25(+) Years of Research in Nuclear and Particle Physics

Prof. Donald Koetke

Valparaiso University

5 February 2010

Outline

• Nuclear Physics vs. Particle PhysicsNuclear Physics vs. Particle Physics

• Experiment GoalsExperiment Goals

• Experimental MethodsExperimental Methods

• A TimelineA Timeline

• The Local PlayersThe Local Players

• The FutureThe Future

Nuclear Physics

• Nucleus: any assembly of one or more nucleonsNucleus: any assembly of one or more nucleons

• Nucleon: proton or neutronNucleon: proton or neutron

• Simplest nuclei: Simplest nuclei: 11H (proton); H (proton); 22H (deuteron)H (deuteron)

• Nuclear physics (I): any experiment whose goal it is Nuclear physics (I): any experiment whose goal it is to learn about the properties of the nucleus. to learn about the properties of the nucleus.

• Nuclear physics (II): any experiment in which a nucleusNuclear physics (II): any experiment in which a nucleus plays a role (e.g., as a target) plays a role (e.g., as a target)

Nuclear Physics

N

Z

Particle Physics• Particle physics (I): study of members of the “particle zoo”Particle physics (I): study of members of the “particle zoo”

• Baryon family (n,p,Baryon family (n,p,oo,,oo,,++,,--,,oo,,++,,--, …), …)

• Meson family (Meson family (,,,,,K,,K,,,,,,B,D, …),B,D, …)

• Lepton family (e,Lepton family (e,,,,,ee,,,, ) )

• Force propagators (Force propagators (,…,,…,,W,W++,W,W--, , oo))

• Particle physics (II): study of Particle physics (II): study of

• quarks, leptons, bosons (photons, gluons, Wquarks, leptons, bosons (photons, gluons, W++,W,W--, , oo) )

• Particle physics(III): studies of the Particle physics(III): studies of the Standard ModelStandard Model

Particle Physics

Research Goals

To understand and describe nature in terms of its To understand and describe nature in terms of its most fundamental objects and interactions.most fundamental objects and interactions.

How to do these experiments?

Cu

H SynchrotronSynchrotronSourceSource

Production Production TargetTarget K+

+

-

VelocityVelocitySelectorSelector

MomentumMomentumSelectorSelector

€

p

K +

HydrogenHydrogenInteraction Interaction TargetTarget

DetectorDetector

DAQDAQ

LinacLinac

€

K+ + p → Λ o + π + + π +

Research Timeline

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

US DOE Funding ANL & LANL

€

+ n(p) → μ − + p(p)ANL

€

K− + p → X o

Y*

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

Why?

?

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

Why?

How do you How do you test this test this theory?theory?

What gets out of the center of the sun that you can measure?

= 53 d

Why? ““Solar Neutrino Problem”Solar Neutrino Problem”

PredictedPredicted MeasuredMeasured

€

Nν e ≠ Nν e

€

Nν e ≈ 2Nν e

Hypothesis:

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

A reaction rate used in the A reaction rate used in the Solar Model is wrong!Solar Model is wrong!

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

Why?

How do you How do you test this test this theory?theory?

What gets out of the center of the sun that you can measure?

= 53 d

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

Where?

4 MeV Dynamatron proton accelerator4 MeV Dynamatron proton accelerator

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

4

Research Timeline

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

US DOE Funding ANL & LANL US DOE Research Grant at VU

€

→ e

Appear

€

+ n(p) → μ − + p(p)ANL

€

K− + p → X o

Y*

Why?

€

→ eAppear

““Solar Neutrino Problem”Solar Neutrino Problem”

PredictedPredicted MeasuredMeasured

€

Nν e ≠ Nν e

€

Nν e ≈ 2Nν e

Hypothesis:

€

e ⇒ ν μ ⇒ ν e ⇒ ν μ ⇒ ν e ⇒ ν μ • • •

Will NOT be Will NOT be detected in expt!detected in expt!

Why?

