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TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER II
STUDY AREA: A PROFILE OF
TUTICORIN COAST
38
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
CHAPTER II
STUDY AREA: A PROFILE OF TUTICORIN COAST
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The present chapter describes a detailed profile of the study area, the Tuticorin
Coastal Zone, with all of its physical, social and economic characteristics. These
characteristics are described using derived information from both the primary and
secondary sources of data. 2.2 LOCATION
Tuticorin Coast, the present study area is located in the south eastern part of
coastal zone of Tamil Nadu State, India. It lies between 8°41’49” N and 9°22’20” N
latitudes and 78°3’56” E and 79°26’6” E longitudes (Figure 2.1 and 2.1a), covering
an area of about 1490 sq km. Apart from the mainland, the study area also includes
Rameswaram Island and the twenty one other tiny reef islands. In the mainland, the
study area is a curvilinear from Mandapam in the northeast to Madikettan Odai in the
southwest (Odai-ephemeral stream in vernacular) with a width of 10 km, running
parallel to the coastline. It is bounded on the east by the Gulf of Mannar and Palk
Bay. In fact, the coastline of the study area forms a part of the Marine Biosphere
Reserve. This is the first reserve area in India as declared by the UNESCO. The
western part of the mainland is bounded by the villages of Tuticorin and
Ramanathapuram Districts, while the southern part is bounded by Tirunelveli District.
Rameswaram and other fringe Islands are located in the eastern part of the study area.
Rameswaram, the largest Island stretching from Pamban in the west to Dhanuskodi in
the east, separates the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar. The other 21 islands are
smaller in their areal extent, not more than 150 ha each, lying parallel to the coast
line.
2.3 TUTICORIN COASTAL ZONE – AN OVERVIEW
The Tuticorin Coastal Zone has been demarcated by 10km, offset distance
towards landward side from the coast line (above the high water line). To carry out
the phase of spatialisation, the littoral environment is considered as an individual
territory which comprises the coastal zone. Subsequently, it has been segmented by
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39
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
taking essentially the geomorphology of the coast into account. By dividing up the
coastal zone, which has been possible to qualify units (sometimes also referred as
littoral regions) which is the most comprehensive scale. In the present study area, the
Tuticorin coast runs for 193 km, including Rameswaram Island. The littoral villages
(facets of human habitants) have an average density of 136 persons per sq km.
The consequences of accelerated urbanisation are various pressures on the
natural spaces and landscape, impermeabilisation of soil, multiplication of
infrastructures, increase in water consumption, wastewater and reuse, atmospheric and
noise pollution. In this perspective, the Tuticorin coast has launched a study in
selecting and applying relevant criteria for dividing up and qualifying the littoral. This
division has led to the definition of 27 homogeneous zones (coastal ecosystems)
within which territorial land management may be implemented taking into account
the range of coastal ecosystems.
The present study area is a part of the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere
Reserve. It is the first marine reserve not only in India but also in the entire south and
south East Asia. It was established jointly by the Government of India and the
Government of Tamil Nadu on 18th Feb, 1989. The Indian part of Gulf of Mannar lies
between India and Sri Lanka and has an area of 10,500 sq km (approx.). There are 21
uninhabited islands lying off the coast in Ramanathapuram and Tuticorin districts.
Most of the islands are of coral origin. The 21 islands altogether have an area of 623
ha. This area is the last refuge of any significance off Indian coast of the highly
endangered sea-mammal, the Dugong. The reserve area is one of the richest areas for
marine biodiversity in India. It encompasses diverse ecosystems like coral, mangrove,
seagrass, and Island ecosystems and resources like sea-algal, ornamental reef fishes,
shell and fin fish, marine mammals and marine turtles. More than 50, 000 fishermen
living on the coast of the Gulf of Mannar depend on the fisheries for their livelihood
(GoM, Marine National Park, 1999). The reserve area is comprised of 560 sq km
core area of coral islands and shallow marine habitat, surrounded by 10 km, wide and
160 km, long buffer zone. The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park comprises the
core area of the Reserve land with 21 uninhabited islands, ranging in size from 0.25
ha to 130 ha. These lie between one and four km offshore, surrounded by shallow
waters. The buffer zone is Gulf waters to the south and an inhabited coastline to the
north.
40
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
Seventeen different mangrove species occur within the reserve and act as
important nursery habitats. Here a number of marine species namely, Pemphis
acidula, seagrass and Enhalus acoroides, a monospecific genus of seagrass are
endemic and are found nowhere else in India. The shallow water of the Marine
National Park has the highest concentration of seagrass species along the Indian
coastline for about 7500km. All six genera and 11 species of seagrass recorded in
India occur in this biosphere. Six of the world’s twelve seagrass genera and eleven of
the world’s fifty species occur here. The same shallow water is also known to have at
least 147 species of marine algae (seaweed). These seagrass and algal beds support
complex ecological communities and provide feeding grounds for many animals,
(globally endangered) including the marine mammal sea cow (Dugong dugong).
