Social Science Learning Lab is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Educational department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz.

WRITERS Laura Broadbent Roser de Antonio García Ronald H. Green

ILLUSTRATIONS Quique Palomo

SCIENCE CONSULTANT Raquel Macarrón

PROOFREADER Deborah E. Greenberg

EDITORS Sara J. Checa Sally Frazer Michele C. Guerrini

EXECUTIVE EDITOR Peter Barton

BILINGUAL PROJECT COORDINATOR Margarita España

Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.

Social Science6

Contents

Get started! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

1 Landscapes of Spain and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 Climate and environment . . . . 24

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3 Spain in the 19th century . . . . . 40

4 Spain in the 20th century . . . . . 56

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

5 Spain and Europe today . . . . . . . 74

6 The economy of Spain and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Key vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

UNIT CONTENTS MINI LAB / BE A... FINAL TASK

1

Landscapes of Spain and Europe

• Where is Spain?

• Where are the mountains in Spain?

• What is the coastline of Spain like?

• What is the geography of Europe like?

• What rivers and lakes are in Europe?

• What are the coasts of Europe like?

• Make a coastal quiz

• Protect the economy and the environment

• Be a geographer! How many river basins are there in a watershed?

TaskPlan a trip across EuropeValues educationPair and group work

2

Climate and environment

• What climates does Spain have?• What vegetation is there in Spain?• What climates does Europe have?• What vegetation is there in Europe?• How do humans interact with the

environment?

• Values education: What environmental problems do humans cause?

• Values education: How can we protect our environment?

• Does Spain have any national parks?

• Report the climate

• Recommend a national park

• Be a geographer! How can we identify plants and vegetation?

TaskInvestigate environmental problems in EuropeValues educationPair and group work / conservation awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

3

Spain in the 19th century

• What was the War of Independence?

• Why did Isabella II go into exile?

• What was the Restoration?

• Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

• How was life in the 19th century?

• What was Modernism?

• Categorise inventions of the Industrial Revolution

• investigate a 19th century social class

• Be a Historian! How do we analyse historical texts?

TaskProfile a 19th century painterValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

4

Spain in the 20th century

• Who was Primo de Rivera?• What was the Second Spanish

Republic?• When was the Spanish Civil War?

• When did Franco’s dictatorship end?• Who was Adolfo Suárez?• Who painted Mandolin and guitar?

• Make presentation of an artist

• Be a historian! What are the milestones of Spanish democracy?

TaskPlan a 20th century architecture tourValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

5

Spain and Europe today

• What does the Constitution establish?

• What is a Provincial Council?

• When did Ceuta become autonomous?

• What are the main national institutions?

• Values education: Who was Robert Schuman?

• Where is the European Central Bank?

• Make an autonomous community graphic organiser

• Investigate benefits of the EU

• Be a geographer! How is Spain organised?

TaskCreate an audio report about an EU institutionValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

6

The economy of Spain and Europe

• What is the economy?• What are the areas of economic

activity?• How are companies different?• Where does our food come from?

• What do industries produce?• Who works in the tertiary sector?• Which economic sector is the most

important in Spain? • Which economic sector is the most

important in Europe?

• Classify your needs and wants

• Investigate Spanish exports

• Be an economist! How does a circular economy work?

TaskOrganise an exhibition of European industryValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

READ ABOUT IT

KEY VOCABULARY

four4

UNIT CONTENTS MINI LAB / BE A... FINAL TASK

1

Landscapes of Spain and Europe

• Where is Spain?

• Where are the mountains in Spain?

• What is the coastline of Spain like?

• What is the geography of Europe like?

• What rivers and lakes are in Europe?

• What are the coasts of Europe like?

• Make a coastal quiz

• Protect the economy and the environment

• Be a geographer! How many river basins are there in a watershed?

TaskPlan a trip across EuropeValues educationPair and group work

2

Climate and environment

• What climates does Spain have?• What vegetation is there in Spain?• What climates does Europe have?• What vegetation is there in Europe?• How do humans interact with the

environment?

• Values education: What environmental problems do humans cause?

• Values education: How can we protect our environment?

• Does Spain have any national parks?

• Report the climate

• Recommend a national park

• Be a geographer! How can we identify plants and vegetation?

TaskInvestigate environmental problems in EuropeValues educationPair and group work / conservation awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

3

Spain in the 19th century

• What was the War of Independence?

