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16 December 2005

Vol. 310 No. 5755Pages 17251852 $10


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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 310 16 DECEMBER 2005

DEPARTMENTS1735 SCIENCE ONLINE

1737 THIS WEEK INSCIENCE

1741 EDITORIAL by Thomas Cech and Donald KennedyDoing More for Kate

1743 EDITORS CHOICE

1746 CONTACT SCIENCE

1747 NETWATCH

1828 NEW PRODUCTS

1829 SCIENCE CAREERS

NEWS OF THE WEEK1748 STEM CELLS

Korean University Will InvestigateCloning Paper

1749 SPACE SCIENCEESA Hits the Right Note,and Funding Flows

1751 PALEONTOLOGYHow Fast Does YourDinosaur Grow?related Reportpage 1800

1751 SCIENCESCOPE1752 U.S. COMPETITIVENESS

Summit Lists Waysbut NotMeansto Strengthen Science

1753 AFTER KATRINA

Struggling New OrleansUniversities Cut Hundreds of Faculty

1754 GENETICSZebrafish Researchers HookGene for Human Skin Colorrelated Research Articlepage 1782

1754 INDIAN SCIENCEBooming Computer SectorSeen as a Mixed Blessing

1755 SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHINGEchoing Other Cases, NEJM SaysVioxx Safety Data Withheld

NEWS FOCUS1756 SPONGIFORM DISEASES

After the Crisis: More QuestionsAbout Prions

Waiting for the Final Experiment

1759 CONSERVATION BIOLOGYHawaiis Coral Trees Feel the Sting ofForeign Wasps

1760 MEETING

Environmental Genomics, Imprinting,and Disease Susceptibility

Food,Tobacco,and Future GenerationsSupplements Restore Gene Function via Methyla

1762 ELECTRONICSOrganic LEDs Look Forward to a Bright,White Future

1764 RANDOM SAMPLES

LETTERS1767 Asian Scientists and the Glass Ceiling M.-C.

et al.; R. Mejia et al.; D. Jiang; J. B. Stewart; L. J. PiHow to Cut World Hunger in Half P.Lindskog.

Cognitive Unbinding in Sleep and AnesthesiaG.A. Mashour.Response G. Tononi and M. Mass

1769 Corrections and Clarifications

BOOKS ET AL.1770 SCIENCE AND CULTURE

Mad, Bad and Dangerous?The Scientist and the CinemaC. Frayling, reviewed by J.A. Labinger

1771 ENVIRONMENTThe Logic of SufficiencyT. Princen, reviewed by N. Myers

POLICY FORUM1772 RESEARCH FUNDING

Science Foundations:A Novelty in Russian SI. Dezhina and L. R. Graham

PERSPECTIVES1774 CHEMISTRY

Lateral Hopping Requires Molecular RockH. Ueba and M. Wolfrelated Reportpage 1790

1775 MICROBIOLOGYChitin, Cholera, and CompetenceD. H. Bartlett and F.Azam

related Reportpage 1824

1777 GEOPHYSICSHelium Feels the Heat in Earths MantleF.Albarde

1778 ECOLOGYPopulation Evolution and Island BiogeogrR. S.Thorperelated Reportpage 1807

Contents con

COVER The cellular changes of lightly pigmented golden zebrafish show a strikingresemblance to those of lighter skinned humans.The zebrafish pigment geneslc24a5is functionally conserved across evolution; a single base change in its human orthologmay play a role in pigment variation in human populations. See page 1782.[Image: J. Mest and J. Cheng]

1778&1807

1770

Volume 31016 DecemberNumber 5755

1756
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Roberto Gradnik

Regional Vice-President, Serono

Why is he so attracted

Italy is currently a key strategic location for Serthanks to its competitive costs, excellent resecentres and high productivity, comparablSwitzerland or anywhere in Europe. This is Serono chose to strengthen its Italian preswith a new R&D centre in Rome in 2004.ItalianSciences industry is the third largest in Euroworld market leader in the sector attracting mglobal companies.The presence of high perforresearch centres with a proven track recorachievements in Healthcare research and a stsynergy between academia and industry has lethe creation of specialized biotechnology cluswith excellent perspectives in Oncology Neurosciences.An array of recent applicatiothe Biomedical, Bioinformatics, Biomechanics

Nano-biotechnology fields is catching foreign stors attention.Serono is attracted, we bet you are too.

InvestInItaly is the newly established single reference point for inward investment

promotion created by Sviluppo Italia, the Nat ional Agency for enterpr ise and

inward investment development, and ICE - Italian Trade Commission, the

Government Agency which promotes the internationalization of Italian companies.

www.investinitaly.com [email protected]
http://www.investinitaly.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.investinitaly.com/


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SCIENCEEXPRESS www.sciencexpress.orgMATERIALS SCIENCE: A Stretchable Form of Single-Crystal Silicon for Electronics onElastomeric Substrates

D.-Y. Khang, H. Jiang,Y. Huang, J.A. RogersSilicon deposited in micrometer-scale waves on an elastic substrate yields a flexible template for devicesand components that can be stretched or compressed further.

ECOLOGY: Scaling of Connectivity in Marine Populations

R. K. Cowen, C. B. Paris, A. SrinivasanLarvae of coastal fish in the Caribbean typically disperse shorter distances than had been assumed10 to100 kilometersyielding relatively isolated populations.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: The snoRNA HBII-52 Regulates Alternative Splicing of the SerotoninReceptor 2C

S. Kishore and S. StammAn exon is included in the mature messenger RNA of a receptor only when a small RNA inhibits a silencersequence in the precursor RNA.

CHEMISTRY: Femtosecond Multidimensional Imaging of a Molecular Dissociation

O.Gener,A. M. D. Lee, J. P. Shaffer,H. Reisler, S.V. Levchenko,A. I. Krylov, J. G. Underwood,H.Shi,A. L.L. East, D. M.Wardlaw,E. t. H.Chrysostom, C. C. Hayden, A.Stolow

Laser imaging and ionization reveals the precise paths followed by electrons and then nuclei in the extremelyrapid dissociation of the nitric oxide dimer.

TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS1769 CHEMISTRY

Comment on Characterization of Excess Electrons in Water-Cluster Anions byQuantum Simulations

J. R. R. Verlet, A. E. Bragg, A. Kammrath, O. Cheshnovsky, D. M. Neumarkfull text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5755/1769b

Response to Comment on Characterization of Excess Electrons in Water-ClusterAnions by Quantum Simulations

L. Turi,W.-S. Sheu, P. J. Rosskyfull text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5755/1769c

BREVIA1781 ECOLOGY: Aphid Protected from Pathogen by Endosymbiont

C. L. Scarborough, J. Ferrari, H. C. J. GodfrayAphids that harbor certain endosymbiotic bacteria more effectively resist infection by a fungal pathogen.

RESEARCH ARTICLE1782 GENETICS: SLC24A5, a Putative Cation Exchanger, Affects Pigmentation in Zebrafish and Humans

R.L.Lamason,M.-A.P.K.Mohideen,J.R.Mest,A.C.Wong,H.L.Norton,M.C.Aros,M.J.Jurynec,X. Mao,V. R. Humphreville, J. E. Humbert,S. Sinha,J. L. Moore,P. Jagadeeswaran, W. Zhao, G. Ning,I. Makalowska, P. M. McKeigue, D.ODonnell, Rick Kittles,E. J. Parra, N. J. Mangini,D. J. Grunwald,M.D.Shriver,V.A.Canfield,K.C.Cheng

Identification of a gene that controls pigmentation in zebrafish points to a similar gene that may play a keyrole in human skin color. related News storypage 1754

REPORTS1787 CHEMISTRY: Complete Photo-Induced Breakup of the H2 Molecule as a Probe of Molecular

Electron Correlation

W.Vanroose, F.Martn, T. N. Rescigno, C. W.McCurdyComputations reveal that paired electrons residing between the two protons in molecular hydrogen aremore correlated than when surrounding two protons in the helium atom.