Productive fringing and patchy coral reef surrounding the Park’s islands are
composed of at least 91 species of coral belonging to 37 genera. These islands are
habitation for 168 migratory bird species. The sandy shores of most of the islands
provide nesting habitat for sea turtles. This Gulf has 450 species (20 per cent) out of
2200 fish species in Indian water. It is the single richest coastal area in terms of fish
diversity in the Indian sub-continent. Over 79 species of crustaceans, 108 species of
sponges, 260 species of molluscs, and 100 species of echinoderms occur in the Gulf.
According to the experts (M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation MSSRF;
1999), the threat of irreversible damage to some components of the marine ecosystem,
e.g., dugongs, coral reefs and seagrasses, is very real. An international authority on
coral reefs recorded that the current effort at strengthening the management of Gulf of
Mannar Biosphere Reserve (BR) “is almost certainly the last hope that such species
will survive in the Gulf” (Kelleher, 1998).
The Marine-based livelihood of people in the coastal buffer zone partly
depends on coastal and marine resources. However, agriculture and allied activities
still play a major role in providing livelihoods for the poor. The activities of coastal-
based people including fishing, salt making, seaweed collection or other marine-based
activities are gaining importance. Ninety percent of these fisher folk are artisanal
(using wind or small engine powered craft) and 10 per cent are mechanized trawler
fishermen. (Source: Paragraph 8 of GEF project in brief).
Agriculture also plays an important role in the life of the people. The major
part of agriculture thrives is based on the irrigation available through the village tanks.
These tanks have traditional water harvesting structures. There are 71 tanks (1994) in
41
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
this coastal zone irrigating 3,750 ha, which accounts for only 2.9 per cent of the total
study area. As the region is devoid of any other form of agriculture, tanks irrigate
around 80 per cent of the land under cultivation. Almost all the tanks in the reserve
area are in need of rehabilitation.
Financial services for the poor in the existing livelihood related programmes
in the buffer zone continue to ignore the development of sustainable alternatives. In
majority of the cases, people are forced to seek credit from the moneylenders at
prohibitively high rate of interest, resulting in more pressure on the resource to repay
the interest.
Few (Non-Governmental Organisations) NGOs and Research Institutions are
working for the development of the socio- economic condition of this area. There are
also community-based organizations working on banking programmes in the region.
2.4 ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
The administrative units are drawn and compiled based upon the Survey of
India maps (1996). From the administration divisions, Tuticorin coastal zone covers
parts of two districts viz. Ramanathapuram in the north and Tuticorin in the south
(Figure 2.2 and Table 2.1). About 61.5 per cent of the study area falls under
Rameswaram, part of Ramanathapuram and Kadaladi Taluks of Ramanathapuram
District and altogether covers 70 villages. The Tuticorin District covers the rest of the
38.5 per cent of the study area comprising 50 villages belonging to Vilathikulam,
Ottapidaram and Tuticorin Taluks. There are 21 islands in the study area of which 14
islands (Shingle Tivu, Kurasad Tivu, Kovi Tivu, Pumarichan Tivu, Manalipatti Tivu,
Manali Tivu ,Musal Tivu, Mulli Tivu, Valai Tivu, Talari Tivu, Appa Tivu,
Puvarasampatti Tivu, Palliyarumma Tivu and Anaipari Tivu) belong to
Ramanathapuram Taluk, 3 islands (NallaTanni Tivu Shalli Tivu and Uppu Tanni Tivu)
to Kadaladi Taluk and the rest of the four islands belong to Kovilpatti Taluk (Kariya
Shuli Tivu, Vilangu shuli Tivu, Kosuvaritivu and Van Tivu). The mainland of
Kovilpatti Taluk locates away from the study area.
2.5 RELIEF
The relief (Figure 2.3) of the study area was deduced from the Survey of India
topographic sheets of 1:50,000 scale and the field survey by using GPS (GARMIAN
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78°
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46
8
12
10
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22
24
20
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79°
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lava
ngul
am
25
Ala
gank
ulam
26
M
elak
idar
am
26
Ret
taiy
uran
i 27
Er
vadi
27
K
umba
ram
28
V
alin
ocka
m
28
Kos
avan
kudi
29
Si
ppik
ulam
29
R
aghu
nath
apur
am
30
Bra
hman
kula
m
30
Pira
ppan
vala
sai
31
Atta
ngar
ai
32
Enm
anam
kond
an
33
Man
dapa
m
13 V
illag
es
24 V
illag
es
15 V
illag
es
30 V
illag
es
33 V
illag
es
3 V
illag
es
2V
illag
es
Tot
alV
illag
es:1
20
Tab
le 2
.1: R
even
ue V
illag
es c
omes
und
er T
utic
orin
Coa
stal
Zon
e
43
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
Palm tap). The contours at two metres interval were generated to understand the
topography. Accordingly, two small packets of elevated lands are found near
K.Shanmugapuram village of Ottapidaram Taluk and Thathaneri Village of
Vilathikulam Taluk. The rest of the study area is relatively plain. The maximum
elevation of 28.7m, above MSL is found near K.Shanmukapuram. The Rameswaram
Island is a plain with the highest elevation of 21.5 m, above mean sea level found near
Gadhamanaparvatham. In general, the slope gradually decreases towards the east from
highlands. No island has perceptible relief variation except the central part which is
having a slight elevation.