• Why did Isabella II go into exile?

• What was the Restoration?

• Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

• How was life in the 19th century?

• What was Modernism?

• Categorise inventions of the Industrial Revolution

• investigate a 19th century social class

• Be a Historian! How do we analyse historical texts?

TaskProfile a 19th century painterValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

4

Spain in the 20th century

• Who was Primo de Rivera?• What was the Second Spanish

Republic?• When was the Spanish Civil War?

• When did Franco’s dictatorship end?• Who was Adolfo Suárez?• Who painted Mandolin and guitar?

• Make presentation of an artist

• Be a historian! What are the milestones of Spanish democracy?

TaskPlan a 20th century architecture tourValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

5

Spain and Europe today

• What does the Constitution establish?

• What is a Provincial Council?

• When did Ceuta become autonomous?

• What are the main national institutions?

• Values education: Who was Robert Schuman?

• Where is the European Central Bank?

• Make an autonomous community graphic organiser

• Investigate benefits of the EU

• Be a geographer! How is Spain organised?

TaskCreate an audio report about an EU institutionValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

6

The economy of Spain and Europe

• What is the economy?• What are the areas of economic

activity?• How are companies different?• Where does our food come from?

• What do industries produce?• Who works in the tertiary sector?• Which economic sector is the most

important in Spain? • Which economic sector is the most

important in Europe?

• Classify your needs and wants

• Investigate Spanish exports

• Be an economist! How does a circular economy work?

TaskOrganise an exhibition of European industryValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

READ ABOUT IT

KEY VOCABULARY

five 5

Landscapes of Spain and Europe

Which landscapes have water?

1 Observe  Look at the photos and talk to a partner.• What does each photo show?• Which photos contain water?• Which photo shows an archipelago?• Which photo shows both salt water and fresh

water?• Which photos show mountain relief?

1

You already know!

•  Spain has three different coastlines. •  Coastlines can have many different

landscape features, such as capes, peninsulas, islands, archipelagos, bays and gulfs.

•  Europe is a continent with varied relief features.

A

D

CB

E

I think photo A shows a mountain range.

Yes, I agree and photo B looks like a river mouth.

10 ten

Yes, and this can be dangerous for animals.

Some people leave rubbish on the beaches.

What are the different landscape features?There are many different features that make up landscapes.

2 Observe  Look at the photos. In your notebook, write definitions of the words in the labels.

  A river mouth is the place where a river meets the sea or ocean. It is a coastal landscape feature.

Final task

Plan a trip across Europe

3 Think about it  Can you think of places in Spain that contain the landscape features in the photos? Talk to a partner and write a list of places in your notebook.

4 It is important to look after the environment. Some people do things that can harm landscapes. Can you think of any examples?

river mouthplain

cliffs

lagoon

mountain chain

11eleven

Where is Spain?Spain is in Europe. It consists of most of the Iberian Peninsula, the Islas Baleares, the Islas Canarias and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the North African coast.

Key words• border• territory

Geography factsDid you know that there is a quick and fun way to cross the border between Spain and Portugal? There is a zipline that connects the two countries. The zipline allows you to cross the border over the Río Guadiana in less than 60 seconds! • What other

countries are separated by a river?

1 Observe  Copy the map in your notebook. Do the activities.• Colour the Spanish territory green. • Draw the land borders of Spain yellow.• Draw the sea and ocean borders blue.

2 Think about it  Which autonomous communities border other countries? Which countries do they border? Talk to a partner.

Aragón borders France to the north.

Spain borders different countries and bodies of water. It borders the Cantabrian Sea, France and Andorra to the north; the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal to the west; the Mediterranean Sea to the east and Morocco, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

twelve12

Where are the mountains in Spain?Spain has many mountain ranges. Maps show mountains by marking the land relief in different colours. Land relief is the difference in the height of the land in a landscape.The Inner Plateau is an extensive plain that covers the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. The mountains in Spain can be classified in three ways:•  mountains in the Inner Plateau •  mountains surrounding the Inner Plateau•  mountains beyond the Inner Plateau

Key words• beyond• land relief• surrounding

1 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the physical map of Spain. Copy and complete the diagram with the correct mountain chains in your notebook.

2 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the physical map of Spain. Describe the location of a mountain range. Your partner guesses the mountain range you are describing.