€

→ eAppear

Implications --

€

mν e > 0.0 ; mν μ > 0.0

Explain Cold Dark Matter?

Standard Model is Wrong

Where?

€

→ eAppear

Where?

€

→ eAppear

Laboratory

Town 7400 ft7400 ft

Where?

€

→ eAppear

Accelerator (LAMPF)p (800 MeV)

€

€

→ eAppear

€

+12 C → μ − +12 N

30

Research Timeline

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010€

→ eγ

MEGA

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

US DOE Funding ANL & LANL US DOE Research Grant at VU

€

→ e

Appear

€

+ n(p) → μ − + p(p)ANL

€

K− + p → X o

Y*

Why?

€

→ e + γMEGA

Lepton families do NOT mix.

€

dN edt

=dNμ

dt= dNτ

dt= 0

€

→ e + γ

Q: Why NOT??

A: ?????

Where?Accelerator (LAMPF)

p (800 MeV)€

→ e + γMEGA

+ +

€

+ → e+ + ν μ + ν e

€

Tμ = 0

€

∴ r p e = −

r p γ

€

1014 μ at 500MHz

€

→ e + γMEGA

28

€

→ e + γMEGA

67

Research Timeline

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010€

→ eγ

MEGA

€

K− + p → Σo + π o (γ )Crystal Ball

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

US DOE Funding ANL & LANL US DOE Research Grant at VU

€

→ e

Appear

€

+ n(p) → μ − + p(p)ANL

€

K− + p → X o

Y*

Why? €

K− + p → Σo + π o

Crystal Ball

€

K− + p → Σo + γ

• Previous data were limited in precision Previous data were limited in precision because of limited detection efficiencies. because of limited detection efficiencies.

• We had access to a We had access to a much more advanced much more advanced detector detector with much better efficiency for with much better efficiency for detecting high energy photons. detecting high energy photons.€

K− + p → Σo + π o π o → γ + γ

Σo → Λo + γ

Λo → n + π o

π o → γ + γ

Where? €

K− + p → Σo + π o

Crystal Ball

€

K− + p → Σo + γ

Alternating Gradiant SynchrotronAlternating Gradiant Synchrotron

Crystal Ball DetectorCrystal Ball Detector

672 NaI 672 NaI detectorsdetectors

€

K− + p → Σo + π o

Crystal Ball

€

K− + p → Σo + γ

43

€

K− + p → Σo + π o

Crystal Ball

€

K− + p → Σo + γ

43

Research Timeline

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010€

→ eγ

MEGA

€

K− + p → Σo + π o (γ )Crystal Ball

€

p + p(d) → X + μ + + μ −

NuSea

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

US DOE Funding ANL & LANL US DOE Research Grant at VU

€

→ e

Appear

€

+ n(p) → μ − + p(p)ANL

€

K− + p → X o

Y*

Why?

NuSea

€

p + p → X + μ + + μ −

€

p + d → X + μ + + μ −

Nuclear Sea (of quarks)

ProtonProton

uu uudd

€

m p = 938 MeV

NeutronNeutron

uudd dd

€

mn = 939 MeV

€

mu + mu + md = 9.6 MeV

€

md + md + mu = 12.0 MeV

∴The The sea quarkssea quarks must be must be very important for nucleonsvery important for nucleons

Where?

NuSea

€

p + p → X + μ + + μ −

€

p + d → X + μ + + μ −

Nuclear Sea (of quarks)

€

T p = 800Gev

NuSea

€

p + p → X + μ + + μ −

€

p + d → X + μ + + μ −

Nuclear Sea (of quarks)

32

Research Timeline

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010€

→ eγ

MEGA

€

+ → e+ + ν μ + ν e

TWIST€

K− + p → Σo + π o (γ )Crystal Ball

€

p + p(d) → X + μ + + μ −

NuSea

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

US DOE Funding ANL & LANL US DOE Research Grant at VU

€

→ e

Appear

€

+ n(p) → μ − + p(p)ANL

€

K− + p → X o

Y*

Why?