2.6 GEOLOGY
The study area comprises the rocks and unconsolidated sediments of Archaean
to Recent age, deposited during Recent to late Pleistocene epochs occurring over most
part of the study area which constitutes about 83.5 per cent in the study area. They
have been classified as fluvial, fluvio-marine and marine, having the areal extent of
275 sq km (19.3 per cent), 763sq km (53.5 per cent) and 153sq km (10.7 per cent)
respectively (Figure 2.4). Marine sediments occupy the entire Rameswaram Island
and the area from Mandapam to Killakarai. The width of these marine sediments
narrows down in the southern part (8 km, in the south, near Tuticorin and less than a
kilometer near Killakarai). The fluvio-marine sediments are confined to the southern
and central part of the study area. They lie along a narrow stretch between
Kuliyankarisal of Tuticorin Taluk and Gundar River and parallel to the marine
sediments on the island side. Fluvial sediments lie along the western margin, adjacent
to the fluvio-marine sediment on the island side continuously from the area near
Kottagudi Ar in the northeast up to the area just north of K.Thangamalpuram in the
south. They have been deposited by the rivers such as Gundar, Palar and Kottgudiar.
Apart from these unconsolidated sediments, laterites of Quaternary period are also
found along a narrow stretch between the Kottagudi Ar in the northeast and Palar in
the southwest and the northeast of Kadugusandai and further down southwest between
the villages of S.Tharaikudi and Narippaiyur of Kadaladi Taluk. Calcareous gritty
sand stone and clay are (5.34 sq km, 0.31 per cent) found in the northern rim of
Rameswaram Island. Hornblende-biotite gneiss is (136 sq km, 9.54 per cent) restricted
to the southwestern part towards the west, lying on either side of the Vaippar River.
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44
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
The important minerals of the study area are Clay, Gypsum, Limestone, Shell
limestone, Salt, Illumite and Garnet. Most of the Garnet and Illumite deposits are
confined to the eastern part of the study area, especially near Mandapam,
Periyapattinam and Kanjirangudi of Ramanathapuram Taluk. Garnet deposits are
predominant near Taruvaikulam and Terku Kalamedu villages of the Ottapidaram
Taluk. Gypsum occurs near Tuticorin, Kalamedu and mouth of Pal Ar River. Large
deposits of salts are found near Tuticorin and Valinokkam (Kadaladi Taluk).
Limestone deposits are found near Valinokkam and Shell limestone are restricted to
the areas near the northern tip of Rameswaram Island and the Vaippar river mouth.
2.7 GEOMORPHOLOGY
The geomorphic units were drawn from remotely sensed data (Figure 2.5) and
the doubtful areas are checked in the field and tabulated (Table 2.2). The Tuticorin
coastal zone has been classified into major landforms such as fluvial, fluvio-marine,
marine origins. Fluvial Origin is formed due to the action of running water. The
running water develops certain landforms in the study area such as river, alluvial
plain, flood plain, natural levee, delta, deltaic plain and deep buried pediment.
Alluvial plain occupies more areas than any other landforms in fluvial origin that has
an extent of area 24, 335 ha (16.3 per cent). Natural levee occupies a small area of
915 ha (0.62 per cent). The landforms of Fluvio-Marine Origin in the study area are
estuary and shoal which cover an area of 874 ha (0.58 per cent) and 265 ha (0.18 per
cent) respectively. Marine Origin landforms of the study area formed due to the
action of sea waves, are coastal plain, beach ridge-swale complex, dune, stabilized
dune, salt flat, mud flat, beach, spit, bar, tombolo, marine terrace, cliff, creek, tidal
flat/tidal inlet, island, lagoon/paleo lagoon, and coral reefs. The detailed geomorphic
descriptions of the landforms are dealt in chapter four.
The major landforms of the present coastal zone are swale and ridge complex.
They are marine origin which covers a larger area of 27,453 ha (18.42 per cent).
Tombolo occupies a smaller portion and covers an area of 68.96 ha (0.05 per cent).
