3-d shape measurement of complex objects by combining

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  • 8/14/2019 3-D Shape Measurement of Complex Objects by Combining

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    T S I N G H U A S C IE N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G YI S S N 1 0 0 7 - 0 2 1 4 1 1 / 3 8 p p 6 6 - 7 0V o l u m e 1 4 N u m b e r S I J u n e 2 0 0 9

    3-D Shape M easurem ent of Com plex Objects by Com biningColor-Coded F ringe and Neura l Netw orks

    Q IN Da h u i L I Zh o n g we iW A N G C o n g j u n ( i ^ ) , S H I Y u s h e n g (5t-M )

    S t a t e K e y L a b o r a t o r y o f M a t e r i a l P r o c e s s i n g a n d D i e a n d M o u l d T e c h n o l o g yH u a z h o n g U n i v e r s i t y o f S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y W u h a n 4 3 0 0 7 4 C h i n a

    A b s t r a c t : A new approach for three dimensional (3 -D shape measurement was proposed based on color-coded fringe and neural networks. By applying the phase-shift technique to fringe projection, point cloudswere generated with high spatial resolution and limited accuracy. The picture element correspondence problem was solved by using projected color-coded fringes with different orientations. Once the high accuratecorresponding points were decided, high precision dense 3-D points cloud was calculated by the well trainednet. High spatial resolution can be obtained by the phase-shift technique and high accuracy 3-D object pointcoordinates are achieved by the well trained net, which is not dependent on the camera model and will workfor any type of camera. Som e experiments verify the performance of this me thod.K e y w o r d s : three dimensional (3 -D shape measurement; color-coded fringe; neural networks; correspondence problem

    Introduct ionT h e a u t o m a t i c , n o n - c o n t a c t t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l ( 3 - D )m e a su r e m e n t o f ob je c t su r f a c e s is one o f t he m os t im por t a n t a pp l i c a t ions o f d ig i t a l c lo se - r a nge pho tog r a m -m e t r y a n d c o m p u t e r v i s i o n , a n d i s b e c o m i n g m o r e a n dm or e im por t a n t i n i ndus t r i a l a pp l i c a t ion suc h a s de s ign ,m a n u f a c t u r i n g , a n d a u t o m a t i c e r r o r d e t e c t i o n [ 1 2 ] . M a n ym e thods ba se d on l a se r po t , l a se r l i ne [ 3 ] , c o d e d l i g h t [ 4 ] ,a n d p h a s e - s h i f t [ 5 ] ha ve be e n de ve lope d w i th in t he l a s tf e w ye a r s . The se se nso r sys t e m s a r e ba se d on t r i a ngu-la t ion and s t ruc tured l ight .

    The scanning of a sur face wi th a l ight spot i s a s imp l e m e t h o d o f s u r f a c e 3 - D m e a s u r e m e n t , w h i c h p r o v i d e s a n o n - c o n t a c t a n d f a st m e a s u r e m e n t c o m p a r e d t oc o n v e n t i o n a l c o o r d i n a t e m e a s u r e m e n t m a c h i n e s , b u t i s

    R ece iv ed : 2 0 0 8 - 1 1 - 0 9 ; r ev i s ed : 2 0 0 9 - 0 2 - 2 3* S u p p o r t ed b y th e E lev en th F iv e - Yea r P r e - R es ea r ch P r o jec t o f C h in a

    * To wh o m co r r e s p o n d en ce s h o u ld b e ad d r e s s ed .E - m a i l : q i n d a h u i @ g m a i l . c o m ; T e l: 8 6 - 1 3 0 9 8 8 2 0 9 1 9