TWIST

€

+ → e+ + ν μ + ν e

Triumf Weak Interaction Symmetry Test

€

rate ~ gijγ ψ ei

Γγ ψν eψ ν μ

Γγ ψ μ jγ =S,V ,Ti, j=R,L

∑

2

€

gRRS = 0

gLRS = 0

gRLS = 0

gLLS = 0

€

gRRV = 0

gLRV = 0

gRLV = 0

gLLV =1

€

gRRT ≡ 0

gLRT = 0

gRLT = 0

gLLT ≡ 0

Standard Standard Model Model ValuesValues

Why?

TWIST

€

+ → e+ + ν μ + ν e

Triumf Weak Interaction Symmetry Test

€

rate ~ gijγ ψ ei

Γγ ψν eψ ν μ

Γγ ψ μ jγ =S,V ,Ti, j=R,L

∑

2

€

gRRS = 0

gLRS = 0

gRLS = 0

gLLS = 0

€

gRRV = 0

gLRV = 0

gRLV = 0

gLLV =1

€

gRRT ≡ 0

gLRT = 0

gRLT = 0

gLLT ≡ 0

€

gRRS < 0.066

gLRS < 0.125

gRLS < 0.424

gLLS < 0.55

€

gRRV < 0.033

gLRV < 0.060

gRLV < 0.110

gLLV > 0.96

€

gRRT ≡ 0

gLRT < 0.036

gRLT < 0.122

gLLT ≡ 0

Actual Actual Measured Measured ValuesValues

Where?

TWIST

€

+ → e+ + ν μ + ν e

Vancouver, BCVancouver, BC

TWIST

€

+ → e+ + ν μ + ν e

36

New & final New & final results will be results will be released at the released at the APS meeting in APS meeting in D.C. next week!D.C. next week!

• Improve precision on theImprove precision on the weak interaction physics by weak interaction physics by ~factor of 10! ~factor of 10!

• So far all values agree withSo far all values agree with Standard Model (assumed) Standard Model (assumed) values. values.

• Stay tuned for final results…Stay tuned for final results…

Research Timeline

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

€

p +

r p → XQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.

€

→ eγ

MEGA

€

+ → e+ + ν μ + ν e

TWIST€

K− + p → Σo + π o (γ )Crystal Ball

€

p + p(d) → X + μ + + μ −

NuSea

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

US DOE Funding ANL & LANL US DOE Research Grant at VU

€

→ e

Appear

€

+ n(p) → μ − + p(p)ANL

€

K− + p → X o

Y*

Why?

STAR

€

p +

r p → X

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Solenoid Tracker At RHIC

• Because the intrinsic angular momentum (spin)Because the intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of every proton we have ever seen is of every proton we have ever seen is exactly theexactly the same same - but nobody knows how it comes to be this - but nobody knows how it comes to be this value!! value!! We need to understand this at aWe need to understand this at a fundamental level. fundamental level.

• Because we now have the tools to do this Because we now have the tools to do this experiment and the composite model of the experiment and the composite model of the proton is now well established - probably. proton is now well established - probably.

Where?

STAR

€

p +

r p → X

RHIC counter-circulating beamsRHIC counter-circulating beams

STAR

€

p +

r p → X

STAR

€

p +

r p → X

369

STAR

€

p +

r p → X

STAR

€

p +

r p → X

5353

STAR

€

p +

r p → X

Research Timeline

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

€

p +

r p → XQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.

€

→ eγ

MEGA

€

+ → e+ + ν μ + ν e

TWIST€

K− + p → Σo + π o (γ )Crystal Ball

€

p + p(d) → X + μ + + μ −

NuSea

€

p +7 Be →8 B + γS17

€

n →

r n

nEDM

US DOE Funding ANL & LANL US DOE Research Grant at VU

€

→ e

Appear

€

+ n(p) → μ − + p(p)ANL

€

K− + p → X o

Y*

Why?

nEDM

neutron Electric Dipole Moment

€

n →

r n

€

s

€

Intrinsic spin angular momentum Intrinsic spin angular momentum ((1/2)1/2)

Magnetic Dipole MomentMagnetic Dipole Moment −1.9130427(5) μN (−9.6623640 × 10−27 J/T)

QQnetnet = 0.0 = 0.0

+

€

d

nEDM

€

n →

r n

Where?

