2.5 hypotheses tested this research study are stated...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 8
FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
PART I
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 Concept of Urban Development
1.3 Urban Economic Development in India
A. The pre-colonial period
B. The Colonial period
C. Urban Development in Planning Era
1.4 Urban Economic Development in Maharashtra
1.5 Urban Economic Development in Pune
1.6 Local Self Government
A. Definitions of Local Self Government
1. 7 Evolution of Local Self Government In India
1.8 Municipal Corporation
A. Council
B. Mayor
C. Committees
D. Municipal Commissioner
1.9 Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act 1992
1.10 Composition of Municipality
1.11 Pune Municipality
1.12 Pune Municipal Corporation
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Statement of the problem
(A) Researcher Studies
(B) Reference Books
2.3 Importance of Present Study
2.4 Objectives of the study
2.5 Hypotheses tested in this research study are stated below
2.6 Research Methodology
A. Primary Data
1. Selection of Pune City
2. Selection of Prabhags
3. Selection of Wards
4. Selection of Corporators
5. Selection of Beneficiaries
6. Selection of the office bearers of the Pune Municipal
Corporation
7. Questionnaire
B. Secondary Data
C. Statistical Tools
2.7 Time Budgeting
2.8 Limitations of the study
2.9 The Chapter Scheme
3. HISTORY OF LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Evolution of Local Self Government in India
3.3 Local Self Government in Pune
3.4 Municipal Corporation
3.4.1 Civic Administration
3.5 Functions of Pune Municipal Corporation
-..
4. ANALYSIS OF GEO-PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF PUNE CITY
4.1 Geo-physical features of Pune
4.2 Land use Distribution
4.3 Social Aspects
4.4 Education
4.5 Pune is cultural capital Of Maharashtra State
4.6 Economic Aspects
A) Per Capita Income of Pune
B) Contribution of Pune to Tax Collection of Maharashtra
C) Work Force Participation
4.7 Ward wise projection of Growth
4.8 Industry
A) Trade and Commerce
B) Banks
C) Public Transport
D) Private Transport
E) Transport Problems in Pune
4.9 Growth Trends and Projection
4.10 Key Issues
A) Vacant lands
B) Road Network -" C) Urban Social & Economic Infrastructure
D) Software Technology
5. EXPECTATIONS OF BENEFICIARIES
6. PERCEPTION OF PMC AUTHORITIES
PART II: Perception of the Office Bearers
7. Evalution of the Achievement ofPune Municipal Corporation
7.1 Introdution
7.2 Functioning of Pune Municipal Corporation
7.3 Strategies Adopted For Development
7.4 Municipal Finance
7.5 Key Issues of Development
7.6 Evaluation of Achievements of Pune Municipal Corporation
(I) Infrastructure
(II) Urban Land use Management
(III) Environment
(IV) Slum Development
(V) Traffic and Transportation
(VI) Water Supply
(VII) Sewerage and Sanitation
(VIII) Solid Waste Management
(IX) Storm Water Drainage
(X) Street Light
(XI) Municipal Accounts
7.7 Pune Tomorrow
(A) Poverty in Pune
(B). Schemes for Slum Improvement
PART III: SUGGESTIONS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Suggestions For PMC office Bearers
8.3 Suggestion For Corporators
8.4 Suggestion For Citizens
ART IV: SCOPE F'OR FURTH-ER RESEARCH
9. 1 Scope For Further Research
CHAPTER 8
F'INDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter is divided in four parts:
Part I: Observation based on Chapter 1 to Chapter 4
Part II Findings based on Chapter 5, 6 and 7
Part III
Part IV
Suggestions
Scope for further research
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Economic development implies progressIve changes in the socioeconomic
structure of a country. Viewed in this way economic development involves a steady
decline in the share of agriculture in gross national product (GNP) and a corresponding
increase in the share of industries, banking, trade, transport, construction and services.
1.2 CONCEPT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT
The economic concepts relevant to urban development are collectively known as
Urban Economics. These Urban Economic concepts are modified tools of analysis
developed to help in identifying urban problems before they assume gigantic proportions
and become intractable and to devise solutions and evaluate their likely effects for
consideration by government, politicians, experts and general public.
Cities and urban areas, whether in all countries in general and more especially the less
developed and developing countries, contribute in a large measure to economic growth
and to the process of modernization. In cities there is concentration of people, economic
and social activities, infrastructural services, and markets for various factors of
production and information exchange and technology updating. There are many
economic advantages in such concentration which offer opportunities for what are called
economics of scale in production, consumption, economics of juxtaposition, from
efficient spatial and functional relationships.
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1.3 Urban Economic Development in India
A. The pre-colonial period
The Indian subcontinent has one of the most ancient urban traditions in the -world.
The Harappan civilization, along the Indus River in current Pakistan, dates back to well
before 2,500 BC and flourished over a period of at least 600 years.
For about a thousand years after the Harappan civilization there is no proof at all
of any urban development in the area.
In general urban development in the pre-colonial .era, spanning a period of
roughly 3,500 years, rarely generated towns or cities with a population exceeding
100,000 peopk Nevertheless, the broad regional pattern of an urban hierarchy, with the
largest concentration of towns in the northern belt of the subcontinent and significant
number of important cities in the small kingdoms of the south, had by the end of this
period clearly been laid out. Central India, due to its relative inaccessibility, remained
sparsely populated (Bradnock 1989).
B. The Colonial period
During the first phase of British rule the level of urbanization in India declined.
Soon afterwards it would pick up again and would ultimately become higher than ever
before.
c. Urban Development in Planning Era:
In the Second Plan (1956-61), the need for a planned development of cities and
towns was recognized and the Delhi Master Plan was prepared as a kind or experiment in
Indian town planning and redevelopment. provided financial aid for the preparation of
nearly 400 master plans and for the creation of a number of new state capitals such as
Bhubaneshwar, Gandhinagar and Bhopal; ne,v capital cities which had to be built
following the reorganization of states in 1956.
The Fourth Plan (1969-1974) recognized the need for financing urban
development schemes and the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)
was established to provide the funds for metropolitan authorities to finance housing
schemes.
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The urban development chapter of the Fifth Plan (1974-1978) laid down a number
of vague urban planning objectives (such as for example an increase in urban civic
services), but was in general mainly outlining a limited and contradictory urbanization
policy.
The Sixth Plan (1980-1985) for the first time officially acknowledged the
significant regional differences in urbanization rates between states, and focused mainly,
as previously in the fifth plan, on an urbanization strategy for the country at large.
The Seventh Plan (1985-1990) gave somewhat more priority to rural
development, explicitly stressed the necessity to slow down urban growth in the large
citic-s, and promoted growth in the small cities and towns.
The Eighth Plan (1992-1997) has again been paying considerably more attention
to urban planning and urban growth strategies, but since the change of government at the
Centre in 1996, most attention has again been diverted towards rural development6•
1.4 Urban Economic Development in Maharashtra
Maharashtra is leading in Urbanization and Growth trends but the pattern is
highly imbalanced, the growth centre approach in decentralizing industrial growth has
already been successfully demonstrated and similar approach in identifying urban
location, which will maximize development speed effect and promote urban development
on efficiency and equity principles at city level has been proposed to be adopted.( I 0)
Except in Mumbai, Thane, Pune and Nasik districts, the industrial growth in other
districts is mostly negligible or stagnant.
1.5 Urban Economic Development in Pune
The city's traditional academic-cum-administrative character notwithstanding, the
fifties and sixties were a preparation for the change in Pune's role to that of an industrial
city. This occurred through the rapid improvement of infrastructure, particularly road
construction and widening, growth of public transport and improvement in health care
through the control of epidemics. These improvements were due to the most important
civic even that took place in 1950: the Poona Municipality was raised to the status of a
Corporation. (12)
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The Flood of 1961 literally crumbled the city along the banks of the Mutha.
Kothrud became the most attractive area for many Puneites.
1.6 Local Self Government
A local government is a political subdivision of a national government or, in
federal systems, a subdivision of regional government.
1.6.1: Definitions of Local Self Government
N.R.Raoi says, "Local Self Government in India is a representative organization
responsible to a body of electors and enjoying wide powers of administratio~ and
taxation and functioning both as a school for training in responsibility and as a vital link
in the chain of organization that make up the government of the country, is a
British creation.