    s t i l l s l ow f o r 3 - D c oo r d ina t e s a c qu i r e m e n t . The p r o j e c t ion of a la se r l ine or a gr id of coded l ight i s more e f f i c ient than the projec t ion of la se r spot . For l ine la se rr a nge sc a n a nd c ode d l i gh t s c a n m e a su r e m e n t , spa t i a lr e so lu t ion o f im a ge in f o r m a t ion a c qu i r e d by c ha r ge -c oup le de v ic e ( C C D) c a m e r a i s l ow , m or e ove r , a l l im a ge s ne e d to be th r e sho lde d , so i t t e nds to be se ns i t i veto t he c i r c um s ta nc e s . The pha se - sh i f t i ng t e c hn ique no ton ly c a n ob ta in h igh spa t i a l r e so lu t ion bu t a l so i s i n se ns i t i ve t o t he c i r c um s ta nc e s . B e s ide s , i t i s h igh ly r o bust . So f r inge projec t ion based on phase shi f t i sa d o p t e d .

    A f r inge p r o j e c t ion sys t e m c ons i s t i ng o f one C C Dc a m e r a a nd a p r o j e c to r shown in F ig . l a i s ba se d on a na c t ive pa t t e r n p r o j e c t ion be c a use the pa t t e r n ge om e t r yo f t he p r o j e c t ion un i t m us t be c a l ib r a t e d . A f r inge p r o j e c t ion sys t e m c ons i s t i ng o f a t l e a s t two C C D c a m e r a sa nd a p r o j e c to r shown in F ig . lb i s ba se d on a pa s s ivepa t t e r n p r o j e c t ion be c a use c a l ib r a t ion a nd o r i e n t a t iono f t he p r o j e c to r i s no t r e qu i r e d [ 6 ] . The c a l ib r a t ion o f t he

  • 8/14/2019 3-D Shape Measurement of Complex Objects by Combining

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    QIN Dahui Jl^-kJ^) eta l: 3-D Shape Measurement of Complex Objects by Combining . 6 7p r o j ec t o r i s v e r y co m p l i ca t ed . T h e accu r acy o f t h eca l i b r a t i o n i s l o w er t h an t h e ca l i b r a t i o n o f a cam er a .M o s t o f t h e p r o j ec t o r s u s e n o n s i n u s o i d a l p a t t e r n s t op r o j ec t t h e p h as e s h i f t i m ag es . T h e p h as e e r r o r i su n a b l e t o b e c o m p e n s a t e d [ 7 ] . A p as s i v e p a t t e r n p r o j ec t i o n ad o p t e d i n t h i s p ap e r can e l i m i n a t e s y s t em a t i ca le r r o r s o u r c e s l ik e n o n - s i n u s o i d a l w a v e - f o r m s a n da v o i d t h e i r d i s a d v a n t a g e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e t o g a i nh i g h e r p r ec i s i o n .

    P r o j e c t o r P r o j e c t o r

    ( a ) A c t i v e t r i a n g u l a t i o n ( b ) P a s s i v e t r i a n g u l a t i o nF i g . 1 T w o t y p e s o f s t r u c t u r e d l i g h t s y s t e m

