3g 06 phy layer spec

7/30/2019 3G 06 Phy Layer Spec

1/251


2/251

2

Table of ContentsTraditional Sequential ASIC Design Flow

WCDMA Network Architecture

Physical Layer General Description

Multiplexing and Channel Coding (MCC)

WCDMA Uplink Physical LayerWCDMA Downlink Physical Layer

Compressed Mode

Site Selection Transmit Diversity


3/251


4/251

4

Communications Hardware Design Flow

Floating Point Simulation

Fixed Point Simulation

System Specifications

RTL Coding

Function Verification

1. Perfect Receiver

2. Synchronization

3. Channel Estimation

4. Channel Decoding

5. De-Interleaving

6. Performance should meet

system requirements.

1. Hardware cost limits

precision of received signal.

2. Hardware architecture

should be considered.

3. Performance is worse thanfloating point simulation.

1. RTL:Register Transfer Level

2. Verilog/VHDL


5/251

Wireless Information Transmission System Lab.

National Sun Yat-sen UniversityInstitute of Communications Engineering

WCDMA Network Architecture


6/251

6

Network Elements in a WCDMA PLMNUu Iu

USIM

ME

Cu

UE

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node B

RNC

RNC

Iub Iur

UTRAN

MSC/VLR GMSC

SGSN GGSN

HLR

Core Network

PLMN, PSTNI SDN, etc.

Internet

ExternalNetworks

PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network. One PLMN is operated by a single operator.


7/251

7

User Equipment (UE)The UE consists of two parts:

TheMobile Equipment(ME) is the radio terminal used for

radio communication over the Uu interface.The UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) is a smartcardthat holds the subscriber identity, performs authenticationalgorithms, and stores authentication and encryption keys and

some subscription information that is needed at the terminal.UTRAN consists of two distinct elements:

TheNode B converts the data flow between the Iub and Uuinterfaces. It also participates in radio resource management.

TheRadio Network Controller(RNC) owns and controls theradio resources in its domain (the Node Bs connected to it).RNC is the service access point for all services UTRAN

provides the core network (CN).


8/251

8

WCDMA System ArchitectureUMTS system utilizes the same well-knownarchitecture that has been used by all main 2nd

generation systems.The network elements are grouped into:

The Radio Access Network (RAN, UMTS Terrestrial RAN =UTRAN) that handles all radio-related functionality.

The Core Network (CN) which is responsible for switchingand routing calls and data connections to external networks.

Both User Equipment (UE) and UTRAN consist of

completely new protocols, which is based on the newWCDMA radio technology.

The definition of CN is adopted from GSM.


9/251

9

HLR (Home Location Register) is a database located in

the users home system that stores the master copy of

the users service profile.The service profile consists of, for example, information on

allowed services, forbidden roaming areas, and Supplementary

Service information such as status of call forwarding and thecall forwarding number.

It is created when a new user subscribes to the system.

HLR stores the UE location on the level of MSC/VLR and/orSGSN.

Main Elements of the GSM Core

Network


10/251

10

MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center /

Visitor Location Register) is the switch (MSC) and

database (VLR) that serves the UE in its currentlocation for circuit switched services.

The MSC function is used to switch the CS transactions.

The VLR function holds a copy of the visiting users serviceprofile, as well as more precise information on the UEs

location within the serving system.


Network


11/251

11

GMSC (Gateway MSC) is the switch at the point whereUMTS PLMN is connected to external CS networks.

All incoming and outgoing circuit switched connections gothrough GMSC.

SGSN (Serving GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Support Node) functionality is similar to that ofMSC/VLR, but is typically used for Packet Switched(PS) services.

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) functionality isclose to that of GMSC but is in relation to PS services.


Network


12/251

12

InterfacesCu Interface: this is the electrical interface between the USIM

smartcard and the ME. The interface follows a standard

format for smartcards.

Uu Interface: this is the WCDMA radio interface, which is the

subject of the main part of WCDMA technology. This is also

the most important open interface in UMTS.

Iu Interface: this connects UTRAN to the CN.

Iur Interface: the open Iur interface allows soft handover

between RNCs from different manufacturers.

Iub Interface: the Iub connects a Node B and an RNC. UMTSis the first commercial mobile telephony system where the

Controller-Base Station interface is standardized as a fully

open interface.


13/251



WCDMA Physical Layer General Description(3G TS 25.201)


14/251

14

Establishes the characteristics of the layer-1

transport channels and physical channels in the

FDD mode, and specifies:

Transport channels

Physical channels and their structure

Relative timing between different physical

channels in the same link, and relative timingbetween uplink and downlink;

Mapping of transport channels onto the physical

channels.

Physical channels

and mapping of

transport channels

onto physical

channels (FDD)

TS

25.211

Describes the contents of the layer 1 documents

(TS 25.200 series); where to find information; a

general description of layer 1.

Physical Layer

general description

TS

25.201

3GPP RAN Specifications


15/251

15

Establishes the characteristics of the spreading and

modulation in the FDD mode, and specifies:

Spreading;

Generation of channelization and scrambling codes;Generation of random access preamble codes;

Generation of synchronization codes;

Modulation;

Spreading and

Modulation (FDD)

TS

25.213

Describes multiplexing, channel coding, and

interleaving in the FDD mode and specifies:

Coding and multiplexing of transport channels;

Channel coding alternatives;

Coding for layer 1 control information;

Different interleavers;

Rate matching;

Physical channel segmentation and mapping;

Multiplexing and

Channel Coding

(FDD)

TS

25.212



16/251

16

Establishes the characteristics of the physicallayer measurements in the FDD mode, and

specifies:

The measurements performance by layer 1;

Reporting of measurements to higher layers andnetwork;

Handover measurements and idle-mode

measurements.

Physical LayerMeasurements

(FDD)

TS25.215

Establishes the characteristics of the physical

layer procedures in the FDD mode, and specifies:

Cell search procedures;Power control procedures;

Random access procedure.

Physical Layer

Procedures

(FDD)

TS

25.214



17/251

17

General Protocol ArchitectureRadio interface means the Uu point between User Equipment (UE)

and network.

The radio interface is composed of Layers 1, 2 and 3.

Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Medium Access Control

Transport channels

Physical layerContro

l/Measurem

ents

Layer 3

Logical channels

Layer 2

Layer 1


18/251

18

General Protocol ArchitectureThe circles between different layer/sub-layers indicate

Service Access Points (SAPs).

The physical layer offers different Transport channels to

MAC.

A transport channel is characterized by how the information is

transferred over the radio interface.

MAC offers different Logical channels to the Radio

Link Control (RLC) sub-layer of Layer 2.

A logical channel is characterized by the type of information

transferred.


19/251

19

General Protocol ArchitecturePhysical channels are defined in the physical layer.

There are two duplex modes: Frequency Division

Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).In the FDD mode a physical channel is characterized bythe code, frequency and in the uplink the relative phase

(I/Q).In the TDD mode the physical channels is alsocharacterized by the timeslot.

The physical layer is controlled by RRC.


20/251

20

Service Provided to Higher LayerThe physical layer offers data transport services to higherlayers.

The access to these services is through the use of transportchannels via the MAC sub-layer.

The physical layer is expected to perform the following

functions in order to provide the data transport service:1. Macrodiversity distribution/combining and soft handover

execution.

2. Error detection on transport channels and indication to higher

layers.

3. FEC encoding/decoding of transport channels.

4. Multiplexing of transport channels and demultiplexing of

coded composite transport channels (CCTrCHs).


21/251

21

Service Provided to Higher Layer5. Rate matching of coded transport channels to physical

channels.

6. Mapping of coded composite transport channels on physicalchannels.

7. Power weighting and combining of physical channels.

8.

Modulation and spreading/demodulation and despreading ofphysical channels.

9. Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronisation.

10. Radio characteristics measurements including FER, SIR,

Interference Power, etc., and indication to higher layers.

11. Inner - loop power control.

12. RF processing.


22/251

22

Multiple AccessUTRA has two modes, FDD (Frequency Division

Duplex) & TDD (Time Division Duplex), for operating

with paired and unpaired bands respectively.FDD: A pair of frequency bands which have specified

separation shall be assigned for the system.

TDD: A duplex method whereby uplink and downlinktransmissions are carried over same radio frequency by

using synchronised time intervals.

In the TDD, time slots in a physical channel are divided intotransmission and reception part.


23/251

23

Physical Layer MeasurementsRadio characteristics including FER, SIR, Interference

power, etc., are measured and reported to higher layers

and network. Such measurements are:1. Handover measurements for handover within UTRA.

Specific features being determined in addition to the

relative strength of the cell, for the FDD mode the timingrelation between cells for support of asynchronous soft

handover.

2. The measurement procedures for preparation for handover

to GSM900/GSM1800.

3. The measurement procedures for UE before random

access process.