2.8 DRAINAGE
The Tuticorin coastal zone is drained (Figure.2.) by the Vaigai Ar, Pal Ar,
Gundar and Vaippar Kottagudi Ar, Korrampallam Odai and Madikettan Odai. Apart
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78°
15'E
9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N
F i g
. 2.6
km0
510
Van
Tivu
Kos
war
i Tiv
uVila
ngu
shul
i Tiv
u
Kar
ia s
huli
Tivu
Upp
u Ta
nni T
ivu
Sha
li Ti
vuN
alla
Tan
ni T
ivu
Ana
ipar
i Tiv
uP
alliy
arm
unai
Tiv
u
Puv
aras
anpu
tti T
ivu
App
a Ti
vu
Tala
iri T
ivu Vala
i Tiv
uM
uli T
ivu
Mus
al T
ivu
Man
ali T
ivu
Kov
i Tiv
u
Pum
uric
han
Tivu
Shi
ngle
Tiv
u
Kur
usad
Tiv
u
P
a
l
k
B
a
y
G
u
l
f
o
f
M
a
n
n
a
r
TUTI
CO
RIN
Tiru
pulla
niM
anda
pam
Ram
esw
aram
Kad
alad
i
Dha
nusk
odi
Gun d arRr.
Va
i ga
i. R
Ma
dike
ttan
Oda
i
Vaippar R.
Ko ttagu
diAr
C h
a n n
e l
P a l k
Pal
Ar.
Man
ali T
ivu
Kara
mpa
llam
Oda
i
L E
G E
N D
Rev
enue
Vill
age:
Loc
atio
n &
Nam
eS
ayal
kudi
Riv
er
Tank
Stre
am /
Dis
tribu
tary
!
Stu
dy a
rea
Bou
ndar
y
45�
Table 2.2. Tuticorin Coastal Zone: Geomorphology and their areal extent Sl.No Geomorphology Area in
hectare percentage
Fluvial Origin 1 Deep Buried Pediment 16717.33 10.912 River 1210.61 0.813 Natural Levee 915.17 0.614 Alluvial Plain 24334.86 16.325 Flood Plain 2930.57 2.356 Deltaic Plain 7866.73 5.28
7 Delta 2401.78 1.6156377.05 37.89
Fluvio marine Origin 8 Estuary 874.20 0.58
9 Shoal 264.80 0.181139 0.76
Marine Origin 10 Sandy Plain 17832.30 11.8811 Coastal Plain 14614.12 9.8112 Swale & Ridge complex 27453.22 18.4213 Stabilised Dune 4679.96 3.2314 Coastal Sand Dune 681.06 0.4415 Sandy Beach 726.17 0.3816 Marine Terrace 6717.70 4.6517 Spit 1919.31 1.2918 Cliff 110.91 0.0819 Sand Bar 419.94 0.2920 Creek 1152.17 0.7721 Salt Flat 6902.23 4.6322 Mud Flat 439.47 0.2923 Tidal flat/Tidal Inlet 1792.73 1.2124 Tombolo 68.96 0.0525 Islands 767.31 0.5226 Lagoon/ Paleo lagoon 4133.92 2.78
27 Coral Reef 934.77 0.6391346.25 61.35
Total area 148862.03ha or 1488.62 sqkmSource: Compiled by Author based on IRS 1D LISS 3 2003
46
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
from these, a number of minor rivers draining the study area debouch into the tanks
and they form the major source for irrigation. The major rivers of the study area have
their catchment at the Western Ghats and they flow from the west to the east and
empty their surplus water into Gulf of Mannar, during the monsoon seasons. In
general, streams and rivers of the study area are ephemeral.
2.9 CLIMATE
The climate in Tuticorin coast is hot and dry except the coastal areas, where
the sea breeze mitigates the heat to some extent. The maximum temperature rarely
exceeds 34º C and the minimum temperature drops below 20º C. April to June is the
hottest months. During this season, coastal region enjoys cool sea breeze. The mean
temperature varies from 25.9º C to 30.6º C and the average humidity is 79%. The
lowest temperature is recorded during the period of December to January.