Kusum Lata Kediaii states that, "Apart from political desirability there is a strong
case for the existence of local self-government on the grounds of administrative
efficiency and economy. Certain services, which have a direct bearing on the daily life of
the people and require a more personal contact viz., primary education, provision of parks
and libraries, primary health care, prevention and control, of epidemics, road cleaning,
conservancy and sanitation, supply of drinking water etc., can be more efficiently
handled by the local bodies".
Although, local-self government is the third tier political institution of National
government, basically functions as an agent of development of the local economy more
conveniently and more effectively. The need for local - self institution to take up
developmental programs, implement and administer them is pressing: the scope today is
vast.
In India local-self government provides important services like public education,
public health and welfare programs, fire protection, public transportation, science and
technology, water supply, electricity supply pollution control, environmental preservation
and sanitation.
Local government should provide the majority of public services because their
benefits are localized. Although the standard sources of finance are intergovernmental
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rents, local taxation and use-charges, there is a great diversity of models for financing
local govemments in different countries.
1. 7 Evolution of Local Self Government In India
The municipal Act of 1850 was made applicable to the whole of British India.
Lord Mayo's Resolution in 1870 made the Provincial Govemments responsible
for the development of self-government with the policy of decentralization for the
management of their own local finances and functions.
Local Self Government became significant in the hierachic system of Government
by the Government ofIndia Act, 1919. -
While there were only three corporation towns in 1947, the number in the nineties
is 73.Local govemment is the third stratum of government since 1993 but it falls within
the jurisdiction of the states.
1.8 Municipal Corporation
Municipal Corporation as an institution is more respectable mId enjoys a greater
measure of autonomy than other forms of local government. A municipal corporation is
set up under a special statute which is passed by the state legislature.
The corporation form of urban government is meant especially for bigger towns
where civic problems acquire a high degree of complexity. The corporations perform two
types of functions, obligatory and discretionary functions.
A. Council
Although the council is but one constituent of the municipal corporation, the term
corporation has itself become a substitute for council. The council comprises members,
called councilors, elected on adult franchise for a term varying from three to five years.
B. Mayor
The Mayor is the first Citizen of the city, representing as he or she does in dignity
and personality. They presides over the council meetings.They are elected by the
councilors from among themselves for a term of one or two years, which is renewable.
The Mayor Exercises administrative control over the Secretariat of the corporation,
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furthennore, some statutes specifically empower them, in case of an emergency, to direct
the execution or stoppage or any work or any act.
C. Committees
The committees set up by the council may be divided into statutory and non
statutory. A Statutory Committee is set up by the statute which constitutes the
Corporation, such as executive committee, standing committee, planning committee,
health committee and education committee. Non-Statutory Committees include
transport committee, women and child welfare committee etc.
D. Municipal Commissioner
The Municipal Commissioner is the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation,
indeed its kingpin. He perfonns all the duties imposed or conferred upon him under the
Act and, in times of emergency, may take any action he deems necessary. The
administration of these policies and of the provisions of the statute has been made the
responsibility of the Commissioner.
1.9 Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act 1992.
This Act is applicable to Municipality, Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council and
Municipal Corporation.
1.10 Composition of Municipality
All the members of Municipality are chosen by direct election from territorial
constituencies to be known as wards. There shall be constituted wards of municipality
having a population of 3 lakhs or more. There are the reserved seats for the scheduled
caste and scheduled tribe8. One third of the total number of the seats is reserved for
women.
1.11 Pune Municipality
The Government of Bombay established a Municipality in Poona in 1856. The
actual administrative machinery began to function in 1857. (15)
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1.12 Pune Municipal Corporation
Efforts to convert the Poona Municipality to a Corporation had been initiated way
back in 1933, when it was proposed to merge the four local authorities, the city
Municipality, the Suburban Municipality and the Poona and Khadki Cantonment boards
into one.A committee under the chairmanship of M.D. Bhat recommended the setting of
the Corporation, which came into being on 15 February 1950, by amalgamating the city
and Suburban Municipalities.
The first elections to the Corporations were held in March 1952; S.G. Barve had already
been appointed as the first Municipal Commissioner.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Introduction
Local Self Government plays a vital role in the process of economic development
in so many ways. It provides both social and economic services. It also serves as the
best agency for executing the development plans of the higher-tier government in its own
area.
2.2 Statement of the problem
The research highlights on "Role of Local-self Government in urban economic
development" with special reference to Pune Municipal Corporation.
(A) Researcher Studies
The researcher has taken a review of four research studies in this section.
(B) Reference Books
Keeping the topic of research in view, the researcher has traced the secondary
data from different sources. Such available literature is suitably classified as given
below:
1. Structure
II. Financial Administration
III. Economic Facet
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2 References
4 References
4 References
IV. Welfare Facet 3 References
V. Policies and Plans of Local Government 5 References
VI. Journals 3 References
VII. Government Publications 3 References
2.3 Importance of Present Study
The problem faced by local government are important matter of study as they
compete with private sector and also cope up with the technological progress in their
administration and successfully and efficiently implement the local policies in order to -
promote rapid economic development of the corporation jurisdiction.
Since its inception in 15th February 1950, the Pune Municipal Corporation has
played a significant role in all-round development of Pune City. At present its
jurisdiction is extended to cover thirty-eight surrounding villages and hence its
responsibility has increased to cope with all dynamic changes occurring due to
liberalization and globalization.
Due to the phenomenal growth of Pune as an important region for education and
information technology, there is a great need for the Pune Municipal Corporation to play
a vital role to provide many amenities along with good city infrastructures.
2.4 Objectives of the study
The main objectives of this research study are given as under.
1 To study the history of Local self-government in respect of economIC
development.
2 To analyze critically, socio- economic and political aspects of the development of
Pune City which comes under Pune Municipal Corporation.
3 To analyze the trends in developmental activities in Pune Municipal Corporation
and public involvement in them.
4 To highlight the future key factors in the process of development.
5 To pin point the problems of socio-economic political development of Pune city
and to suggest remedies.
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2.5 Hypotheses tested in this research study are stated below:
1. The local self-government has played a dominant role in socio-political and
economic development of a regien.
2. The infrastructure facilities of Pune are conducive to socio-economic and political
development.
3. There is close relationship between infrastructural availability and economIC
development.
4. The socio-economic political development of city is outcome of efforts of
voluntary agencies, local self-government and government administration. -
5. Political Governance has positive relation with economic development.
2.6 Research Methodology
The research analysis is based on primary and secondary data.
A. Primary Data
The Researcher has to analyze the functioning of PMC in context of the economic
development of Pune City and for the same the researcher has collected the primary data.
1. Selection of Pune City
Pune city is selected for the purpose of study on the basis of purposive sampling
method. Pune city is the home town of the researcher and hence the selection.
2. Selection of Prabhags
There are fourteen zones (Prabhag) with an average of nine wards in each.
Out of these Fourteen Prabhags four Prabhags were selected on the basis of
A. Geographic location
B. Demographic features
C. State of development of particular ward.
Three wards from each Prabhag are selected. Totally 12 wards from 4 Prabhags
are selected.
The selection of wards is done on the basis of purposive sampling method. The
researcher has obtained the primary information in respect of the wards and the zones.
Out of them a sample of 10% sample is selected on the ba::;is of geographical location
214
such as East, West, South and North, density of population in the ward, such as high
density and low density, residential zones, industrial zones etc.
Hadapsar Zone is an area of industrial concentration whereas Aundh and
Sangamwadi are mainly residential hubs. Whereas Tilak road ward is a commercial area.
A) Hadapsar (Prabhag No.6):
It is located in the East. It is a new suburb of Pune close to Industrial belt of
Hadapsar with a railway line linking up to Miraj. It is famous as a marketplace for
vegetables and other agricultural goods where farmers directly sell these items. It is also
well known for two SEZs: Magarpatta city and Fursungi IT Park have given Hadapsar a
new dimension of development. Map I page
B) Aundh (Prabhag No.1):
It is located in west of Pune. It is the area where the researcher resides. It is a fast
growing area in terms of I.T companies, International Schools, sports city, beautiful
Pashan water tank, and High-rise apartment buildings.
