2.cultural china

CHINA

By Jack Garrity

Book pages 676-677

China China is rapidly changing and urbanizing,

its cities becoming busier than ever before. Like other cities around the world, Chinese cites are a mix of excitement, crowds, skyscrapers, and shops selling everything imaginable.

Population Patterns Ancient cultures mix with modern ways, in

the villages and megacities of China.

The People To be Chinese means “a person from the

Middle Kingdom.

The People China has 1.3 billion people.

The People 92 percent belong to the Han ethnic group.

The People From 206 BCE to 220 CE, the Han rulers

developed classical Chinese civilization.

The People 8 percent of the people make up 55 different

ethnic groups.

The People Tibet was once a Buddhist kingdom.

The People China took over Tibet in the 1950’s.

The People Disagreements continue to this day.

The People The people of Mongolia have a proud

history.

The People In the 13th Century, they created the

largest land empire.

The People Genghis Khan and his grandsons conquered

an empire from China to Europe.

Density and distribution In China, 90 percent of the people live on

17 percent of the land.

Density and distribution Most live in the river valleys.

Density and distribution Megacities include Shanghai.

Density and distribution Megacities include Tianjin.

Density and distribution Megacities include Beijing.

The Government has began to restore many historical sites.

Density and distribution Megacities include Guangzhou.

Density and distribution The former British megacities of Hong Kong is

on an island.

Density and distribution Mongolia's steppes have only 5 people per

square mile.

Urban Growth Most Chinese live on rural farms.

Urban Growth However, urbanization has led to

overcrowded megacities.

Urban Growth Rural areas don’t have enough workers.

Urban Growth The government has built new

agricultural towns in far off areas.

Urban Growth Towns are designed to have good social

services and better quality of life for rural people.

Urban Growth The government tired to stop population

growth.

Urban Growth In 1979, they made it illegal to have more

than 1 child.

Urban Growth It slowed population growth.

Urban Growth Many Chinese killed their female babies.

Urban Growth Today the ratio of 25- 35 year old people

is 60 percent men to 40 percent women today.

Urban Growth Like India, Chinese are expected to support

their parents and grand parents.

Urban Growth This means you have to support 6 people, 4

grandparents plus your 2 parents due to the one child policy.

Urban Growth Also, there are less people to fill jobs, as

the larger older population retires.

Some start work very early in life.

History and Government

Page 678-679

History and Government China has experienced numerous long-

ruling dynasties and has had major political changes. The country has been a powerful force in East Asia.

Dynasties: a family that rules a country or region.

Early History China is the region’s cultural hearth, like

Greece and Rome to Europe.

A cultural hearth is the place that a major culture starts. Ie Egypt, India, Greece, China, Mesopotamia

Early History China’s history is the story of the rise and fall of

10 dynasties.

Early History Chinese civilization began 5000 years ago

along the Xia River.

Shang Dynasty 1750-1045 BCE Historians have documents from the

Shang dynasty .

Shang Dynasty 1750-1045 BCE Aristocrats (land based warriors) led by a King

ruled society.

Shang Dynasty 1750-1045 BCE The aristocrats led armies against each

other, whomever won the most was king.

Shang Dynasty 1750-1045 BCE From the capital of Anyang, the dynasty defended itself

from rebellions, attacks from nomads, and natural disasters.

Shang Dynasty 1750-1045 BCE Eventually, the dynasty lost its “Mandate from

Heaven” and fell.

Mandate from Heaven The Gods and Goddesses approval and

support for your families rule.

Ying and Yang Positive and Negative should be balanced. Too much happiness

is thought to be as dangerous as too much heartache.

Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC- 245 BC) Chinese culture and trade spread.

Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC- 245 BC) They created iron weapons and tools.

Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC- 245 BC) Three philosophies Confucianism, Daoism,

and Legalism.

Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC- 245 BC) Confucius taught moral conduct and self

discipline. An emperor should be like a good father to his people.

Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC- 245 BC) Confucius has many rules for personal

relationships, the most important the family.

Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC- 245 BC) Children owe absolute loyalty to their father

and mother.

Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC- 245 BC) As in other cultures, the father rule the family

called filial piety.

Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC- 245 BC) Laozi founded Daoism, a philosophy of

living a simple life in harmony with nature.

Give up city life and move to the countryside.

Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC- 245 BC) As the dynasty lost the Mandate from

Heaven, Han Fei helped popularize legalism.

Legalism taught people were naturally evil and always acted to avoid punishment while trying to get ahead

So, the law must severely punish any unwanted action, and reward those who follow it.

Warring States Period 256-221 BCE China broke down into warring sections,

until Qin Shi Huang Di and legalists united all of China.

Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) He ordered the arrest and burning of the

books of the Confuciuists and Daoists.

Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) He built the first of the many Great Walls of

China to keep out the war like Mongolians.

Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) His harsh rule ended his families Mandate from

Heaven.

Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) His famous tomb contains a larger than life

model of his army.

Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD ) The Han Emperors favored Confucianism over

Legalism.

Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD ) They were so popular Chinese call themselves

“the people of Han” to this day.

Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD ) They traded silks, porcelains, and spices

as far as the Roman Empire.

Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD ) India became the middle brokers in this

international trade.

Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD ) Buddhism spread to China along land and

sea trade routes.

Mahayana Buddhism Goal: Not just individual, but to save the whole

community.

The Sui Dynasty 581–618 Began work on the Grande Canal

The Sui Dynasty 581–618 Began the National Exams for government jobs, civil

service exams

Tang Dynasty (618–907) The Civil Service exams expanded under

the Tang and Song dynasties, considered a high point in Chinese cosmopolitan culture

Song Dynasty (960–1279) Mixed Buddhism and Confucianism called Neo

Confucianism.