    C am er a ca l i b r a t i o n i s a c r i t i c a l s t ep f o r r eco n s t r u c t ion o f ob jec t su r f a ce , an d i t s goa l is to es tab l i sh c oor d i n a t e m a p p i n g b e t w e e n t h e g l o b a l 3 - D - c o o r d i n a t e s o fa p o i n t an d t h e 2 - D - co o r d i n a t e s o f t h e p r o j ec t e d i m a g e ^ . C l a s s i c a l c a m e r a c a l i b r a t i o n a p p r o a c h b a s e d o np e r s p ec t i v e p r o j ec t i o n m o d e l i n v o l v es f u l l - s ca l en o n l i n e a r o p t i m i z a t i o n ^ 1 0 \ an d r eq u i r e s a l o t o f g o o di n i t i a l g u e s s v a l u es . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s v e r y co m p u t i n g -i n t e n s i v e . T s a i s t w o - s t e p c a l i b r a t i o n [ 1 1 ] i s a r ep r e s e n t a t i v e f o r t h e t w o - s t ep t y p e ca l i b r a t i o n t ech n i q u es w h i chi n v o l v e s a d ir e c t s o l u ti o n o f s o m e c a m e r a p a r a m e t e r san d an i t e r a t i v e s o l u t i o n f o r t h e o t h e r p a r am e t e r s . T w o -s t ep ap p r o ach h as s i g n i f i can t i m p r o v em en t , b u t i t i ss t i l l c u m b e r s o m e w i t h d e c r e a s e d a c c u r a c y . N e u r a ln e t w o r k s i s a w e l l - k n o w n a p p r o a c h t o a p p r o x i m a t e an o n l i n e a r s y s t e m w i t h o u t a n e x p l i c i t p h y s i c a l m o d e l ,a n d i t c a n u s e t w o i m a g e c o o r d i n a t e s (xfy\ x y ) o fh o m o l o g o u s ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g ) i m a g e p o i n t s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g o b j e c t 3 - D w o r l d c o o r d i n a t e s p o i n t c o o r d i n a t e s (XYZ) t o t ra i n n e t s o a s t o e s t ab l i s h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e en t h e g l o b a l 3 - D - co o r d i an t e s o f a p o i n t a n ds t e r e o - p a i r i m a g e s o f h o m o l o g o u s i m a g e p o i n t p r o j e c t i o n f o r t w o C C D cam er as . T h e r e f o r e , i t e l i m i n a t e sc a m e r a m a t h e m a t i c m o d e l a n d d o e s n o t c a l c u l a t eex p l i c i t v a l u es o f ex t r i n s i c o r i n t r i n s i c cam er a p a r am et e r s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e cam er as n eed n o t t o b e ca l i b r a t edactual ly .

    I n t h i s p ap e r , a m e t h o d i s p r o p o s ed b as ed o n s t e r eo -v i s i o n u s i n g b a c k p r o p a g a t i o n ( B P ) n e u r a l n e t w o r k a n d

    co l o r - c o d e d f ri n g e p r o j ec t i o n . A t h r ee - l a y e r B P n eu r a ln e t w o r k ( B P N N ) i s w e l l t r a i n e d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e m a p p i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e h o m o l o g o u s i m a g e p o i n tc o o r d i n a t e s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g 3 - D c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h em e a s u r e d o b j e c t . T h e n , c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n h o m o l o g o u s p o i n t s c a n b e p e r f o r m e d b y a s p e c i a l a p p r o a c h f o r p h a s e d e t e r m i n a t i o n [ 1 2 ] . T h e o b v i o u s a d v a n t ag e o f t h i s ap p r o ach i s t h a t h i g h s p a t i a l r e s o l u t i o n canb e o b t a i n e d b y t h e p h a s e - s h i f t in g t e c h n i q u e u s i n gf ew er f r i n g e i m ag es an d t h a t h i g h accu r a t e 3 - D o b j ec tp o i n t co o r d i n a t e s a r e ach i ev ed b y t h e w e l l t r a i n ed n e tw h i c h i s n o t d e p e n d e n t o n t h e c a m e r a m o d e l a n dw o r k s f o r a n y t y p e o f c a m e r a i n 3 - D s h a p e m e a s u r e m e n t f o r v e r y c o m p l e x o b j e c t s .

    1 PrincipleB P n e u r a l n e t w o r k ( B P N N ) is a m u l t i l a y e r f e e d f o r w a r dn e t w o r k w i t h b a c k p r o p a g a t i o n a l g o r i t h m . T h e t y p i c a la r ch i t ec t u r e o f t h e t h r ee l ay e r s B P N N w i t h a h i d d e nl ay e r i s s h o w n i n F i g . 2 .