1790 CHEMISTRY: Real-Time Observation of Molecular Motion on a Surface

E. H. G. Backus,A. Eichler,A. W. Kleyn, M. BonnDiffusion of CO molecules on a stepped platinum surface is initiated by rotational motion, rather than theexpected translational motion. related Perspectivepage 1774

Contents co

177417CR

EDITS:YASMIN

SIBAI
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1793 CHEMISTRY: Multistep Synthesis of a Radiolabeled Imaging Probe Using Integrated Microfluidics

C-C. Lee, G. Sui,A. Elizarov,C. J.Shu,Y.-S. Shin,A. N. Dooley, J.Huang, A. Daridon, P. Wyatt, D. Stout,H.C.Kolb,O.N.Witte,N.Satyamurthy,J.R.Heath,M.E.Phelps,S.R.Quake,H.-R.Tseng

A device with micrometer-scale valves and channels has been designed and used for efficient synthesisof a molecule used in medical positron emission tomography.

1797 PHYSICS: Direct Experimental Evidence of a Growing Length Scale Accompanying theGlass Transition

L. Berthier, G. Biroli, J.-P. Bouchaud, L. Cipelletti, D. El Masri, D.LHte, F. Ladieu, M. PiernoExperiments and simulations show that glasses form from liquids upon cooling because increasinglylarger regions of a material move simultaneously, inhibiting flow.

1800 PALEONTOLOGY: Developmental Plasticity in the Life History of a Prosauropod Dinosaur

P. M. Sander and N. KleinSome early large dinosaurs grew rapidly in response to environmental factors whereas others grew slowlybut steadily; later dinosaurs and mammals have fixed life histories. related News storypage 1751

1803 ECOLOGY: Drought, Snails, and Large-Scale Die-Off of Southern U.S. Salt Marshes

B. R. Silliman, J. van de Koppel, M. D.Bertness, L. E. Stanton, I. A. MendelssohnSalt marshes of the southeastern United States have progressively collapsed as drought has increased theirsusceptibility to destruction by grazing snails.

1807 ECOLOGY: Island Biogeography of Populations: An Introduced Species TransformsSurvival Patterns

T.W. Schoener,J. B. Losos, D.A. SpillerIn the presence of a predatory lizard, anoles that usually thrive on islands with less vegetation survive betteron islands with taller shrubbery that provides cover. related Perspectivepage 1778

1809 NEUROSCIENCE: Long-Term Modulation of Electrical Synapses in the Mammalian Thalamus

C. E. Landisman and Barry W. ConnorsIn inhibitory neurons of the rat thalamus, current flow through gap junctionsconduction pores betweenneuronsis modulated by electrical activity and neurotransmitters.

1813 NEUROSCIENCE: Glial Membranes at the Node of Ranvier Prevent Neurite Outgrowth

J. K. Huang, G. R. Phillips, A. D. Roth, L. Pedraza,W. Shan, W. Belkaid, S. Mi, A. Fex-Svenningsen,L. Florens, J. R.Yates III,D. R. Colman

Sections of neuronal axons that are devoid of myelin trapping are prevented from sprouting inappropriately

by adjacent glia membranes containing an inhibitory protein.1817 BIOCHEMISTRY: The Widespread Impact of Mammalian MicroRNAs on mRNA Repression

and Evolution

K. K.-H. Farh,A. Grimson, C. Jan, B.P.Lewis,W. K. Johnston, L. P. Lim, C. B.Burge, D. P. BartelIn mammals, recently discovered small regulatory microRNAs influence the expression or evolutionof most genes.

1821 BIOCHEMISTRY: Ubiquitin-Binding Domains in Y-Family Polymerases RegulateTranslesion Synthesis

M. Bienko, C. M. Green, N. Crosetto, F. Rudolf, G. Zapart,B. Coull, P. Kannouche,G. Wider,M. Peter,A. R. Lehmann, K. Hofmann, I.Dikic

The small peptide ubiquitin, known to mark proteins for degradation, also triggers the activity of a group ofpolymerases specialized for repairing DNA damage.

1824 MICROBIOLOGY: Chitin Induces Natural Competence in Vibrio cholerae

K. L. Meibom, M. Blokesch,N. A. Dolganov, C.-Y. Wu, G. K. SchoolnikWhen grown under natural conditions, cholera bacteria can release and exchange functional DNA, an abilitynot seen in 60 years of study in the laboratory. related Perspectivepage 1775

1

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sciencenow www.sciencenow.org DAILY NEWS COVERAGEThinking the Pain Away

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Lightning Has a Long-Distance ConversationSpace shuttle videos suggest lightning bolts can coordinate strikes over hundreds of kilometers.

No More Sleigh-RidesClimatologist simulates a world without snow.

ScienceCareers.org www.sciencecareers.org CAREER RESOURCES FOR SCIENTISTUS: Tooling UpPresenting Your Research to Employers D. Jensen

At an industrial job talk, you need to sell your science andyourself.

INDUSTRY INSIDER: In the Footsteps of Archimedes A. MichelsOur Industry Insider highlights opportunities for mathematicians in industry.

CANADA: Risky Business A. FazekasAlex Marini left the world of theoretical physics to pursue a career in financial risk management.

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NEWS FOCUS: Oxidants off the Hook? M. LeslieFast-aging mice dont suffer oxidative overload.

sciences stke www.stke.org SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENTREVIEW: Regulation of Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels by Calmodulin D. B. Halling,P. Aracena-Parks, S. L. Hamilton

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With the introduction of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) technology, cell biology and life sciences in general have entered a

whole new exciting era of research. [...] In some instances however, the resolution of the light microscope is the limiting factor

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Begin with a BackflipThe initiation of diffusion of molecules on surfaces is mainlythought of in terms of translational motion. Backus et al. (p. 1790,published online 10 November; see the Perspective by Ueba andWolf) followed the diffusion of CO mole-

cules on a stepped Pt surface with ultrafastvibrational spectroscopy by using changesin CO stretching frequencies to distinguishdifferent adsorption sites. Photoexcitationof the CO with a laser pulse revealed veryfast motion (a time constant of only 500femtoseconds) that was associated withCO rotation rather than translation. Densi-ty functional theory calculations showthat the excitation of frustrated rotationalmotion of the CO molecule is needed forthe molecule to hop to an adjoining ad-sorption site.

The Reptile-Dinosaur-BirdConundrumExamination of the histology of fossilbones has shown that most dinosaurs,like birds and mammals today, attainedtheir adult size at about the same ageafter a period of rapid growth, inde-pendently of environmental factors. Incontrast, many reptiles adjust theirgrowth in response to temperature andother factors, and may attain adult sizeat rather different ages. By examining alarge collection of fossils from central

Europe, Sander and Klein (p. 1800; seethe news story by Gramling) now showthat the most common Triassic dinosaur,the large prosauropod Plateosaurus engel-hardti grew more like turtles, snakes,and alligators, unlike later dinosaurs,whose growth response resembles thatof birds and mammals.

