ministers: Education,

Health, Agriculture,Local self government and Public

entertainment


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Government of India Act of 1935

Proposed federation with Central Dyarchy Federation to have bicameral legislature-Council of State

and Federal Assembly Federal, Provincial and Concurrent list The residuary subjects with Governor General Dyarchy at states abolished

Indian Independence Act 1947 Jurisdiction of British Parliament to cease from 15th August

1947 New dominion of India and Pakistan to be created Boundaries to be delineated by two boundary commissions Governor General to be appointed in both the dominions

3.4 Education1781: Calcutta Madrasa: Waren Hastings1791: Benaras Sanskrit Colledge, Dunkan

1800: Fort William College, Wellesley 1813: Charter Act of 1813 provision of 1 lakh

rupees for education1817: Calcutta Hindu College, David Hare (English)

Thre e Sans kri t Colleges at Cal cu tt a,

Benaras, Agra1835: Macaulay Minute

1854: Charles Wood’s Dispatch also known as

Magna Carta of Indian EducationDepartment of Public InstructionEnglish for Higher EducationVernacular schools in villages

Universities in Calcutta, Bombay andMadras

Technical Institutes, Teacher’s TrainingInstitutes

Female Education1882-83 Hunter Education Commission

Review of Woods Dispatch, Primary and

Middle Education1882: Punjab University

1887: Allahabad University 1904: Indian Universities Act, Raleigh

Commission1913: Government Resolution on Education Policy


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1917-19: Sadler Universities Commission

1919: Montague Chelmsford Reforms: Central aidto education ended

1929: Hurtog CommitteeImprovement and consolidation of primary

education1937: Wardha Scheme of Basic Education

Zakir Hussein Committee, Emphasis on

productive work1944: Sargeant Plan of Education

Extensive free and compulsary primary education

1948-49: Radhakrishnan CommissionUniversity Education, 12 years pre-

university education,General , liberal andoccupational high school education,Education in concurrent l ist

3.5 British Agrarian ReformsPermanent Settlement

Also called: Jagirdari/Biswadari and Malguzari Settlement

1793

Concluded by Cornwallis (John Shore)

Covered 19% of areas

Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, Benaras and North Carnatic

Features: Was a grand contract between East India Company govt and

Bengal landholders

The Zamindars became proprietors of land having rights of

transfer by way of sale, mortgage or gift

Raiyats had no such rights

Land became private property for the first time

Govt’s income got insured

The assessment based on the past 10 years

No remission in the wake of drought, inundation,

encrochment or depredation by rivers or death or flight of raiyats

Led to the distress sales of land and growth of moneylenders

Turned the actual cultivators into tenants

This system allowed absenteeism


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Exploitative in nature as no limits were imposed for

collection from the raiyats

Mahalwari SettlementMartin Berd (Father of Land Settlement in North India)Covering 30% of areas

Uttar Pradesh, Central Province, Punjab, and North WestFeatures:

A class of intermediary emerged The Mahals to collect the rent for the community

Ryotwari SettlementCovering 51% of areasBombay, Madras and Assam

Thomas MunroCaptain ReidElphinston

ChaplinWignet

DavidsonGoldsmithFeatures:

No intermediary owners were recognised The actual tillers were given transferable rights in their

lands The influencial raiyats emerged as powerful landholders

3.6 Governor Generals and ViceroysGovernors of Bengal

1756-58: Drake1758-60: Robert Clive

1760-65: Vansitart1765-67: Robert Clive

1767-69: Verlest1769-72: Cartier

Governor Generals of India1772-1785 Warren Hastings

Ruhella War

Nandlal AffairFirst Anglo-Maratha WarFirst Anglo-Mysore War

Chait Singh Affair


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Misbehaviour with Begums of Awadh

Impeachment in Britain1786-1793 Lord Cornwallis

Permanent Settlement (John Shore, Jame s Gran t) -8/9 to Go vt 1/9

remained with Zamindar

Administrative Reforms (No gifts, Nobribery, Salary hike)

Judicial Reforms (Sadr Diwani Adalat,Privy Council)

Cornwallis Code: Separation of power

(Revenue and Diwani separated)

Third Anglo-Mysore War

1793-1798 John ShorePermanent settlement of 1793

1798-1805 Wellesley

Subsidiary Alliance (First stateHyderabad 1798)

Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

2nd Anglo –Maratha War

Apprehension of Napolian invasion

Capture of Delhi (1803)

1805-1807 George BorlowSepoy mutiny at Vellore (1806)

1807-1813 Lord Minto Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh

(1809)Charter Act of 1813

1813-1823 Lord Hastings

Nepal War (Treaty of Sagauli)

Third Maratha War

Suppression of Pindaries 1817-18

Subsidiary Alliance with Rajputs(Jodhpur, Udaipur and Jaipur)