2.9.1 Rainfall The Rainfall characteristic of the Tuticorin Coast has been studied by using 40
(1965-2004) years of monthly rainfall data collected from 7 rain gauge stations
namely, Mandapam, Pamban, Vilathikulam, Mudukulathur, Balamorekulam,
Ottapidaram and Tuticorin, located in and around the study area. Accordingly, the
spatial distributions of the mean annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall of the study
area are dealt in the following paragraphs:
2.9.1.1 Mean Annual: The long term mean annual rainfall of the study area is
691.6 mm (Table 2.3). It is less than 60 per cent, while compared with the state
average mean annual rainfall of 983.3 mm. However, the study area is characterised
by significant variations in the quantum of mean annual rainfall. It is observed that the
mean annual rainfall varies spatially from 541.8 mm (Tuticorin) to 825.6 mm
(Pamban) in the study area. Based on the mean annual rainfall amounts, the study
area has been divided into: zones of high rainfall (>775 mm); moderate (700-775
mm); normal (625-700 mm); low (550-625 mm) and very low (<550 mm) (Figure
2.7). The high rainfall zone covers the areas of the Rameswaram Island and most of
the villages of the Ramanathapuram Taluk that fall within the study area. It extends
all along the coast upto the area just west of Kottagudi Ar. The zone with moderate
rainfall lies further the west and southwest, extending upto the south west of Pal Ar
47
Tab
le: 2
.3. T
utic
orin
Coa
st: L
ong
term
mea
n m
onth
ly (1
965
– 20
03) r
ainf
all (
in m
m)
Sl.N
oR
ain
Gau
ge
Stat
ion
Nam
e
Janu
ary
Febr
uary
W
inte
rM
arch
Apr
ilM
aySu
mm
erJu
ne
July
A
ugus
t Se
ptem
ber
Sout
hwes
tO
ctob
er
Nov
embe
rD
ecem
ber
Nor
thea
stM
ean
annu
alm
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m (%
) m
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m %m
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m(%
) m
m(%
)
1Pa
mba
n 39
.3(4
.76)
24
.0(2
.91)
63
.4(7
.68)
8.
1(0
.98)
48
.4(5
.86)
43
.9(5
.31)
100.
3(1
2.15
)6.
2(0
.75)
13.4
(1.6
2)8.
8(1
.07)
28.3
(3.4
3)56
.7(6
.87)
18
5.4
(22.
45)
241.
3(2
9.22
)17
8.6
(21.
63)
605.
2(7
3.31
)82
5.6
2M
anda
pam
35.5
(4.3
5)
24.0
(2.9
4)
59.5
(7.2
9)
11.0
(1.3
5)
45.0
(5.5
2)
38.0
(4.6
5)94
.0(1
1.52
)7.
0(0
.86)
10.2
(1.2
5)11
.8(1
.45)
28.3
(3.4
7)57
.3(7
.03)
18
1.8
(22.
30)
247.
1(3
0.29
)17
5.9
(21.
56)
604.
8(7
4.15
)81
5.6
3B
alam
orek
ulam
25
.8(3
.27)
27
.3(3
.47)
53
.1(6
.74)
23
.4(2
.96)
43
.5(5
.52)
30
.6(3
.88)
97.5
(12.
37)
3.5
(0.4
4)15
.9(2
.02)
9.6
(1.2
2)30
.6(3
.88)
59.6
(7.5
6)
174.
0(2
2.07
) 23
6.2
(30.
00)
167.
9(2
1.30
)57
8.0
(73.
33)
788.
2
4M
uduk
ulat
hur
17.6
(2.5
9)
23.5
(3.4
6)
41.1
(6.0
5)
18.5
(2.7
2)
36.5
(5.3
8)
33.7
(4.9
6)88
.7(1
3.06
)14
.7(2
.17)
22.2
(3.2
6)34
.9(5
.14)
72.3
(10.
6)14
4.1
(21.
22)
158.
6(2
3.35
) 15
5.2
(22.
84)
91.6
(13.
48)
405.
4(5
9.68
)67
9.3
5V
ilath
ikul
am11
.33
(1.9
7)
18.4
1(3
.19)
29
.74
(5.1
6)
11.7
0(2
.03)
39
.48
(6.8
5)
26.8
1(4
.65)
77.9
9(1
3.53
)5.
23(0
.91)
18.1
1(3
.14)
20.1
9(3
.50)
56.6
5(9
.83)
100.
17(1
7.38
) 16
2.81
(28.
24)
138.
12(2
3.96
)67
.65
(11.
73)
368.
57(6
3.94
)57
6.48
6O
ttapi
dara
m16
.4(2
.66)
20
.4(3
.33)
36
.8(5
.99)
24
.3(3
.96)
39
.9(6
.50)
35
.5(5
.78)
99.7
(16.
23)
5.4
(0.8
8)10
.8(1
.76)
16.4
(2.6
7)49
.0(7
.97)
81.6
(13.
28)
175.
4(2
8.55
) 15
8.1
(25.
73)
62.7
(10.
20)
396.
2(6
4.50
)61
4.4
7Tu
ticor
in17
.9(3
.30)
26
.7(4
.93)
44
.6(8
.23)
25
.1(4
.63)
34
.6(6
.39)
20
.7(3
.81)
80.4
(14.
83)
2.6
(0.4
7)4.
1(0
.76)
4.8
(0.8
8)18
.0(3
.33)
29.5
(5.4
4)
130.
7(2
4.11
) 16
6.9
(30.