C). TUak Road (Zone No 12)
It is located in the South of Pune city. It is generally known as the commercial
centre of Pune. It has significant developments and it is the prime location in Pune city.
D) Sangam Wadi
Sangam wadi is located to the North of Pune. It is known as recidental zone.
3. Selection of Wards.
The selection of wards is done on the basis of purposive sampling method. The
researcher has selected three wards from each four zones. Thus the sample size of wards
covers 12 wards.
4. Selection of Corporators
The researcher has undertaken the research in respect of the role of PMC in Urban
Development in Pune for the period of 8 years from 2000-01 to 2007-08. The researcher
has obtained the list of Corporators and selected 12 corporators from selected 12 wards.
215
5. SeJection of Beneficiaries
The researcher has collected the list of voters from these selected twelve wards.
The total number of voters of these wards is 1, 63,728 as per the Census report of 2006-
07. It means the average number of voters is 13,644. The researcher has selected 240
voters from these twelve wards as indicated in Table 2. Thus the selection is based on
stratified random sampling. Out of the total Population of 1, 63,728 from twelve wards
the selected sample is 240. It comes to 0.15%percentage per ward.
6. Selection of the office bearers of the Pune Municipal Corporation
The main stake holders in Pune Urban Development are the elected representatives,
and office bearers.
The researcher has selected 12 corporators for the purpose of study. The researcher has
selected 8 office bearers including municipal Commissioner.
I. Questionnaire
Three separate questionnaires are prepared one each for the following groups:
i. Beneficiaries (i.e. voters) - citizens
ii. Selected corporators.
iii. Office- Bearers of local self government.
I. Secondary Data
The researcher has collected the secondary data from following institutions and
libraries.
1. Pune MWlicipal Corporation
2. Offices of the Selected Zones
3. Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth Library
4. Gokhale Deemed University Library
5. Spicer Memorial College Library
6. Yashvantra Chavan Development Academy Library
7. Pune University Library
C Statistical Tools
The researcher has used necessary statistical tools and Pie-diagram, bar diagram,
charts, and maps, whenever necessary to analyze primary and secondary data.
216
2.7 Time Budgeting
The researcher is to concentrate on her study of role of PMC III economIC
development for the period of 8 years from 2000-01 to 2007-08.
The secondary data are obtained from concerned offices with maXImum
cooperation from these officials.
2.8 Limitations of the study
The maximum efforts are made to have personal contact to get primary data from
office bearers of PMC. -
The secondary is obtained frain concerned offices with maximum cooperation
from these officials.
2.9 The Chapter Scheme
This Thesis consists of chapters. First chapter is the introduction giving conceptual
frame work of the research topic along with the brief account of PMC as a Local Self
Government..
The Second chapter explains the Research Methodology, objectives of the study,
hypotheses of the study along with review of related literature.
The Third Chapter gives the history of local Self Governments.
The Fourth chapter gives Analysis of Geo-Physical, Historical, and Socio
Economic Aspects of Pune City.
The Fifth chapter gives Expectation of Beneficiaries.
The Sixth chapter explains the Perceptions of PMC Authorities and Office bearers
ofPMC.
The Seventh explains the evaluation of Achievements of Pune Municipal
Corporation.
The last chapter gives Summary of Findings and Recommendations along with
scope for further research.
217
3. HISTORY OF LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
3.1: Introduction
.. Historically, local government had obviously preceded national government. Man
first evolved his neighborhood government. Even after the rise and growth of National
government the local government continued to exist.
3.2: Evolution of Local Self Government in India
Municipal Act 1850
The municipal Act of 1850 was made applicable to the whole of British India.
The effect on tocal self-government of the policy inaugurated by Lord Mayo w<.!s
reviewed in 1881 both in number and usefulness of municipalities. On the 18th of May
1882, Lord Ripon's Government issued that Historic Resolution.
Local self-government became significant in the Diarchic system of Government
by the Government ofIndia Act, 1919.
The independence of the country in 1947 ushered a new period in the history of
local government in India. With the termination of alien rule there was self-government
at all the levels-central, provincial and local.
3.3 Local Self Government in Pune
It was in the year 1856 that the Government of Bombay established a municipality in
Poona. The actual administrative machinery began to function in 1857.
3.4 Municipal Corporation
The city followed the Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act 1949,
through which certain cities were allowed to change the status of their municipaliti~s.
Efforts to convert the Poona Municipality to a Corporation had been initiated way back in
1933, The request, repeated in 1939, Finally, a committee under the chairmanship of
M.D. Bhat recommended the setting of the Corporation, which came into being on 15
February 1950, by amalgamating the city and Suburban Municipalities. The two
Cantonments remain separate entities to this day.
218
The first elections to the Corporations were held in March 1952; S.G. Barve had already
been appointed as the first Municipal Commissioner,
After its formation, the Corporation had to face the unprecedented increase in
population due to sudden migration from the rural hinterland and the arrival of refugees
after Partition. There was also the expansion of municipal limits from a mere 44 sq. kms
to 139 sq. kms, when the Corporation was formed.
3.4.1 Civic Administration
The main city is administered by the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC). -
The executive po'wer of the corporation is vested in the Municipal Commissioner. ~.
The corporation consists of directly elected corporators headed by a titular Mayor.
The mayor has few executive powers. The PMC is in charge of the civic needs and
infrastructure of the metropolis. Pune is divided into One hundred forty four municipal
wards, each overseen by an Assistant municipal Commissioner for administrative
purposes. The corporators of the administration are voted through a popular vote and
almost all the state political parties field their candidates.
The mayor is the first citizen of the city, representing as he or she does its dignity
and personality. He presides over the council meetings. He is elected by the councilors
including aldermen from among themselves for a term of one or two years, which is
renewable. The Mayor Exercises administrative control over the secretariat of the
corporation; furthermore, some statutes specifically empower him,
A Statutory Committee is set up by the statute which constitutes the
Corporation, such as executive committee, standing committee, planning committee,
health committee and education committee. Non-Statutory Committees include
transport committee, women and child welfare committee etc.
3.5 Functions of Pune Municipal Corporation
There are 2 functions to the PMC. These are
1. Obligatory Functions.
2. Discretionary Functions.
219
4. ANAL YSIS OF GEO-PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF PUNE CITY
4.1 Geo-physical features of Pune
Pune is located at 18°31' 22.45" north 73°52'32.69" east near the western margin
of the Deccan Plateau.
Pune lies on the leeward side of the Sahyadri ranges and Western Ghats, 560m (1837
ft) above the sea level, at the confluence of Mula and Mutha rivers, which are tributaries
of the Bhima. Two more rivers, Pavana and Indrayani traverse the Northwestern outskirts
of the urban area.
The first Development Plan (DP) for PMC was prepared in r966 as per
Maharashtra Town and Country Planning Act, 1966. Revision to this was made in 1982
which was sanctioned by the GoM in 1987. This second DP was prepared for 20 year
horizon (tobe valid till 2007) for PMC area of 138. 36sq.km.
In 2001, PMC jurisdiction was extended by merging 23 neighboring villages (in
parts) and DP was exclusively prepared for this fringe area for a horizon of 20 years
(valid till 2021).
4.2 Land use Distribution
The combined land use pattern shows that around 43 percent of the area is under
residential zone, two percent is under commercial zone, four percent under industrial
zone and 16 percent under public/semi-public and recreational use.
4.3 Social Aspects
Pune is in Haveli Taluka of Pune district and is spread out over an area of
approximately 1340 Sq.Km. The urban development in Pune Municipal Corporation is
greatly inter-linked and supported by its surrounding areas.
The PMC has a population 2.54 million (2001) which accounts for 35 percent of
the total urban population in Pune District and 60 percent of total PMF population. The
PMC's population has grown from 1.57 million in 1991 to 2.54 million in 2001, and in
the last decade experienced a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.94%.
PMC's growth is not limited to few but influences by various factors. It is the most
preferred destination for many citizens in Maharashtra for job, education, healthcare
220
treatment, real estate investment; better quality of life etc. as Mumbai is already crowded
comparatively and with comparatively higher cost of living. The same is for many
citizens all over India who migrate to the city for better jobs and education.