    I n p u t l a y e r H i d d e n l a y e r O u t p u t l a y e r

    xm

    F i g . 2 T y p i c a l a r c h i t e c t u r e o f a t h r e e l a y e r s B P N N

    T h e n e u r a l n e t w o r k h a s m i n p u t s an d n eu r o n s i n i t so u t p u t l ay e r , t h e s e n u m b er s w e r e p i ck ed b y a p a r t i cu l a ra p p l i c a t i o n . T h e h i d d e n l a y e r h a s r n e u r o n s . T h i s n u m b e r w a s p i c k e d b y g u e s s w o r k a n d e x p e r i e n c e . T h e wy( z - 1 , 2 , 3 , r ; j = 1 , 2 , 3 , m ) i s t h e c o n n ec t i o n( s ca l a r w e i g h t ) f r o m t h e N o . n eu r o n i n t h e i n p u t l ay e rt o t h e N o .j n eu r o n i n t h e h i d d en l ay e r . T h e wjd (k = 1,2 , 3 , n; i = 1 , 2 , 3 , r) i s a co n n ec t i o n ( s ca l a rw e i g h t ) f r o m t h e z -t h n eu r o n i n t h e h i d d e n l ay e r t o t h e - t h n eu r o n i n t h e o u t p u t l ay e r . T h e bj i s a sca lar b ias tot h e y - th n eu r o n o f t h e i n p u t l ay e r an d bt i s a sca lar b iasto the z - th neuron o f the h idden layer .

    N e u r a l n e t w o r k s a r e c o m m o n l y a d j u s t e d o r t r a i n e d ,so tha t a par t icu lar inp u t l eads to a speci f ic t a rg e to u t p u t . T h e n e t w o r k i s ad j u s t ed , b a s ed o n a co m p ar i s o n o f t h e o u t p u t an d t h e t a r g e t , u n t i l t h e n e t w o r k o u t p u t m a t ch es t h e t a r g e t . G en e r a l l y s p eak i n g , t h e l e a s t

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    6 8 Tsinghua Science and Technology, June 2 0 0 9 , 1 4 ( S 1 ) : 6 6 - 7 0

    F i g . 3 W h o l e p r o c e s s f o r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e

    m e a n s q u a r e ( L M S ) e r r o r a l g o r i t h m i s t h e p e r f o r m a n c ef u n c t i o n f o r s u p e r v i s ed t r a i n i n g i n B P n eu r a l n e t w o r k .A s s u m e t h a t t h e r e a r e t r a i n i n g s am p l e s i n p u t / t a r g e tp a i r s [Xh Yt] (i = 1 2 ... , N). HereX l i s an inpu t to ne t w o r k , a n d Yj i s t h e co r r e s p o n d i n g t a r g e t o u t p u t . A seach i n p u t i s ap p l i ed t o t h e n e t w o r k , t h e n e t w o r k o u t p u t i s co m p ar ed t o t h e t a r g e t . T h e e r r o r i s c a l cu l a t ed a st h e d i f fe r en ce b e t w een t h e t a r g e t o u t p u t an d t h e n e t w o r k o u t p u t . T h e g o a l i s t o m i n i m i z e t h e av e r ag e o ft h e s u m o f t h e s e e r r o r s .

    1 N -m s e = V Y-Y ( 1 )w h e r e m s e i s t h e m e a n s q u a r e e rr o r. T h e L M S a l g o r i t h m ad j u s t s t h e w e i g h t s an d b i a s e s o f t h e B P n e t w o r ks o a s t o m i n i m i z e t h i s m s e . T h e t r ad i t i o n a l B P n eu r a ln e t w o r k s u f f e r s f r o m t h e o v e r - f i t t i n g p r o b l em an d t h ec o n v e r g e n c e t o g l o b a l m i n i m u m i s n o t a l w a y sa c h i e v e d . M a r z b a n e t a l . [ 1 3 ] p r o p o s e d a m e t h o d t oav o i d t h e o v e r - f i t t i n g an d l o ca l m i n i m a p r o b l em an di m p r o v e t h e g en e r a l i z a t i o n ab i l i t y o f n eu r a l n e t w o r km o d e l s , a d d i n g a w e i g h t - d e c a y o r r e g u l a r i z a ti o n t e r mi n t h e e s t i m a t i o n p r o c es s . T h e r e f o r e , a reg u l a r i z a t i o n o rw e i g h t - d ecay t e r m i s o f t en ad d ed t o E q . ( 1 )

    1 N - = K - K + r . m s w (2 )

    w h e r e m s w i s t h e s u m o f s q u a r e s o f a l l w e i g h t s , an d

    i s a s m o o t h i n g p a r a m e t e r w h i c h c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d b ya c r o s s - v a l i d a t i o n p r o c e d u r e .

