2.principle and design of waste minimization
TRANSCRIPT
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EVT627
HAZARDOUS WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
NUR SYAHIZA ZAINUDDIN
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Learning Outcomes At the end of lectures of week 3 student will
Be able to interpret the principle of waste
minimization Able to identify the responsibility of many parties
involves in minimization process
Be able to identify the technique of waste
minimization Able to identify the current management
practice/disposal technique
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TOPIC TO COVER
Introduction
Principles of waste minimization
Responsibility Techniques of waste minimization
Example of waste types
Phase separation process
Design criteria and examples
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INTRODUCTION Minimization is defined as practices to reduce the
volume generated, the toxicity, or the recycle, reclaim,or reuse of the wastes to the extent practicable.
Hazardous waste minimization is the first optionbefore treatment or final disposal, and is preferably thesource reduction rather than recycling, recovering orreusing.
Minimization is an environmental option to solve thehazardous waste management problems and aneconomic opportunity to reduce production costs as well as treatment and disposal costs.
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PRINCIPLE OF WASTE MINIMIZATION
Reduction of waste disposal costs
Reduce the volume and toxicity of waste minimization
waste minimization by volume reduction representsignificant opportunities for protection of humanhealth and the environment.
The concepts of waste reduction and waste
minimization can and should apply equally toindustry, government, and other institutions, and tothe private citizen.
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RESPONSIBILITY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (EHS)
Environmental Health and Safety’s responsibilitiesinclude:
Act as a resource to College personnel, providing technicalassistance and guidance on waste minimization.
Review and monitor existing waste minimization practices.
Conduct College-wide waste minimization studies to identify
new waste minimization programs to be implemented. Provide training as requested.
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RESPONSIBILITY (Cont..)
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATIORS AND SUPERVISORS Principal Investigator and Supervisor responsibilities include:
Promote and practice waste minimization concepts. Establish procedures for conducting specific waste minimization
activities. Ensure that all personnel and/or contractors adhere to the waste
minimization concepts provided in this procedure and Departmentinternal procedures.
4.3 PERSONNEL USING CHEMICALS Personnel using chemicals should: Practice the waste minimization concepts provided in this
procedure. Follow internal procedures developed by their Principal Investigator
(PI) and/or supervisor.
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RESPONSIBILITY (Cont..)
CONTRACTORS
Contractors must ensure that:
All unopened or unused portions of chemicals brought on-siteare removed by the contractor upon completion of services.
Waste minimization techniques are used when feasible.
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TECHNIQUES OF WASTE MINIMIZATION
Waste minimization and pollution preventiontechniques include the following:
TRAINING Personnel should be trained when they are first hired, yearly
thereafter, and when procedures change.
CHEMICAL REDISTRIBUTION
Unopened or unused portions of chemicals may beredistributed within the College to other users. For example, ifa chemical is needed, especially exotic, high-hazard andsingle-use chemicals, check with other laboratory personneland colleagues within the College for availability beforeordering.
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PROCESS MODIFICATION
To the extent that it does not compromise research,
teaching, or service, laboratories are encouraged tomodify experimental or standard processes todecrease the quantity of hazardous chemicalsused and generated.
Where possible, micro and semi-microtechniques should be used to reduce the
volumes of waste generated.
TECHNIQUES OF WASTE MINIMIZATION
(Cont..)
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PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION Substitute non-hazardous or less toxic materials in your chemical processes and
experiments. Some examples include: Non-mercury thermometers (e.g., Enviro-Safe™). Detergents and enzymatic cleaners can be substituted for sulfuric acid/potassium dichromate (chromerge) cleaning solutions and ethanol/potassium hydroxide cleaning solutions.
Avoid the use of known carcinogens, mutagens, or extremely hazardouschemicals where possible.