An average population density as per census 2001 for pmc IS 10,410
persons/sq.km. Population density ranges from as low as 1,476 persons/sq.km. to as high
as 182,049 persons/sq.km. The urban development plans formulation and implementation
(UDPFI) guideline indicates average density of around 15,000 persons/sq.km. for the
city, whereas in PMC, almost 60 percent of the wards have higher densities than the
prescribed norm. Population densities are higher in the old city wards, and wards along -
major transport corridors.
The spatial distribution of population has been examined, based on the ward
densities in PMC. The average ward population is 1, 92,642 varying from 1, 00,059 in
Dhole Patil Ward to 2,51,100 in Bibwewadi Ward. The densities are high in the core city.
The city appears to be growing in the southeast and southwest directions. As per
the 2005 population estimates, the Tilak Road ward on the southwest side of the city is
experiencing a rapid growth of 50%. The Karve Road is also growing at the rate of 32%.
In the southeast direction, the Bibwewadi ward with its proximity to the Solapur bypass
is growing at a rate of 38% followed by Hadapsar at 26%.
4.4 Education
4.4.1 Pune as the Oxford of the East.
Though Pune did not develop as fast as Mumbai, it has gradually emerged as a seat of
modem liberal education and research. The formation of the Deccan College, the
Agriculture College and later an engineering college were the initial hallmarks of this
development. Pune earned the reputation of a prestigious seat of learning and hence
Pandit lawaharlal Nehru called Pune as the Oxford of the east.
As the educational and research hub, Pune has excellent performance. It includes
Primary and Secondary Educational Institute, University Education, Engineering and
Management Institutes along with the Research Institutes.
221
4.4.2. Literacy
Pune has a literacy rate of 77% as per the last census. Males have a higher literacy
rate at 81.4% compared to 72.2% for females. However, the gap between literacy rates
for males and females has narrowed, compared to that prevailing in 1991.
50% of the population growth has been on account of migration. This probably
has an adverse effect on the city's sex ratio. Pune has 916 females for every 1000 males
as per Census 2001. This ratio was 928 females per 1000 males as per the 1991 Census.
4.5 Pune is cultural capital Of Maharashtra State
Pune is a modem, progressive and vibrant city. Punejs Maharashtra's
cultural capital and the form of M;:IJ::~lhj spoken in Pune is considered to be the standard
form of the language. Pune is a vibrant cultural city and people from multiple religions
and speaking different regional languages reside here. It also hosts various national
festivals and cultural events throughout the year. People of Pune have wide interests in
various Arts, Literature, Music, Spiritualism and Food.
4.6 Economic Aspects
A) Per Capita Income of Pune:
In order to estimate the size of the city's economy, the sales tax collection of
the city was taken as proxy and extrapolated with the stat GDP; this analysis indicates
that the size of Pune's economy in 2003-2004 would have been about Rs.12,671 crores
with an estimated population of over 27.35 lakhs in that year.
It is observed from the table 4.5 that the Per Capita Income in Pune was Rs 46,313 in
2007 which increased from Rs 45,168 in 1999.
B) Contribution of Pune to Tax Collection of Maharashtra.
Pune has 4 percent contribution to the tax collection of Maharashtra state during
the period 1999 to 2007.
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C) Work Force Participation
Of the total workforce, over 30 percent is employed in other services indicating
the strong presence of the service sector in Pune, which includes the IT sector. The
manufacturing and processing industry, which employs about 25 percent of the
workforce, is again a strong indicator of manufacturing economy activity. Almost 22
percent are employed in trade and commerce activities. From 1991 to 2001, the
percentage of non-workers declined from 68 to 66 percent indicating the generation of
employment opportunities. The non-workers constitute about 66 percent of the
population and include housewives (female population makes for about 48 percent) and
students (students below 19 years of age account for' around 42 percent of non-workers);
thus the unemployment rate in Pune is very marginal.
4.7 Ward wise projection of Growth
I) PMC population will grow to 5.63 mn by 2031
II) PMC Employment will grow to 2.36Mn.by 2031 to have workforce participation
rate of around 42 percent
III) PMC average population density in 2007 will be 12173 persons/sq.km in 2011
13718 Persons/sq.km. In 2021 will be 18064 persons/sq.km. and in 2031 will be
23.103 personslsq.km.
IV) Population density will be more than twice of population density in 2001.
V) PMR population will grow to 11.41 Mn.by 2031
VI) PMC employment will grow to 4.85Mn by 2031 to have workforce
participation rate around 43 percent.
4.8 Industry
A) Trade and Commerce
The city serves as the regional wholesale market for food grains and other commodities.
It also serves as the market centre for agricultural produce such as green peas, wheat,
rice, pulses, oilseeds, maize, etc., which are cultivated in the rural hinterland. Pune also
functions as a distributing centre for agricultural implements, fertilizers, drugs and
medicines, iron and steel, cement and minerals, petroleum products and forest produce
such as timber, and readymade garments and textiles.
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B) Banks
Notably, even though Pune is the seventh largest city in India, it has the sixth
largest metropolitan economy and the highest per capita income in India, with the least
income disparity between the rich and poor. Pune currently has two sister cities, Bremen
in Germany and San Jose in California, USA. One more city in Israel is soon expected to
be added to this list.
C) Public Transport
Locally, the Pune Municipal Transport (PMT) is Pune's public transport sercvice,
Pune Municipal undertaking.PMT is an importi,!!1t mode of transport.
More than PMT, traffic is generally a problem, in the form of congestion, a wide
variety of vehicles, bad roads and a general disregard of traffic rules. Road accidents,
quite often fatal, are not uncommon in Pune because of all these factors combined.
D) Private Transport
The public transport infrastructure is currently highly strained. Thus the number
of personal cars and 2-wheelers in the city is staggering. According to one study in 2007,
there were then 400,000 cars and 1.6 million two-wheelers in the Pune urban
agglomeration.
E) Transport Problems in Pune
The road infrastructure has not expanded in tandem with the increase in the
number of vehicles in the city.
In the last four decades, the population of the city has increased four times
whereas the vehicle population has increased 87 times and the road length has increased
by only five times. With the projections indicating that PMC would have a population of
about 45 lakhs by 2021 and 57 lakhs by 2031, the road and transportation infrastructure
has to not only meet the existing demand but also cater to the demand that will be
generated by the increasing population.
Future growt.h of PMC will be mainly governed by existing transport corridors,
existing and future industrial developments in and around PMC and the expansion of
central business district (CBD). Spatial growth of PMC will take place towards
employment nodes; in areas which are closer to these nodes and areas which gives
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immediate connectivity to these nodes. Along with this, few areas in PMC will be further
densified and will be overcrowded in terms of commercial developments while out
migration is expected from already overcroweded residential areas towards peripheral
areas.
4.9 Growth Trends and Projection
Future growth of PMC will be mainly governed by existing transport
corridors, existing and future industrial developments in and around PMC and the
expansion of Central Business District (CBD). Spatial growth of PMC will take place
towards employment nodes; in areas whj~h are closer to these nodes and areas which
gives immediate connectivity to these nodes The growth trends In the
West, North-West and North areas -- as IT and Auto hub centers, North-East areas - as
IT, BPO and White Goods hub centers, South and South-East: Following West, North
and North-East, South-East will be potential areas for PMC spatial growth.
4.10 Key Issues
The population of Pune during the last four decades grew at an average annual rate of
ever 3.64 percent against the national average of 2.1 percent and state average of about
3.3 percent. Given this trend and the strong economic activity in the Pune region, Pune is
bound to attract a lot of migrants. It is also observed that during the last decade, 50% of
growth has been due to immigration.
The growth in population is also likely to stress the already stressed modes of public
transport and will impact other services; hence, planned efforts are required to direct the
growth in the right direction.The migrant population is likely to increase the demand for
housing, partiCUlarly foe EWS/low income groups (LIG), if housing for these groups is
not planned, slums are likely to proliferate.
A) Vacant lands
They are available and currently the densities are low, except in the core old city.
Hence, there is no issue of land availability, but the affordability is an area of concern.
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B) Road Network
It connects Pune with the emerging outskirts and industrial centers deserve
equal attention as its already fragile and inadequate civic infrastructure. Moreover, the
other township, located within its current administrative boundaries is economically
indistinguishable and display enormous interdependence.