Small ReactorsPositron emission tomography (PET) achieves local sensitivity inmedical imaging of organs by detecting the emissive decay of iso-topically unstable molecular probes. This instability alsorequires the rapid and efficient synthesis of probe compounds.Lee et al. (p. 1793) have built a computer-controlled device,roughly the size of a penny, for optimizing the speed and cost ofsuch preparations. The mi-crometer-scale valves andchannels achieve rapid mixingand solvent exchange, and ef-f ic ient heat transfer, asdemonstrated in the multi-step synthesis of 18F-radiola-beled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose, the most widely usedPET probe.

The Genetics of Skin PigmentationLittle is known about the specific genes that contribute tvariations in human skin color.An exciting clue has now emfrom an unlikely source, a tiny aquarium fish.Working with a m

line of zebrafish called golden, w

stripes are paler than those in wildfish, Lamason et al. (p. 1782; see ther and the news story by Balter) that the altered pigmentation was cby a mutation in the sl c2 4A 5which encodes a protein potentialvolved in cation exchange. The ghighly conserved in vertebrates, anpression of the human gene in the gzebrafish restored wild-type pigmtion. European populations carry a sly different version of the slc24A5than do African and East Asian potions. A genetic polymorphism

changes one amino acid in the codigion of the gene correlates with skimentation levels, which suggestsslc24A5 may contribute to skin cohumans.

Hiding in the Long GrassSince the seminal work of MacArthuWilson on the theory of island biogephy, studies on this topic have fomainly on the relation of species ricwith island parameters such as aretance, and habitat variability. The po

tion biology of individual species island context has received much letention. Schoener et al. (p. 1807; sePerspective by Thorpe) report refrom an experiment using Anolis land an introduced lizard predator onislands in the Bahamas archipelago.absence of the predator, there highly regular (decreasing) correlatlizard survival to a key habitat va(vegetation height). In the presen

the predator, the situation was nearly reversed, such thasurvival was highest in the tallest vegetation.

Modification of Electrical SynapsesThe brain has two main types of synapses, chemical and elecElectrical synapses represent a major form of communicbetween interneurons in the mammalian nervous system.Thean important role in synchronization of activity in local cell ptions because their speed and reliability allows signals to sacross whole networks at a time scale that is sufficient to preprecise timing of signals between distant neurons. In spite ofpotentially vital functions, electrical synapses have generallyregarded as stereotypic and nonflexible. However, LandismaConnors (p.1809) found that transmission across electrical syn


edited by Stella Hurtley and Phil Szur

THISWEEK IN

CREDITS(TOPTOBOTTOM):VANROOSEETAL.;LEEETAL.

CONTINUED ON PAG

Comparing Correlations

Quantum mechanics offers an exactsolution to the forces binding an elec-tron to a proton in the hydrogen atom.However, adding just one more protonand electron to the system presents anintractable complication arising fromthe correlated motion of the electrons.Vanroose et al. (p. 1787) have im-proved the approximate solution by nu-merical computation. They analyze thetrajectories of both electrons upondouble ionization of the hydrogen mol-ecule by a single photon, specifically fo-cusing on the influence of changing the

internuclear separation. The result isdistinct from the path taken on doubleionization of the helium atom, Thesefindings indicate that significant corre-lation effects stem from a moleculargeometry (an electron pair shared be-tween two protons), as opposed to anatomic geometry (an electron pair sym-metrically surrounding two protons).


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can undergo long-term modifications just like chemical synapses. The modulation de-pends on activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, which presumably trigger intra-cellular signal cascades modulating the connexins that constitute the electrical synapses.

Snails on the RampageThere has been unprecedented and mas-

sive die-off of southeastern United Statessalt marshes during the past 5 years, withpotentially serious consequences forcoastal protection and integrity. Sillimanet al. (p. 1803) surveyed more than 1200kilometers of coastline and found high-density fronts of plant-grazing snails(~1500 individuals per square meter)mowing down marsh plants at 11 of 12die-off sites. Die-off was initiated by drought-induced stress. Snail fronts developed atthe edges of the die-off zones, and then spread across remaining healthy areas.Theseinteractions between climatic and trophic factors may lead to further degradation oreven collapse of these ecologically and economically important systems.

Inhibiting Brain RepairNeuronal axons in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous system are generallyensheathed in myelin that is generated by nonneuronal cells. In response to injury inthe peripheral nervous system, new axons can sprout from unmyelinated gaps calledthe Nodes of Ranvier, but this response rarely occurs in the central nervous system(CNS). Huang et al. (p. 1813, published online 17 November) have identified a precur-sor oligodendrocyte cell type whose processes envelope nodes in the CNS and inhibitaxon sprouting. The processes express a glycoprotein previously thought exclusive tocompact myelin. Mice lacking the glycoprotein exhibited abnormal node formation andnodal axon sprouting. Overcoming the inhibitory nature of these cells may be clinicallyimportant in recovery from injury.

MicroRNA Management of the GenomeMicroRNAs (miRNAs), small, ~22-nucleotide noncoding RNAs that have been found inmost of the plants and animals so far studied, generally regulate gene expression bysuppressing the activity of messenger RNAs (mRNA) bearing complementary targetsequences. These targets, or seeds, are apparently only seven to eight nucleotideslong, and so, all things being equal, should occur randomly throughout the genomewith relatively high frequency. Farh et al. (p. 1817, published online 24 November)now show that all things are not equal: Expression of regulated seed-bearing mRNAscorrelates with the presence of the appropriate miRNA. However, nonregulated mRNAspresent at high levels in miRNA-expressing tissues have a paucity of complementaryseed matches in their sequence. Thus, miRNAs are influencing the expression, the evo-lution, or both of the majority of mRNAs.

Just-in-Time CompetencyMany bacteria can take up exogenous DNA, an ability known as natural compe-tence. The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, is not known to have thisproperty, but somehow it has clearly acquired virulence attributes, includingcholera toxin, from some other source. V. choleraedoes possess the genes used byother bacteria to assemble the necessary machinery for DNA uptake, for example,type IV pili. Meibom et al. (p. 1824; see the Perspective by Bartlett and Azam)now show that a chitin (which can be found in the exoskeleton of crabs, a naturalhost for the bacteria) triggers V. choleraeto produce pili, and to release and ex-change functional DNA. This competency remained unnoticed in a pathogen thathas been studied for 60 years, which suggests that other noncompetent bacteriamay become so under the appropriate growth conditions.

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EDITORIA


When Kate graduated from Lincoln High School, she had a budding interest in science. Taking

college-level advanced placement courses in biology and chemistry during her senior year hadbeen challenging, but a combination of enthusiastic teachers and supportive classmates broughther unanticipated satisfactionshe was learning how nature worked and had made a good start atanalyzing it as a scientist would.

It took only 1 year of science classes at a large research university to turn Kate into a business major. Her generalchemistry textbook was similar in content to the one shed used in high school. But the class was so enormous thatshe only knew the professor as a speck in the distance. The laboratory section was taught by a teaching assistant whowas struggling to learn English, but that didnt matter much because the acid/base titration was the same experimentthat Kate had done in high school. Moreover, the pressure to memorize equations and work on assigned problemsdampened Kates enthusiasm for grappling with the underlying concepts.