Song Dynasty (960–1279) It was the first government in world

history to print paper money, and use gunpowder as explosives.

Song Dynasty (960–1279) The Civil Service Exams were the only

path to power

Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) The bureaucracy of the Song lost the

Mandate from Heaven to the warrior Yuan or Mongolian Dynasty.

The fierce Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (1162 – 1227) had united the Mongol tribes and built an Empire.

Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) His grandson Kubli Khan conquered China,

and declared the Yuan Dynasty.

Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) The Song used hand cannons as well as bow

and arrows.

The Song considered the Mongolians barbarians.

Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) Kublai encouraged Asian arts and

demonstrated religious tolerance to Buddhists, Muslims, etc.

They tried to invade Japan as well, but their fleet was destroyed by the kazakami wind.

Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) Marco Polo famously traveled to China and

met Kubli Khan.

Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) The Yuan Dynasty lost the Mandate from

Heaven, as they assimilated into Chinese society.

Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) The Ming, described by some as "one of

the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history

Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Zheng He explored as far away as West

Africa, which soon had trade relationships with China.

Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Ming porcelain became prized throughout the

world, and is very valuable today.

Manchu Dynasty (1644–1912) In 1644, the peasant rebelled and burnt the

Ming capital.

Manchu Dynasty (1644–1912) A Ming general Wu allied with the Manchus let

their armies through a gate in the Great Wall.

Manchu or Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) By the 1600’s, Europeans had set up

trade routes to get Chinese silk, porcelain, and tea.

Manchu or Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) The Europeans had little that the Chinese

wanted to trade.

Manchu or Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) The British tried to force China to accept

silver.

Manchu or Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) The British government smuggled Opium

(illegal both in China and Britain) and sold it in China.

Manchu or Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) This caused the Opium Wars.

Manchu or Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) The British, Europeans and Americans sacked

the Imperial Palace in Beijing twice.

Manchu or Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) During the 1800’s, the Europeans, Japan and

USA used battleships to force the Chinese to trade with them.

Manchu or Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) By the 1800’s, each country had a sphere

of influence in China.

Modern China In 1922, Sun Yat-Sen led a revolution that

ended the Manchu dynasty.

Modern China By 1927, General Chiang Kai-shek formed a

democratic government of the Republic of China.

Modern China The communist leader Mao Zedong started

a civil war.

Modern China Mao Zedong started a civil war.

Manchu or Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) In 1933, the Japanese invaded Manchuria

Modern China Japan conquered Manchuria China and put

the last Qin Emperor on the throne.

Modern China During World War II , the Japanese

ruthlessly made China part of its Empire.

Modern China Mao’s communist forces won power in

1949, proclaiming The People’s Republic of China.

Modern China Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists fled to

Taiwan, still called the Republic of China today.

Economic Changes In the 1950’s, Chairman Mao’s government,

closed China to foreigners, and canceled all private property.

He ordered books burnt, teachers shot, and wrote his own book that everyone had to read.

Economic Changes During “the Great Leap Forward campaign, the

government replaced family farms with government coop farms.

The Great Leap Forward

Economic Changes 80 million Chinese starved to death, and China

still cannot feed its people today.

Economic Changes People who disagree with the un elected

government go to reprogramming camps, to correct their thinking.

Economic Changes In the 1970’s, Deng Xioping allowed some

private ownership of small business, and welcomed foreign business and technology.

Economic Changes Today, the non elected government owns all

major industries, but allows some private business..

Economic Changes Chinese factory workers live and work at the

factory.

Economic Changes They have one day a week off, but have to get

their bosses permission to go outside the factor on their day off.

Economic Changes US and European corporations move their

factories to China to take advantage of this cheap labor.

A Tale of Two Chinas Since the 1950’s, Taiwan and China have been

separate countries.

A Tale of Two Chinas Taiwan with its elected government and free

market is an economic powerhouse..

A Tale of Two Chinas Taiwan produces computer and electronic

parts.

A Free Mongolia During the revolution of 1911, Mongolia

declared independence.

A Free Mongolia Mongolia allied with the USSR and became

a communist country.

A Free Mongolia In 1991, Mongolia became a democracy

after the fall of the USSR.

A Free Mongolia Since then, Mongolia has had a booming

economy and freedom for its people.

Culture The people of China have a long, rich cultural

heritage with influences that include Confucianism, Buddhism, and communism.

Education and Health Care Recently the government of China has

pushed for more education.

Education and Health Care They even recruit experts from around

the world to teach.

Education and Health Care During the “Cultural Revolution” Mao had

most teachers shot as they disagreed with him during the 1960’s.

Education and Health Care After Mao’s death, the government has

been again promoting education for all.

Education and Health Care Today, the life expectancy in China is

above 70 years.

Education and Health Care The government owns all the hospitals,

so there are long lines always.

Language and Religion Most people in China read Mandarin.

Language and Religion Mandarin is written using ideograms.

Language and Religion Each province in China has its own

language.

Language and Religion People from Shanghai cannot understand

people from Canton.

Language and Religion But they can communicate by writing in

Mandarin.

Language and Religion The government of China is officially

atheists, and only atheists are invited to join the party.

Language and Religion But, Buddhism, Confucianism, and

Daoism are still popular.

Language and Religion The government often tries to arrest Buddhist

monks, especially the Dalai Lama of Tibet.

Language and Religion The Dalai Lama of Tibet has spent his life

in exile, preaching peace around the world.

The Arts The government tried to wipe out

traditional arts, but today they are returning.

The Arts Chinese calligraphy and poetry.

The Arts Chinese traditional paintings.

The Arts Chinese porcelains are still the best in the

world.

The Arts The martial arts of Kung Fu and tai shi.

The Arts Beijing Opera has elaborate costumes

and acrobats are amazing.