Equality right’s assertion againstMughal

Supremacy of East India Company inIndia established

1823-1828 Lord Amherst

Frist Burmese War (1824-26)


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Acquisition of territories in Malay

Peninsula1828-1835 William Bentik

Prohibition of Sati 1829 Rule XVII

Prohibition of Infanticide (female)

Suppression of Thagi (Colonel

Sleeman 1837)

End of discrimination by the Govt

(Charter Act of 1833)

(No discrimination based on religion,place of birth, caste or colour)

Was in favour of complete freedom of press but could not bring a resolution,

Metcafe is credited for freedom of press

1836-1842 Auckland

First Afgan War (1836-42)1842-1844 Ellenborough

Brought an end to Afghan War

Annexed Sind

Forced Sindhia to sign a humiliating

treaty

1844-1848 Lord Hardinge IFirst Sikh War

Treaty of Lahore (1846)

1848-1856 Lord DalhausieSecond Burmese War

Doctrine of Lapse used against

Satara, Jaitpur, Sambhalpur, Baghat,Udaipur, Jhansi and Nagpur. LaterBaghat and Udaipur restored to their

successors

Woods Dispatch

Electric Telegraph 1852

First Railway: Bombay to Thane

(1853) Calcutta to Raniganj

Indian Post Act 1854

Public Work Department founded-

Ganga Canal, Renovation of Grand Trunk Road


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Opening of harbour for international

tradeLight Houses

Widow Remarriage Act

1856-1858 Lord CanningLast Governor General and first

Viceroy

Rule of East India Company came to

an end

Doctrine of Lapse withdrawn

Universities at Calcutta, Bombay and

Madras founded

Idigo riots in Bengal

White Mutiny

Viceroys1858-1862 Lord Canning

IPC of Criminal Procedure Code

passed (1859)

Indian High Court Act (1861) enacted

1864-1869 Sir John Shore

Telegraphic communication openedwith Europe

Bhutan War (1865)

Punjab Tenancy Act

High Courts at Calcutta,Bombay andMadras established (1865)

1869-1872 Lord Mayo

Organised the Statistical Survey of India

Department of Agriculture andCommerce established

Only Viceroy to be murdered in office

by a convict in Andamans in 1872

1872-1876 Lord NorthbrookVisit of Prince of Wales (Later Edward

II)

Kuka Movement of Punjab tookrebellious turn

1876-1880 Lord LyttonKnown in literary circles as “Owen

Meredith”


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Abolition of cotton duties and sales

tax on textiles imported from EnglandFinancial devolution: Provincial Govt

asked to raise their own resources

Famine Commission: RichardStretchy

Royal Titles Act

1877 Delhi Darbar Queen Victoria

visit

Vernacular Press Act

Indian Arms Act

Age limit in Civil Services reducedfrom 21 to 19

2nd Anglo-Afgan War

1880-1884 Lord Rippon

Repeal of Vernacular Press Act

First Factory Act

Financial devolution

Hunter Commission

Ilbert Bill

Local Self Government

1884-1888 Lord Dufferin

Foundation of Indian NationalCongress

Third Burmese War (1885)

1888-1894 Lord Lansdowne The Factory Act of 1891

Indian Council Act of 1892

Durand Commission to define line

between British India andAfghanistan

1894-1899 Lord Elgin II

Santhal Uprising of 1899

Great Famine of 1896-97

1899-1905 Lord Curzon

Police CommissionFamine Commission

Universities Commission


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Indian Coinage and Paper Currency

ActIndian Code of Civil Procedure

Old Monuments Conservation Act

Official Secrets Act

Partition of Bengal

Very negative attitude towardsCongress

1905-1910 Lord Minto

Swadeshi Movement

Foundation of Muslim League

Surat split

Newspapers Act 1908Morley –Minto Reforms

1910-1916 Lord Hardinge II

Annulment of Partition of Bengal

Capital from Calcutta to Delhi

Delhi Darbar and Coronation of George V and Queen Mary

Foundation of Hindu Mahasabha

1916-1921 Lord ChelmsfordLucknow Pact

Constitutional Reforms of 1919

Rowlatt Act

Massacre of Jaliawala Bagh

Saddler Commission

Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

1921-1926 Lord Reading

Chauri-Chaura incident

Moplah rebellion

CPI founded

RSS founded

ICS exams simultaneous from

England and India

The only jew Viceroy

1926-1931 Lord Irwin

Simon Commission

Butler Commision


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Nehru Report

All India Youth CongressPurna Swaraj, Civil Disobedience,

First Round Table Conference

Gandhi-Irwin Pact

Well known as Christian Viceroy

1931-1936 Lord Wellington

Second and Third Round TableConference

Foundation of Congress SocialistParty 1934

All India Kisan Sabha 1936

1936-1944 Lord LinlithgoCongress Ministries and resignation

Foundation of Forward Block (1939)

