3 social science - santillana

Social Science Learning Lab is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Educational department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence.

WRITERS Ronald H. Green Michele C. Guerrini Alejandro de las Heras

ILLUSTRATIONSDani JiménezEsther Pérez-Cuadrado

SCIENCE CONSULTANT Raquel Macarrón

PROOFREADER Deborah E. Greenberg

EDITORS Sara J. Checa Sally Frazer

EXECUTIVE EDITOR Peter Barton

BILINGUAL PROJECT COORDINATION Margarita España

Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.

Social Science3

Contents

Get started! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1 Weather and climate . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Land and water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3 Where we live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 Where we work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52


5 Planet Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

6 Studying the past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82


Key vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

UNIT CONTENTS

1

Weather and climate • What is the water cycle?

• What is air?

• How do we use air?

• Are climate and weather the same?

• Why is the atmosphere important?

• Values education: How does air pollution affect us?

2

Land and water• What are natural landscapes?

• How do people change landscapes?

• What are the features of coastal relief?

• What are the features of inland relief?

• What is the relief of Spain like?

• Where is the water in landscapes?

• What is the course of a river?

REVIEW Learning Lab game

3

Where we live • What are places like?

• How do places change?

• What is a local council?

• What do municipal workers do?

• Values education: How do we move about?

4

Where we work• Who works in the primary sector?

• Who works in the secondary sector?

• What is the industrial process?

• What types of industries are there?

• How do industries harm the landscape?

• Who works in the tertiary sector?

• What is commerce?

• What rights do consumers have?


5

Planet Earth• What are the planets like?

• What is the Earth like?

• How do we represent the Earth?

• What are the movements of the Earth?

• Why do we have seasons on Earth?

• What are the seasons like?

• What is the Moon like?

• What are the phases of the Moon?

6

Studying the past• How do we measure time?

• What are historical sources?

• Values education: Where can we see the past today?

• What is Prehistory?

• What is a timeline?

• Values education: How is life different today?


KEY VOCABULARY

four4

RAPS MINI LAB / BE A... FINAL TASK

Which layer is it? • Discover the properties of air

• Be a meteorologist! What is weather?

TaskSaving water and reducing pollutionValues education Pair and group work / conservation awareness

Man-made features • Investigate how landscapes change

• Be a geographer! How do you read a relief map?

TaskExpedition to a river Values educationPair and group work / protected landscapes

Municipal workers • Explore buildings in your area

• Hold municipal elections in your classroom

• Be a geographer! How can you find your way around your area?

TaskForm a school council Values education Pair and group work / community awareness

Different industries • Make a job collage

• Make an advertising poster

• Be a social scientist! How do you do a survey?

TaskDesign an infographic for a productValues education Pair and group work

When does each season begin?

• Represent the Earth as a world map and a globe

• Be an astronomer! When do the seasons begin?

TaskMake a model and a fact sheet of a planetValues educationPair and group work

Welcome to Modern Age • Look for historical clues

• Create a personal timeline

• Be a historian! What is a century?

TaskA past and present walking tourValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

five 5

six

Think about landscapes1 Look at the photos. Name the two

kinds of landscapes.

2 Compare the two landscapes.

3 Look at the photo of the city. Describe how people are harming the environment.

Get started!A B

I think people are harming the environment because…

There are buildings...

What man-made elements can you see in photo B?

6

seven

Think about yourself4 Look at the photos of Sara. Put them in order.

5 Copy and complete.

My date of birth is…I started school in

the year…I was … years old.

This year is…I am … years old.

6 What do you want to be when you grow up? Why? Talk about jobs.

I want to be a historian.What do you want to be?

adult baby child

7

Weather and climateWhat types of precipitation do you know?

Observe1 Look at the photos. Which types

of precipitation can you see? Talk to a partner.

1

You already know!• There are different types

of precipitation.• Rivers, lakes and oceans have

water.• The atmosphere is all the air

around the Earth.

A B

C

Which type of precipitation can

you see in photo A?

eight

I can see rain.

8

Final task

Saving water and reducing pollution

nine

What are the states of water?

Liquid waterSolid water

+coldheat

=solid state.liquid state.gaseous state.

Key words

• gaseous• liquid• solid

A B C

Think about it2 Match the photos to the states of water.

Write the answers in your notebook.

solid liquid gaseous

3 Which states of water are the three types of precipitation?

4 Water can change state. Look at the pictures. Write three formulas in your notebook.

Which state of water is rain? Rain is water in a liquid state.

❯ ❯

9

What is the water cycle?

The water on Earth changes state all the time. These changes are called the water cycle.The cycle has four stages.

ten

1 Evaporation. The Sun heats liquid water. Some water in rivers and seas evaporates. It changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state.

2 Condensation. In cold air, water vapour condenses. It becomes droplets of liquid water. These droplets form clouds.

Observe1 Where can you find water in each state? Talk to a partner.

liquid solid

gaseous

2 Copy and complete the sentences. Write heat or cold.

A. … causes evaporation.B. … causes condensation.

Where can we find solid water? In the mountains.