It is south of the Inner Plateau and the Sierra Morena.

The Sistemas Béticos!

Part of the Inner Plateau in Cuenca

Picos de Europa in the Cordillera Cantábrica, surrounding the Inner Plateau

Sierra de Gredos in the Sistema Central, Inner Plateau

Sierra Nevada in the Sistemas Béticos, beyond the Inner Plateau

Surroun

ding

Inner Plat

eauBeyond

Inner Plateau

Inner Plateau

Sierra Morena

Mountains in Spain

1

13thirteen

How many river basins are there in a watershed?Spain has three main watersheds. These are the Cantabrian, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. All watersheds contain at least one river basin.

Look at the map. 1 Draw the outline of the map in your

notebook. Draw and label the watersheds.

•  How many river basins does each watershed have?

•  Which river basin or basins are in your autonomous community?

2 Listen and write down the river basins in your notebook.

Compare two rivers. 3 Choose a river that you want to find

out more about. Look at the map and use the internet to research your river. Then, compare your findings with a partner and compare the two rivers. Think about:

•  the watershed and river basin it is part of •  the body of water where it ends•  the source of the river•  places the river flows through

Be a geographer! Key words• river basin• watershed

14 fourteen

What is the coastline of Spain like?The Spanish coastline is extensive and varied. There are three different coastlines.

Geography factsSpain has two large archipelagos: The Islas Baleares in the Mediterranean Sea consist of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera and Cabrera.The Islas Canarias in the Atlantic Ocean cosist of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma, El Hierro and La Graciosa. •  What do you know about the geography

of the archipelagos?

Make a coastal quiz

1 Work in a group. Choose a representative for a coast or archipelago in Spain.

2 Use the internet to search information on your coast or archipelago:• location • characteristics • number of visitors per year• a fun fact

3 Present the information to your group. Make sure all the information is included.

4 Write a quiz for another group. You must include questions about the location and characteristics of each coast or archipelago. The quiz must have 20 questions.

5 Exchange the completed quiz with another group and find out which group has scored the most points.

Mini Lab

Key words• archipelago• coastline• extensive• rocky

1 Think about it  Which coastlines in Spain have you been to? What did you see there? Tell a partner.

The Cantabrian coast is high and rocky with few beaches.

The Atlantic coast is high and rocky in Galicia, low and sandy in Andalucía and has many cliffs in Islas Canarias.

The Mediterranean coast is the longest coastline in Spain. It has extensive beaches that alternate with rocky areas.

1

15fifteen

What is the geography of Europe like?Europe is the second smallest continent in the world. It is made up of fifty countries, including Spain. It is in the Northern Hemisphere.

1 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the physical map of Europe. Which continents and bodies of water border Europe? Tell a partner.

Europe has many mountain ranges. Most European countries have at least some mountains. The highest mountain in Europe is Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus Mountains.

Europe has two plains which extend across the central and eastern parts of Europe. They are the Great European Plain and the Eastern European Plain.

Key words• mountain range• plain

2 What is the highest mountain in Europe? In which mountain range is it? Answer in your notebook.

3 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the physical map of Europe. Write the correct mountain range or chain in your notebook.a.  … extend from Europe to Asia and cross

countries such as Russia. b.  … go through many countries, including

France, Italy and Switzerland.c.  … separate the Iberian Peninsula from the

rest of Europe. d.  … are a natural border between Europe

and Asia. e.  … are in Eastern Europe. The highest

mountain is Musala Peak.

4 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the physical and political maps of Europe. Choose a European plain and make a list of the countries it crosses. Then, compare your list with your partner. Which plain crosses more countries?

Geography factsDid you know that the second highest mountain in Europe has two different names? Mont Blanc (French) or Monte Bianco (Italian) is in the Alps. It is on the border of France and Italy, so has the name White Mountain in both languages! •  Which other European mountain ranges are between

more than one country?

The Great European Plain crosses France…

Mount Elbrus

Eastern European Plain

16 sixteen

What rivers and lakes are in Europe?Europe has many rivers which often run through several countries. The longest river in Europe is the Volga river, which flows through Russia.

Most rivers in Europe are long and have a steady flow. European rivers can be grouped into five watersheds. •  Arctic rivers have a very high flow and freeze in

winter. •  Atlantic rivers have the highest flow in Europe. •  Black Sea rivers are very long with a high flow. •  Caspian Sea rivers are long with a high flow. •  Mediterranean rivers have a low flow.