So why should a research scientist reading this account care about whathappened to Kate? After all, hasnt it always been this way? There is a laissez-faire attitude among some that although university science classes are tough,those who are really cut out for it will survive to populate the next generation

of scientists. But we should care, and there are two reasons why.First, the pipeline issue; illustrated here with reference to the United States,but a problem in many other countries as well. The number of Ph.D. degrees inscience and engineering granted by U.S. universities increased by 45% from1974 to 2004, somewhat more than the 37% growth in the countrys population.But the doctoral degrees granted to U.S. citizens increased by only 11%, makingnonU.S. citizens, most holding temporary visas, largely responsible forour keeping pace with the countrys need for scientists. Clearly, something isturning Kate and her classmates away from careers in science.

Second, the future of the world is at stake! Thats not melodrama. Neverhave exciting new developments in science been more tightly connected toreal dilemmas in public policy. If the electorate distrusts science and doesntunderstand how scientists explore and interrogate the natural world, how will they vote on issues ranging from stemcell research and global climate change to the teaching of intelligent design in our schools? In addition to full-time

scientists, we need educated citizens who can think critically about the science and technology choices so prominentin contemporary political life.Science and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) are committed, each in their own ways, to revitalizing

science education. Therefore, we are pleased to collaborate and bring the readers of Science innovative educationalideas in each month of 2006.* We want to showcase new approaches to teaching that work even in large lectureclasses, or bring other disciplines, such as physics and computer sciences, together with biology into a single course.Learning is not a spectator sport, and through active involvement in the material, students will understand and retainconcepts much better. We want to explore how to connect research and teaching for the benefit of both student andprofessor. We want to help faculty do what they would all love to do: teach better with less struggle. Above all, we hopeto increase general interest in, and knowledge about, science; no matter what path our students embark on.

Why Science? Because its widely read by scientists around the world, many of whom share a primary commitmentto research and a conviction that the successor generation of scientists must be nurtured. If they agree with us thatscience and the teaching of science are inseparable, they are an audience we must reach.

We researchers pride ourselves on thinking scientifically in our laboratories. We gather data, formulatehypotheses, and suspect our own conclusions enough to test them rigorously. And we always want to apply the besttechnology available to our problems. When scientists step out of the lab into the classroom, they can apply thesesame principles: finding out what their students already know, reworking their methods to enhance understanding,and applying technology to support those efforts. This scientific approach to teaching science is what we willhighlight in the upcoming issues of Science.

Thomas CechDonald Kennedy

Thomas Cech is president of HHMI in Chevy Chase, Maryland. Donald Kennedy is Editor-in-Chief of Science.*Science and HHMI will work with an advisory committee on the essay series.Science will have full editorial responsibility for the content. Essays maybe submitted for consideration through our Web site atwww.submit2science.org.

10.1126/science.1123580

Doing More for Kate

CREDIT:BOBHANDELMAN/GETTYIMAGES
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C H E M I S T R Y

Building a Better

WackerThe Wacker oxidation is awell-established method forthe conversion of olefins toaldehydes and ketones.Thereaction involves activation ofthe olefin toward water addi-tion by a palladium catalyst,followed by regeneration ofthe catalyst by oxygen. In gen-eral, however, the regenerationstep cannot be accomplisheddirectly, but instead requires acopper or quinone derivativeto shuttle electrons betweenPd and O2.

Mitsudome et al. show thata judicious choice of solventeliminates the need for theco-catalyst. Using PdCl2 indimethylacetamide (DMA)solvent, they achieve efficientconversion of long-chain (upto C20) terminal olefins to thecorresponding 2-ketones ontreatment with water under

O2 pressure. The catalysttolerates hydroxyl and cyano

groups and can be recycledseveral times after heptaneextraction.Electrochemicalstudies suggest that DMA lowersthe oxidation potential of thecatalyst in its Pd(0) state,thereby promoting directoxidation by O2. JSY

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.10.1002/anie.200502886 (2005).

P S Y C H O L O G Y

Frozen in Time

Humans may be unique inbeing aware of their ownmortality. In any case,beingreminded that we are, in fact,mortal is apt to evoke feelingsof anxiety and to call forthmechanisms for alleviating ormanaging our reactions tolives being extinguished. Onesuch strategy is to seek rein-forcement of ones worldview,which has the consequence ofskewing our opinions of others

(and othersactions) towardthe extremes of good (in

accord with ones views) andbad.Furthermore, these valua-tions may very well becomefixed at their best or worst ifthe other person has died.

Eylon and Allison provideevidence for the immutability

of judgmentsin the form oftwo experi-ments inwhich sub-

jects wereassessed forthe change intheir valua-tions when agood person(fictitious inthe first case,real in thesecond) wasdescribed ashavingbehaved

immorally and, conversewhen a bad person wasreported as having actedtoriously.They found thadecrement in positive rat

and the increase in negatratings were both smallewhen the persons in queswere dead versus still alivsuggesting that our impreof people, favorable or nobecome resistant to chanwhen they die. GJC

Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 12

, 1708

I M M U N O L O G Y

Awakening HIV

One of the pressing issue

HIV research is understanthe mechanisms of virallatency, in which small nuof memory CD4+ T cells ha transcriptionally silent of the integrated proviruBecause this latent virus be reactivated and becauexists in this dormant forwithin a long-lived populof lymphocytes, it reprea life-long reservoir.To overcome the in vivopaucity of latently infect

memory cells,Williams estudied a human T cell lincontaining a single integprovirus and found that Rpolymerase II did not bthe proviral long terminrepeat (LTR) because ofalterations in the chromastructure that had beeninduced by the binding ohistone deacetylase enzyHDAC1 to the LTR. Inhibiof HDAC1 or knockdownNF-B p50 (which recruicomplexes with HDAC1) sufficient for the producof short nonproductive vtranscripts, and full viral scription could be achievcoexpressing the viral trativating protein Tat.Establishing this mechanprimary CD4+ T cells willthe next step in determinwhether combinations of

EDITORS CHOICH I G H L I G H T S O F T H E R E C E N T L I T E R A T U R Eedited by Gilbert

CREDITS(TOPTOBOTTOM):KASHIWAGIETAL.,N

AT.MATER.

4,928(2005);ABBIEROWE/NATIONALPARKSERVICE/JOHNFITZGERALDKENNEDYLIBRARY;REUTERS;CIA

CONTINUED ON PAG

M A T E R I A L S S C I E N C E

Nanotube Firefighters

When polymers are heated and reach the temperature at which they begin to decompose,

bubbles often form beneath the surface because the boiling points of the degradation productsare usually lower than the decomposition temperature of the parent polymer.The evolutionof these bubbles prevents the formation of a solid layer of char, which would insulate the

rest of the polymer from further heating. Withthe advent of restrictions on halogenatedflame-retardant additives,nanoscale reinforcingmaterials, such as clay particles, have beeninvestigated as alternatives.

Kashiwagi et al. have found that carbonnanotubes and nanoparticles can also act both asreinforcing materials and as flame retardants,and in some cases can surpass the performanceof nanoclay materials. Coaxing the asymmetricfibers into a continuous network structure is the

key to reducing bubbling. At fixed loads underradiant heat, the best results were obtainedusing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs),which left a residue with an undulating surfacebut no deep cracks. In contrast, multiwalled

carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) yielded only islands of protection, and neither carbon nanofibers(CNF) nor carbon black particles helped very much. Flame retardancy was found to correlate withrheology, because the best materials showed a gel-like response, which matches their ability toform networks. MSL

Nat. Mater. 4

, 928 (2005).

The residue of poly(methyl methacrylate)with various nanoadditives after heating.

Candles in the wind.