24/251

24

Transport Channels

Transport channels are services offered by Layer 1 tothe higher layers.

A transport channel is defined by how and with whatcharacteristics data is transferred over the airinterface.

Two groups of transport channels:

Dedicated Transport Channels

Common Transport Channels


25/251

25

Transport Channels


DCH Dedicated Channel (only one type)

Common Transport Channels divided between all or agroup of users in a cell (no soft handover, but some of themcan have fast power control)

BCH: Broadcast ChannelFACH: Forward Access Channel

PCH: Paging Channel

RACH: Random Access Channel

CPCH: Common Packet Channel

DSCH: DL Shared Channel


26/251

26


There exists only one type of dedicated transportchannel, the Dedicated Channel (DCH)

The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is a downlink or uplinktransport channel.

The DCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over

only a part of the cell using e.g. beam-formingantennas.

DCH carries both the service data, such as speech

frames, and higher layer control information, such ashandover commands or measurement reports from theterminal.


27/251

27


The content of the information carried on the DCH isnot visible to the physical layer, thus higher layer

control information and user data are treated in the sameway.

The physical layer parameters set by UTRAN may vary

between control and data.Possibility of fast rate change (every 10 ms)

Support of fast power control.

Support of soft handover.


28/251

28

Common Transport Channel

Broadcast Channel (BCH) -- mandatory

BCH is a downlink transport channel that is used to

broadcast system and cell specific information.BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell.

The most typical data needed in every network is the

available random access codes and access slots in the cell,or the types of transmit diversity.

BCH is transmitted with relatively high power.

Single transport format a low and fixed data rate for theUTRA broadcast channel to support low-end terminals.


29/251

29


Paging Channel (PCH) -- mandatory

PCH is a downlink transport channel.

PCH is always transmitted over the entire cell.

PCH carries data relevant to the paging procedure, that is,

when the network wants to initiate communication with the

terminal.The identical paging message can be transmitted in a single

cell or in up to a few hundreds of cells, depending on the

system configuration.


30/251

30


Random Access Channel (RACH) -- mandatory

RACH is an uplink transport channel.

RACH is intended to be used to carry control informationfrom the terminal, such as requests to set up a connection.

RACH can also be used to send small amounts of packet

data from the terminal to the network.The RACH is always received from the entire cell.

The RACH is characterized by a collision risk.

RACH is transmitted using open loop power control.


31/251

31


Forward Access Channel (FACH) -- mandatory

FACH is a downlink transport channel.

FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a partof the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas.

FACH can carry control information; for example, after arandom access message has been received by the base

station.FACH can also transmit packet data.

FACH does not use fast power control.

FACH can be transmitted using slow power control.There can be more than one FACH in a cell.

The messages transmitted need to include in-bandidentification information.


32/251

32


Common Packet Channel (CPCH) -- optional

CPCH is an uplink transport channel.

CPCH is an extension to the RACH channel that is intended tocarry packet-based user data.

CPCH is associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink

which provides power control and CPCH Control Commands(e.g. Emergency Stop) for the uplink CPCH.

The CPCH is characterised by initial collision risk and by

being transmitted using inner loop power control.

CPCH may last several frames.


33/251

33


Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) -- optional

DSCH is a downlink transport channel shared by several UEs

to carry dedicated user data and/or control information.The DSCH is always associated with one or several downlink

DCH.

The DSCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only apart of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas.

DSCH supports fast power control as well as variable bit rate

on a frame-by-frame basis.


34/251

34

Transport Channel

YesYesYesYesYesNoSuited for

bursty data?

Medium or

large data

amounts.

Medium or

large data

amounts.

Small or

medium data

amounts.

Small data

amounts.

Small data

amounts.

Medium or

large data

amount.

Suited for:

NoNoNoNoNoYesSoft

Handover

YesYesYesNoNoYesFast Power

Control

Shared

between

users.

Shared

between

users.

Fixed codes

per cell.

Fixed codes

per cell.

Fixed codes

per cell.

According to

maximum bit

rate.

Code

Usage

Uplink, onlyin TDD.

DownlinkUplinkUplinkDownlinkBothUplink/

Downlink

USCHDSCHCPCHRACHFACHDCH

Shared ChannelsCommon ChannelDedicated

Channel

Mapping of Transport Channels onto


35/251

35

Transport Channels

DCH

RACH

CPCH

BCH

FACH

PCH

Physical Channels

Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)

Collision-Detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH)

Unmapped

Mapping of Transport Channels ontoPhysical Channels

Interface Between Higher Layers and


36/251

36

TFI Transport Block

Transport Block

Transport Ch 1

TFI Transport Block

Transport Block

Transport Ch 2

TFCI Coding & Multiplexing

Physical ControlChannel

Physical DataChannel

TFITransport Block &

Error Indication

Transport Block &Error Indication

Transport Ch 1

TFITransport Block &

Error Indication

Transport Block &Error Indication

Transport Ch 2

TFCIDecoding &

Demultiplexing

Physical ControlChannel

Physical DataChannel

Physical Layer

Higher Layer

Interface Between Higher Layers andthe Physical Layer


37/251

37

Transport Format Indicator (TFI)

The TFI is a label for a specific transport format within a

transport format set.

It is used in the inter-layer communication betweenMAC and L1 each time a transport block set is

exchanged between the two layers on a transport

channel.

When the DSCH is associated with a DCH, the TFI of

the DSCH also indicates the physical channel (i.e. the

channelisation code) of the DSCH that has to be listenedto by the UE.


38/251

Mapping of Transport Channel to


39/251

39

In UTRA, the data generated at higher layers iscarried over the air with transport channels, which are

mapped in the physical layer to different physicalchannels.

The physical layer is required to support variable bitrate transport channels to offer bandwidth-on-demand services, and to be able to multiplex severalservices to one connection.

The transport channels may have a different number

of blocks.Each transport channel is accompanied by theTransport Format Indicator (TFI).

Mapping of Transport Channel toPhysical Channel

Mapping of Transport Channel to


40/251

40

The physical layer combines the TFI information

from different transport channels to the Transport

Format Combination Indicator (TFCI).TFCI is transmitted in the physical control channel.

At any moment, not all the transport channels are

necessarily active.

One physical control channel and one or more

physical data channels form a single Coded

Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCh).

Mapping of Transport Channel toPhysical Channel



41/251

f y


Multiplexing and Channel Coding( 3G TS 25.212 )


42/251

42

Table of Contents

Overview of MCC

Transport channel related terminologies

UL-MCC

DL-MCC

Some examples


43/251

43

Overview of MCC

MCCmultiplexing and channel coding

Encoding data stream from MAC and higher layers to offer

transport services over the radio transmission link

Map transport block data into physical channel data

Operations performed in MCC

CRC attachment

Channel coding

Interleaving

Radio frame equalization/segmentation

Rate matching

Transport channel multiplexing

Mapping to physical channels


44/251

44

Overview of MCC

Multiplexing and channel coding (MCC) is

a key procedure in 3GPP PHY to support QoS

requirements from upper layersMCC interfaces with the 3GPP MAC layer by transport

channels (TrCHs)

Different QoS requirements may assign to differenttransport channels

Transport channels are processed and multiplexed into

one or more physical channels (PhCHs) by MCC


45/251

45

UL Multiplexing and Channel Coding


46/251

46

DL Multiplexing and Channel Coding

Transport Channel Related


47/251

47

Transport block

Transport block set

Transport block size

Transport block set size

Transmission time interval (TTI)Transport format

Transport format set

Transport format combination

Transport format combination set

pTerminologies



48/251

48

Transport block

A basic unit exchanged between L1 and MAC

Transport block setA set of transport block exchanged between L1 and MAC

at the same time instance in the same transport channel


Size of transport block


Size of transport block set

Transport block TrCH1Transport block

Transport block

Transport block

Transport block

Transport block

pTerminologies



49/251

49

Transport formatFormat of definition for the delivery of transport block set during aTTI (transmission time interval)

Format containsDynamic part



Static partTransmission time interval

Error protection

Channel coding type (1/2,1/3convolutional, turbo,no cc)

Rate matching parameterCRC size (8bit, 12bit, 16bit, 24bit, no CRC)

Ex:{320bits, 640bits}, { 10ms, convolutional code, ratematching parameter = 1, 8bits CRC }

pTerminologies



50/251

50

Transport format set

The set of transport formats associated to a transport channel

Transport block set size and transport block size can bedifferent in a transport format set