1

2

10

Key words

• collect• condense• droplet• evaporate• groundwater

1

eleven

3 Precipitation. In the clouds, the tiny droplets of water form larger drops. They fall to the Earth as rain. When it is cold, the droplets fall as snow or hail.

4 Collection. Precipitation collects in rivers and lakes and travels back to seas and oceans. Some goes into the ground. This is called groundwater.

3 Look at the photos. How are the children using water? Tell a partner. Listen and check your answers.

All the water on Earth makes up the hydrosphere.People use water for different things.

3

4

A B C

The girl in photo A is using water to…

11

What is air?

Air is essential for living things. Air is a mixture of gases.

twelve

Mini Lab

Discover the properties of air

Air has no smell and no taste. It also has other important properties.1 Predict: are these properties of air correct or incorrect? A. Air has no weight. B. Air occupies space. C. Air has a fixed shape.

2 Experiment: A. Weigh a balloon

with and without air. Which weighs more? Why?

B. Put an empty bottle in water. Why does the air come out?

C. Blow up a balloon. Can you make different shapes? Why?

3 Are your predictions correct? Write all the properties of air in your notebook.

Carbon dioxide. Living things, cars and factories produce this gas.

Water vapour. This is water in a gaseous state.

Oxygen. Living things need this gas to live.

Nitrogen. This is essential for plants and animals.

12

How do we use air?

We use air in many different ways.

thirteen

1

1 Look at the pictures. Match them with the way we use air.

1 We breathe air to live.

3 We use air for movement.

2 We use air to make music.

4 We use air to make a fire. Fires go out without air.

A B C D

13

fourteen

Be a meteorologist!

Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a specific place and time. Meteorologists use instruments to measure the weather.

Look at the weather stations1 Which instruments does each

station have?

2 What information can each station provide?

What is weather?

Station 1 Station 2

It has a barometer and a thermometer.

Which instruments does

station 1 have?

They measure the direction of the wind with a wind vane.

They measure air pressure with a barometer.

They measure the temperature with a thermometer.

They measure precipitation with a rain gauge.

Brighton, 5th March

14

fifteen

1Are climate and weather the same?

Climate is the typical weather in a specific place. The conditions, temperature and precipitation are similar over long periods of time. There are different climates in Spain.

Weather can vary often. We use weather maps to show the weather and temperature in different areas.

Observe2 Look at the maps again. Which climate is it where you live?

1 Look at the weather map. Describe the weather.

CLIMATES

Oceanic

MountainMediterranean

Subtropical

943308_01_p15_h01_espana_climas

Barcelona

Madrid

Sevilla

Oviedo

Palma

943308_01_p15_h02_mapa_tiempo_matriz

Santa Cruzde Tenerife

• Mountain climate. It is cold in winter, and warmer in summer. There is lots of rainfall all year. In winter there is snow.

• Mediterranean climate. On the coast, temperatures are mild all year. Inland, it is cold in winter and hot in summer. There is little rainfall.

• Oceanic climate. Temperatures are mild all year. There is lots of rainfall.

• Subtropical climate. Temperatures are mild all year. There is very little rainfall.

In Sevilla it is...

15

Why is the atmosphere important?

The atmosphere is made up of layers of gases.

1 Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook.

stratosphere troposphere atmosphere

A. The … contains the oxygen necessary for life.B. Cars and factories pollute the… .C. The gases in the … affect the Earth's temperature and climate.

2 Let’s rap! Listen and say atmosphere or troposphere.

sixteen

Key words

• atmosphere• ozone layer• stratosphere• troposphere

The gases in the stratosphere affect the Earth's temperature and climate. The ozone layer is here. It protects us from solar rays.

The troposphere contains the oxygen necessary for life. Weather occurs here.

Air pollution can affect the atmosphere.Volcanoes and forest fires pollute the atmosphere with smoke and ash.Cars and factories pollute the atmosphere with harmful gases. They can destroy the ozone layer.

stratosphere

troposhere

16

How does air pollution affect us?

Polluted air is bad for us.• It causes illnesses.• It harms plants and can destroy forests.• It destroys buildings and monuments.• It increases the Earth's temperature and changes the climate.

1 Discuss air pollution. Talk to a partner.

Think about it2 How can you reduce air pollution at home and at school?

opy and complete the table in your notebook.

seventeen

1

We can recycle plastic.

How can we protect the atmosphere?

REDUCE AIR POLLUTION

at home at school

… …

Key words

• destroy• increase• lightbulb

Protect the air

Take care of nature Plants produce oxygen.

Use public transport and bikes Cars pollute more.

Recycle more Making new products produces harmful gases.

Save electricity Turn off unnecessary lights. Use energy-saving lightbulbs.