Deliverance Day by Muslim League(1939)

Lahore Resolution /PakistanResolution 1940

August Offer

Cripps Mission

Quit India Movement

1944-1947 Lord WavellCR Formula

Wavell Plan and Simla Conference

INA Trials and RIN Mutiny

Cabinet Mission

Direct Action Day

5 March 1947- 15 Aug 1947 Lord Mountbatton

3rd June: Plan to partition India wasannounced

7th August: Jinnah left for Karachi

Governor General of Independent India

15 Aug 19447- 21 June 1948 Lord Mountbatton21 June 1948 –25 Jan 1950 C. Rajagopalachari


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3.7 Movements

Important Themes

1. Non-Tribal Movement

2. Tribal Movements

3. Trade Union Movement

4. Caste Movement

5. Peasant Movement

6. Kisan Sabha Movement

7. Party and Organisation

8. Socio-Religious Reform Movement

9. Revolutionary Terrorism

1. Non-Tribal Movements

Year Name Place Leader

1722-99 Kottaboman Tirunelveli Vira Pandya Kottaboman

1804-06 Paiks Orissa Khorda, Jagabandhu

1808-09 Velu Thambi Travancore Velu Thambi

1816 Rao Bharmal Cutch Rao Bharmal

1822-29 Ramosis Poona Chittur Singh, Umaji

1824-29 Kittur Singh Dharwar Chanamma, Rayappa

1825-33 Pagalpanthis Bengal Karam Shah, Tipu

1827-33 Raju Vishakhapattanam Birabhadra Raju

1829-35 Parlakimedi Orissa Jagannath Gajpati,

Narayan Rao

1835-37 Gumsur Ganjam (Orissa) Dhananjaya Bhanj

1827-40 Sambalpur Sambalpur Surendra Sai

1841-42 Satara Satara Narsingh Dattatreya Petkar

1842 Bundela Bundelkhand Jawahar Singh, Madhukar

Sahu

1844-45 Gadkari Maharashtra Krishna Daji Pandit

1839-45 Satvandi Maharashtra Phond Savant

1804-60 Faraizi East Bengal Shariatullah, Muhammad

Musin (Dadu Miyan)

1820-70 Wahabi North India Saiyid Ahmad

1845-72 Kuka Punjab Bhagat Jawahar Mal, Balak

Singh, Ram Singh

1931-32 Palakonda Palakonda Palakonda ruler


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2. Tribal Movements

Year Name Place Leader

1768,1832 Chuar Nanbhum, Barbhum

(WB)

1818-1848 Bhil Khandesh

1820-22,32 Ho Singhbhum

1824-28,29, Kolis Sahyadri hills

1844-48

1829-32 Khasis Khasi hills Tirut Singh, Bar

Manik

1830-39 Singphos Assam

1831-32 Kol Chotanagpur Buddho Bhagat

1840, 1922-24 Koya Rampa (AP) Alluri Sitaram Raju

1846-48,55, Khond Orissa Chakra Bisnoi1914

1855-56 Santhal Rajmahal Sidhu, Kanhu

1858-59 Naikdas Panch Mahal Joria Bhagat

1882 Kachha Naga Chachar (Assam) Sambudhan

1899-1900 Munda Chotanagpur Birsa Munda

1913 Bhil Dungarpur, Banswara Govind Guru

1914-15 Oraon Chotanagpur Jatra Bhagat

1917-19 Thado Kuki Manipur Jadonang, Rani

Gaidinliu

1921-22 Chechun Nallamalla hills Hanumanthu

3. Trade Union Movement Year Development

1875 First Factory Commission

1881 First Factory Act: Protection of Child Labour

1884 2nd Factory Commission

1890 N.M. Lokhande founded “Bombay Mil lhands Association”

1891 2nd Factory Act: Weekly holidays, Fixing of working hours for

women and children

1918 B.P.Wadia founded “Madras Labour Union”

1920 All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) led by Lala Lajpat Rai

1926 Indian Trade Unions Act gave legal status to the Trade Unions

1929 Split of Indian Trade Union Congress into- 1) ITUF: Indian Trade

Union Federation , led by N.M.Joshi 2) RED TUC: Red Trade

Union Congress 1933 Nat ional Trade Union Federat ion (NTUF) led by N.M.Joshi and

R.R.Bakhale

1938 Merger of various Unions: ITUF-NTUF, RED TUC-AITUC


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1941 Essential Services Maintenance Ordinance, prohibited employers

from dismissing the workers without reason 1944 Indian Nat iona l Trade Uni on Congress (INTUC) working on

Gandhian lines

1947 Trade Unions Amendement Act: Recognit ion of Trade Unions

by employers made compulsary

Industriyal Disputes Act: Appointment of conciliation machinery

4. Caste Movement

Name of Place Leaders Remarks

Movement

Justice Tamil Nadu C.N.Mudaliar, Movement of Vellalas,

Movement T.M. Nair, P. Mudaiars, Chettiars,

Thyagraj Chetti Reddis , Kamas, Baligas.