All other parameters are fixed in a transport format set

Ex:{ 40bits, 40bits } , { 80bits, 80bits }, { 160bits, 160bits }

{ 10ms, convolutional code, rate matching parameter = 1,

8bits CRC }

Terminologies



51/251

51

Transport format combination

L1 multiplexes several transport channels into one physical

channelTransport format is a combination of currently valid transport

formats of different transport channel

Examples:DCH1: {20bits, 20bits}, {10ms, convolutional code, rm=2}

DCH2: {320bits, 1280bits}, {10ms, turbo code, rm = 3}

DCH3: {320bits, 320bits}, {40ms, convolutional code, rm= 1}

Terminologies



52/251

52

Transport format combination set

A set of transport format combination

Ex:Combination 1

DCH1{20bits, 20bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits} DCH3{320bits,320bits}

Combination 2

DCH1{40bits, 40bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits} DCH3{320bits,320bits}Combination 3

DCH1{160bits, 160bits}, DCH2{320bits, 320bits} DCH3{320bits,320bits}

Static part

DCH1: {10ms, convolutional code, rm=2}DCH2: {10ms, turbo code, rm = 3}

DCH3: {40ms, convolutional code, rm = 1}

Terminologies

Transport Channel Relatedl


53/251

53

CRC = 16bitsCC = 1/3

TTI = 40ms

CRC = 12 bitsCC = 1/3

TTI = 20ms

No CRCCC = 1/3

TTI = 20ms

No CRCCC = 1/2

TTI = 20ms

AMR TFCS example

NTRCHa=81 NTRCHb=103 NTRCHc=60

NTRCHa=39

NTRCHa=0

NTRCHb=0

NTRCHb=0

NTRCHc=0

NTRCHc=0

NTRCHd=148

NTRCHd=148

NTRCHd=148

Transport format set aTransport format set b

Transport format set cTransport format set d

Transport format

combination 1

Transport formatcombination 2Transport formatcombination 3

Terminologies

Transport Channel RelatedT i l i


54/251

54

TFCS is defined every radio link setup

Each TF can change every TTI indicated by higher layer

Receiver will be noted via TFCI bits in DPCCH

Pilot

Npilot bits

TPC

NTPC bits

Data

Ndata bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

1 radio frame: Tf= 10 ms

DPDCH

DPCCHFBI

NFBI bitsTFCI

NTFCI bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k

bits (k=0..6)

Terminologies

UL MCC


55/251

55

UL-MCC

CRC attachment

TrBk concatenation / code block segmentation

Channel codingRadio frame equalization

1st interleaving

Radio frame segmentationRate matching

TrCH multiplexing

Physical channel segmentation2nd interleaving

Physical channel mapping

UL MCC


56/251

56

UL-MCC

CRC-attachment

For error detection

gCRC24(D) = D24

+ D23

+ D6

+ D5

+ D + 1gCRC16(D) = D

16 + D12 + D5 + 1

gCRC12(D) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1

gCRC8(D) = D8

+ D7

+ D4

+ D3

+ D + 1

TrBk

TrBk

UL MCC


57/251

57

UL-MCC

TrBk concatenation

Code block segmentation

Input block size of channel encoder is limited

convolutional coding : 504 bit max

turbo coding : 5114 bit max

The whole input block is segmented into the same smaller size. Filler bits

are added to the last block

TrBkTrBk CRC

CRCTrBk CRC TrBk CRC

1498 bits 500 bits 500 bits 498 bits

2 filler bits

UL MCC


58/251

58

UL-MCC

Channel coding

For error correction

Turbo-codeHigher error correction capability, long decoding latency

Rate = 1/3

Convolutional codeLower error correction capability, short decoding latency

Rate = 1/2 or 1/3

UL MCC


59/251

59

UL-MCC

Usage of coding scheme and coding rate

No coding

1/3Turbo coding

1/3, 1/2CPCH, DCH,

DSCH, FACH

RACH

PCH

1/2Convolutional codingBCH

Coding rateCoding schemeType of TrCH

Convolutional Coding in WCDMA


60/251

60

Convolutional Coding in WCDMA

Output 0G0 = 557 (octal)

InputD D D D D D D D

Output 1

G1 = 663 (octal)


Output 0

G0 = 561 (octal)

Input

D D D D D D D D


(a) Rate 1/2 convolutional coder

(b) Rate 1/3 convolutional coder

Turbo Coder in WCDMA


61/251

61

Turbo Coder in WCDMA

xk

xk

zk

Turbo codeinternal interleaver

xk

zk

D

DDD

DD

Input

OutputInput

Output

xk

1st constituent encoder

2nd constituent encoder

UL MCC


62/251

62

UL-MCC

Concatenation of encoded blocks

Radio frame size equalization

301 301Code block

After CC, rate 1/2602 16 602 16

ConcatenationOf encoded blocks

1236

Assume TTI=8, 1236/8 = 154.5,So we add 4 to let it can be divided by 8

1236 4Radio frame sizeequalization

UL-MCC


63/251

63

UL-MCC

1st interleaving is an inter-frame interleaving scheme

Interleaving period is one TTI

10, 20, 40, 80 ms=> 1, 2, 4, 8 columns in the interleaving matrix

1st interleaving including three steps

write input bits into the matrix row by rowperform inter-column permutation based on pre-definedpatterns (according to the TTI)

read output bits from the matrix column by column

UL-MCC


64/251

64

UL-MCC

Input bits

STEP 1

Write input bits

row by row

0 2 1 3

STEP 2

Inter-column

permutation

STEP 3

Read output bits

column by column

1st interleaving:

Rate Matching


65/251

65

Rate Matching

Rate matching performs after radio frame

segmentation (per 10ms data)

Nij: number of bits in a radio frame before RM on TrCH iNdata,j: total number of bits that are available for the

CCTrCH

RMi: rate matching attribute for transport channel i

Ni,j:number of bits that should be repeated/punctured ineach radio frame on TrCH i

=

=

=I

mjmm

jdata

i

m

jmm

ji

NRM

NNRM

Z

1,

,

1

,

,

INZZN jijijiji ,...1,iallfor,,1,, ==

Rate Matching


66/251

66

Rate Matching

Example

Assume 3 TrCH

N0

= 30, RM = 10

N1 = 100, RM = 12

N2 = 20, RM = 13

If Ndata = 180

Z1 = floor(300*180/1760) = 30 := 0Z2 = floor((300+1200)*180/1760) = 153 :N1 = 23

Z3 = floor((300+1200+260)*180/1760) = 180 :N2 = 7

If Ndata = 130

Z1 = floor(300*130/1760) = 22 :N0 = -8Z2 = floor((300+1200)*130/1760) = 110 :N1 = -12

Z3 = floor((300+1200+260)*130/1760) = 130 :N2 = -10

Rate Matching


67/251

67

Rate Matching

How could we decide which bits should be punctured/repeated?

Determine of eini, eplus, eminus

e = eini

m = 1

do while m < Xi (input bit length before RM)

e = eeminus -- update error

if e


68/251

68

Rate Matching

Example: eini=3, eminus=2, eplus=5

(Puncturing case)

Variable e: 3 1 -1 4 2 0 5 3 1 -1 4 2 0 5 3

Input bits: 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

Output bits: 0 X 0 X 1 0 X 1 X 0

0100100110 001010RM

+5 +5 +5 +5

UL-MCC


69/251

69

UL MCC

TrCH multiplexing

Serially multiplex different transport channels into a codedcomposite transport channel (CCTrCH)

Physical Channel Segmentation

If more than one physical channel (spreading code) is used,physical channel segmentation is used.

2nd interleavingIntra-frame interleaving

Similar with 1st interleaving, but with C2 = 30

Physical channel mappingMap CCTrCH to one or multiple physical channels

UL-MCC


70/251

70

L

TrCH1

TrCH2 TrCH3

TrCH1

TrCH1

TTI=2 TTI=2

TrCH2 TrCH2

TTI=4

TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3Radio frame

segmentation

Rate matching TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3

TrCH multiplexing TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3

CCTrCH2nd interleaving

Physical channel mapping

PhCH

PhCH

c1

c2

DL-MCC


71/251

71

1. CRC attachment

2. TrBk concatenation / code block segmentation

3. Channel coding

4. Rate matching

5. 1st insertion of DTX indication

6. 1st interleaving

7. Radio frame segmentation8. TrCH multiplexing

9. 2nd insertion of DTX indication

10. Physical channel segmentation11. 2nd interleaving

12. Physical channel mapping

Rate Matching


72/251

72

g

Since DL rate matching is performed before TrCH

multiplexing, the RM does not know TF of other

transport channel

TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3

TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3

TrCH1

PhCH size PhCH size

?

?

?