VU Physicists

• Prof. Randall Fisk * Prof. Randall Fisk *

• Prof. David GrosnickProf. David Grosnick

• Prof. Donald KoetkeProf. Donald Koetke

• Prof. Robert ManweilerProf. Robert Manweiler

• Mr. Paul NordMr. Paul Nord

• Prof. Shirvel StanislausProf. Shirvel Stanislaus

• Dr. Jason Webb *Dr. Jason Webb *

VU Students

Dale Koetke (‘86), Philip Nickel (‘88), Hope Concannon (‘90), Dale Koetke (‘86), Philip Nickel (‘88), Hope Concannon (‘90), Jim Kolterman (‘91), Paul Nord (‘91), Jay Dittmann (‘92), Jim Kolterman (‘91), Paul Nord (‘91), Jay Dittmann (‘92), Grant Kiehne (‘92), Laura Nickerson (‘96), Nathan Bachmann (‘93), Grant Kiehne (‘92), Laura Nickerson (‘96), Nathan Bachmann (‘93), Adam Gibson (‘00), Daniel Allen (‘00), Robert Greene (‘00), Adam Gibson (‘00), Daniel Allen (‘00), Robert Greene (‘00), Christopher Hoffman (‘01), Jon Thoms (‘01), Steve Wolf (‘03), Christopher Hoffman (‘01), Jon Thoms (‘01), Steve Wolf (‘03), Louis Kastens (‘04), Sarah Schlobohm (‘04), Brian Bucher (‘05), Louis Kastens (‘04), Sarah Schlobohm (‘04), Brian Bucher (‘05), Ross Corliss (‘05), Tim Rogers (‘05), Jason Summerlott (‘06), Ross Corliss (‘05), Tim Rogers (‘05), Jason Summerlott (‘06), Josh Vredevoogd (‘07), Ted Hopkins (‘07), Noah Schroeder (‘08), Josh Vredevoogd (‘07), Ted Hopkins (‘07), Noah Schroeder (‘08), Daniel Trubey (‘09), Ansel Hillmer (‘09), Nathan Kellams (‘10),Daniel Trubey (‘09), Ansel Hillmer (‘09), Nathan Kellams (‘10),Tim Olson (‘11), Megan Kania (‘11), Ben Barber (‘12)Tim Olson (‘11), Megan Kania (‘11), Ben Barber (‘12)

The Funding -

• US Department of Energy (DOE) has funded this US Department of Energy (DOE) has funded this work with over $3.5M. work with over $3.5M.

• A “renewal proposal” is submitted every three yearsA “renewal proposal” is submitted every three years that is peer-reviewed. that is peer-reviewed.

• We have had uninterrupted funding for over 25 years!We have had uninterrupted funding for over 25 years!

The Future (?)

• STAR & nEDM - long term commitmentsSTAR & nEDM - long term commitments with potentially significant discoveries with potentially significant discoveries

• Many more VU students will have opportunities Many more VU students will have opportunities to work on world-class physics experiments in to work on world-class physics experiments in nuclear and particle physics nuclear and particle physics

• There is unforeseen new physics that will beThere is unforeseen new physics that will be discovered in your lifetime; stay tuned! discovered in your lifetime; stay tuned!

Closing Reflections

• This has been a wonderful journey that has been, This has been a wonderful journey that has been, and continies to be full of surprises! and continies to be full of surprises!

• Along with the work of all my colleagues in the Along with the work of all my colleagues in the department we have helped -- department we have helped --

• to do good scienceto do good science

• to educate some very fine studentsto educate some very fine students

• to spread the word: VU is an excellent university.to spread the word: VU is an excellent university.

-- Thank you-- Thank you