C) Urban Social & Economic Infrastructure
Pune civic authority has to prepare them to Improve its urban and social &
economic infrastructure.
D) Software Technology
Though Pune was the first city in the country to nurture software technology,
exports of IT and IT enabled services are worth Rs. 6,500 crores, whereas Bangalore's
software and IT enabled services exports amounts to Rs.27, 000 crores
Hyderabad, a relatively late entrant in the sector, also has software exports of ever Rs.
7,000 crores. But it still does not mean the end of the road for Pune. Pune, according to
NASSCOM, is probably the most attractive city in India on the parameter of skilled
personnel. It is this advantage that Pune has to exploit in a big way in the near future by
providing high quality urban infrastructure.
5 EXPECTATIONS OF BENEFICIARIES
5.1 Socio-economic background
It covers age composition, education, residential accommodation, social
organization along with employment, annual income, annual expenditure, annual
investment and property tax etc.
A) Age composition
Maximum numbers of 216 voters (90.00%) are from the age group between 18
and 60 years of age.
B) Education
147 voters (61.25%) have completed secondary level of education. It is followed
by 34 respondents (14.75%) are graduates and 16 respondents (6.67%) are post
graduates. 10 voters (4.71%) have completed only primary education.
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C) Residential accommodation
179 voters (74.58%) have their own house. 99 voters (41.25%) are
residing in Kachcha Ghar and they face a number of civic problems.
D) Employment
70 voters (29.16%) are doing private service. 63 voters (26.25%) who are in
commercial business.
E) Annual income
95 voters (39.59%) in Pune have their income less than Rs. 50,000 per annum. 37
respondents (15.72%) had their income between 1,00,000 and 2,00,000.
F) Annual expenditure: ~.
115 citizens (47.92%) have their annual expenditure below Rs.50, 000. 76 citizens
(31.67%) are spending upto Rs.l, 00,000. 38 citizens (15.83%) have their expenditure
between 1,00,000 and 2,00,000.
G) Annual Investment
50 respondents (20.83%) had annual investment up to Rs.I, 00.000. Followed 20
citizens (8.34%) having annual invest less than 10,000 and 13 respondent (5.42%) has
investment between 1, 00,000 and 2, 00,000.
H) Property tax
156 respondents (65%) are paying property tax and 79 respondents (32.92%) are
not paying property tax.
I) Income tax
168 citizens (70%) are not paying income tax. 65 respondents (27.08%) who are
paying income tax.
J) Mode of Conveyance:
139 citizens (57.92%) have their own vehicle. It is followed by 42(17.50%)
citizen who use public transport.
K) Public Transport
206 citizen (85.83%) are of the opinion that the buses are plying on time. There
are 29 citizens (12.08%) who have stated that the buses are not plying on time and among
217 citizens (90.42%) told that the buses are plying over crowded.
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L) Facilities provided by PMC:
A) Timing of water supply:
Water supply timing was convient to 179 citizens (74.58%).57 citizens (23.75%)
have stated that timing of water supply was inconvient to them.
B) Quantity of water supply:
202 citizens (84.17%) suggested that water supply is sufficient to them.
C) Electricity:
232 citizens (96.67%) are satisfied with electricity supply on roads by PMC.
D) Garbage disposal
184 citizens (76.67%) have stated that PMC IS doing well III disposing the
garbage regularity.
E) Sewage
207 citizens (86.25%) are getting this facility. corporation has done well III
providing sewage to the citizens.
F) Drainage
219 citizens (91.5%) have closed drainage facility. Other 17 citizens (7.08%) have
open drainage system.
G) Pollution
206 citizens (85.83%) are satisfied by a restrictions laid down by PMC on water,
air and noise pollution.
H) Quality of services:
94 citizens (39.19%) have approved the municipal services as quality services.
I) Involvement of citizens in ward planning:
111 respondents (46.25%) have indicated their involvement in ward planning
towards development. 125 respondents (52.08%) have indicated there is no involvement
from their side with PMC in planning their ward development.
J) Election Manifesto:
122 citizens (50.83%) are satisfied with election manifesto. There are 112 citizens
(46.67%) who are not satisfied with election manifesto.
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K) Sharing views and wishes to ward officers:
135 citizens (56.25%) do not like to share their views with the ward officers.
Other 98 citizen (40.83%) have favorable response to participate in sharing their views.
L) Public private partnership:
53 citizens (22.08%) are in favor of public private partnership in solving the civic
problem. 131 citizens (54.58%) have stated that the public private partnership is the
solution to the civic problems.
6 PERCEPTION OF PMC AUTHORITIES
This chapter j.s deveioped with the objective of research to analyse the trends in
development activities in Pune Municipal Corporation and public involvement in them.
6.1 Background of corporators:
It highlights age composition and education level of corporators.
A) Age Composition:
Maximum number of 5 corporators each (41.67%) are from 26-50years of
age.
B) Educational Qualification
Maximum numbers of 5 corporators (41.66%) are graduates. Other 2
corporators (16.66%) are post-graduate degree holders.
6.2 Number of Terms:
A) 6 corporators (50.0%) have enjoyed single term as the corporator. Another
two corporators (16.66%) have enjoyed three terms as the corporator. Rest two
corporators (16.66%) have enjoyed more than three terms as the corporators.
B) Political Party:
4 corporators (33.33%) belong to congress. 3 corporators (25.0%) who
belong to National Congress Party. 3 corporators belong to Shivsena Party. One
corporators (8.33%) belong to Republican Party and Maharashtra Navnirman
Sena.
e) Party Symbol
Maximum 11 corporators (91.67%) have contested the election on the
party symbol.
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D) Funds raised to contest the election
Maximum number of 10 (83.33%) have contested the election by using
their own funds. 6 corporators (50.0%) who had funds from political party 3
corporators {25.0%) have got sponsorship to contest the election.
E) Promises given to voters
4 corporators (33.33%) have promised the voters about the construction of
over-bridge. Not single corporator has promised to construct or to maintain the
road. 3 corporators (25.0%) have promised for auditorium and 3 corporators
(25.0%) have promised regular water facility.
F) Performance of the Corporator
5 corporators (41.67%) have obtained annual funds within the range of Rs.
51 Lakhs to Crore. 2 corporators (16.66%) who have received funds in the
range of Rs. Lakh - 50 Lakhs. One corporators (8.33%) got funds of Rs. 2
Crores.
G) Procedure to utilise development Funds:
3 Corporators (66.67%) confirmed that they have full power/authority to
undertake the Development activities in the ward. 4 corporators (33.33%) told
that they have partly the power/authority in that respect.
6.3 Problems
5 corporators (41.65%) did not have to face any problem in securing funds
annually. Other 3 corporators (25.00%) have to face the problems in getting the
funds. Other four corporators (33.32%) have to face the problem some times.
Generally problem faced by corporators are:-
1] Non-availability of funds
2] Approval to the development work in the zone
3] Time bound programme to start the work.
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6.4 Mayor in Council
6 corporators (50.00%) have confirmed that the major in Council system should
be followed. Other 4 corporators (33.33%) said that this system should not be
followed.
6.5 Relationship between Accountability and Decentralization
6 corporators (50.00%) is of the opinion that there is high degree of
decentralization which leads to high accountability. 5 corporators (41.67%) did
not respond.
6.6 Revenue Generating Activities
~. 8 corporators (68.67%) considered that other source is available with
corporation to generate the revenue. 4 corporators (32.33%) have emphasised
that octroi is the main source of income. Other 3 corporators (25%) state that
property tax is the main source of income.
6.7 Developmental Issues
12 corporators (100.00%) have stated that congestion and traffic problems
are the major problems faced by the residents of Pune.
10 corporators (83.33%) have stated that pollution is the major problem.
Other 7 corporators (58.33%) considered increasing crime rate is the problem. 5
corporators (41.67%) have stated that lack of infrastructure is the main problem.
6.8 Solution to the Civic Problems
9 corporators (75%) are of the opinion that the civic problems can be
solved by PMC with the help of State Government and Central Government.5
corporators (41.67%) have stated that the problems faced by the citizens in Pune
can be solved by Pune Municipal Corporation. Other 5 corporators (41.67%)
have told that public- private Partnership is the solution to the problems.