80)
89.8
(16.
58)
387.
4(7
1.49
)54
1.8
Mea
n23
.4(3
.27)
23.5
(3.4
6)46
.9(6
.73)
17.4
(2.6
6)41
.1(6
.00)
32.7
(4.7
2)91
.2(1
3.39
)6.
4(0
.93)
13.5
(1.9
7)15
.2(2
.28)
40.4
(6.0
8)75
.6(1
1.25
)16
7.0
(24.
44)
191.
8(2
7.54
)11
9.2
(16.
64)
477.
9(6
8.63
)69
1.6
Not
e: T
he fi
gure
s giv
en in
par
enth
eses
are
per
cent
age
of ra
infa
ll fo
r res
pect
ive
figur
es
48
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
and Valinokkam, followed by the normal rainfall zone (625-700 mm) which lies
further south west, extending upto the area just east of Vembar. Most of the villages
of the Kadaladi Taluk fall under the normal rainfall zone. Further towards south, all
along the coast, the low rainfall zone occurs, which extends in an accurate shape upto
the area just north of Tuticorin. The villages which come under Ottapidaram and
Villathikulam Taluks of Tuticorin District covers this low rainfall zone. Further,
south, the areas of very low rainfall occurs and most of the villages belonging to the
study area that lie in Tuticorin Taluk fall within this zone.
In general, the mean annual rainfall receives maximum in the northeastern part
of the study area (Figure 2.7) of Rameswaram Island and it gradually decreases all
along the coast towards the west and southwest.
2.9.1.2 Winter Season: Rainfall during winter season is relatively meager
(46.9 mm) and is very less among all seasons. The season contributes an average of
only 6.7 per cent of the annual rainfall. Among the rainfall stations of the study area,
the winter rainfall varies from 29.7 mm in Villathikulam to 63.4 mm in Pamban.
Further, the rainfall is relatively high in the Rameswaram Island (Figure 2.8) which
records 60 mm rainfall. Moderate rainfall is ranging from 50 mm to 60 mm occurs in
the areas of Ramanathapuram Taluk. The normal rainfall which ranges between 40
mm and 50 mm is found in the areas of Kadaladi Taluk and along the narrow coastal
stretch, extending upto the southern margin of the study area. Most part of the area
that falls within the Ottapidaram Taluk and western part of Villathikulam Taluk
receives low winter rainfall. Thus it is evident that the winter season rainfall in the
study area gradually decreases towards the south along the coast and the west of the
southern portion of the study area.
2.9.1.3 Summer Season: The mean summer rainfall of the study area is 91.2
mm which accounts for 13.4 per cent of the mean annual rainfall. Though the rainfall
during this season is less, it contributes significantly to the annual rainfall, unlike the
winter season. In the study area, the summer rainfall is the maximum in Pamban
which records 100.3 mm, closely followed by Ottapidaram 99.7 mm (16.2 per cent),
Balamorekulam 97.5 mm (12.4 per cent) and Mandapam 94 mm (11.5 per cent)
respectively. The summer rainfall is very less at Villathikulam which records 78 mm.
The rainfall during this season is relatively high (>100 mm) in the entire
Rameswaram island (Figure 2.9) whereas it is moderate (90-100 mm) in the mainland,
! O
! P
"
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
90
80
100
Kad
alad
i
Say
algu
di
Vepp
alod
ai
Ned
ungu
lam
Pal
laku
lam
That
hane
ri
Pul
iang
ulam
Mel
a M
arud
ur
Kad
ugus
anda
iMel
asel
vanu
r
Mel
a A
rasa
di
Terk
u K
alm
edu
Vaip
par P
art-I
Pat
tana
mar
udur
Kan
nim
arku
ttam
Siv
aper
ungu
ntra
m
Pud
ur p
andi
yapu
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Jam
in K
aris
alku
lam
M.K
umar
asak
kana
pura
m
SUM
MER
SEA
SON
RA
INFA
LL (1
965-
2004
)TU
TIC
OR
IN C
OA
ST
9° 15'
N 9° 0' N 8° 45'
N
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N
F i g
. 2.9
km0
510
Van
Tivu
Kos
war
i Tiv
uVila
ngu
shul
i Tiv
u
Kar
ia s
huli
Tivu
Upp
u Ta
nni T
ivu
Sha
li Ti
vuN
alla
Tan
ni T
ivu
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ipar
i Tiv
uP
alliy
arm
unai
Tiv
u
Puv
aras
anpu
tti T
ivu
App
a Ti
vu
Tala
iri T
ivu Va
lai T
ivu
Mul
i Tiv
uM
usal
Tiv
u
Man
alip
utti
TivuKov
i Tiv
u
Pum
uric
han
Tivu
Shi
ngle
Tiv
u
Kur
usad
Tiv
u
P
a
l
k
B
a
y
G
u
l
f
o
f
M
a
n
n
a
r
TUTI
CO
RIN
Tiru
pulla
niM
anda
pam
Ram
esw
aram
Kad
alad
i
Dha
nusk
odi
Gun d arRr.