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HDAC1 inhibition and Tat activation willprove viable as a means of overcominglatency in the clinic. SJS

EMBO J. 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600900 (2005).

G E N E T I C S

Pressure Under Pressure

Hypertension is an extremely commondisorder that, left untreated, can lead tostroke, heart disease,and kidney failure.Individuals of African descent are at greaterrisk of developing high blood pressure thanare those of European descent,and thismay reflect adaptations to distinct envi-ronmental selection pressures experiencedby ancestral populations. For example,ancient human populations living in hothumid climates where salt was scarcewould likely have a physiology adapted tomaximize salt retention (which would con-comitantly increase blood vessel tone),but

this selective pressure would be lost oncepopulations moved to cooler regions.

Young et al. present genetic data consis-tent with the hypothesis that differentialsusceptibility to hypertension amongmodern humans is due to climatic adapta-tion during the out-of-Africa expansion.Studying worldwide variation in five genesimplicated in blood pressure regulation,they find that the prevalence of allelic vari-ants that would increase heat adaptation(and hence hypertension susceptibility) issignificantly greater in populations livingat low latitudes or in hot wet climates

than in those at high latitudes or cold dryclimates. In addition, using data from anepidemiologic study of blood pressure in52 different populations, they concludethat a major portion of the worldwidevariation in blood pressure can beaccounted for by latitude and a variantallele of GNB3,the beta3 subunit of guaninenucleotidebinding protein. PAK

PLoS Genet. 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010082.eor (2005).

C H E M I S T R Y

Chiral Golden Rings

The self-assembly of a large chiral aggre-gate with luminescent properties fromachiral building blocks is reported by Yu et al.,who have exploited aurophilic interactions

between Au(I) atoms to drive assembly.Two equivalents of the Au(I) dimer,[Au2(dppm)Cl2] where dppm is the bridgingbis(diphenylphosphino)methane ligand,bind to piperazine-1,4-dicarbodithiolate inanhydrous methanol; the thiol groups adda second bridging group to two golddimers.This compound crystallizes as atetramer in which the 16 gold atoms forma continuous loop:The two pairs of goldatoms from one monomer bind to theends of a pair from an adjacent monomer,and two sets of bridging groups end up on

each side of the loop.This interleavedcyclic assembly imparts chirality on thetetramer, which crystallizes with a 70%preference for one form in each sampleprepared (but with essentially equalprobability of either handedness for anygiven sample).The tetramer also displaysintense green phosphorescence. PDS

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 10.1021/ja0565727.


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CONTINUED FROM 1743 EDITORS CHOICE

The crystal structure of the tetramer (Au,yellow;N, blue; P, pink; S, orange;C, gray).

Galanin Antagonists as AntidepressantsThe neuropeptide galanin influences a broad range of processesin the central and peripheral nervous systems. Swanson et al.used two small molecules that selectively inhibit the Gal3 receptorsubtype to help define the effects mediated through this recep-

tor in behavioral studies of anxiety and depression in three rodent model systems.They compared the effects of the inhibitors to those of chlordiazepoxide (a benzodi-azepine anxiolytic) and fluoxetine (an antidepressant). In several assays, including thesocial interaction test and the forced swim test, the Gal3 inhibitors showed acute andchronic antidepressant and anxiolytic effects equal to those of the control drugs,suggesting that Gal3-selective agonists may be useful therapeutics. LBR

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102

, 17489 (2005).

H I G H LI G H TE D I N S C I E N C E S S I G N A L T R A N S D U C T I O N K N O W L E D G E E N V I R O N M E N T

CREDITS:YUETAL.,J.A

M.C

HEM.S

OC.10.1021/JA0565727
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16 DECEMBER 2005 VOL 310 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org1746

John I. Brauman, Chair, Stanford Univ.Richard Losick, Harvard Univ.Robert May, Univ. of OxfordMarcia McNutt, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Inst.Linda Partridge, Univ. College LondonVera C. Rubin, Carnegie Institution of WashingtonChristopher R. Somerville, Carnegie InstitutionGeorge M.Whitesides, Harvard University

R. McNeill Alexander, Leeds Univ.Richard Amasino, Univ.of Wisconsin,MadisonMeinrat O.Andreae, Max Planck Inst., MainzKristi S. Anseth, Univ. of ColoradoCornelia I. Bargmann, Rockefeller Univ.Brenda Bass, Univ.of UtahRay H. Baughman, Univ.of Texas,DallasStephen J. Benkovic, Pennsylvania St. Univ.Michael J. Bevan, Univ. of WashingtonTon Bisseling, Wageningen Univ.Mina Bissell, Lawrence Berkeley National LabPeer Bork, EMBLDennis Bray, Univ. of CambridgeStephen Buratowski, Harvard Medical School

Jillian M. Buriak, Univ. of AlbertaJoseph A. Burns, Cornell Univ.William P. Butz, Population Reference BureauDoreen Cantrell, Univ. of DundeePeter Carmeliet, Univ.of Leuven,VIBGerbrand Ceder, MITMildred Cho,Stanford Univ.David Clapham, Childrens Hospital, BostonDavid Clary, Oxford University

J. M. Claverie, CNRS,MarseilleJonathan D. Cohen, Princeton Univ.Robert Colwell, Univ. of Connecticut

Peter Crane, Royal Botanic Gardens,KewF. Fleming Crim, Univ. of WisconsinWilliam Cumberland, UCLACaroline Dean,John Innes Centre

Judy DeLoache, Univ.of VirginiaEdward DeLong, MITRobert Desimone, MIT

John Diffley, Cancer Research UKDennis Discher, Univ. of Pennsylvania

Julian Downward, Cancer Research UKDenis Duboule, Univ. of GenevaChristopher Dye, WHORichard Ellis, Cal TechGerhard Ertl, Fritz-Haber-Institut,BerlinDouglas H.Erwin,Smithsonian InstitutionBarry Everitt, Univ. of Cambridge

Paul G. Falkowski, Rutgers Univ.Ernst Fehr, Univ. of ZurichTom Fenchel, Univ. of Copenhagen

Jeffrey S. Flier, Harvard Medical SchoolChris D. Frith, Univ. College LondonR. Gadagkar, Indian Inst.of ScienceMary E. Galvin, Univ. of DelawareDon Ganem, Univ.of California,SF

John Gearhart,Johns Hopkins Univ.Jennifer M. Graves,Australian National Univ.Christian Haass, Ludwig Maximilians Univ.Dennis L. Hartmann, Univ. of WashingtonChris Hawkesworth, Univ. of BristolMartin Heimann, Max Planck Inst., Jena

James A. Hendler, Univ. of MarylandAry A. Hoffmann, La Trobe Univ.Evelyn L. Hu, Univ.of California,SBMeyer B. Jackson, Univ. of Wisconsin Med. SchoolStephen Jackson, Univ. of CambridgeDaniel Kahne, Harvard Univ.Bernhard Keimer, Max Planck Inst., StuttgartAlan B. Krueger, Princeton Univ.

Antonio Lanzavecchia, Inst. of Res. in BiomedicineAnthony J.Leggett, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignMichael J. Lenardo, NIAID,NIHNorman L.Letvin, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterRichard Losick, Harvard Univ.Andrew P. MacKenzie, Univ.of St.AndrewsRaul Madariaga, cole Normale Suprieure,ParisRick Maizels, Univ. of EdinburghEve Marder, Brandeis Univ.George M. Martin,Univ. of WashingtonWilliam McGinnis, Univ. of California,San DiegoVirginia Miller, Washington Univ.Edvard Moser, Norwegian Univ.of Science and TechnologyAndrew Murray, Harvard Univ.Naoto Nagaosa, Univ. of Tokyo

James Nelson,Stanford Univ.School of Med.