Loyalty to the British govt

for jobs and representation

Self Respect

Movement Tamil Nadu E.V.Ramaswami

Naicker (Periyar),

Kudi Arasu,

C.N.Ann adurai R eje ct ion of Br ah ma n

priests, burning of

M a n u s m r i t i , f o r c e f u l

temple entry, rejection of

religion, propagation of

atheism

Satyashodhak

Samaj MaharashtraJyotiba Phule Dual characteristics-

sanskriti-sation and

mass-based radicalism,against Shetjis and

Bhatjis

Nair Movement K erala C.V .R aman Pi llai, Martand Varma

K.Ramakrishna Pillai, (C.V.RamanPillai),

N.Padmnabh Pill ai Swadeshabhiman

Chander Menon (K.R.Pi ll ai ), Nai r Serv ice

Society (N.P.Pillai)Against

the system of Tarwad and

Sambandhan,Social and

political upliftment of

Nairs

Ezhava Kerala Nanu Asan One Caste, One Religion,

Movement Sri Narayan Guru One God for Mankind

Praja Mitra Mysore C.R.Reddy Lingayata, Vokkaligas,

Mandali Lingayata Education FundAssociation (1905),

Vokkaliga Sangha (1916)

Nadar Move- South Tamil K .Kamraj Sanskritisation and verti-

ment cal mobility, Nadar

Mahajan Sangam (1910)


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Vanniyar North Tamil Sanskritisation and

Movement Imitation,Vanniyar KulaKshatriya

Kaivarta Bengal Jati Nirdharini Sabha,

Movement Mahishyas

Namsudras Bengal

Nambudiris Kerala EMS Nambudiripad Nambudiri Welfare

Association

Mahar Maharashtra Gopal Baba Burning of Manusmriti,

Movement Walangka claim for jobs in army and

govt services

Shahuji Maharaj: Promoted non-brahamanas in govt. jobs

of Kolhapur

Ambedkar’s contributionBole Resolution o f Bombay Legislat ive Assembly

declared all public places open for untouchables,

Peoples’ Education Society, 2nd Mahar Conference

(1927), Independent Labour Party (1937), ScheduledCaste Federation (1942), Labour Member of Viceroy

(1942) Pamphlet-Annihilation of Caste, Bahiskrita

Hitkarini Sabha

Gandhiji’s Contribution All India Anti Untouchability League (1932), Harijan

Sevak Sangh (1932), Harijan Weekly (1933)

5. Peasant Movement

Before 1857

Year Name Place Leaders

1763-1800 Sanyasi Rebellion Bengal Manju Shah, Bhawani

Pathak, Musa Shah, Devi

Chaudharani

1783 Rangpur Uprising Bengal Dirji Narayana 1818-1831 Bhil Uprising Khandesh

1830-31 Mysore Rebellion Mysore Sardar Malla

1831-32 Kol Uprising Singhbhum

1838-51 Faraizi Movement Bengal Hazi Shariatullah, Dadu

Miyan

1836-54 Mapilla Uprising Malabar

1854-56 Khond-Savar Orissa Chakra Bisoi, Radha-

Rebellion krishna Dandsena

1855-56 Santhal Rebellion Santhal- Tilka Majhi, Siddu,

pargana Kanhu

After 1857

Year Name Place Leaders

1859-60 Indigo Riots Bengal Digambar Biswas, BishnuBiswas,Harishchandra

Mukerjee’s Hindu Patriot

and Nil Darpan supported

the peasants’cause


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K KUNDAN

1850-1900 Mooplah/Mappila Malabar Against Jenmi landlords

1873-85 Pabna Bengal Ishan Chandra Roy,Shambhu Pal, Khoodi

Mullah

1875 Deccan Riots Deccan Kunbis against Vanis and

moneylenders

1879 Phadke Movement Maharashtra Social banditry, Daulat

Ramosi took over Phadke

1879-80 Koya Rebellion A.P Tomma Dora

1893-94 No revenue Movemt Kamrup Pushp Ram Kanhar, Saru

Khetri

1899-1901 Birsa Movement Chhotanagpur Birsa Munda

1905 Bijolia Movement Mewar Vijay Singh Pathak,

Maniklal Varma

1917 Champaran Satyagrah Champaran R aj K umar S hukla,

Rajendra Prasad,Anugrah Narayan Sinha,

Mahadev Desai,

J.B .Kr ipalan i, Maul ana

Mazharul Haq Gandhiji

member of enquiry

committee, abolition of

Tinkathia system

1918 Kheda Satyagraha Gujarat Mohanlal Pandya,No

revenue campaign by

Gandhiji and Patel,

temporary suspension of

the revenue collection by

the govt.