Europe has over 500,000 fresh water lakes. Most of these lakes are in Scandinavia and the north of Russia. The largest lake in Europe is Lake Ladoga in Russia.

Key words• flow• freeze• irregular

1 Copy and complete the table with the names and flows of the European watersheds.

Watershed Main rivers Flow Flow

regime

Mediterranean … low …

… … … …

2 Listen and add the flow regime and main rivers to your table. Use your Atlas to check the names of the rivers.

3 Think about it  Why do you think the rivers in the Atlantic watershed have the highest flow? Tell a partner.

4 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the European watersheds map. Choose three rivers. In your notebook, describe the journey of each river from its source to the river mouth.

  The source of the Rhine river is in Switzerland. It travels north through…

5 Choose a lake in Europe you want to find out more about. Use the internet to look for information about your lake. Answer the questions, then compare your findings with a partner. • Which country or countries is the lake in?• How big is the lake?• Can you do any activities there?

Lake Ladoga

Volga river

Po river

Lake Garda is in Italy…

1

17seventeen

What are the coasts of Europe like?The European coastline is over 40,000 kilometres in length and is surrounded by two oceans and several seas.

1 Observe  Look at the map. Which coastline is the longest? Tell a partner.

2 Observe  Look at the map and find the landscape features. Write your answers in your notebook. • five peninsulas• three gulfs• three capes

• five islands• one strait

3 USE YOUR ATLAS. Compare the map with the political map of Europe. Copy and complete the table with the countries that border each coast.

Key words• fjord• strait

Coasts Countries

Arctic Russia

Atlantic …

Mediterranean …

Black Sea …

Caspian Sea …

18 eighteen

I think the … coast is the longest.

Yes, I agree.

The European coastline is irregular. It is made up of many different coastal landscape features including peninsulas, islands, gulfs, capes, straits and fjords. •  A peninsula is an area of land that is connected to

a larger area of land on one side but is surrounded by the sea on all other sides.

•  An island is an area of land surrounded by sea. •  A gulf is a large bay. •  A cape is a high point of land that sticks out into a

body of water.

1

4 Play ‘guess the coastal landscape feature’ with your partner!

Protect the economy and the environment

1 Make a list of five positive and five negative impacts tourism can have on European coastlines.

  Tourism creates jobs for local people.

2 Work in a group and choose a representative for each European coast.

3 Research your coast and the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the local environment and community. Share your information with your group.

4 Think of five ways to reduce the negative impact of tourism. Think about the positive impact this will have on the local community and economy. Share your ideas with your class.

Mini Lab

nineteen

Lifestyle

Parts of the Mediterranean coast of Europe can be very crowded during the summer months. The warm, sunny weather attracts tourists from all over the world. This can have both positive and negative impacts on the local areas.• Have you been to any crowded coastal areas?

This landscape feature is only found in Scandinavia.

Is it a strait?

People should have to pay a fine for leaving litter on the beach.

19

No, it's a fjord!

A strait is a narrow waterway that connects two bodies of water. The Strait of Gibraltar connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

A fjord is a valley into which sea water enters. They are only found in Scandinavia.

Check your progressVocabulary

1 Match the words to their definitions. Answer in your notebook.

3 What is the highest peak in Spain? Where is it located?

  The highest peak in Spain is…

4 What are the five different coastlines in Europe?

  The five different coastlines in Europe are…

5 Look at the map. In your notebook, match the letters to the names. • Balkans• Pirineos• Ural Mountains• Great European Plain• Eastern European Plain• Scandinavian Mountains• Alps• Arctic Ocean• Atlantic Ocean• Mediterranean Sea• Black Sea• Caspian Sea• Caucasus Mountains• Apennines

a. Narrow waterways that connect two bodies of water.

b. An area where all the rivers and streams flow into the same sea.

c. Valleys into which seawater enters. They are formed by glaciers.

d. The line separating two countries. e. An area of land drained by a river and its

tributaries. f. The amount of water in a river.