Va
i ga
i. R
Ma
dike
ttan
Oda
i
Vaippar R.
Ko ttagu
diAr
C h
a n n
e l
P a l k
Pal
Ar.
L E
G E
N D
Rai
nfal
l in
Mill
imet
ers
Abo
ve 1
00 (H
igh)
80 -
90 (N
orm
al)
Bel
ow 8
0 (L
ow)
90 -
100
(Mod
erat
e)
Rev
enue
Vill
age:
Loc
atio
n &
Nam
eS
ayal
kudi!
Man
ali T
ivu
Kara
mpa
llam
Oda
i
! O
! P
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!
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!!
!
!
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!
!
!
!
!
40
50
60
40
40
40
Pam
ban
Erv
adi
Kad
alad
i
Kal
lura
ni
Mel
man
dai
Idam
bada
l
Vepp
alod
ai
Pal
laku
lam
Sira
ikul
am
Soo
rang
udi
Valin
ocka
m
Ala
vang
ulam
Than
ichi
yam
Kor
ampa
llamK
ila A
rasa
di
S.T
hara
ikud
i
Taru
vaik
kula
m
Terk
u K
alm
edu
Tutic
orin
VII
Atti
mar
apat
ti
Kul
iyan
karis
al
Vaip
par P
art-I
Pat
tana
mar
udur
Utra
kosa
man
gai
M.S
hanm
ugap
uram
Than
gam
mal
pura
m.K
.
Jam
in K
aris
alku
lam
WIN
TER
SEA
SON
RA
INFA
LL (1
965-
2004
)TU
TIC
OR
IN C
OA
ST
9° 15'
N 9° 0' N 8° 45'
N
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N
F i g
. 2.8
km0
510
Van
Tivu
Kos
war
i Tiv
uVila
ngu
shul
i Tiv
u
Kar
ia s
huli
Tivu
Upp
u Ta
nni T
ivu
Sha
li Ti
vuN
alla
Tan
ni T
ivu
Ana
ipar
i Tiv
uP
alliy
arm
unai
Tiv
u
Puv
aras
anpu
tti T
ivu
App
a Ti
vu
Tala
iri T
ivu Va
lai T
ivu
Mul
i Tiv
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usal
Tiv
u
Man
alip
utti
TivuKov
i Tiv
u
Pum
uric
han
Tivu
Shi
ngle
Tiv
u
Kur
usad
Tiv
u
P
a
l
k
B
a
y
G
u
l
f
o
f
M
a
n
n
a
r
TUTI
CO
RIN
Tiru
pulla
niM
anda
pam
Ram
esw
aram
Kad
alad
i
Dha
nusk
odi
Gun d arRr.
Va
i ga
i. R
Ma
dike
ttan
Oda
i
Vaippar R.
Ko ttagu
diAr
C h
a n n
e l
P a l k
Pal
Ar.
L E
G E
N D
Rai
nfal
l in
Mill
imet
ers
Abo
ve 6
0 (H
igh)
40 -
50 (N
orm
al)
Bel
ow 4
0 (L
ow)
50 -
60 (M
oder
ate)
Rev
enue
Vill
age:
Loc
atio
n &
Nam
eS
ayal
kudi!
Man
ali T
ivu
Kara
mpa
llam
Oda
i
! O
! P
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550
625
775
700
Vem
bar
Kal
ari
Pam
ban
Kad
alad
iK
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arai
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vang
ulam
Than
ichi
yam
S.T
hara
ikud
i
Kee
laki
dara
m
Man
dapa
m (U
)
Kan
nira
jpur
am
Map
pila
iura
niTu
ticor
in V
II
Kul
iyan
karis
al
Pal
lam
erkk
ulam
Kila
kkar
ai (U
)
MEA
N A
NN
UA
L R
AIN
FALL
(196
5-20
04)
TUTI
CO
RIN
CO
AS
T
9° 15'
N 9° 0' N 8° 45'
N
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N
F i g
. 2.7
km0
510
Van
Tivu
Kos
war
i Tiv
uVila
ngu
shul
i Tiv
u
Kar
ia s
huli
Tivu
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u Ta
nni T
ivu
Sha
li Ti
vuN
alla
Tan
ni T
ivu
Ana
ipar
i Tiv
uP
alliy
arm
unai
Tiv
u
Puv
aras
anpu
tti T
ivu
App
a Ti
vu
Tala
iri T
ivu Va
lai T
ivu
Mul
i Tiv
uM
usal
Tiv
u
Man
alip
utti
TivuK
ovi T
ivu
Pum
uric
han
Tivu
Shi
ngle
Tiv
u
Kur
usad
Tiv
u
P
a
l
k
B
a
y
G
u
l
f
o
f
M
a
n
n
a
r
TUTI
CO
RIN
Tiru
pulla
niM
anda
pam
Ram
esw
aram
Kad
alad
i
Dha
nusk
odi
Gun d arRr.