1920 Awadh Kisan Movmt Awadh (UP) 1918 UP Kisan S abha

founded by Indra

Narayana Dwivedi, 1920:Nehru, Gauri Shankar

Mishra and Baba

Ramchandra Das founded

Oudh Kisan Sabha1921:

Oudh Rent Act eased the

conditions of peasants

1921 Moplah Rebellion Malabar Kunmuhammad Haji, Ali

Musaliar, Kalathingal

Mammad, Sithi Koya

Than ga l, Im bich i Koya

T h a n g a l , S a i y y i d

Fadl”Black hole of

Podanu” episode-66

Moplah asphyxiated in a

railway wagon

1921 Chirla Parla Movemt Guntur Duggivala Gopal

Krishnayya

1923 Borsad Satyagraha Gujarat Patel against the poll tax

imposed to pay the police


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K KUNDAN

force requisitioned to

suppress Baraiya dacoits 1920s Eka Movemet U P Madari Pasi, against the

Zamindars

1925 Bardoli Satyagraha Gujarat 22% enhancement o f

r e v e n u e , M a x w e l l -

Broomfileld Enquiry

Committee, Kalyanji

Mehta and Kunvarji

Mehta got Patel to

organise a no revenue

m o v e m e n t , G o v t

abandoned revenue

revision, Kaliparaj (Black

people) renamed as

Raniparanj (forest

dwellers)

6. Kisan Sabha Movement

1929: Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha founded by SwamiShahjanand

1936: All India Kisan Sabha, Lucknow

President: Swami Shahjanand

General Secretary: N.G.Ranga

Aug 1936: Bombay Session: Kisan Manifesto

Dec 1936: Faizpur Session along with Congress

NG Ranga

1923: Ryots Association of Guntur

Agricultural Labour Union

1928: Andhra Provincial Ryots Association along with

B.V.Ratnam

1933: Indian Peasants’ Institute

1935: South Indian Federation of Peasants and

Agricultural Labour

1936: All India Kisan Sabh (General Secretary)

Miscellaneous

Baratiya Tal Agitation Karyanand Sharma

Reora Peasant Agitation: Yadunandan Sharma

Labour Swaraj Party Muzaffar Ahmad, Quazi Nazrul Islam,

Qutbuddin Ahmad, Hemant Kumar

Sarkar Annawari Rahul Sankrityayana

Swaraj Thana and Gandhi Daroga Rangpur

Unionist Party Fazlul Hussein


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Praja Party 1929 Akram Khan, Abdur Rahim, Fazlul Haq

Commila Conference Swami Shahjanand Summer Schools of Economics P.C. Joshi, R.D.Bharadwaj, Ajay

& Politics Ghosh

Prafull Sen Gandhi of Arambagh

Baba Raghav Das Gandhi of Gorakhpur

Babar Deva Hero of Baraiyas

Punjab Riyasati Praja Mandal Baba Kharak Singh, Jagir Singh Joga,

Master Hari Singh

Punjab leaders Baba Sohan Singh, Teja Singh

Swatantar,Baba Rur Singh, Bhagat

Singh Bilga, Wadhwa Ram, Bhagwan

Singh Longowalia

Bihar Leaders Swami Shahjanand, Sri Krishna

Sinha,Jamuna Karjee (Saran),Rahul

Sankrityayana Rajasthan Leaders Jai Narayana Vyas (Marwar), Bishnu

Baran Prasad, Motilal Tejawat

Andhra Leaders Venneti Satya Narayana, Dandu

Narayana Raju

7. Party and Organisation

Organisation Founder Year Place

Zamindari Association Dwarkanath Tagore, 1838 Calcutta

(Landholders’ Society) Radhakant Dev

Britisch India Society William Adam 1839 London

British Indian Dwarkanath Tagore 1851 Calcutta

Association

Madras Native Association 1852 MadrasBombay Association Jagannath Shankar Shet 1852 Bombay

East India Association Dada Bhai Nauroji 1866 London

National Indian Mary Carpenter 1867 London

Association

Poona Sarvajanik Sabha S.H.Chiplunkar 1870 Poona

G.V. Joshi,M.G.Ranade

Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose 1872 London

Indian Association Anand Mohan Bose 1876 Calcutta

Surendra Nath Banerji

Madras Mahajan Sabha G.S. Aiyar 1884 Madras

P. Anandacharlu

M.Viraraghavachariar

Bombay Presidency Pherojshah Mehta 1885 Bombay

Associaton R.T.TelangBadruddin Tyabji

All India Harijan Sabha Gandhiji 1932

All India Scheduled Ambedkar

Caste Federation


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Aligarh School Chirag Ali, Altaf Hussain