Concepts

2 USE YOUR ATLAS. Copy and complete the table in your notebook. Use the physical map of Europe to help you.

border    fjord    flow    strait  river basin    watershed

Mountain range Highest Peak

… Mont Blanc

Balkans …

Caucasus Mountains …

… Mount Elbrus

Pirineos …

… Gran Sasso

… Gerlachovsky

Scandinavian Mountains …

MB

J

AI

G

K

H

L C N

E F

D

20 twenty

Apply what you know

6 Write sentences to compare the rivers and mountains. a. Duero and Guadalquivir

  The Duero is further north than the Guadalquivir. They are both part of the Atlantic watershed.

b. Tajo and Ebroc. The Danube and the Thamesd. The Po and the Volgae. Pirineos and the Cordillera Cantábrica f. The Alps and the Caucasus g. The Ural Mountains and the Apennines

YES NO NOT SURE•  I can name and locate mountains in Spain. … … …

•  I can name and locate rivers, coasts and watersheds in Spain. … … …

• I can name and locate mountains in Europe. … … …

• I can name and locate rivers, coasts and watersheds in Europe. … … …

My progress Think about your work in this unit. Copy and complete.

7 Write a short description of each coastal area of Spain.

  The Cantabrian coast is high and rocky with few beaches…

8 Choose three European coastal landscape features and write a description about them. Include an example or describe where they are found.

  A fjord is a … We find them in…

9 Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook.

MOUNTAINS IN SPAIN

Inner Plateau

…

surrounding the Inner Plateau

…

beyond the Inner Plateau

…

Cantabrian Atlantic

Mediterranean

1

21twenty-one

Plan a trip across Europe

Final task

1 Think about it. • Which countries in Europe do you want to

visit? Why?• Which cities do you want to see?• What food do you want to try?• Which mountains do you want to climb?• Which rivers or seas do you want to swim

in?• Which animals do you want to see?

You need• pencils and coloured

pencils• a notebook or paper

2 Make a decision.• Write your ideas in a circle. • In a group, compare circles. • Explain why you have written each idea.• Choose the most popular answers and

make a list of six countries you will visit on your trip.

Three of us want to try German food, so let's go to Germany.

Juan and Marina want to see Budapest, so let's visit Hungary.

I really want to canoe in the Danube river!

That's great! I want to climb Mount Elbrus!

Work in a group to discover more about Europe.

22 twenty-two

3 Investigate.In your group, make a detailed route of your journey. • Where are you going to start and finish your trip?• What countries are you going to go through?• What rivers and mountain ranges are you going

to cross?• What activities are you going to do on your trip?• What food are you going to try on your trip?• How are you going to travel across Europe?• How much money will you need for your trip?

4 Design your map.Use the internet to find a map of Europe. Print it and draw your route on the map. Include: • the countries and places you are going to visit • the rivers and mountains you are going to cross • the activities you are going to do• the food you are going to try• the transport you are going to use • the money you think you will need

Presentation time!

5 Prepare a presentation. • Why did you choose this route?• Which activity does each person want to do? • Why did you choose this method of transport?• How long are you going to go for? • How will you spend and control your money?• Will you document your trip?

We need to travel from Italy to Romania so I think the best way is by aeroplane.

I think we should cross the Scandinavian Mountains.

6 Present your trip to the class. • Take turns to speak.• Explain your ideas and

suggestions.• Encourage questions and give

answers.

1

23 twenty-three

Key vocabulary

one hundred and eight

archipelago a group of islands. border the limit between two countries or

autonomous communities. cape a high point of land that sticks out into

a body of water. cliff an area of high land near the sea. coastline the outline of the coast, usually of

a country or a continent. drought a period when there is very little

rainfall. fjord a valley formed by glaciers into which

seawater enters. flow the amount of water a river carries. flow regime the variation in the flow of a river

throughout the year. gulf a large bay. Inner Plateau an extensive plain that covers

the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. island an area of land that is completely

surrounded by a body of water. lagoon a shallow lake in coastal areas. land relief the combination of landscape

features on an area of land. mountain chain a line of mountain ranges.

peninsula an area of land that is connected to a larger area of land on one side but is surrounded by the sea on all other sides.

plain a flat area of low land.river basin an area of land drained by a river

and its tributaries. river mouth the place where a river ends. rocky an area that is covered in rocks. strait a narrow waterway that connects two

bodies of water. territory land that is controlled by a country. watershed an area where all the rivers and

streams flow into the same sea.

Landscapes of Spain and Europe1K E Y V O C A B U L A R Y

108