6.9 Role of Corporator in SolYing Civil Problems
5 corporators (41.67%) have contributed in solving the problems. Other 2
corporators (16.67%) said that their contribution is partly useful to solve the
problems.
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6.10 Activities of the Corporation
7 corporators (58.33%) have stated that educational activity is undertaken
by PMC. Other 7 corporators (58.33%) have said that disposal of the garbage
activity was given priority by PMC in their respective word.
6.11 Planning for Development
All these corporators have stated that PMC should play active role in rapid
urban development.
PART II
Perception of the Office Bearers
"'. 6.12 Social status:
It covers age and education wise classification of the office bearers.
A) Age:
8 office bearers are (100%) within the age group 26 to 60 years.
B) Education:
6 office bearers (75.00%) are post graduates, followed by 2 officers
(25.00%) are graduates.
C) Experience
2 office bearers (25.00%) have expenence upto 10 years. Other 2 officers
(25.00%) have the experience up to 20 years. And other 2 officers (25.00%) have the
experience up to 30 years and rest of 2 office bearers (25.00%) have the experience of
more than 30 years.
6.13) Power and authority
3 office bearers (37.50%) have sufficient power and authority to undertake any of
the developmental activity in Pune. Other 3 officers (37.50%) have not obtained
sufficient power and authority to undertake any development activity.
6.14) Political Interference
3 officers (37.50%) have confinned that there is unnecessary political interference
to a large extent. 3 office bearer (37.50%) did not say anything in this context.
6.15) Procedural problems
4 office bearers (50.00%) had to face problems of procedural
hazardslbureaucracy. 2 office bearers (25.00%) did not face any procedural problems.
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6.16) Efficiency level of PMC employees
Most effective factor on efficiency level of employees is work culture and it
is followed by bureaucracy and low motivation level.
6.17) Steps taken for capacity building
4 office bearers (50.00%) are of the opinion that PMC has taken the steps of on
Job training to the employees of corporation. 3 office bearers (37.5%) stated that PMC
has taken the steps of job rotation.
6.18 Relationship between accountability and Decentralisation
6 office bearers (65.00%) suggested that higher the decentralization more will be -
the accountability. Other 2 office bearers (25.00%) are of the opinion that higher
decentralization means low accountability.
6.19 Major problems faced by resident of Pune
6 office bearers (75.00%) have stated that congestion and traffic public is a
serious problem faced by citizens in Pune. 2 office bearers (25.00%) are suggesting that
pollution is the problem.
6.20 Solution to the problem
5 office bearers (62.5%) have stated that the local government should playa
prominent role in solving these problems. states and central government should help the
local self government in solving these problems.
6.21 Planning for development
7 office bearers (87.50%) have confirmed that PMC should play active role in
rapid urban development. 6 office bearers (75.00%) have stated that is the responsibility
of local leaders to solve the problem.
7 Evalution of the Achievement of Pune Municipal Corporation
7.1 Introdution
From a traditional city with an agro-based economy, Pune has steadily
metamorphosed into an industrial and educational centre, crowned with labels like the
Detroit of India and the Oxford of the East.
The industrial efflorescence of Pune began with the entry of the Kirloskar Oil
Engine Ltd in 1964. The City witnessed the entry of auto majors such as Tata Motors,
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Baja Auto and Bharat Forge Ltd. Today the city is home to Kinetic Engineering, Force
Motors.
Education has been another stronghold of Pune .. The first software technology
technology park in India was set up in Pune. Finally, the city has been coming up as an
agro business centre.
7.2 Functioning of Pune Municipal Corporation
7.2.1 Establishment
Established in 1950, PMC is governed by the Bombay Provincial Municipal
Corporation (BPMC) act, 1949 .. Pune Municipal Corporation since the day of it -
fonnation is committed to provide the best of civic amenities in the entire city. The
corporation consists of directly elected corporators headed by a Mayor.
7.2.2 General Body
The deliberative wing of the PMC is the general body, consisting of 146 elected
members and five appointed members.
The standing committee, as specified under Bombay Provincial Municipal
Corporation Act, is the most important committee of the Corporation.
The ward committee consists of corporators representing the electoral wards
within the territorial areas of the ward committees.
7.2.5 Administrative Wing
The administrative wing of PMC is divided into 14 wards, each headed by a ward
officer.
7.2.6 Mission Commitment
The Pune Municipal Corporation provides numerous services broadly divided into
obligatory and discretionary services. The obligatory service of the department includes
construction of schools, health centers, ensuring sufficient water supply to all. Its
discretionary services include maintaining public spaces like parks, museums and
community halls. Besides this, it also works for the rehabilitation of slums and
squattered areas.
With an ambitious vision in mind, the Pune Municipal Corporation defines its
presence through a mission of "Commitment to being the principal facilitator and
provider of services through dedication to achieve excellence in civic amenities'
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provision and a Responsive, Accountable, Modern, Simple, and Transparent
Administration" .
In the last fifty years, the city's population has grown by more than five times;
currently, in excess of three million, the city's population is expected to cross five
million by 2021. Pune civic authority and other concerned departments need to prepare
themselves to augment the city's urban, social and other economic infrastructure to
sustain and promote such vibrant economic activity.
The researcher has made an attempt to fulfill its third objective which is to -
analyze the trends in developmental activities in Pune Municip~ll Corporation and
Public involvement in them.
7.3 Strategies Adopted For Development
The strategies adopted primarily have three dimensions; improving the service
delivery by higher efficiency, improving service delivery by creating infrastructure assets
and improving the governance aspects of the Corporation.
The researcher has tested the hypothesis viz., there is close relationship between
availability and economic development.
Economic Development - Improving infrastructure, service delivery and governance by
attracting public private partnerships (PPP), creating coordination for implementing
economic policies in the urban region, developing collaborations between industries and
institutions to further establish Pune as a dynamic city of the Region.
• Governance - Redefining the roles of administration, making it accountable and
transparent and empowering and involving citizens.
• Core Municipal Infrastructure - Adequacy, reliability and accessibility to core
municipal services for all citizens with PMC as the prime service provider.
• Traffic and Transportation - Road widening, dedicated bus lanes, cycle tracks
and improvement of the public transport system in the short run; experimenting of
BRTS and MRTS in the long run.
7.4 Municipal Finance
7.4.1 Revenue Account
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(A) Revenue Income
Revenue Income (a combination of General and Water Account) of PMC has
grown to a level of INR 72780 lakhs in FY 2004-2005 fonn INR 49928 lakhs during FY
2000-2001, registering a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10 percent, while
revenue expenditure increased at a CAGR of 13 percent.
(8) Revenue Expenditure
The overall revenue expenditure registered an average annual growth of 13
percent against growth in revenue income by 10 percent. This trend shows that PMC
needs to take measures to reduce expenditure or enhance ·its resources to avoid a deficit
situation in the future.
7.5 Key Issues of Development
Urban Land use Management
The following are the key issues with regard to land use planning.
• Physical development and gro\\1h are haphazardous and uncontrolled.
• The Development Plans need to be implemented as per the provisions
and reserved lands have to be for specified purposes.
• Given the vastness of the corporation area, multi-nucleated development
of the fringe areas is essential. Small-scale commercial activities
catering to the day-to-day needs of the population automatically get
dispersed. Special efforts need to be made by PMC to attract medium
and large commercial centres and offices in the newly added areas and
avoid their sporadic development as it leads to ill-organized traffic
patterns.
• Haphazard development for both residential and industrial purposes is a
problem in the newly added areas. The first Metropolitan Plan had
recognized that development was spilling into the peripheral villages
and had provided that low-density development with an FSI of 0.5 may
be permitted in these villages.
• Strict enforcement of DC rules must be observed. Unauthorized use of
premises should attract severe punishment and also the non-conforming
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uses, such as tiny industries, cattle sheds, potteries etc. must be shifted
beyond the residential area in a time-bound manner.
Environment.
• As per the CPCB norms, the water of the Mula Mutha River is highly
polluted and cannot be used for any purpose.
Slum Development
• The density in slums is 6.32 times that of the overall city density while
the percentage of area occupied by slums is marginal; slum dwellers
need to be provided with reasonable footprint (plinth area). -
• Slums located in low-lying areas and hilltops should be given priority
while implementing slum rehabilitation programmes.