Hali Nazir AhmadMaulana Shibli Nomani

Sabarmati Ashram Gandhiji 1916

Khilafat Committee Muhammad Ali

Shaukat Ali

Maulana Azad

Hakim Azmal Khan

Hasrat Mohani 1920

Punjab Naujawan

Bharat Sabha Bhagat Singh 1926

Congress Socialist Party Acharya Narendra Dev

Jai Prakash Narayan 1934

All India Kisan Sabha Swami Shahjanand 1936

Saraswati

Indian Organisations in Foreign Countries

India House Shyamji Krishna Verma 1904 London

Abhinav Bharat Dadabhai Nauroji 1906 London

Inidian Independence Taraknath Das 1907 USA

League

Gadhar Party Lala Hardayal

Mohammad Barkatullah

Bahgawan

Ram Chandra

Sohan Singh Bhakna 1913 USA

Indian Independence Lala Hardayal

League Virendra Chattopadhyay 1914 Berlin

Indian Independence Raja Mahendra Pratap 1915 Kabul

League Indian Independence Ras Behari Bose 1942 Tokyo

League

Indian National Army Mohan Singh (conceived)

Azad Hind Fauz Ras Behari Bose (assisted) Singapore

Subhas Chandra Bose 1943 Rangoon

(reorganised) Tokyo

8. Socio-Religious Reform Movement Prarthana Samaj Atmaram Pandurang

Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Saraswati

Brahm Samaj Rajaram Mohan Roy

Bharatiya Brahm Samaj Keshav Chandra Sen

Sadharan Brahm Samaj Anand Mohan Bose, Shivnath

Shashtri

Atmiya Sabha Rajaram Mohan Roy

Satya Shodhak Samaj Jyotiba Phule

Tatwabodhini Sabha Debendra Nath Tagore

Theosophical Society Madam Blavatski


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Young Bengal Movement Henri Luis Vivian Derozio

Ved Samaj K. Shridharlu Naidu Samaj Samata Sangh B.R.Ambedkar

Bahiskrita Hitakarini Sabha B.R.Ambedkar

Rahnumai Mazdan Sabha Dadabahi Nauroji, Furdonji, S.S.

Bengali

Khudai Khidmatgar Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

Praja Mitra Mandali C.R.Reddy

Dev Samaj Satyanand Agnihotri

Sri Narayana Dharm Paripalan Samiti Sri Narayana Guru

Widow Remarriage Society D.K.Karve

Pramhamsa Sabha Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar

Ramkrishna Mission Swami Vivekanand

Servants of India Society Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Hindu Mahasabha Madan Mohan Malviya Muslim Lague Aga Khan, Mohsin-ul-Mulk,