    A t ra i n e d t h r e e - l a y e r B P n e u r a l n e t w o r k w i t h e n o u g hs i g m o i d f u n c t i o n n eu r o n s i n t h e h i d d en l ay e r can ap p r o x i m a t e a n y f u n c t i o n w i t h a n y p r e c i s i o n [ 1 4 ] . In thisp a p e r , t h e i m a g e c o o r d i n a t e s (xfy\ x y ) o f h o m o l o g o u s i m ag e p o i n t s c an b e p u t i n t o a o n e - t o - o n e co r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n t 3 - D c o o r d i n a t e(XYZ) o f an o b j ec t an d o b v i o u s l y i t i s a co m p l exn o n l i n e a r m a p p i n g r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n i m a g e c o o r d i n a t e s a n d c o r r e s p o n d e n t 3 - D c o o r d i n a t e (XYZ) b e c a u s eo f v a r i o u s l en s d i s t o r t i o n s . So s t e r eo - p a i r i m ag es a n dc o r r e s p o n d e n t 3 - D c o o r d i n a t e (XYZ) c an b e u s e d t ot r a i n n e t w o r k s . T h e i n p u t v ec t o r i s t h e i m ag e s t e r eo -p a i r p o i n t co o r d i n a t e s (x'yf, x y ), a n d t h e n t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n t 3 - D c o o r d i n a t e (XYZ) i s o b t a i n ed b y t h e o u t pu t l ayer .

    T o o b t a i n t h e 3 - D co o r d i n a t e (XYZ) o f an ob jec tp o i n t , t h e h o m o l o g o u s p o i n t s o f s t e r eo - p a i r i m ag es a r en ee d ed . So co r r e s p o n d e n ce i s c r u c i a l fo r 3 - D s h ap em e a s u r e m e n t . B e c a u s e t h e r e i s n o e x p l ic i t c a m e r am o d e l p a r a m e t e r s , e p i p o l a r c o n d i t i o n i s u n a b l e t o b eu s ed .

    C o r r e s p o n d e n c e i s s o l v e d b y c o l o r - c o d e d f r i n g e p r o j ec t i o n b as ed f o u r - s t ep p h as e s h i f t t e ch n o l o g y . T h ew h o l e p r o c e s s f o r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e i s s h o w n i n F i g . 3 .T h e p e r i o d s o f t h e p h a s e i m ag e i n F i g . 3 a r e o n l y f o r

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    QIN Dahui Jl^-kJ^) eta l: 3-D Shape Measurement of Complex Objects by Combining . 6 9e x p a t i a t i n g c o r r e s p o n d e n c e a l g o r i t h m , a n d a r e n o t t h ea c t u a l m e a s u r e m e n t .

    T h e f i r s t 2 4 - b i t s t r u e co l o r i m ag e p r o j ec t ed i n c l u d est h r ee f r eq u en c i e s i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i r ec t i o n , i n w h i che a c h p i x e l v a l u e s a r e d i v i d e d in t o R , G, c o m p o n e n to f t h r ee p r i m a r y co l o r s , f o r m i n g t h r e e s o l i d co l o r i m ag es w i t h s i n u s o i d a l i n t en s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n t o r ep r e s en tt h r ee d i f f e ren t f r eq u en c i e s . T h e p e r i o d n u m b e r s o f R , G , s o l i d co l o r i m ag es a r e 5 9 , 6 4 , an d 7 0 . T h e o t h e rt h r ee 2 4 - b i t s t r u e co l o r i m ag es a r e s h i f t ed 9 0 d eg r eesi n t u r n . T h en , f o u r -s t ep p h a s e s h i ft t e ch n o l o g y i s u s edt o o b t a i n f ou r s aw t o o t h i m ag es f r o m s i n u s o i d a l i m a g esb y E q . ( 3 ) .