17

Check your progressVocabulary

1 In your notebook, match the words and photos.

Concepts

2 Copy and complete the table with the stages of the water cycle.

3 Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook.

taste weight space shape

A. Air has no fixed... B. Air has…

C. Air has no smell or.... D. Air occupies…

4 Copy and correct the sentences in your notebook.

A. Non-living things need air to live. C. Nitrogen is essential for plants and animals. B. Plants produce carbon dioxide. D. Animals produce oxygen.

solid

liquid

gaseous

precipitation collection evaporation condensation

A B C

eighteen

STAGE PROCESS

… Water falls from clouds as rain, hail or snow.

… Water evaporates to form water vapour.

… Water falls to the land and travels to seas as liquid water.

… Water condenses into droplets to form clouds.

18

1

Apply what you know

5 Copy the sentences in your notebook. Write air or water.

A. We use it to wash. B. We need it to breathe. C. We use it to play musical instruments. D. We drink it.

6 Copy and complete in your notebook.

Think about your work in this unit. Copy and complete.

… …… …… …

Air

is made of has three states

Water

My progress How is my work?

AIR AND WATER

1

nineteen

Very well OK I need practice

I can identify the states of water and talk about the water cycle. … … …

I can talk about weather and climate. … … …

I can identify causes of air pollution. … … …

19

1 Think about it.

• How do you use water? • How can you reduce water pollution? • How can you keep water clean?

You need• a notebook• a large piece of card• coloured pencils

Saving water and reducing pollution

Final task

2 Make a decision.

Work in a group. • Explore ways to save water. • Think about ways to reduce pollution.

I use water to shower, to swim…

Make a poster to show ways to use water carefully and keep it clean.

To reduce pollution, I can recycle.

twenty20

Show and tell

3 Analyse your habits.

Answer the questions. Ask your partner more questions about saving water and reducing pollution.

• Do you take long showers or baths? • Do you turn off the water when you brush your teeth? • Do you wash fruit in a pan or run water from the tap? • Do you throw things away in the sink or the toilet? • Do you leave your rubbish on the beach? • Do you save rain water for your plants?

4 Make a poster.

Include: • A title for each part of your poster: How to… • Two or three suggestions for each part. • A drawing or photo for each suggestion.

5 Prepare a presentation.

Make notes: • Why did you choose these suggestions? • Which are the most important suggestions? • Which ones should you do at home? • Which are easy to do every day?

6 Present your poster to your class.

• Take turns to speak. • Explain your poster to the class.

1

twenty-one 21

Learning Lab game

True or false?

In autumn, leaves start to grow, and the

temperature starts to increase.

Why is it important to take care of

historical sources?

What does Earth's revolution cause?

Clue: there are four of them.

Name the part of the Earth.

What causes day and night?

Which of these is an oral source?• a newspaper• a legend• a photo• a book

Which layer of the Earth can you see?

Where can we see historical sources?

What type of historical source

is this?

Give two examples of good behaviour

at a museum.

Throw the dice and answer the questions1 = light blue question2 = yellow question3 = dark blue question4 = purple question

5 = Miss a turn!6 = Answer any question!

Use a counter each and a dice.

C

C

E

E

B

B

D

D

A

A

96 ninety-six

ninety-eight

Weather and climate

atmosphere the layer of air that surrounds the Earth.

carbon dioxide living things, cars and factories produce this gas.

climate the typical weather in a specific place.

condensation the process of water changing from a gas to a liquid.

destroy to damage something so much that it is ruined.

evaporation the process of water changing from a liquid to a gas.

gaseous a state that is in the form of a gas.

groundwater water that collects under the surface of the Earth.

hydrosphere all the water on Earth.lightbulb the part of a lamp that gives

light.liquid a substance that is not solid or

gaseous and that flows freely.nitrogen a gas that we find in the air. It is

essential for living things.

oxygen living things need this gas to live.ozone layer a part of the Earth’s

atmosphere that protects us from solar rays.

solid a substance that has the same shape in a container or not in a container.

stratosphere the upper layer of the atmosphere.

troposphere the lower layer of the atmosphere.

water vapour water in a gaseous state.

K E Y V O C A B U L A R Y

1

98

Land and water

altitude the height of a point compared to sea level.

aquifer an area under the Earth’s surface that collects water.

bay a small gulf.coastal landscape a landscape that is

next to the sea.course the path of a river from the

source to the river mouth.crop a plant that is grown to provide

food.flow the amount of moving water in

a river.foot the bottom of a mountain.hill a low natural elevation of land.iceberg a large floating area of ice.isthmus an area of land that connects

a peninsula to the coast.meander a curve of a river.mountain an elevated area that is higher

than the surrounding land.

peak the highest point of a mountain.peninsula an area of land surrounded by

water on all sides except one.quarry an area that is used to extract

materials.relief the combination of landscape

features in an area of land.reservoir a man-made lake made to

collect water.slope the side of a mountain.source the place where a river starts.

K E Y V O C A B U L A R Y

2

99ninety-nine

3 social science - santillana

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