RECYCLING Recycling means that less hazardous waste requires disposal
When a waste material is used for another purpose, treated and reused in thesame process, or reclaimed for another process. The following are someexamples: Re-distill used-solvents. When solvents are used for cleaning purposes, use contaminated solvents for the initial
cleaning and use new solvents for the final rinse. Purchase compressed gas cylinders (including lecture bottles) from manufacturers who
will accept the return of the empty or partially used cylinders. Return excess pesticides to the distributor.
TECHNIQUES OF WASTE MINIMIZATION
(Cont..)
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SEGREGATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Do not consolidate various process / experiment wastes into the same
container unless the wastes contain similar constituents or otherwiseauthorized to do so by EHS.
Accurately label waste containers including all chemical contents and
approximate percentages. Segregation and characterization simplifies the waste stream
facilitating treatment and disposal.
INVENTORY CONTROL It is important to audit chemical supplies and use inventory control
measures. Purchase only the quantity of chemical required for a specific project
and do not stockpile chemicals unnecessarily. Chemicals in storage should be examined periodically for changes in
the condition of the chemical, the container holding the chemical,and/or the storage area.
Before using or storing chemicals, become familiar with their physicaland chemical hazards.
TECHNIQUES OF WASTE MINIMIZATION
(Cont..)
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STORAGE PRACTICES Chemical Segregation and Secondary Containment
Chemical containers should be stored and segregated according to their hazard(e.g., flammables, acids, bases, oxidizers, reactive, and poisons) and away fromincompatible chemicals.
Examples include: Water reactive chemicals are not to be stored under sinks. Acids are not to be stored under sinks. Flammables are not to be stored near ignition sources.
Chemical Labelling Practices All containers must have an appropriate container label intact and legible at all
times. Any defaced, faded or separating labels should be addressed immediately,either by correcting the label or offering the chemical for disposal to EHS. Any unknown chemicals should be immediately submitted to EHS for disposal.
Expired Chemicals Expiration dates should be clearly marked for chemicals that are in reactive
groups or develop hazardous functional groups on long-term storage (e.g.,
peroxide forming chemicals).
TECHNIQUES OF WASTE MINIMIZATION
(Cont..)
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Example of waste types Industrial Hazardous Wastes
Acids (Sources : Petroleum & chemical industries)
Cyanide (Sources : Metal & chemical industries)
Arsenic (Sources : Glass manufacturing processes, pesticides)
Cadmium (Sources : paint & plastic industries, battery manufacturers)
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Example of waste types Industrial Hazardous Wastes
Lead (Sources : electronic industry)
Infectious Waste (Sources : Hospitals, Clinics)
Organic Solvents (Sources : plastic, adhesive, cosmetic industries)
Radioactive Waste (Sources : nuclear power plant)
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Example of waste typesDomestic Hazardous Waste
Batteries – Corrosive, toxic
Used oil – flammable, toxic
Empty Insecticide spray can – unstable, toxic
Broken thermometer – toxic
Unused drug or medicine – toxic Floor detergents – corrosive, toxic
Cigarette lighters - flammable
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Separation Process Widely used both in minimization of hazardous
wastes and in the treatment of hazardous wastesbefore disposal.
The treatment before disposal is done to recover valuable components and at the same time removehazardous materials from the disposed stream.
Closely linked to waste minimization practicesbecause they recover valuable materials.
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Waste Stream
Waste Generation
Waste Handling, Separation,
storage, and processing at sources
Collection
Disposal
Separation,processing and
transformation ofsolid waste
Transfer andTransport
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Phase Separation Process Filtration, sedimentation, flocculation, centrifugation,
distillation, evaporation, flotation, ultrafiltration, andprecipitation, etc
Chemical transformation processes includeneutralization, precipitation, hydrolysis, oxidation,reduction, ozonolysis, calcination, chlorinolysis,electrolysis, and microwave treatment.
Biological methods of treatment - microorganisms in
nature that can break down anything into its constituentelements and thus detoxify it (unless of course theelements themselves are toxic, such as mercury orthallium).
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Management Practices/DisposalUnderground storage
Secured LandfillIncineration
Deep well injection, etc.
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Underground Storage
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Secure Hazardous-Waste Landfill
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Incineration