RM in UL case RM in DL case

Rate Matching


73/251

73

g

2 solutions in DL-RM

Fixed position

Use the maximum Ni in TFS i for all i as the data size before RMCalculate forNi as in UL case

Flexible position

Find maximum RMi*Ni,j for all combination j

Calculate forNi

Rate Matching


74/251

74

g

TFCS exampleCombination 1: DCH1{20bits, 20bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits}

DCH3{320bits,320bits}

Combination 2: DCH1{40bits, 40bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits}DCH3{320bits,320bits}

Combination 3: DCH1{160bits, 160bits}, DCH2{320bits, 320bits}

DCH3{320bits,320bits}

Assume RM1 = RM2 = RM3 = 100 (same importance)

Fixed positionChoose N1=160, N2=1280, N3=320 to calculate forNi

Flexible positionChoose N1=40, N2=1280, N3=320 to calculate forNi (combination 2)

Rate Matching


75/251

75

Normal mode

For frames not overlapping with transmission gap

Compressed modeFrames overlapping with transmission gap

Frame structure of type A

Frame structure of type B

Slot # (Nfirst - 1)

TPC

Data1TFCI Data2 PL

Slot # (Nlast + 1)

PL Data1TPC

TFCI Data2 PL

transmission gap

Slot # (Nfirst - 1)

TPC

Data1TFCI Data2 PL

Slot # (Nlast + 1)

PL Data1TPC

TFCI Data2 PL

transmission gap

TPC

Rate Matching


76/251

76

Compressed mode by puncturing

Use rate matching algorithm to generate available space fortransmission gap

We insert p-bits corresponding to the transmission gap lengthand will be removed later

Using slot format A

Compressed mode by reducing the spreading factor by 2Using slot format B (reduce spreading factor by 2) to increaseavailable transmission bits

Compressed mode by higher layer schedulingHigher layer schedule the transmission dataUsing slot format A

DTX Insertion


77/251

77

Since the rate matching output is to match the maximum

bit number of each TrCH, DTX (discontinuous

transmission bits) should be inserted to match the realbit number after TrCH multiplexing

TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3

TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3

Before RM

After RM

TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3TrCH MUX

PhCH size

DTX

Physical Channel Mapping


78/251

78

One radio frame, Tf= 10 ms

TPC

NTPC bits


Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k

bits (k=0..7)

Data2

Ndata2 bits

DPDCH

TFCI

NTFCI bits

Pilot

Npilot bits

Data1

Ndata1 bits

DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH

Detail Issues in MCC


79/251

79

Why RM is done after 1st interleaving and radio frame

segmentation in UL ?

Although transport format for the individual TrCH changesonly once per TTI, combination of TrCHs may be different in

each frame

Rate matching shall be done on a frame-by-frame basis to

dynamically assign PhCH resources

Therefore, radio frame segmentation is performed before rate

matching

Detail Issues in MCC


80/251

80

But, why RM is done before 1st interleaving and radio

frame segmentation in DL ?

PhCH resources are pre-assigned by the upper layers in DL

Rate matching must be done before 1st interleaving since

DTX insertion of fixed position shall be performed after rate

matching and before 1st interleaving

Rate matching parameters are still calculated on a radioframe basis

Some Examples


81/251

81

UL DCH example

UL 12.2 kbps data

UL 64/128/144 kbps packet data

UL 384 kbps packet data

TrCH multiplexing

12.2 kbps data + 3.4 kbps data

64 kbps data + 3.4 kbps data

DL DCH example

DL 12.2 kbps data

DL 64/128/144 kbps packet data

TrCH multiplexing

12.2 kbps data + 3.4 kbps data

UL 12.2 kbps data


82/251

82

T r C h # aT r a n s p o r t b l o c k

C R C a t ta c h m e n t *

C R C

T a i l b i t a tt a c h m e n t *

C o n v o l u t i o n a lc o d i n g R = 1 /3 , 1 /2

R a te m a tc h i n g

N T r C H a

N T r C H a

3 * ( N T r C H a+ 2 0 )

T a i l

8N T r C H a + 1 2

1 s t i n t e r l e a v i n g

1 2

R a d i o f ra m es e g m e n t a ti o n

# 1 a

T o T r C h M u l tip l e x in g

T r C h # b

N T r C H b

N T r C H b

3 * ( N T r C H b+ 8 * N T r C H b/ 1 0 3 )

T a i l

8 * N T r C H b/ 1 0 3N T r C H b

T r C h # c

N T r C H c

N T r C H c

2 * ( N T r C H c+ 8 * N T r C H c/ 6 0 )

T a i l

8 * N T r C H c/ 6 0N T r C H c

# 1 c # 2 c

R a d i o f ra m ee q u a l i z a t i o n

3 * ( N T r C H a+ 2 0 ) 3 * ( N T r C H b+ 8 * N T r C H b/ 1 0 3 ) 2 * ( N T r C H c+ 8 * N T r C H c/ 6 0 )1 1

# 2 b # 1 b # 2 b

3 * ( N T r C H a+ 2 0 ) + 1 *

N T r C H a / 8 1 3 * (

N T r C H b + 8 * N T r C H b/ 1 0 3 ) + 1 * N T r C

2 * ( N T r C H c+ 8 * N T r C H c/ 6 0 )

# 1 a

N R F a N R F a N R F b N R F b N R F c N R F c

# 2 b # 1 b # 2 b # 1 c # 2 c

N R F a + N R M _ 1 a N R F a + N R M _ 2 b N R F b + N R M _ 1 b N R F b + N R M _ 2 b N R F c + N R M

_ 1 c

N R F c + N R M _

2 c

N R F a = [ 3 * ( N T r C H a+ 2 0 ) + 1 * N T r C H a /8 1 ] /2N R F b = [ 3 * ( N T r C H b+ 8 * N T r C H b/ 1 0 3 )+ 1 * N T r C H b/1 0 3 ] /2

N R F c = N T r C H c+ 8 * N T r C H c/ 6 0

* C R C a n d t a i l b i t s f o r T rC H # a i s a tt a c h e d e v e n i f N T r C h a = 0 b i ts s in c e C R C p a r i ty b i t a tt a c h m e n t f o r 0 b i t tr a n s p o r tb l o c k i s a p p l i e d .

UL 64/128/144 kbps data


83/251

83

T r a n s p o r t b l o c k

C R C a tt a c h m e n t

C R C

T u r b o c o d i n g R = 1 /3

R a te m a tc h i n g

3 3 6

3 3 6 1 6

3 5 2 * B

1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * B /9


1 0 5 6 * BT a il b i t a t ta c h m e n t

T a i l1 2 * B /9 1 0 5 6 * B

# 1

T o T r C h M u l tip l e x in g

T r B k c o n c a t e n a ti o n B T r B k s

( B = 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 9 )

# 2

R a d i o f ra m es e g m e n t a t io n

( 1 05 6 * B + 1 2 * B /9 ) /2 ( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * B /9 ) /2

# 1 # 2( 1 05 6 * B + 1 2 * B /9 ) / 2 + N R M 1 ( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * B /9 ) / 2 + N R M 2

UL 384 kbps data


84/251

84


C R C a t t a c h m e n t

C R C

T u r b o c o d i n g R = 1 / 3

3 3 6

3 3 6 1 6

3 5 2 * B

1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * B / 2 4


T a i l b i t a t ta c h m e n t

T o T r C h M u l ti p l e x i n g

T r B k c o n c a t e n a t io nB T r B k s( B = 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 1 2 , 2 4 )

T a i l

5 2 8 * B

1 7 6 * B1 7 6 * B

5 2 8 * B 1 2 * B / 2 4 5 2 8 * B 1 2 * B / 2 4

C o d e b l o c k s e g m e n t a t i o n

R a t e m a t c h i n g

# 1 # 2

R a d i o f ra m es e g m e n t a t i o n

( 1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * B / 2 4 ) / 2 ( 1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * B / 2 4 ) / 2

# 1 # 2

( 1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * B / 2 4 ) / 2 + N R M 1 ( 1 0 5 6 * B + 2 4 * B / 2 4 ) / 2 + N R M 2

T a i l

5 2 8 * B

12.2 kbps + 3.4 kbps data


85/251

85

12.2 kbps data3.4 kbps data

TrCH

multiplexing

60 ksps DPDCH

2nd

interleaving

Physical channelmapping

#1#1a #1c

CFN=4N CFN=4N+1

#1b #2#2a #2c#2b #3#1a #1c#1b #4#2a #2c#2b

#1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1 #2 #3 #4

600 600 600 600

12.2 kbps data

CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3

64 kbps + 3.4 kbps data


86/251

86

#1#1 #2 #3 #4

64 kbps data 3.4 kbps data

#2 #3 #4

240 ksps DPDCH

#1 #1 #2 #2 #3 #3 #4 #4

2nd interleaving

Physical channel

mapping

CFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3

TrCH

multiplexing

DL 12.2 kbps data


87/251

87

T r C h # aT r a n s p o r t b l o c k

C R C a t t a c h m e n t *

C R C

T a i l b i t a t t a c h m e n t *

C o n v o lu t io n a l

c o d i n g R = 1 / 3 , 1 /2


N T r C H a

N T r C H a

3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 )

