Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

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30 minutes

This session will look at how risks from hazards are managed and can be mitigated

Risk management65

Guatemala, 2005

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Session objectives

The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:

1. security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards

2. risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population

3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures !

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Session objectives

!The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:

1. security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards

2. risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population

3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Risk is expressed by the notation

Hazards x Vulnerability = Riske.g. landslide x high-risk location = damaged house

Hazard: a natural or man-made event causing damage

Vulnerability: the conditions which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

Risk: the probability of harmful consequences

Defining riskwww.unisdr.org

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Risks must be mapped for all of the transitional settlement and reconstruction options of displaced and non-displaced populations affected by conflict and natural disaster:

Displaced & non-displaced populations

Displaced populations Non-displaced populations

Occupancy with no legal status

House tenant

Apartment tenant

Land tenant

Apartment owner-occupier

House owner-occupier

Host families

Urban self-settlement

Rural self-settlement

Collective centres

Self-settled camps

Planned camps

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

It is important to recognize that different hazards create different types of disaster.

Emergency risk assessment and management should cover thetwo major types of hazards:

Type 1: security hazards

Type 2: natural hazards

Types of hazards

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

It is important to recognize that different hazards create different types of disaster.

Emergency risk assessment and management should cover thetwo major types of hazards:

Type 1: security hazards

Type 2: natural hazards

Types of hazards

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

There are two basic types of security hazards: ongoing conflictsand potential conflicts

Security hazards include:

• communal violence

• civil unrest

• conflict resources

• sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)

• wars

• ethnic conflicts

Type 1: Security hazards

Conflicts may occur in areas suffering from natural disasters

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Recognising security hazards

There are many potential hazards particularly associated with conflicts, that all pose significant and variable levels of risk to the built environment

1. Hazards associated with low intensity conflicts

• vandalism and arson

• small arms fire, artillery and rocket fire, aerial bombardment

• area denial weapons e.g. mines, booby traps

• UXOs (Unexploded Ordinance) or MECs (Munitions and Explosives of Concern)

2. Additional hazards associated with high intensity conflicts

• high powered weapons: cluster munitions, depleted uranium

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Proximity to security threats

The location of a building may mean it is particularly vulnerable to either direct or indirect damage:

• proximity to the front line of a conflict

• a building that occupies a strategically important territory may become a direct target for direct military attack

• UNHCR recommends that camps for refugees be set back at least 50km from any international border, following the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Convention:

‘…it is recommended that they (IDPs or refugees) be settled at a reasonable distance from international borders as well as other potentially sensitive areas such a military installations…’

Handbook for Emergencies (UNHCR, 2007)

www.unhcr.org

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

It is important to recognize that different hazards create different types of disaster.

Emergency risk assessment and management should cover thetwo major types of hazards:

Type 1: security hazards

Type 2: natural hazards

Types of hazards

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

p Type 2: Natural hazards

Natural disasters are often caused by a combination of hazards, e.g. earthquakes and fires

Natural disasters may occur in insecure environments

Hydro-meteorological

Geological Biological

floods

landslides

cyclones

fires

earthquakes

tsunamis

volcanoes

epidemic diseases

plant or animalcontagion

insect plagues andextensive infestations

68

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

World distribution of disasters by type (1991-2005)

Type 2: Natural hazards

Source: EM-DAT Emergency events data-base

Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters(United Nations, 2008)

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

p Session objectives

The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:

1. security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards

2. risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population

3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures !

217

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

The objective is to develop with the participation of communities a risk map that integrates:

Develop a risk map

• hazard assessment• vulnerability assessment

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

5 variables to help assess hazards:

1. frequencye.g. is there a seasonal pattern?

2. magnitude or intensitye.g. what is a ‘normal’ vs. ‘extreme’ circumstance?

3. duratione.g. how long will flood waters remain?

4. area of extente.g. where are the high, medium and low risk areas?

5. speed of onsete.g. does the hazard occur rapidly without warning?

Hazard assessmentNicaragua, 2007

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Example of zones of housing damage, and population movements between zones, following an earthquake

The vulnerability of the affected population should be assessed and depends upon:

where you are who you are

• earthquake – e.g. proximity to epicentre

• flood – e.g. elevation

• cyclone – e.g. exposure

• fire – e.g. drought regions

• displaced populations• low-income populations• high-risk locations• poor-quality buildings• marginal groups

Vulnerability assessmentTransitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters(United Nations, 2008)

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

The vulnerability of a population depends on their capacity to cope with hazards

Their livelihoods assets should be taken into account:

• human capital - people’s existing capacities and transfer of skills from the aid community

• social capital - quality of relationship between beneficiaries and aid agencies

• natural capital - preservation of the local environment (eg. measures taken to reduce the consumption of fuel wood)

• physical capital - availability of materials and workforce for reconstruction

• financial capital - availability and timing of funds

Vulnerability and livelihoods assetsTransitional Settlement: Displaced Populations(Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Risk mapping

Risk mapping needs to be maintained and developed as part of a plan for risk management

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:

1. security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards

2. risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population

3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures

Session objectives

!

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Traditional existing risk management mechanisms often exist for:

• construction

• sites

• materials

• community response

• early warning

These different mechanisms need to be:

• identified

• understood

• supported

Existing risk managementIndonesia, 2005

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Supporting sustainable risk management mechanisms to preventfuture disasters requires the involvement of all stakeholdersincluding the population, industry and government.

The role of external agencies is to support indigenous capacityand work with communities to support their efforts and buildtheir capacities.

Risk management and mitigation measures could include:

• regulationse.g. improved planning codes

• educatione.g. technical inspectors and information centres

• incentivese.g. subsidies for safer construction

Supporting risk managementGuatemala, 2005

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Discussion

Plan the steps that you would take in developing with a community a sustainable hazard map.

step 1. …

step 2. …

step 3. …

step 4. …

Key point

Each group agrees a key point

Discussionin groups

Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by

Bibliography

‘Handbook for Emergencies’ (UNHCR, 2007)

‘Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations’ (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

‘Tools for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction’ (Benson and Twigg, 2007)

www.unisdr.org

www.proventionconsortium.org/CRA_toolkit