Roeland Nolte, Univ. of NijmegenHelga Nowotny, European Research Advisory BoardEric N.Olson, Univ.of Texas,SWErin OShea, Univ.of California, SFMalcolm Parker, Imperial College

John Pendry, Imperial CollegePhilippe Poulin, CNRSMary Power, Univ. of California, BerkeleyDavid J. Read, Univ.of SheffieldColin Renfrew, Univ. of CambridgeTrevor Robbins, Univ. of CambridgeNancy Ross, Virginia TechEdward M. Rubin, Lawrence Berkeley National LabsDavid G. Russell, Cornell Univ.Gary Ruvkun, Mass. General Hospital

J. Roy Sambles, Univ. of ExeterPhilippe Sansonetti, Institut PasteurDavid S.Schimel,National Center for Atmospheric ResearchDan Schrag, Harvard Univ.Georg Schulz,Albert-Ludwigs-UniversittPaul Schulze-Lefert, Max Planck Inst.,CologneTerrence J. Sejnowski, The Salk Institute

George Somero,Stanford Univ.Christopher R. Somerville, Carnegie Institutio

Joan Steitz, Yale Univ.Edward I. Stiefel, Princeton Univ.Thomas Stocker, Univ.of Bern

Jerome Strauss, Univ. of Pennsylvania Med. CeTomoyuki Takahashi, Univ. of TokyoGlenn Telling, Univ. of KentuckyMarc Tessier-Lavigne, GenentechCraig B. Thompson, Univ. of PennsylvaniaMichiel van der Klis,Astronomical Inst.of AmDerek van der Kooy,Univ. of TorontoBert Vogelstein,Johns HopkinsChristopher A.Walsh, Harvard Medical SchooChristopher T.Walsh, Harvard Medical SchoolGraham Warren, Yale Univ.School of Med.Fiona Watt, Imperial Cancer Research Fund

Julia R. Weertman, Northwestern Univ.Daniel M.Wegner, Harvard UniversityEllenD. Williams, Univ. of MarylandR. Sanders Williams, Duke UniversityIan A. Wilson, The Scripps Res. Inst.

Jerry Workman,Stowers Inst.for Medical ReseJohn R. Yates III,The Scripps Res. Inst.Martin Zatz, NIMH,NIHWalter Zieglgnsberger, Max Planck Inst., MuHuda Zoghbi, Baylor College of MedicineMaria Zuber, MIT

David Bloom, Harvard Univ.Londa Schiebinger,Stanford Univ.Richard Shweder, Univ. of ChicagoRobert Solow, MITEd Wasserman, DuPontLewis Wolpert, Univ.College,London

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Donald KennedyEXECUTIVE EDITOR Monica M. Bradford

DEPUTY EDITORS NEWS EDITOR

R.Brooks Hanson,Katrina L.Kelner Colin Norman

EDITORIALSUPERVISORY SENIOR EDITORSBarbara Jasny,Phillip D. Szuromi; SEN-IOR EDITOR/PERSPECTIVESLisa D.Chong; SENIOR EDITORSGilbert J.Chin,PamelaJ.Hines,Paula A.Kiberstis (Boston),Beverly A.Purnell,L. Bryan Ray,GuyRiddihough (Manila),H. Jesse Smith,Valda Vinson,David Voss;ASSOCIATEEDITORS Marc S. Lavine (Toronto), Jake S.Yeston; ONLINE EDITOR StewartWills; CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Ivan Amato; ASSOCIATE ONLINE EDITOR Tara S.Marathe; BOOK REVIEW EDITOR Sherman J. Suter;ASSOCIATE LETTERS EDITOR EttaKavanagh; INFORMATION SPECIALISTJanet Kegg;EDITORIAL MANAGER Cara Tate;SENIOR COPY EDITORSJeffrey E.Cook,Harry Jach,Barbara P. Ordway; COPYEDITORS Cynthia Howe, Alexis Wynne Mogul, Jennifer Sills, TristaWagoner; EDITORIAL COORDINATORS Carolyn Kyle, Beverly Shields; PUBLICA-TION ASSISTANTSRamatoulaye Diop,Chris Filiatreau,Joi S. Granger, Jeffrey

Hearn, Lisa Johnson,Scott Miller, Jerry Richardson, Brian White,AnitaWynn; EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS E. Annie Hall, Lauren Kmec, Patricia M.Moore, Brendan Nardozzi, Michael Rodewald; EXECUTIVE ASSISTANTSylviaS. Kihara; ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORTPatricia F. FisherNEWS SENIOR CORRESPONDENT Jean Marx; DEPUTY NEWS EDITORS RobertCoontz,Jeffrey Mervis, Leslie Roberts, John Travis; CONTRIBUTING EDITORSElizabeth Culotta,Polly Shulman;NEWS WRITERS Yudhijit Bhattacharjee,Adrian Cho,Jennifer Couzin,David Grimm,Constance Holden, JocelynKaiser, Richard A. Kerr, Eli Kintisch, Andrew Lawler (New England),Greg Miller, Elizabeth Pennisi, Robert F. Service (Pacific NW), ErikStokstad; Carolyn Gramling (intern); CONTRIBUTING CORRESPONDENTSMarcia Barinaga (Berkeley,CA), Barry A. Cipra, Jon Cohen (San Diego,CA), Daniel Ferber, Ann Gibbons, Robert Irion, Mitch Leslie(NetWatch), Charles C. Mann, Evelyn Strauss, Gary Taubes, IngridWickelgren; COPY EDITORS Linda B. Felaco, Rachel Curran, SeanRichardson; ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Scherraine Mack, Fannie GroomBUREAUS: Berkeley, CA: 510-652-0302, FAX 510-652-1867, NewEngland: 207-549-7755, San Diego, CA: 760-942-3252, FAX 760-942-4979,Pacific Northwest:503-963-1940PRODUCTION DIRECTORJames Landry; SENIOR MANAGER Wendy K. Shank;ASSISTANT MANAGER Rebecca Doshi; SENIOR SPECIALISTS Jay Covert,

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http://www.sciencemag.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.sciencemag.org/http://www.aaas.org/bnhttp://www.aaasmember.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://sciencemag.org/feature/contribinfo/home.shtmlhttp://sciencemag.org/feature/contribinfo/home.shtmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.aaasmember.org/http://www.aaas.org/bnhttp://www.sciencemag.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.sciencemag.org/


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W E B L O G S

BioethicsBanterWith an egg-donationscandal at a topcloning lab, contin-ued skirmishing overstem cel ls in theUnited States, andlast months first-

ever face transplant,2005 has given bio-ethicists plenty tocontemplate. To followthe latest twists in these andother science stories withsocial impact, dive into the Web loglaunched in September 2004 by the edi-tors of the American Journal of Bioethics.Although the journals Web site offerssome news, the blog format allowsbroader coverage and better explanationsof issues, according to the three editors,who write most of the material . Itsopinionated posts have highlighteddevelopments such as classical musi-cians use of beta blockers to quell stagefright and the current controversy overhow South Korean stem cell pioneer WooSuk Hwangs lab obtained human eggs(Science , 2 December, p. 1402).Youll alsofind newspaper commentaries co-writtenby a site editor.