T a i l

8N T r C H a + 1 2

3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 ) + N R M a


1 2

R a d i o f r a m es e g m e n t a t i o n

# 1 a

T o T r C h M u l t i p l e x i n g

N R F a = [ 3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 ) + N R M a + N D I a ] / 2

N R F b = [ 3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 * N T r C H b/ 1 0 3 ) + N R M b + N D I b ] / 2

N R F c = [ 2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 * N T r C H c/ 6 0 ) + N R M c + N D I c ] / 2

# 2 a

T r C h # b

N T r C H b

N T r C H b

3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 * N T r C H b/ 1 0 3 )

T a i l

8 * N T r C H b/ 1 0 3N T r C H b

3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 *

N T r C H b/ 1 0 3 ) + N R M b

# 1 b

T r C h # c

N T r C H c

N T r C H c

2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 * N T r C H c/ 6 0 )

T a i l

8 * N T r C H c/ 6 0N T r C H c

2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 *

N T r C H c/ 6 0 ) + N R M c

# 1 c # 2 c# 2 b

N R F a N R F a N R F b N R F b N R F c N R F c

I n s e r t i o n o f D T Xi n d i c a t i o n

3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 ) + N R M a + N D I 1 3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 *

N T r C H b/ 1 0 3 ) + N R M b + N D I b

2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 *

N T r C H c/ 6 0 ) + N R M c + N D I c

3 * ( N T r C H a + 2 0 ) + N R M a + N D I 1 3 * ( N T r C H b + 8 *

N T r C H b/ 1 0 3 ) + N R M b + N D I b

2 * ( N T r C H c + 8 *

N T r C H c/ 6 0 ) + N R M c + N D I c

* C R C a n d t a i l b i t s f o r T r C H # a i s a t t a c h e d e v e n i f N T r C h a = 0 b i t s s i n c e C R C p a r i t y b i t a t t a c h m e n t f o r 0 b i t t r a n s p o r tb l o c k i s a p p l i e d .

DL 64/128/144 kbps data


88/251

88


C R C a t t a c h m e n t

C R C

T u r b o c o d i n g R = 1 / 3


3 3 6

3 3 6 1 6

3 5 2 * B

T r B k c o n c a t e n a t i o n

1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * B / 9 + N R M


1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * B / 9 + N R M

1 0 5 6 * BT a i l b i t a t t a c h m e n t

T a i l1 2 * B / 9 1 0 5 6 * B

T o T r C h M u l t i p l e x i n g

B T r B k s( B = 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 9 )

# 1

( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * B / 9 + N R M ) / 2

R a d i o f r a m e

s e g m e n t a t i o n# 2

( 1 0 5 6 * B + 1 2 * B / 9 + N R M ) / 2

12.2 kbps + 3.4 kbps data


89/251

89

12.2 kbps data 3.4 kbps data

TrCH

multiplexing

30 ksps DPC

2nd interleaving

Physical channel

mapping

#1#1a #1c

1 2 15

CFN=4Nslot

Pilot symbol TPC

1 2 15

CFN=4N+1slot

1 2 15

CFN=4N+2slot

1 2 15

CFN=4N+3slot

#1b #2#2a #2c#2b #3#1a #1c#1b #4#2a #2c#2b

#1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1 #2 #3 #4

510 510 510 510

12.2 kbps data



90/251


WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer

Table of Contents


91/251

91

Overview

Uplink Physical LayerDedicated Uplink Physical Channels

Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)

Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)Common Uplink Physical Channels



Uplink Physical Layer Modulation

Overview

C fi i


92/251

92

Configuration

Radio frame

A radio frame is a processing unit which consists of 15 slots.

The length of a radio frame corresponds to 38400 chips.

Time slot

A time slot is a unit which consists of fields containing bits.

The length of a slot corresponds to 2560 chips.

Spreading Modulation: QPSK.

Data Modulation: BPSK.

Spreading

Two-level spreading processes

Overview

S di ( t )


93/251

93

Spreading (cont.)

Channelization operation

OVSF codes.

Transform every data symbol into a number of chips.

Increase the bandwidth of the signal.

The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor.

Data symbols on I- and Q-branches are independently multiplied

with an OVSF code.

Scrambling operation

Long or short Gold codes.

Applied to the spread signals.Randomize the codes

Spread signal is further multiplied by complex-valued scrambling

Uplink Physical Channels


94/251

94

Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)

Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)Common Uplink Physical Channels



Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

di d h i l Ch l ( C )


95/251

95

UL Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)

Carry the DCH transport channel (generated at Layer 2 and

above).

There may be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on each

radio link.

UL Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)

Carry control information generated at Layer 1

One and only one UL DPCCH on each radio link.

Frame Structure for ULDPDCH/DPCCH


96/251

96

Pilot

Npilot bitsTPC

NTPC bits

Data

Ndata bits


1 radio frame: Tf= 10 ms = 38400 chips

DPDCH

DPCCHFBI

NFBI bits

TFCI

NTFCI bits

Tslot = 2560 chips,


Ndata= 10*2k

bits (k=0,1,,6)

One Power Cont rol Period

UL DPDCH

The parameter k determines the number of bits per uplink


97/251

97

The parameter k determines the number of bits per uplink

DPDCH slot.

It is related to the spreading factor SF of the DPDCH as SF =

256/2k.The DPDCH spreading factor ranges from 256 down to 4.

640640960049609606

320320480084804805

160160240016240240480801200321201203

40406006460602

202030012830301

101015025615150

NdataBits/Slot

Bits/Frame

SFChannelSymbol Rate

(ksps)

Channel BitRate (kbps)

Slot Format #i

UL DPCCH - Layer 1 ControlInformation

The spreading factor of the uplink DPCCH is always


98/251

98

The spreading factor of the uplink DPCCH is always

equal to 256, i.e. there are 10 bits per uplink DPCCH

slot.

8-924131015025615155B

10-1423141015025615155A

1522151015025615155

8-1520261015025615154

8-1510271015025615153

8-914231015025615152B

10-1413241015025615152A

1512251015025615152

8-1500281015025615151

8-904241015025615150B

10-1403251015025615150A

1502261015025615150

Transmittedslots per

radio frame

NFBINTFCINTPCNpilotBits/Slot

Bits/Frame


(ksps)


SlotFormat #i

UL DPCCH - Layer 1 ControlInformation

Pilot Bits.


99/251

99

Pilot Bits.

Support channel estimation for coherent detection.

Frame Synchronization Word (FSW) can be sued to confirm

frame synchronizaton.Transmit Power Control (TPC) command.

Inner loop power control commands.

Feedback Information (FBI).Support of close loop transmit diversity.

Site Selection Diversity Transmission (SSDT)

Transport-Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) optionalTFCI informs the receiver about the instantaneous transport

format combination of the transport channels.

Pilot Bit Patterns with Npilot=3,4,5,6

Npilot = 6Npilot = 5Npilot = 4Npilot = 3


100/251

100

001010

00011

1011

110001

00110

1011

111111

11111

1111

101001

10111

0000

100011

11010

1100

111111

11111

1111

001010

00011

1011

110001

00110

1011

111111

11111

1111

101001

10111

0000

100011

11010

1100

111111

11111

1111

101001

10111

0000

100011

11010

1100

111111

11111

1111

11

1111

111

11

1111

101001

10111

0000

100011

11010

1100

Slot #0

1

2345678910

11121314

543210432103210210Bit #

Npilot 6Npilot 5Npilot 4Npilot 3

Shadowed column is defined as FSW (Frame Synchronization Word).

Pilot Bit Patterns with Npilot=7,8

Npilot = 8Npilot = 7


101/251

101

Shadowed column is defined as FSW (Frame Synchronization Word).

001010

00011

1011

111111

11111

1111

110001

00110

1011

111111

11111

1111

101001

10111

0000

111111

11111

1111

100011

11010

1100

111111

11111

1111

111111

11111

1111

001010

00011

1011

110001

00110

1011

111111

11111

1111

101001

10111

0000

100011

11010

1100

111111

11111

1111

Slot #012345

678910

11121314

765432106543210Bit #

pilotpilot

FBI Bits

The FBI bits are used to support techniques requiring feedback


102/251

102

pp q q g

from the UE to the UTRAN Access Point, including closed loop

mode transmit diversity and site selection diversity transmission

(SSDT).

The S field is used for SSDT signalling, while the D field is

used for closed loop mode transmit diversity signalling.

The S field consists of 0, 1, or 2 bits. The D field consists of 0

or 1 bit. Simultaneous use of SSDT power control and closed

loop mode transmit diversity requires that the S field consists of

1 bit.

S field D field

FBI

TFCI Bits

There are two types of uplink dedicated physical


103/251

103

yp p p ychannels:

those that include TFCI (e.g. for several simultaneous

services)those that do not include TFCI (e.g. for fixed-rate services).