    ( - ( (3)( ) = a r c t a n ^ ^ 2 K ^ L ( )- 3( )w h e r e ( ), 2( ), 3( ) , an d 7 4 ( ) a r e t h e s a m es o l i d co l o r i m ag e s i n u s o i d a l i n t en s i t y r e s p ec t i v e l y .T h e n , t h e s aw t o o t h i m ag e w i t h 5 p e r i o d s is o b t a i n e db a s e d o n t h e h e t e r o d y n e p r i n c i p l e u s i n g t w o i m a g e sw i t h 5 9 a n d 6 4 p e r i o d s [ 1 5 ] . T h e s a w t o o t h i m a g e w i t h 6p e r i o d s i s o b t a i n e d b a s e d t h e s a m e p r i n c i p l e u s i n g t w oi m ag es w i t h 6 4 an d 7 0 p e r i o d s . Fo r l a s t t w o s aw t o o t hi m ag es , t h e h e t e r o d y n e p r i n c i p l e i s u s ed t o s o l v e t h ep r o b l e m o f p h a s e u n w r a p p i n g a g a i n , a n d fi n a ll y t h ei m ag e o f p h a s e u n am b i g u o u s o v e r t h e fi e l d o f v i e w i nt h e h o r i z o n t a l d i r ec t i o n i s o b t a i n ed .

    Fo r 2 4 - b i t s t r u e co l o r i m ag es p r o j ec t ed w i t h t h r eef r eq u en c i e s i n t h e v e r t i c a l d i r ec t i o n , t h e i m ag e o f p h as eu n am b i g u o u s o v e r t h e f i e ld o f v i e w i n t h e v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n i s o b t a i n e d b y t h e s a m e p r o c e s s . S o c o r r e s p o n d en ce i s s o l v ed b y a p a i r o f ab s o l u t e p h as e v a l u es i nt w o d i r ec t i o n s p e r p en d i cu l a r t o each o t h e r .

    2 Exper imentsA 4 0 0 m m 3 0 0 m m h i g h p r ec i s e ca l i b r a t i o n b o a r dw i t h 9 9 c i r c l e m ar k s i s u s e d t o o b t a i n s a m p l e d a t a s e t sf o r n eu r a l n e t w o r k t r a i n i n g . T o en s u r e t h e p r ec i s i o n o ft h e n e u r a l n e t w o r k , t w e n t y g r o u p s o f c a l i b r a t i o n i m ag es a r e cap t u r ed f r o m d i f f e r en t h e i g h t . O n e ca l i b r a t i o n i m ag e i s s h o w n i n F i g . 4 . T h en t h e t r a i n i n g s am p l es e t s c an b e ex t r ac t ed f r o m t h e i m ag es b y u s i n g anau t o m a t i c c i r c l e - cen t e r - ex t r ac t i o n a l g o r i t h m . T o t a l l y99x20 s am p l e p o i n t s a r e co l l ec t ed , an d f i f t e en g r o u p ss am p l e d a t a a r e p i ck ed u p a s t r a i n i n g s am p l e s an d t h eo t h e r f i v e g r o u p s a r e u s ed f o r t e s t . O n ce t h e n eu r a ln e t w o r k i s t r a i n ed , i t c an b e em p l o y ed f o r 3 -D r eco n s t r u c t i o n .

    F i g . 4 C a l i b r a t i o n i m a g e

    T o v e r i fy t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e m e t h o d , a c o m p l e xm e t a l p a r t i s m e a s u r e d w i t h t h e t r a i n e d n e t w o r k . E i g h tg r o u p s co l o r f r i n g e p a t t e r n s a r e cap t u r ed d u r i n g t h em e a s u r e m e n t p r o c e s s . O n e g r o u p v e r t i c a l i m a g e s a r es h o w n i n F i g . 5 . T h e m e as u r em en t r e s u l t i s s h o w n i nF i g . 6 , an d t h e l o ca l en l a r g i n g g r ap h s h o w s t h a t t h es y s t e m c a n r e c o n s t r u c t c o m p l e x 3 - D m o d e l w i t h v e r ys m o o t h d e t a i l s .