Salimullah

Bhil Seva Mandal Amritlal Bittaldas

Indian Social Reformer K.N. Natrajan

Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

Vedanta College Rajaram Mohan Roy

W omen’s Indian Association Lady Sadashiv

Haridwar Gurukul Lekhram, Munshiram, Swami

Sradhanand

Mahila Arya Samaj Pandita Rama Bai

Bethun School Drink Water Bethun

Deccan Education Society G.G.Agarkar

Scientific Society Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

Vishwa Bharti Rabindra Nath Tagore

Shanti Niketan Rabindra Nath Tagore

Central Hindu College Annie Besant

Devband School Md. Kasim, Nanabatai, Ashir Ahmad,

Gankohi

Mahila Mahavidyalaya D.K. Karve

Hindu College David Hare

Mohemden Literacy Society Abdul Latif

Revolutionaries

Calcutta Anushilan Samiti Pramotha Mit tar, Jatin Mukherjee,

Varindra K.Ghosh

Nationalist Party Lal, Bal, Pal

Dal Khalsa Kapoor Singh

Bharat Mata Society Ajit Singh

Dhaka Anushilan Samiti Pulin Das

Bandhav Samiti Ashwini Kumar Dutta

Abhinav Bharat V.D.Savarkar


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Free India Madam Cama

All India Trade Union Congress M.N.Roy

Forward Block Subhash Chandra Bosh

FICCI Ghanshyam Das Birla, Thakur Das

Mazdur Kisan Party Mirajkar, Joglekar, S.V.Ghate

Krishak Praja Party Akram Khan

Unionist Party Fazl Hussain

Labour Party Niharendu Datta Mazumdar

Anjuman-e-Mohivan-e-Vatan Ajit Singh

Khaksar Party Inaytullah Khan Mashriq

Azad Muslim Conference Allah Baksh

9. Revolutionary Terrorism

Name of case Year Place Person convicted

Rand and Airs 1897 Pune Chapekar brothers

Assasination case Damodar Chapekar

Balakrishna Chapekar

Alipur Conspiracy Case

Kingsford’s murder case 1908 Mujaffarpur Khudiram Bose

Prafulla Chaki

Jackson Assacinat ion 1909 Nasik Anant Kanheri

Colonel Vaili 1909 London Madan Lal Dhingra

Assasination

Delhi Bomb Case 1912 Delhi Ras Behari Bose

Hardinge’s murder Vasant Kumar

attempt case Sachindra Sanyal

Hindustan Republican

Army 1924 Sharat Chandra

Tegart assasination 1924 Calcutta Gopinath Saha

Hindustan Socialist

Republican Army 1928 Delhi Bhagat Singh

Bhagvati Charan Vohra

Yashpal

Sukhdev

Rajguru

Kakori Case 1927 Kakori Ramprasad Bismil

Maulvi Ashfaqullah

Saunder’s Murder Case 1928 Lahore Bhagat Singh

Rajaguru

Sukhdev

Chandrashekhar Azad

Assembly Bomb Case 1929 Delhi Bhagat SinghBatukeshwar Dutta

Chittgong armed raid 1930 Chittgong Surya Sen

General Dyer Murder 1940 London Udham Singh

Case


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3.8 Miscellaneous

Important Themes1. Dailies/Journals2. Titles & Honours

3.National Commissions4.Congress Sessions

1. Dailies/Journals

Indian Sociologist Shayamji Krishna Varma

Socialist S.A.Dange

The Congress Sociali st Ram Manohar Lohia

Sanjivani Krishna Kumar Mitra

Bharat Shramjivi Shashipad Banerjee

Sandhya Brahmobandhav Upadhyaya

The Commonweal Annie Besant

Bande Matram Arvind Ghosh

Don Prafulla Chandra Roy, S.C.

Mukherjee

Tr ibune Lala Harkisan Lal

Peshwa Ajit Singh

Soma Prakash Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Pakhtoon Badshah Khan (Khan A.G.Khan)

Darpan Bal Shashtri Jambekar

Tatvabodhini Patrika Devendra Nath Tagore

Indian Mirror Keshav Chandra Sen

Young India Mahatma Gandhi

Harijan Mahatma Gandhi

Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi

Al Hilal Maulana Azad

Zamindar Shirazuddin Muhammad

Comrade Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Sudharak Gopal Ganesh Agarkar

United India G.S.Aiyar

Swadesh Mitran G.S.Aiyar

Motherland Maulana Majharul Haq

Dinbandhu N.M.Lokhande

Swarajya T.Prakasham

The Kal Paranjape

Bombey Chronicle Pherojshah Mehta

Sulabh Samachar Keshav Chandra Sen

Nation Gopal Krishna Gokhle

New India Bipin Chandra Pal


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The Independent Motilal Nehru

The Voice of India Dada Bhai Nauroj i The Advocate of India Dada Bhai Nauroj i

Hindustan, Abhyudaya, K isan, Madan Mohan Malv iya

Maryada, Leader

Yugantar Varindra K.Ghosh

Bengali Surendra Nath Banerjee

Punjabi, Devipul Lala Lajpat Rai

Mahrtta, Kesari Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Bengal Gazette James Augustus Hickey

Bengal Gazeti Harichandra Ray

Mirat-ul-Akhbar Rajarammohan Roy

Bangaduta Rajarammohan Roy, Dwarkanath

Tagore

Rast Goftar Dada Bhai NaurojiHindu Patriot Girish Chandra Ghosh

Amrit Bazar Patrika Shishir Kumar Ghosh

Bang Darshan Bankim Chandra Chaterjee

Statesman Robert Night

National Paper Devendra Nath Tagore

Desh Rajendra Prasad

Hindu G.Subrahmanyam Aiyar

Prabhakar Lokhitvadi

Nibandhmala Vishnu Shashtri Chiplukar

2. Titles & Honours

Rashtrapita, Bapu, Mahatma Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi

Grand Old Man of India Dada Bhai Nauroji

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Punjab Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule

Nightingale of India Sarojini Naidu

Man of Peace Lal Bahdur Shashtri

Frontier Gandhi Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

Lokhitvadi Gapal Hari Deshmukh

Deshbandhu Chitranjan Das

Dinbandhu Andrewj

Badshah Khan Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

Shaheed-e-Azam Bhagat Singh

Quyad-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bosh

Anna C.N.Annadurai

Badha Jatin Jatin Mukherjee

Rajaji C.Rajagopalachari


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Mahamana Madan Mohan Malviya

Iron Man Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Chachaji Jawaharlal Nehru