It is the UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should be

transmitted and it is mandatory for all UEs to supportthe use of TFCI in the uplink.

In compressed mode, DPCCH slot formats with TFCIfields are changed.

There are two possible compressed slot formats foreach normal slot format.

TPC Bit Patterns


104/251

104

1

0

11

00

1

0

NTPC = 2NTPC = 1

Transmitter

power controlcommand

TPC Bit Pattern

c d ,1 d

D P D C H 1

Spreading of UL DPCH


105/251

105

I

j

S l o n g , n o r S s h o r t , n

I + j Q

D P D C H 1

Q

c d ,3 d

D P D C H 3

c d ,5 d

D P D C H 5

c d ,2 d

D P D C H 2

c d ,4 d

D P D C H 4

c d ,6 d

D P D C H 6

c c c

D P C C H

Spreading of UL DPCH

The binary DPCCH and DPDCHs to be spread are


106/251

106

y prepresented by real-valued sequences, i.e. the binaryvalue "0" is mapped to the real value +1, while the

binary value "1" is mapped to the real value1.The DPCCH is spread to the chip rate by thechannelization code cc, while the n:th DPDCH called

DPDCHn is spread to the chip rate by the channelizationcode cd,n.

One DPCCH and up to six parallel DPDCHs can be

transmitted simultaneously, i.e. 1 n 6.

Channelization Codes

Each CDMA channel is distinguished via a unique


107/251

107

Each CDMA channel is distinguished via a unique

spreading code.

These spreading codes should have low cross-correlation values.

In 3GPP W-CDMA, Orthogonal Variable Spreading

Factor (OVSF) codes are used.Preserve the orthogonality between a users different

physical channels.

Scrambling is used on top of spreading.

Code-tree for Generation of OrthogonalVariable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Codes

C h 4 0 =(1 1 1 1)


108/251

108

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

C ch,1,0 = (1)

C ch,2,0 = (1,1)

C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)

C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)

C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF isthe spreading factor of the code and kis the code number, 0 k SF-1.


As the chip rate is already achieved in the


109/251

109

As the chip rate is already achieved in the

spreading by the channelization codes, the symbol

rate is not affected by the scrambling.Another physical channel may use a certain code in

the tree if no other physical channel to be transmitted

using the same code three is using a code that is onan underlying branch, i.e. using a higher spreading

factor code generated from the intended spreading

code to be used.Neither can a smaller spreading factor code on the

path to the root of the tree be used.


The downlink orthogonal codes within each base


110/251

110

The downlink orthogonal codes within each base

station are managed by the radio network controller

(RNC) in the network.

The definition for the same code tree means that for

transmission from a single source, from either a

terminal or a base station.One code tree is used with one scrambling code on

top of the tree.

Different terminals and different base stations mayoperate their code trees independently of each other.

Generation of Channelization Codes

1Cch,1,0


111/251

111

11

11

0,1,

0,1,

0,1,

0,1,

1,2,

0,2,

ch

ch

ch

ch

ch

ch

C

C

C

C

C

C

12,2,12,2,

12,2,12,2,

1,2,1,2,

1,2,1,2,

0,2,0,2,

0,2,0,2,

112,12,

212,12,

3,12,

2,12,

1,12,

0,12,

:::

nnchnnch

nnchnnch

nchnch

nchnch

nchnch

nchnch

nnch

nnch

nch

nch

nch

nch

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

C

C

C

C

C

C

OVSF Code Allocation for UL DPCH

DPCCH is always spread by cc= Cch,256,0


112/251

112

c ch,256,0

When there is only one DPDCHDPDCH1 is spread by cd,1= Cch,SF,k(k= SF / 4)

When there are more than one DPDCH

All DPDCHs have SF=4

DPDCHn is spread by the the code cd,n = Cch,4,k

k= 1 ifn {1, 2}, k= 3 ifn {3, 4} and k= 2 ifn {5, 6}

Gain of UL DPCH

After channelization, the real-valued spread signals are weighted


113/251

113

by gain factors,c for DPCCH andd for all DPDCHs.

At every instant in time, at least one of the valuesc andd has

the amplitude 1.0. The-values are quantized into 4 bit words.After the weighting, the stream of real-valued chips on the I- and

Q-branches are then summed and treated as a complex-valued

stream of chips.This complex-valued signal is then scrambled by the complex-

valued scrambling code Sdpch,n.

Signaling values for

and

Quantized amplitude ratios

and

Gain of UL DPCH


114/251

114

c and d c and d

15 1.0

14 0.9333

13 0.866612 0.800011 0.733310 0.6667

9 0.6000

8 0.53337 0.46676 0.4000

5 0.33334 0.2667

3 0.20002 0.13331 0.0667

0 Switch off

Long scrambling code allocationTh th UL l bli d

Scrambling Codes of UL DPCH


115/251

115

The n-th UL long scrambling code

Sdpch,n(i) = Clong,n(i), i = 0, 1,, 38399

Short scrambling code allocation

The n-th UL short scrambling code

Sdpch,n(i) = Cshort,n(i), i = 0, 1,, 38399

+= )2

2()1(1)()( ,2,,1,,i

cjiciC nlongi

nlongnlong

2

256mod2)1(1)256mod()( ,2,,1,,

icjiciC nshorti

nshortnshort

Configuration of Uplink ScramblingSequence Generator


116/251

116

clong,1,n

clong,2,n

MSB LSBx

y

Uplink Long Scrambling Codes

Two elementary codes: clong,1,n and clong,2,n.


117/251

117

clong,1,n and clong,2,n are constructed from position wise

modulo 2 sum of 38400 chip segments of two binary

m-sequences,x andy.

x andy are originated from two generator polynomials of

degree 25.

x sequence: generator polynomial:X25+X3+1

y sequence: generator polynomial:y25+y3+y2+y+1

The sequence clong,2,n

is a 16777232 chip shifted

version of the sequence clong,1,n.

clong,1,n and clong,2,n are Gold codes.


For code number, n


118/251

118

n=[n23 n0 ], with n0 being the LSB

Letxn(i) andy(i) denote the i -th chip of the sequencexn andy .

Initial conditions

xn(0)=n0,xn(1)=n1, ,xn(22)=n22,xn(23)=n23,xn(24)=1

y(0)=y(1)= =y(23)=y(24)=1


Recursive formulation, i=0,, 225-27


119/251

119

xn(i+25) =xn(i+3) +xn(i) modulo 2

y(i+25) =y(i+3)+y(i+2) +y(i+1)+y(i) modulo 2

Gold sequencezn

zn(i ) = xn(i ) + y (i ) modulo 2, i = 0, 1, 2,, 225

-2

.22,,1,01)(1

0)(1)(

25ifor

izif

izifiZ

n

n

n


c (i ) = Z (i ) i = 0 1 2 225 2


120/251

120

clong,1,n(i ) = Zn(i ), i = 0, 1, 2,, 225-2

clong,2,n is a 16777232 chip shifted version of the

sequence clong,1,nc

long,2,n

(i ) = Zn

((i + 16777232) modulo (225 1)), i = 0,1, 2,, 225-2

+= )22()1(1)()( ,2,,1,,i

cjiciC nlongi

nlongnlong

Uplink Short Scrambling SequenceGenerator for 255 Chip Sequence

2


121/251

121

07 4

+ mod n addition

d(i)12356

mod 2

07 4b(i)

12356

2

mod 2

+mod 4multiplication

zn(i)

07 4 12356

+mod 4

Mapper

cshort,1,n(i)

a(i)

+ + +

+ ++

+ ++

3 3

3

2

cshort,2,n(i)

Uplink Short Scrambling Codes

Two elementary codes: cshort,1,n and cshort,2,n256 hi


122/251

122

256 chips

Generation

From the family of periodically extended S(2) codes

The n:th quaternary S(2) sequencezn(i ), 0 n 16777215, isobtained by modulo 4 addition of three sequences

One quaternary sequence a (i )

Two binary sequences b (i ) and d(i )


zn(i ) = a(i ) + 2b(i ) + 2d(i ) modulo 4 (i = 0.. 254)

Given a code number [n n n ]


123/251

123

Given a code number n =[n23n22n0]

quaternary sequence a (i ): g0(x)=x8+x5+3x3+x2+2x+1

Initial conditions

a (0) = 2n0 + 1 modulo 4

a (i) = 2ni modulo 4, i = 1, 2,, 7,Recursive formulation

a (i) = 3a (i-3) + a (i-5) + 3a (i-6) + 2a (i-7) + 3a (i-8) modulo 4, i = 8,9,, 254


Binary sequence b(i): g1(x)=x8+x7+x5+x+1


124/251

124

Initial conditions

B (i ) = n8+i modulo 2, i = 0, 1,, 7,

Recursive formulation

b (i) = b (i-1) + b (i-3) + b (i-7) + b (i-8) modulo 2, i = 8, 9,, 254


Binary sequence d(i ): g2(x)=x8+x7+x5+x4+1


125/251

125

Initial conditions

d(i ) = n16+i modulo 2, i = 0, 1,, 7

Recursive formulation

d(i ) = d(i-1) + d(i-3) + d(i-4) + d(i-8) modulo 2, i = 8, 9,, 254

zn(i) = a (i) + 2b (i) + 2d(i) modulo 4 (i = 0.. 254)


zn(i) is extended to length 256 chips

z (255) = z (0)


126/251

126

zn(255) =zn(0)

Mapping

Cshort, n is

zn(i) cshort,1,n(i) cshort,2,n(i)

0 +1 +11 -1 +12 -1 -13 +1 -1

2

256mod2)1(1)256mod()( ,2,,1,,

icjiciC nshorti

nshortnshort

PRACH is used to carry the RACH.