blog.bioethics.net

T O O L S

Species CrawliSpecies provides as much information as a

Internet encyclopedia, yet it doesnt contain gle Web page. The new search engine from syatist Roderic Page of the University of Glasgthe U.K. furnishes what Web aficionados mashup. Instead of housing static pages abouferent species, it compiles a profile of your seorganism by linking to molecular, taxonomiother sites. Enter aardvark, for exampleiSpecies tracks down images of the snouty mal, protein and DNA sequences, a list of abs

from recent papers, and a classificsynopsis from the Integrated

nomic Information System.www.ispecies.org

NETWATCedited by Mitch Le

CREDITS(TOPTOBOTTOM):NASA/IMAGE;COURTESYOFBR

OOKHAVENNATIONALLABORATORY;MALCOLMCAMPBELL

E D U C A T I O N

Avoid Lab Mix-UpsNested or real-time PCR? Western, Southern,or Northern blotting? Newbies struto keep genomic methods straight can get help at this primer written by bioMalcolm Campbell of Davidson Collegein North Carolina.Methods for Genomicsisnt a lab manual but instead brieflyexplains more than 50 widely used tech-niques and pieces of equipment. Withdiagrams and animations, the site helpsstudents grasp lab staples such as elec-trophoresis (right) and more advancedmethods such as the Cre/loxP recombi-nation system for deleting specific sec-tions of DNA.The content ties in with a text Campbell uses in his classes, but works as a standalone resource.

www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/methodslist.html#meth2

E D U C A T I O N

Catch Some RaysCosmic rays spew from the sun,

hurtle out of the remains ofsupernovas,and escape from otherextraterrestrial sources.The speed-ing space particles, which constantlypelt Earth, interest astronomers study-ing questions such as the composition ofthe galaxy. NASAs Cosmicopia explainscosmic rays and related topics such as space weather for students and thepublic. Subjects include Earths magnetosphere, the magnetic cloakaround the planet that rebuffs many cosmic rays. The site also offers aQ&A written by experts, a timeline of rayresearch, and links to news stories.Above, a false-color image illumi-nates the magnetosphere.

helios.gsfc.nasa.gov

I M A G E S

Head CasesThis new image bank from Brookhav

National Laboratory in Upton, New Yocan help researchers studying neural variab

ity among mouse strains. Stored here are 3brain maps for the C57BL/6J strain,a lab favori

created using magnetic resonance microscopAfter completing a free registration, users can dow

load images for each of 10 rodents studied. Other atlasdepict the average anatomy and the variation within t

group. Researchers can compare the images to structural measurments for other strains or use them as a template for mapping data on gene and metaboactivity.To help users view and analyze the scans, the site offers free software.

www.bnl.gov/CTN/mouse

Send site suggestions [email protected]. Archive: www.sciencemag.org/netwatch
http://www.sciencemag.org/http://blog.bioethics.net/http://www.ispecies.org/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/methodslist.html#meth2http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://www.bnl.gov/CTN/mousemailto:[email protected]://www.sciencemag.org/netwatchhttp://www.sciencemag.org/netwatchmailto:[email protected]://www.bnl.gov/CTN/mousehttp://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/methodslist.html#meth2http://www.ispecies.org/http://blog.bioethics.net/http://www.sciencemag.org/


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16 DECEMBER 2005 VOL 310 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org1748

NEWSP A G E 1 7 5 1 1 7 5 2

Meetingthe mininnovat

Dinosaursgrowthspurt

This Wee k

SEOUL AND TOKYOEmbattled Korean stemcell scientist Woo Suk Hwang and his univer-sity have bowed to pressure for an investiga-tion into a growing list of questions about alandmark paper he and colleagues pub -lished in Science in June2005 (17 June, p. 1777). On12 December, Seoul NationalUniversity (SNU), whereHwang works, announced it

will conduct an investigationat the scientists request. Thisfollows a 7 December petitionfor an investigation from30 SNU faculty members touniversity president Un ChanChung. Prompted initially byanonymous allegations madeon a public Web site abou tirregularities in the paper, sci-entists in Korea and else-where are calling for thepapers key DNA fingerprint-ing tests to be redone by an

independent researcher.(As Science went to press, one of Hwangsco-authors, Gerald Schatten of the Universityof Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, asked Scienceto remove his name from the paper.)

Meanwhile, stem cell researchers else-where are worried about the possible fallout.The labs as-yet-unreplicated feat of creatinghuman embryonic stem (ES) cell lines thatmatch the DNA of patients inspired a globalramp-up in stem cell efforts. Such ES cell linesmight one day provide replacement cellsgenetically matched to a patient sufferingfrom Parkinsons disease or diabetes. Hwangs

team not only showed that producing such EScell lines was possible but also that it could bedone efficiently, with relatively few donatedoocytes per cell line. Alan Colman, head ofSingapore-based ES Cell International and amember of the team that produced Dolly thesheep, the first cloned mammal, says, Id stilllike to believe this is a case of sloppy presenta-tion but good science. If the results of thepaper do not hold up, he says it could set thefield back to a time when many thought theresearch was too difficult and inefficient topursue. It would also provide ammunition to

opponents of the research, he says.The latest revelations center on the DNA

fingerprinting in the papers supplementaryonline material first posted on 19 May 2005;the fingerprinting data purportedly show that

the ES cells are genetically identical to thepatients. There are also new allegations aboutanother set of images in the online materialthat Hwang last week told editors at Sciencehad been erroneously duplicated (Science,9 December, p. 1595).All the scientific ques-tions can apparently be traced to anonymousobservations about the paper posted on anInternet message board hosted by the Biolog-ical Research Information Center (BRIC)(bric.postech.ac.kr). BRIC officials declinedto comment, but a senior Korean scientistwho has followed the postings agreed to dis-

cuss the issue provided he not be identified.(The Korean scientists contacted for this arti-cle requested anonymity because they fear abacklash against what are perceived to beattacks on Hwang, who has become anational icon. This issue is now completelybeyond the realm of science, one laments.)

The senior scientist says the messageboard writer, who claims to be a life scienceresearcher, f irst pointed out the possibilityof duplicated images early on 5 DecemberKorea time. Hwangs e-mailed notice ofproblems with duplicate images ar rived at

Sciences editorial offices on 4 Decem11:29 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, would have been 1:29 p.m. on 5 Dec

in Korea, or several hours after the imwere posted on the message board.

On 7 December, a critique of the DNgerprinting results appeared on the BRIDNA fingerprinting shows a genetic between two samples when peaks in theline up. But because the height and shapeaks are influenced by random factorshould not be identical. The anony

poster pointed out thtraces for several cellappear to be identical traces from the respepatients. In o ther case

background noise on thtraces looks very similaAlec Jeffreys, a g

fingerprinting expertUniversity of Leicester,said in an e-mail that sothe traces do look unusimilar in peak shape andground noise. He declicomment further withouing the original data.

The anonymous postnotes that Hwangs admof duplicated images do

include other imageappear to have been duplicated.The postings have elicited a flu

responses. The consensus, says the senientist following the BRIC postings, seebe that if Korean scientists dont take thin reviewing the paper, the integrityKorean scientific community might betioned by the world community.

Two of the 30 SNU professors who the petition asking for an investigatioScience the group first learned of the quesurrounding the paper from the BRIC dsion. One of the two professors contac

Science says that they are not trying to diHwang. Dr. Hwang is a pioneer researcthe field, and his studies should be pursujust see a serious need for a review.