Guruji M.S.Govalkar

Gurudev Ravindra Nath Tagore

J.P. Jai Prakash Narayan

Sher-e-Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai

Socrates of Maharashtra M.G.Ranade

3. National Commissions

Name of Commission Year Subject

Amini 1778 Revenue

Inam 1852 Land Measurement

Smith 1861 Famine Campbel 1867 Famine

Strechi 1880 Famine

Hunter 1882 Education

Atkinson 1886 Civil Service

Nicholson 1892 Cooperative Institutions

Opium 1893 Opium

Hershel 1893 Mint

Lyall 1898 Famine

McDonel 1901 Famine

Scott 1901 Irrigation

Raleigh 1902 Education

Frazer 1902 Police

Dutta 1905 Price Eslington 1912 Civil Service

Mcnegal 1914 Finance

Holland 1916 Industry

Sadler 1917 Education

Lee 1923 Civil Service

Echcap 1923 Education

Screen 1925 Army

Buttlar 1927 State-Centre relationship

Simon 1927 Indian Council Act of 1919

Linlithgo 1928 Agriculture

Maxwell Bloomfield 1928 Bardoli

Lindsay 1929 Education

Hurtog 1929 Education Wheitley 1929 Labour

Sapru 1934 Unemployment

Hemond 1935 Election


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Niemer 1936 Finanace

Nehru 1938 Planning

Cleid 1940 Tebhaga

4. Congress Sessions

Year Venue President Remarks

1885 Bombay W.C.Banerjee Attended by 72 delegates

1886 Calcutta Dada Bhai Nauroij

1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji First Muslim President

1888 Allahabad George Yule First English President

1889 Bombay William Wedderburn Elected twice

1890 Calcutta Pherojshah Mehta

1891 Nagpur P.Anandacharlu

1892 Allahabad W.C.Banerjee II nd term

1893 Lahore Dada Bhai Nauroji II nd term

1894 Madras Alfred Webb

1895 Poona S.N.Banerjee

1896 Calcutta M.Rahimatullah Vande Matram sung for

the first time (Bankim)

1897 Amravati C.Shankaran Nair

1898 Madras Anand Mohan Bose

1899 Lucknow R.C.Dutta

1900 Lahore N.G.Chandravarkar

1901 Calcutta D.E.Wacha Attended by Gandhiji for

the first time

1902 Bombay Hasan Imam

Ahmedabad S.N.Banerjee

1903 Madras Lal Mohan Ghosh

1904 Bombay Henry Cotton

1905 Benaras Gopal Krishna Gokhle Anti partition resolution

1906 Calcutta Dada Bhai Nauroji Swaraj resolution

1907 Surat Ras Behari Ghosh Congress split

1908 Madras Ras Behari Ghosh Congress Consti tution

framed

1909 Lahore Madan Mohan Malviya

1910 Ahmedabad William Wedderburn II nd term

1911 Calcutta Pandit B.N.Dhar

1912 Bankipur R.N.Madholkar

1913 Karachi Syed Muhammad Bahadur

1914 Madras Bhupendra Nath Basu

1915 Bombay Satyendra Prasanna Sinha 1916 Lucknow Ambika Charan Majumdar Muslim League and

Congress joint session

1917 Calcutta Mrs. Annie Besant First woman President


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1918 Bombay Hasan Imam Special Session

Delhi Madan Mohan Malviya Liberal split 1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru

1920 Calcutta Lala Lajpat Rai Special Session

Nagpur Vijayraghavachariar Congress Constitution

changed, Non-cooperation

resolution passed

1921 Ahmedabad Chitranjan Das He was in prison

Hakim Ajmal Khan Act ing Pr esi dent

1922 Gaya Chitranjan Das Swaraj Party formed

1923 Delhi Maulana Abul Kalam Special Session Youngest

Azad President

Coconda Muhammad Ali

1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi-Das pact

1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu First Indian woman 1926 Gauhati G.Srinivas Iyangar

1927 Madras M.A.Ansari Independence resolution

passed for the first time

1928 Calcutta Pandit Motilal Nehru All India Youth Congress

1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru Purna Swaraj resolution

1930 No sessi on

1931 Karachi Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel F unda ment al R ight s,

Economic Policy

1932 R. Amrilal Session banned

1933 Calcutta J.M.Sengupta Session banned

1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad Congress Socialist Party

1935 Rajendra Prasad

1936 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru Socialist, Congress

Parliamentary Board

1937 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru First time in village

1938 Haripura Subhash Chandra Bose Indep enden t S tat es

included in movement

1939 Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose Forwar d Block formed,

Bose resigned, Rajendra

Prasad took over

1940 Ramgarh Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

1941-45 No Sessions

1946 Meerut Acharya J.B.Kripalani

1948 Jaipur Pattabhi Sitaramaiya

1. Foreign Presidents

George Yule, William Wedderburn, Alfred Web, Henry Cotton2. Women Presidents

Annie Besant, Sarojini Naidu


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3. Elected Twice

WC Banerjee, William Wedderburn, Ras Behari Ghosh, MaulanaAbul Kalam Azad, Subhash Chandra Bose, Rajendra Prasad

4. Elected Thrice

Dada Bhai Nauroji (1886, 1893, 1906)5. 4 times

Jawaharlal Nehru (1929, 1930, 1936, 1937)6. Special Sessions

1918, 1920 and 19237. No sessions

1930, 1935, 1941-45

3.history of modern india_quick revision

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