The random access transmission is based on a Slotted

Physical Random Access Channel(PRACH)


127/251

127

The random access transmission is based on a Slotted

ALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication.

The UE can start the random-access transmission at the

beginning of a number of well-defined time intervals,

denoted access slots.There are 15 access slots per two frames and they are

spaced 5120 chips apart.

Information on what access slots are available forrandom-access transmission is given by higher layers.

radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms

PRACH Access Slot Numbers and TheirSpacing


128/251

128

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

5120 chips

Access slot #0 Random Access Transmission

Access slot #1

Access slot #7

Access slot #14

Random Access Transmission

Random Access Transmission

Random Access TransmissionAccess slot #8

The random-access transmission consists of one

Structure of the Random-AccessTransmission


129/251

129

Message partPreamble

4096 chips10 ms (one radio frame)

Preamble Preamble

Message partPreamble

4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)

Preamble Preamble

or severalpreamblesof length 4096 chips and a

messageof length 10 ms or 20 ms.

RACH Preamble Code Construction

Each preamble is of length 4096 chips and consists of256 repetitions of a signature of length 16 chips.


130/251

130

There are a maximum of 16 available signatures.

The random access preamble code Cpre,n, is acomplex valued sequence.

It is built from a preamble scrambling code Sr-pre,n

and a preamble signature Csig,s as follows:

where k=0 corresponds to the chip transmitted first in time.

4095,,2,1,0,)()()()

24(

,,,, ==+

kekCkSkCkj

ssignprersnpre

PRACH Preamble Scrambling Code

The scrambling code for the PRACH preamble

part is constructed from the long scrambling


131/251

131

part is constructed from the long scrambling

sequences.There are 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling

codes in total.

The n:th preamble scrambling code, n = 0, 1,,8191, is defined as:

Sr-pre,n(i ) = clong,1,n(i ), i = 0, 1,, 4095;

PRACH Preamble Scrambling Code

The 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling codes are

divided into 512 groups with 16 codes in each group


132/251

132

divided into 512 groups with 16 codes in each group.

There is a one-to-one correspondence between the groupof PRACH preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the

primary scrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.

The k:th PRACH preamble scrambling code within thecell with downlink primary scrambling code m, k= 0, 1,

2,, 15 and m = 0, 1, 2,, 511, is Sr-pre,n(i) as defined

above with n = 16m + k.

The preamble signature corresponding to a signature s

consists of 256 repetitions of a length 16 signature Ps(n),

PRACH Preamble Signatures


133/251

133

p g g s( )

n=015. This is defined as follows:

Csig,s(i) = Ps(i modulo 16), i = 0, 1,, 4095.

The signature Ps(n) is from the set of 16 Hadamard codes of

length 16.

PRACH Preamble Signatures

1111111111111111P0(n)

1514131211109876543210

Value of nPreamble

Signature


134/251

134

1-1-11-111-1-111-11-1-11P15

(n)

-1-11111-1-111-1-1-1-111P14

(n)

-11-111-11-11-11-1-11-11P13

(n)

1111-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-11111P12

(n)

-111-1-111-11-1-111-1-11P11

(n)

11-1-111-1-1-1-111-1-111P10

(n)

1-11-11-11-1-11-11-11-11P9(n)

-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-111111111P8(n)

-111-11-1-11-111-11-1-11P7(n)

11-1-1-1-11111-1-1-1-111P6(n)

1-11-1-11-111-11-1-11-11P5(n)

-1-1-1-11111-1-1-1-11111P4(n)

1-1-111-1-111-1-111-1-11P3(n)

-1-111-1-111-1-111-1-111P2(n)

-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11P1(n)

DataNd bitsData

Structure of the Random-AccessMessage Part Radio Frame


135/251

135

PilotNpilotbits

Ndatabits


Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2

k

bits (k=0,1,2,3.)

Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms

Data

ControlTFCI

NTFCIbits


PRACH Message Part

Data part10*2kbits, where k=0,1,2,3.

C d t SF f 256 128 64 d 32


136/251

136

Corresponds to a SF of 256, 128, 64, and 32.

Control partSF=256.

8 known pilot bits to support channel estimation for

coherent detection.2 TFCI bits corresponds to a certain transport format of thecurrent Random-access message.

The message part length can be determined from thesued signature and/or access slot, as configured byhigher layers.

PRACH Message Part

Slot Format#i


ChannelSymbol Rate

SF Bits/Frame

Bits/Slot

Ndata

Random-access message data fields


137/251

137

#i Rate (kbps) Symbol Rate(ksps)

Frame Slot

0 15 15 256 150 10 101 30 30 128 300 20 20

2 60 60 64 600 40 40

3 120 120 32 1200 80 80

Slot Format#i


ChannelSymbol Rate

(ksps)

SF Bits/Frame

Bits/Slot

N ilot NTFCI

0 15 15 256 150 10 8 2

Random-access message control fields

76543210Bit #

Npilot = 8

PRACH Message Part Pilot Bit Pattern


138/251

138

0010100

00111

011

1111111

11111

111

1100010

01101

011

1111111

11111

111

1010011

01110

000

1111111

11111

111

1000111

10101

100

1111111

11111

111

Slot #0123456

7891011

121314

Spreading of PRACH Message Part

Message part OVSF Code AllocationGiven the preamble signature s, 0 s 15C l C i h 16 15


139/251

139

ccc

cd d

Sr-msg,n

I+jQ

PRACH message

control part

PRACH message

data part

I

Control part : cc = Cch,256,m with m = 16s + 15

Data part: cd = Cch,SF,m with m = SF x s/16 and SF=32 to 256

PRACH Message Part Scrambling Code

The scrambling code used for the PRACH message part is 10ms long, and there are 8192 different PRACH scrambling

codes defined


140/251

140

codes defined.

The n:th PRACH message part scrambling code, denoted Sr-msg,n, where n = 0, 1,, 8191, is based on the long scramblingsequence and is defined as:

Sr-msg,n(i) = Clong,n(i + 4096), i = 0, 1,, 38399

The message part scrambling code has a one-to-one

correspondence to the scrambling code used for the preamble

part.

For one PRACH, the same code number is used for bothscrambling codes.

PCPCH is used to carry the CPCH.

The CPCH transmission is based on DSMA-CD (Digital

Physical Common Packet Channel(PCPCH)


141/251

141

g

Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection) approach

with fast acquisition indication.

The UE can start transmission at the beginning of a

number of well-defined time-intervals.

The PCPCH access transmission consists of:one or several Access Preambles [A-P] of length 4096 chips.

one Collision Detection Preamble (CD P) of length 4096 chips

Structure of the CPCH AccessTransmission


142/251

142

one Collision Detection Preamble (CD-P) of length 4096 chips

a DPCCH Power Control Preamble (PC-P) which is either 0 slots or8 slots in length

a message of variable length Nx10 ms.

4096 chips

P0P1

Pj Pj

Collision Detection

Preamble

Access Preamble Control Part

Data part

0 or 8 slots N*10 msec

Message Part

CPCH Access Preamble Part

PCPCH access preamble codes Cc-acc,n,s, are

complex valued sequences.


143/251

143

The RACH preamble signature sequences are used.

The scrambling codes could be eitherA different code segment of the Gold code used to form

the scrambling code of the RACH preambles or

The same scrambling code in case the signature set isshared.

4095,,2,1,0,)()()(

)

24

(

,,,,

==

+

kekCkSkC

kj

ssignacccsnaccc

There are 40960 PCPCH access preamble scrambling codes intotal.

The n:th PCPCH access preamble scrambling code is defined as:

PCPCH Access Preamble ScramblingCode


144/251

144

p g

Sc-acc,n (i) = clong,1,n(i), i = 0, 1,, 4095;

The codes are divided into 512 groups with 80 codes in eachgroup.