The investigation comes amid a fluclaims and counterclaims in the Kmedia. On 10 December, a Korean newsite called Pressian reported that it had transcript from an unaired documentthe Korean Munhwa Broadcasting MBC pulled the documentary, prepareweekly TV show calledPD Noteboresponse to public outcry over allegat

Korean University WillInvestigate Cloning Paper

S T E M C E L L S

Back to work. Cloning researcher Woo Suk Hwang returned to his lab on 12 December.He had been hospitalized for several days suffering from symptoms of stress and fatigue.
http://www.sciencemag.org/http://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://bric.postech.ac.kr/http://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://bric.postech.ac.kr/http://www.sciencemag.org/


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that the investigative team had coerced itssources; MBC later apologized for the inves-tigative teams transgressions. Pressian

claimed that in an interview for the unairedsegment, a member of Hwangs team allegedthat Hwang had directed him to manipulatephotographs of stem cells. The lab memberhad previously said that the interview wascoerced. On 11 December, Hwangs teamissued a statement dismissing the allegations.

In this charged atmosphere, SNU held apress conference on 12 December to announceits investigation. Jung Hye Roe, SNUs dean ofresearch affairs, said SNU would form an

investigative committee of experts from withinand outside the university. They will not bepublicly identif ied and will not respond to

press inquiries. Roe said SNU may cooperatewith the University of Pittsburgh, whichstarted its own investigation at Schattensrequest. One of the two SNU professors con-tacted by Science says the announcement ofthe investigation is welcome. But this profes-sor added that because the details have not yetbeen set, we need to keep an eye on how theinvestigation goes. On 9 December, ScienceEditor-in-Chief Donald Kennedy wrote toHwang encouraging him to cooperate with

efforts to verify his findings.Colman thinks the only way to

whether and how many of the ES cell

match the donors is a new genetic anaThere is an absolute necessity now to hindependent investigator redo the fingeing, he says. But this could be probleFresh samples might have to be taken frodonors, and that would entail again gainformed consent. The university has nset any timeline for its investigation.

DENNIS NORMILE AND GRETCHEN

With reporting by Sei Chong,Ji-soo Kim,and Stone.Chong and Kim are freelance writers in


CREDIT:ESA

1 7 5 6 1 7 5 9 1 7

Prion research:The spotlightdims

A blighbul

AnotherHawaiianinvasion

F o c u s

To stay afloat, the European Space Agency(ESA) is forced to go through an often painfulroutine: It has to convene ministers from its15 member states every few years and askthem to hammer out a long-term budget, gen-erally requiring some hard sacrifices. ButESA got a pleasant surprise last week. Fol-lowing the latest such meeting in Berlin, itcame away with almost everything it askedfor. ESA said it needed a total of $10.04 billionfor current programs and new initiatives cov-

ering everything from launcher developmentto exploration of Mars; it was granted$9.87 billion, 98% of its request. There wasone casualty: Ministers dropped a proposedcollaboration with Russia to develop a crewedshuttle called Clipper.

The pain factor at ESA ministerial meet-ings usually involves haggling over how muchmember states are willing to pledge to manda-tory programsto which all must contributein line with their gross domestic productsand how much each will splurge on optionalprograms. The largest chunk of mandatoryfunding goes to ESAs highly regarded science

program. It has been suffering a decade-longerosion of resources as funding increases werepegged below inflation at earlier meetings.This time, science won $2.5 billion for200610, which includes annual increases of2.5%, slightly above inflation. Psychologi-cally, this is a very positive step, says DavidSouthwood, the programs director.

Cost overruns in several missions over thepast few years have put the science programunder severe pressure. It forced the cancella-tion of the Eddington planet-hunting missionin 2003 (Science, 14 November 2003, p. 1130)

and put the BepiColombo mission to Mer-cury under threat. The program was facing amajor crisis, says space scientist Mark Simsof the University of Leicester, U.K. Lastweeks reversal makes many difficulties goaway but not all of them, he adds. Southwoodsays the program will host a meeting ofresearchers in January to plan future priori-ties; in February, ESAs Science ProgramCommittee will meet to decide which of fourmissions on the programs rosterSolar

Orbiter, BepiColombo, the Gaia star-mapper,and LISA, a gravitational-wave interferome-terwill get the go-ahead.

The agency also won $4.3 billion ttinue its programs in the earth scietelecommunications research, particiin the international space station, dement of the new, small Vega rockefurther refinements to the giant AriA new program, dubbed Global Moing for Environment and Sec(GMES), won $300 million, 26%than ESA had asked for. GMES is a coration between ESA and the Eur

Union to provide decisionmakersenvironmental data from satellites.Aurora, ESAs new optional progr

planetary exploration (Science, 25 Novep. 1272),won enthusiastic backing. Aufirst mission, the $700 million ExoMarsearch for signs of life on the Red Planetoversubscribed by about 8% at Berlin.should enable the mission to be biggercurrently planned, says Sims, who chaU.K.s Aurora Advisory Committee. Thmoney could pay for a small orbiter in adto the rover and base station already plan

The one sour note was the failure

of Europes large spacefaring natiFrance, Germany, Italy, and the U.Ksupport Clipper. ESA asked for $60 mfor 2 years of joint studies with Ruresearchers to see if the minishuttle give European astronauts indepeaccess to space. Manuel Valls o f exploration program says officialspend the next 6 months or so refiniproposal and then present it again to ber states. Its a long-term program,says. Making it right will be worthw

DANIE

ESA Hits the Right Note, and Funding FlowsS P AC E S C I E N C E

There and back again. Auroras future plansinclude the Mars Sample Return mission.
http://www.sciencemag.org/http://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/about/order.dtlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/


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ILLUSTRATION:RALMARTN

Flu Defenses BolsteredA single company has obtained the rto a vaccine-producing technology tmay prove crucial in a fight against pdemic influenza and insists it will mwidely available in an emergency.AnU.S. officials have revised a vaccine p

to stretch supplies.MedImmune in Gaithersburg, Ma

land, announced last week that it halicensed patents for so-called reversegenetics from Mount Sinai School oficine in New York City.The companyalready had rights to other patents ftechnology. Reverse genetics makes ble the production of seed vaccine faand more safely than the traditionalmeans of making seed vaccine in eggIf MedImmune waives licensing fees developing countries during a pandeas it has pledged,there should be nodownside,says infectious disease ex

Andrew Pavia of the University of UtSalt Lake City.

Meanwhile, the Food and Drug Adistration (FDA) said last month that agency will not require that a pandeflu vaccine containing an immune-response-boosting additive called anadjuvant go through a trial testing itcacy at preventing infection. Insteadwill require only evidence of safety aimmune response to license such a vcine.That could stretch scarce vaccinsupplies in a pandemic.It is very imtant that FDA has clarified its positiosays Pavia.The United States is curreconducting clinical trials of vaccinesan adjuvant against the deadly H5Navian influenza strain that has killed than 70 people.

JOCELYN

NIH to Draw Cancer MapAn ambitious effort to systematicalfind the main genetic changes in allhuman cancers officially got under wthis week. National Human GenomeResearch Institute (NHGRI) Directorcis Collins compared the effort to tathousands of genome projects.The

Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) will bewith a 3-year pilot project of $100 lion in grants from the National CanInstitute and NHGRI. Some have critthe project as potentially futile,siphfunds from investigator-initiated gra(Science, 9 December, p. 1615).To adthose concerns,TCGA, previously knas the Human Cancer Genome Projewill start with just two or three tumtypes and attempt to demonst

31212006-science-magazine-5755-2005-12-16

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