• Traffic and Transportation
• Narrow roads in the central and core areas of the city with restricted
capacity add to congestion problems.
• Inadequate grade separation leads to travel delays and threatens road
safety.
• Only 40 % of the roads have footpaths and most of the existing ones are
encroached upon by informal activities and street hawkers.
• The public transport system is inadequate.
• Parking demands are largely un met owing to a lack of organized on
street parking facilities.
• The problem of lack of civic sense towards traffic and poor travel
behavior is compounded by the lack of coordination among agencies
involved in planning and providing for traffic and transportation.
• Water Supply
• Equitable distribution IS an Issue that has to be addressed by
refurbishing the old distribution network and covering the newly added
•
areas.
Sewerage and Sanitation
Though the current coverage in terms of road length is 54 %, it is
observed that 90 % of the developed area has access to UOD covering
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about 80 % of the population. But this gap needs to be covered as and
when development takes place in the added areas.
Storm 'Vater Drainage
• Pune has only 44 % tertiary drains against a desirable norm of about 130
%.
As Pune has natural slopes and the general terrain IS sloping, drainage
requirement may not be that high.
7.6 Evaluation of Achievements ofPune Municipal Corporation
(I) Infrastructure -
The assessment covered nine areas of management. These are: urban land
use management, environment, slum development, traffic and transportation, water
supply, sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management, storm water drainage and
street lighting.
(II) Urban Land use Management:
The combined land use distribution patterns as per both the Development Plan
indicate that about 42% of the land is allocated for residential use and 13 . .4% for
transport, while 11.91 % constitutes reserved and forest areas.
(III) Environment
Pune also suffers from high air pollution mainly due to large vehicle ownership.
The daily emission of carbon monoxide into the city's atmosphere amounts to 103
tonnes, of which 34% is contributed to by the growing two-wheeler vehicular population.
The city generates 182 tonnes of harmful emissions per day.
(IV) Slum Development:
There are 564 slums in Pune city of which 353 are declared and 211 undeclared.
During 1971, the annual growth in slum population was about lO% against the total
growth in population at 3.5%. In terms of proportion of the population living in slums, it
has also increased from 15% in 1961 to 40% in 2001. This growth in the composition of
slum population could be attributed to the non-availability of housing stock at affordable
238
costs, leading to the emergence of a large number of slums. This increase in the slum
population has been exerting pressure on the city's infrastructure services. Most of the
slum households either have direct access to services or to common facilities.
(V) Traffic and Transportation:
In the last four decades, the population of the city has increased four times
whereas the vehicle population has increased 87 times and the road length has increased
by only five times.
The existing public transportation system would fall short while catering to the
rising demand.
(VI) Water Supply
The service levels with regard to water supply are fairly good in Pune with a
gross supply of over 260 Ipcd and a net supply of 182 Ipcd
(accounting for 30 percent distribution loss); this is well above the desired norm.
(VII) Sewerage and Sanitation
The total length of sewer network is 975 km. of which 187 km. are the truck
mains. The current system covers about 54 % of the total road length.
(VIII) Solid Waste Management
The primary sources of solid waste in Pune city are local households, markets,
commercial establishments, hotels, restraints, and hospitals. The total quantity of waste
generated per day is about 1000-1200 tonnes (approximate generation per capita per day
is 360 grams). The PMC is responsible for collection and transportation and disposal of
all solid waste generated in the city, except untreated bio-medical waste, which is
assigned to a private operator appointed by the PMC on pay and use basis by the
respective hospitals.
(IX) Storm Water Drainage
The drainage system of Pune comprises rivers, large lakes, natural channels and
roadside drains. Except during the rainy season, these rivers get untreated sewage and
other wastes of the city.
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(X) Street Light
The provisions and maintenance of streetlight is an obligatory function of the
Municipal Corporation. The hypothesis of this study is tested positively. This
infrastructure facility ofPune is conducive to Socio-Economic development.
(XI) Municipal Accounts
The revenue account of PMC has been showing a healthy surplus every year.
• The internal sources of revenue account for ever 94 percent of municipal income.
• Only 30% of revenue income is spent on salaries.
• The Corporation has:a low debt burden accounting for only about 2% of revenue
expenditure for servicing the debt commitment.
• The current outstanding loan is just 10% of current annual property tax demand
indicating a huge potential to leverage further to mobilize debt funds and
implement large scale projects.
Cost recovery on water supply operation including taxed at present is above 100 percent
and the same with charges alone is 93 percent.
7.7 Pune Tomorrow
Rapid urbanization, population growth and growing economy and industry of the region
have placed an enormous strain on the city's infrastructure. This has led to the usual
problems of a developing metropolis such as garbage accumulation, traffic congestion,
deteriorating roads, pollution, and strain on civic supplies like water, drainage and
electricity.
(A) Poverty in Pune
Discussions with stakeholders reveal that poverty levels are very low in Pune.
The only concern is security of land tenure, quality of housing and access to basic
infrastructure.
(B). Schemes for Slum Improvement
The formulation of measures and the design of slum improvement programs are difficult
issues. Slunl improvement programs in the City have been reviewed.
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In order to recognize their identity and to provide slum improvement scheme to
real beneficiaries, PMC has started the Photo Pass scheme - photo passes are issued to
slum dwellers as identification proofs.
PART III: SUGGESTIONS
8. 1 INTRODUCTION
According to UNO, "Development concerns not only man's needs, but also the
improvement of social conditions of his life. Development is, therefore, not only -
economic growth'but growth plus change-social, cultural and institutional as well as
economic". This concept gives us a clear understanding that urban economic
development deals with all the aspects of people.
Pune Municipal Corporation as a Local Self Government plays its political
institutional part to the urban society. The citizens with their voting rights and their
economic occupations are playing their part in urban economic development as each
individual stakeholder contributes toward Micro Urban Economic Development.
The Urban Economic Development Index ( UEDI) can be calculated on the bases
of some selected variables to rank the urban areas. One may defineUrban Economic
Development to include the variables such as per capita income, access to basic amenities
and utilities, education, cost of living, adequate housing, pollution, entertainment and
markets.
Such statistical and scientific approach to urban economic development is
important to understand the urban areas and the problems and to formulate policies and
plans to solve their problems. By giving suitable statistical weightage to the variables, we
can calculate the index number.
The Pune Municipal Corporation with an experience of 60 years has gone to
greater heights in the growth and developments of Pune city in many social and economic
aspects.
In view of the research study which has emphasized the role of PMC in urban
economic development, the researcher has identified three major categories for
suggestions viz., PMC officials, corporators and citizens. PMC officials play an effective
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role in the urban economy by implementing their policies and plans within their budget
and other constrains
The ward Corporators play an effective role in the development of their localities
by following the plans of PMC, and also fulfilling the promises given to their wards
members and the expressed needs of the ward members.
The citizens are the direct beneficiaries of Pune Municipal Corporations
contributions to urban economic development. The citizens are also contributors to the
urban economic development as primary sector workers, secondary sector workers,
tertiary sector workers, business owners, industrialists, professionals, property owners,
NGO ·representatives, environmentalists, representatives of infornf"al sector and
educationists, etc.
8.2 Suggestions for Pune Municipal Corporation Officials
• The PMC officials have sufficient designated power and authority to undertake
any development activity. I would like to suggest that they exercise their power
and authority in the right perspective to percolate their vision to developmental
activity in each ward so that there is a balanced urban economic development
with the co-operation of local ward corporators.
• I would like to suggest the PMC officials that when possible, they should weed
out the unnecessary political interference in their decision making process and
also to reduce the problem of procedural difficulty through Mayor in Council
procedure.
• I would like to suggest PMC to upgrade the efficiency of PMC workers through
incentive measures and motivational programmes.
• I would like to suggest PMC to conduct training program and workshops for
workers of different responsibilities with competent personnel..
• I would like to suggest PMC to encourage decentralization with more
accountability for its officials and corporators.
• I would like to suggest PMC to convene special meetings and conferences with
their corporators to understand the ward level problems. They can bring about
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development in certain underdeveloped areas and slum areas. Citizen's
representatives can be part of these meetings as they are aware of their own needs.
• I would like to suggest PMC to act upon Traffic congestion and pollution with
the Pune Traffic Police Department.