    F i g . 5 O n e g r o u p v e r t i c a l i m a g e s

  • 8/14/2019 3-D Shape Measurement of Complex Objects by Combining

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    7 0 Tsinghua Science and Technology, June 2 0 0 9 , 1 4 ( S 1 ) : 6 6 - 7 0

    F i g . 6 M e a s u r e m e n t r e s u l ts

    3 Conclus ionsA n e w a p p r o a c h f or 3 -D s h a p e m e a s u r e m e n t i s p r o p o s ed b as ed o n co l o r - c o d ed f r in g e an d n eu r a l n e t w o r k s .A t h r e e - l a y e r e n h a n c e d B P n e u r a l n e t w o r k i s u s e d t ot r a i n t h e s t e r eo v i s i o n ap p l i ca t i o n s y s t em t o ca l cu l a t e3 - D co o r d i n a t e s . T h e t r a i n i n g s e t f o r n eu r a l n e t w o r kco n s i s t s o f a v a r i e t y o f s t e r eo - p a i r i m a g es an d co r r e s p o n d i n g 3 - D w o r l d co o r d i n a t e s . T w o d i f f e r en t d i r ec t i o n s f r i n g e p a t t e r n s a r e u s ed t o s o l v e t h e co r r e s p o n d e n c e p r o b l e m . O n c e t h e h i g h a c c u r a t e h o m o l o g o u sp o i n t s a r e o b t a i n ed , h i g h p r ec i s i o n d en s e 3 - D p o i n t sc l o u d can b e ca l cu l a t ed b y t h e w e l l t r a i n ed n e t w o r k s .T h e o b v i o u s ad v an t a g e o f t h i s ap p r o a ch i s t h a t h i g hs p a t i a l r e s o l u t i o n can b e o b t a i n ed u s i n g f ew er f r i n g ei m a g e s b y t h e p h a s e - s h if t i n g t e c h n i q u e a n d h i g h a c c u r acy 3 - D o b j ec t p o i n t co o r d i n a t e s a r e ach i ev ed b y t h ew e l l t r a i n e d n e t w o r k s . A c o m p l e x m e t a l p a r t i s m e a s u r e d w i t h t h e t r a i n e d n e t w o r k s , a n d t h e e x p e r i m e n t r e s u l t s h o w s t h a t t h e s y s t e m c a n r e c o n s t r u c t c o m p l e x 3 -D m o d e l w i t h v e r y s m o o t h d e t a i l s .R e f e r e n c e s[ 1 ] C h e n F , B r o w n G W , S o n g M . O v e r v i e w o f th r e e -

    d i m e n s i o n a l s h a p e m e a s u r e m e n t u s i n g o p t i c a l m e t h o d s .Opt. Eng., 2 0 0 0 , 3 9 ( 1 ) : 1 0 - 2 2 .

    [ 2 ] L i Z h o n g w e i , S h i Y u s h e n g , W a n g C o n g j u n , et a l . A c c u r a t ec a l i b r a t i o n m e t h o d f o r a s t r u c t u r e d l ig h t s y s t e m . Opt. Eng.,2 0 0 8 , 4 7 ( 5 ) : 0 5 3 6 0 4 .

    [ 3 ] F o r e s t J, S a l v i J . A r e v i e w o f la s e r s c a n n i n g t h r e e -d i m e n s i o n a l d i g i t i z e r s , i n t e l l i g e n t r o b o t s a n d s y s t e m s . I n :I E E E / R S J I n t e r n a t io n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n I n t e l li g e n t R o b o t sa n d S y s t e m . E P F L L a u s a n n e , S w i t z e r l a n d , 2 0 0 2 : 7 3 - 7 8 ,

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