There is a one-to-one correspondence between the group of

PCPCH access preamble scrambling codes in a cell and theprimary scrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.The k:th PCPCH scrambling code within the cell with downlinkprimary scrambling code m, for k= 0,..., 79 and m = 0, 1, 2,, 511, isS

c-acc,n

as defined above with n=16m+k for k=0,...,15 and n = 64m +(k-16)+8192 for k=16,..., 79.

The PCPCH CD preamble codes Cc-cd,n,s are complex

valued sequences.

CPCH Collision Detection (CD) PreamblePart


145/251

145

The RACH preamble signature sequences are used.

The scrambling code is chosen to be a different codesegment of the Gold code used to form the scrambling

code for the RACH and CPCH preambles.

4095,,2,1,0,)()()( )24(,,,, == + kekCkSkCkj

ssigncdcsncdc

PCPCH CD Preamble Scrambling Code

There are 40960 PCPCH-CD preamble scrambling codes intotal.

The n:th PCPCH CD access preamble scrambling code, where n =


146/251

146

0 ,..., 40959, is defined as:

Sc-cd,n(i) = clong,1,n(i), i = 0, 1,, 4095;

The 40960 PCPCH scrambling codes are divided into 512groups with 80 codes in each group.

There is a one-to-one correspondence between the group ofPCPCH CD preamble scrambling codes in a cell and theprimary scrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.

The k:th PCPCH scrambling code within the cell with downlinkprimary scrambling code m, k= 0,1,, 79 and m = 0, 1, 2,, 511, isSc-cd, n as defined above with n=16m+k for k = 0,...,15 and n =64m + (k-16)+8192 for k=16,...,79.

CPCH Power Control Preamble Part

The power control preamble segment is called the CPCHPower Control Preamble (PC-P) part.

The slot format for CPCH PC-P part shall be the same as for


147/251

147

The slot format for CPCH PC P part shall be the same as for

the CPCH message part.

The scrambling code for the PCPCH power control preambleis the same as for the PCPCH message part.

The channelization code the PCPCH power control preambleis the same as the control part of message part.

12251015025615151

02261015025615150

NFBINTFCINTPCNpilotBits /Slot

Bits /

Slot


(ksps)


SlotFormat #i

Frame Structure for PCPCH

Data

Ndata bitsData

T 2560 hi N 10*2k bit (k 0 1 6)


148/251

148

Pilot

Npilot bitsTPC

NTPC bits


1 radio frame: Tf= 10 ms = 38400 chips

ControlFBI

NFBI bits

TFCI

NTFCI bits

Tslot = 2560 chips,


Ndata= 10*2kbits (k=0,1,,6)

PCPCH Message Part

Up to N_MAX_frames 10ms frames.

N_Max_frames is a higher layer parameter.


149/251

149

Each 10 ms frame is split into 15 slots, each of length2560 chips.

Each slot consists of two parts:

Data part carries higher layer information.

Data part consists of 10*2kbits, where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

SF= 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4.

Control part carries Layer 1 control information with SF = 256.Slot format is the same as CPCH PC-P part.

PCPCH Message Part Spreading

cd d


150/251

150

ccc

Sc-msg,n

I+jQ

PCPCH messagecontrol part

PCPCH message

data partI

Control part is always spread by cc = Cch,256,0

Data part is spread by cd = Cch,SF,kwith SF = 4 to 256

d k SF/4

PCPCH Message Part OVSF CodeAllocation


151/251

151

and k = SF/4.

A UE is allowed to increase SF during the message

transmission on a frame by frame basis.

The set of scrambling codes are

10 ms long

PCPCH Message Part Scrambling CodeAllocation


152/251

152

Cell-specificone-to-one correspondence to the signature sequences and the

access sub-channel used by the access preamble part.

Both long or short scrambling codes can be used.

There are 64 uplink scrambling codes defined per cell and

32768 different PCPCH scrambling codes defined in the

system.

The n:th PCPCH message part scrambling code, denoted Sc-msg,n, where n =8192,8193, ,40959 is based on thescrambling sequence and is defined as:

PCPCH Message Part Scrambling CodeAllocation


153/251

153

Long scrambling codes : Sr-msg,n(i) = Clong,n(i ), i = 0, 1,, 38399Short scrambling codes : Sr-msg,n(i) = Cshort,n(i), i = 0, 1,, 38399

The 32768 PCPCH scrambling codes are divided into 512

groups with 64 codes in each group.There is a one-to-one correspondence between the group ofPCPCH preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the primaryscrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.

Uplink Modulation

The modulation chip rate is 3.84 Mcps.

The complex-valued chip sequence generated by the

spreading process is QPSK modulated


154/251

154

spreading process is QPSK modulated.

S

Im{S}

Re{S}

cos(t)

Complex-valuedchip sequencefrom spreadingoperations

-sin(t)

Splitreal &imag.parts

Pulse-

shaping

Pulse-shaping

Uplink Modulation

The uplink modulation should be designed:The audible interference from the terminal transmission is

minimized.


155/251

155

The terminal amplifier efficiency is maximized.

Audible interference:

Discontinuous uplink transmission can cause audible

interference to audio equipment that is very close to theterminal.

Solution: WCDMA uplink doesnt adopt time multiplexing.

Physical Layer Control Information (DPDCH)

User Data (DPDCH) User Data (DPDCH)DTX Period


WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer


156/251


Table of Contents

IntroductionDownlink Transmit Diversity

Open loop transmit diversitySpace Time Block Coding Based Transmit Antenna Diversity


157/251

157

Space Time Block Coding Based Transmit Antenna Diversity

(STTD)Time Switched Transmit Diversity for Synchronization Channel(TSTD)

Closed loop transmit diversity

Dedicated Downlink Physical ChannelsDownlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)

Common Downlink Physical Channels1. Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

2. Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

3. Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

Table of Contents

Common Downlink Physical Channels (continue)4. Synchronization Channel (SCH)

5. Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)


158/251

158

6.

Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)7. CPCH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)

8. CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel

(CD/CA-ICH)

9. Page indicator channel (PICH)10. CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)

Spreading

Modulation

Timing Relationship

Introduction

Downlink DPCH

AICH, CPICHCCPCH, PICH


159/251

159

IdleMS

On-lineMS

Power-onMS

SCH

Downlink Transmit Diversity

Open loop transmit diversity: STTD and TSTD

Closed loop transmit diversityBS

Closed loopOpen loop modePhysical channel type


160/251

160

-DL-DPCCH for CPCH

--CD/CA-ICH

--AP-AICH

CSICH

AICH

PDSCH

PICH

DPCH

S-CCPCH

SCH

P-CCPCH

ModeSTTDTSTD

Closed loopOpen loop modePhysical channel type

The STTD encoding is optional in UTRAN. STTDsupport is mandatory at the UE.

STTD encoding is applied on blocks of 4 consecutive

Space Time Block Coding BasedTransmit Antenna Diversity (STTD)


161/251

161

channel bits.

b0

b1 b 2

b3

b 0 b 1 b 2 b 3

-b 2 b 3 b 0 -b 1

A ntenna 1

A ntenna 2

C hannel b i ts

ST T D encoded channe l b i ts

for an tenna 1 and antenna 2 .

Primary

S lot #0 Slo t #1 Slot #14

TSTD can be applied to TSTD.TSTD for the SCH is optional in UTRAN, while TSTD

support is mandatory in the UE.

Time Switched Transmit Diversity forSCH (TSTD)


162/251

162

Primary

SC H

SecondarySC H

256 chips

2560 chips

One 10 m s SCH radio f rame

ac s,

acp

ac s,

acp

ac s,

acp

Antenna 1

Antenna 2

acsi,0

acp

acsi,1

acp

acsi,14

acp

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14

acsi,2

acp

Slot #2

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)


163/251

The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TXantenna branches, and weighted with antenna specificweight factors w1 and w2 , where wi = ai + jbi .

The weight factors (phase adjustments in closed loop

Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity


164/251

164

g (p j pmode 1 and phase/amplitude adjustments in closedloop mode 2) are determined by the UE, andsignalled to the UTRAN access point(=cell transceiver) using the D sub-field of the FBIfield of uplink DPCCH.

For the closed loop mode 1 different (orthogonal)dedicated pilot symbols in the DPCCH are sent on

the 2 different antennas. For closed loop mode 2 thesame dedicated pilot symbols in the DPCCH are senton both antennas.

Summary of number of feedback information bits perslot, NFBD, feedback command length in slots, NW,

feedback command rate, feedback bit rate, number of

Number of Feedback Information inClosed Loop Transmit Diversity


165/251

165

phase bits, Nph, per signalling word, number ofamplitude bits, Npo, per signalling word and amount of

constellation rotation at UE for the two closed loop

modes.

N/A311500 bps1500 Hz412

/2101500 bps1500 Hz111

Constellationrotation

NphNpoFeedback bitrate

Updaterate

3g 06 phy layer spec

Documents