• PMC can actively participate in Rapid Economic Development due to rapid
urbanization ofPune and that geographically being a buffer city to Mumbai
• The PMC's chief source of income from the budgetary figures is from Octroi
revenue along with property tax and other revenues. Since octroi revenue
indicates growth by trade and commerce. Therefore, trade and commerce
activities should be encouraged by PMC, since they raise the per capita income
of Pune city ..
• With the respect to water pollution and garbage menace, I would like to suggest
PMC to implement. That no untreated water enters any canal, streams or rivers
and PMC to install water treatment plants even at the ward level or zonal level
according to the intensity of the pollution problem.
• I would like to suggest PMC to check all sanctioned building projects and
ensure that no debris nor construction materials are placed on the public roads
and spaces. There should be stringent action for violators as these violations can
be cause for congestion, pollution and accidents.
• I would like to suggest PMC while sanctioning public works to ensure quality
control on all products used for public utilities especially sewage and drainage
covers as these are usually the main cause for potholes which is a traffic hazards.
• It is expressed by the corporators that the civic problems can be solved by PMC
with the help of state government and central government. Therefore, I would like
to suggest PMC to integrate and coordinate effectively with state government
and central government officials for urban economic development.
• I would like to suggest PMC to adopt a policy for Management of its undertakings
like schools and other units to be effective Channels in giving a lead role to
urban economic development to its members.
• I would like to suggest PMC to provide a large number of clean and sanitized
toilets in the city as the city is growing with various shopping complexes, malls,
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entertainments centers festivals and other activities, with suitable notices for the
public to cooperate in cleanliness.
• Regarding water supply, I would like to suggest that the water supply timings to
be convenient for all the citizens and also the supply of water should be sufficient
for them as it is found that some citizens are having difficulty in both issues.
• I would like to suggest that PMC apart from maintaining the Mula-Mutha river
banks, it can also look into eco:friendly beautification projects with tree
plantation and river bank roads.
• I would like to suggest PMC to look into the possibility of having Heritage
Centers and Multi-purpose halls for purposes life exhibitions, awareness
programmes, seminars, workshops etc, for different kinds of stakeholders.
• I would like to suggest PMC to look into the possibility of promoting adult
education for the illiterate masses by using PMC -run schools for evening classes
to upgrade their social development. With Competent Volunteer help from
Citizens
• I would like to suggest PMC to look into the possibility of helping street-children
and homeless people on the roadsides to upgrade their social status.
• I would like to suggest PMC to establish community college for certificate,
diploma or degree programmes for vocational skills such as plumbing, masonry,
electrical, cookery, pottery, tailoring, embroidery, painting, sculpturing, etc., for
students of all income groups especially to promote skilled labour and semi
skilled labour. This would definitely upgrade the labour skills requirements for
urban areas like Pune.
• I would like to suggest PMC to look into the possibility of financial support to
welfare activities of NGOs, especially such NGOs dealing with restitutes and
women to improve their quality of living.
• I would like to suggest PMC to publish relevant pamphlets, booklets, magazines
regarding their functions and activities and development works and make these
available for public interests. Although some of it is available in the internet. It
may be more convenient for the public to get information and statistics form the
concerned department of the PMC
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• I would like to suggest PMC to open a library for their own use and as well as
for public use. By having a full fledged library having all kinds of pUblications,
journals, quarterlies, magazines not only from within the country but also from
abroad, it can promote its own members to use them for quantitative and
qualitative purposes. This may enhance their vision and up grade their working
efficiency. The common public would also be benefited by using appropriate
literature for study as well as for research purposes.
• Since Pune has 40% of slum population and this slum population is in all the 12
wards under study. Therefore, I would like to suggest that PMC should consider
the slum development or improvement issue to oe taken seriously as these slums
are growing day by day. These slums have some basic amenities and utilities
provided by PMC, but there is a need to assess the quantitative and qualitative
need for these municipal services. Since these slums are overcrowded with
density of population and lacking housing and other infrastructural facilities, the
problems of garbage, river pollution, traffic congestion, sewage and drainage
problems have actually compounded to a greater degree.
• I would like to suggest PMC to promote ward office facilities for the corporators
so that they have enough floor space for the ward corporator to conduct small
meetings and workshop or discussions with ward members. It can also be a
community hall. This would encourage the ward members to use their Public
Private Partnership ideas. And also have ward promotion programmes to award
best ward member, best stakeholder of the ward or any other commendable deeds
of ward members towards the micro urban economic development.
• The PMC gives high regards to the services of public servants by acknowledging
special citizens during national programmes like Republic day etc. I would like to
suggest that PMC to encourage the office bearers and corporators by
acknowledging their meritorious work in their respective jurisdiction by
awarding them at appropriate times.
• The PMC is very active with its e-governance. This is a positive sign for urban
economic development. In this context, I would like to suggest PMC to
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encourage and induct the stakeholders into e-governance and budgetary
participation.
• To appreciate the introduction of multi-utility kiosks centers. I would like to
suggest that PMC to encourage the citizens to use kiosks for their benefits
8. 3 Suggestions for Corporators
• The coporators have their strong political and ward members support. In this
context I would like to suggest that with such support corporators should
translate the visions of citizens and them serves to development program.
• The ward members have great veneration and admiration for their corporators
since they are the intermediary personnel between them and the PMC. In this
connection I would like to suggest that these corporators to genuinely work for
the benefit of the ward members and also keep up the election manifestoes.
• Some corporators confirmed that they have the authority to under take
development activities of the ward. Therefore, I would like to suggest that all
corporators utilize the available funds for the right development activities as per.
the ward's need.
• I would like to suggest that all corporators to have equal status for getting
developmental funds irrespective of the political party they belong to, since
every corporator is the first authority from the common public.
• Majority of corporators have acknowledged the value of 'Mayor in Council'
system. This is a system which brings consensus after necessary deliberations and
discussions. Therefore, I would like to suggest this method for other corporators
to accept because it is a beneficial democratic process.
• I would like to suggest the corporators of the respective wards to look onto traffic
congestion and vehicular pollution and bring it to the notice of the concerned
officials through the PMC for awareness and remedial measures.
• I would like to suggest the corporators to adopt 'garbage segregation' methods
and units for environmental friendly disposal facilities. Special interests for
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development of vermiculture as this would cut the transport cost and generate
employment opportunities.
8. 4. Suggestion for Citizens
• I would like to suggest the citizens to keep up their civic conscience and work
towards a better urban development.
• I would like to suggest the citizens even to appreciate and understand the
functions of corporators and PMC and have their awareness for Public-Private
Partnership practices for a better urban economic development.
• I would like to suggest the· citizens to play a cooperative role III facing the
problem of garbage menace. They should also segregate garbage before disposal
as it is done in various parts of Pune already.
• I would like to suggest the citizens to be aware of the drainage and sewage
problems and comply to the norms of the PMC set for their own benefits.
• I would like to suggest the citizens to understand the pollution problems and
avoid causing pollution in the air, land and water. They should encourage each
other to keep their surroundings clean and eco-friendly.
• I would like to urge the citizens to learn to appreciate the valuable services of
corporators and PMC and at appropriate times to express their appreciation to
corporators andPMC officials. This would encourage the PMC officials and
corporators to render better services.
• Many of the citizens are not interested in sharing their views and wishes to the
ward officers. In this connection, I would like to encourage ward members to be
aware of Public-Private Partnership practices and use them in their respective
wards.
• Many citizens are satisfied with the municipal services as quality services. I
would like to suggest to the citizens that when they feel that quality of services
can be upgraded they can give their opinions to the concerned officials for
upgraded services by necessary actions.
• I would like to suggest the citizens to be interested in e-governance and
participatory budget programmes.
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PART IV: SCOPE FOR F(JRTHER RESEARCH
9.1 Scope for further Research
The researcher has concentrated on the role of Local Self Government in urban
economic development of Pune city. I have concentrated on various problems faced by
the citizens and the solution provided by PMC. Such type of work can be undertaken by
other researchers in future in future about any other corporation of different regions in
different States ..
The scope is limited to the extent of selected beneficiaries, selected zones, and
selected wards along with coqrorators and office bearers. This can also be extended to a
large number of zones and wards by the researcher in future.
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