Va
i ga
i. R
Ma
dike
ttan
Oda
i
Vaippar R.
Ko ttagu
diAr
C h
a n n
e l
P a l k
PalA
r.
L E
G E
N D
Rai
nfal
l in
Mill
imet
ers
Abo
ve 7
75 (H
igh)
625
- 700
(Nor
mal
)
550
- 625
(Low
)
700
- 775
(Mod
erat
e)
Bel
ow 5
50 (V
ery
Low
)
Rev
enue
Vill
age:
Loc
atio
n &
Nam
eS
ayal
kudi!
Man
ali T
ivu
Kara
mpa
llam
Oda
i
49
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
i.e. the entire coastal stretch except the western portion of the southern part of the
study area. This zone includes the entire area of Tuticorin Taluk. Areas with normal
rainfall of 80-90 mm during this season are confined to the western part of
Ottapidaram and Villathikulam Taluks. The areas of low rainfall of below 80mm
during this period, is restricted to a small portion on the western part of Villathikulam
Taluk. In general, the eastern parts of the study area receive relatively more rainfall
and it gradually decreases towards the western portion in the southern part of the
study area. It is very low, compared with the State mean summer rainfall (132.4 mm
or 13 per cent).
2.9.1.4 Southwest Monsoon Season: During this season, the study area
receives only 75.6 mm of rainfall which is less than the rainfall of the summer season.
In several parts of the State, though the southwest monsoon is the predominant rainy
season, its contribution to the mean annual rainfall is very less (11.2 mm) for the study
area. It is below the State average of 393.9 mm (40 per cent) rainfall. Among the rain
gauge stations of the study area, the amount of rainfall during the season varies
considerably (Figure 2.10). It ranges from 29.5 mm in Tuticorin to 144.1 mm in
Kadaladi. The rainfall during the winter and summer seasons is relatively higher than
the southwest monsoon in the western, interior parts, especially in the western parts of
Kadaladi and Villathikulam Taluks.
2.9.1.5 Northeast Monsoon Season: The rainfall of the northeast monsoon
season is 477.9 mm, much higher than even the total rainfall of the other three seasons
and hence, it is the predominant and the most important rainy season of the study
area. This season contributes about 68.6 per cent of the total annual rainfall which is
above the State average northeast monsoon rainfall of 41 per cent (404.7 mm).
Among the rain gauge stations, the distribution of the rainfall varies from
368.6 mm in Villathikulam to 605.2 mm in Pamban. However, the percentages of the
season’s rainfall to the annual rainfall give a different picture; the percentage of
rainfall during this season ranges from 59.7 per cent for Kadaladi to 74.1 per cent for
Mandapam. In general, the rainfall gradually decreases from the northeast towards the
west, south west and southern parts of the study area (Figure 2.11). A trend is much
similar to the mean annual rainfall and hence the northeast monsoon season is
important for all agricultural activities.
! O!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
500
400
600
Pam
ban
Erv
adi
Idam
bada
l
Say
algu
di
Sira
ikul
am
Moo
kkai
yurM
eena
ngud
i
Valin
ocka
m
Mul
lakk
adu
Per
iaku
lam
Ala
vang
ulam
Nar
ippa
iyur
Than
ichi
yam
Kad
ugus
anda
i
Man
dapa
m (U
)P
anay
diye
ndal
Atti
mar
apat
ti
Kul
iyan
karis
al
Pira
ppan
vala
sai
Arc
hana
ipag
am U
sila
ngul
am
NO
RTH
EAST
MO
NSO
ON
SEA
SON
(196
5-20
04)
TUTI
CO
RIN
CO
AS
T
9° 15'
N 9° 0' N 8° 45'
N
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N
F i g
. 2.1
1
km0
510
Van
Tivu
Kos
war
i Tiv
uVila
ngu
shul
i Tiv
u
Kar
ia s
huli
Tivu
Upp
u Ta
nni T
ivu
Sha
li Ti
vuN
alla
Tan
ni T
ivu
Ana
ipar
i Tiv
uP
alliy
arm
unai
Tiv
u
Puv
aras
anpu
tti T
ivu
App
a Ti
vu
Tala
iri T
ivu Va
lai T
ivu
Mul
i Tiv
uM
usal
Tiv
u
Man
alip
utti
TivuK
ovi T
ivu
Pum
uric
han
Tivu
Shi
ngle
Tiv
u
Kur
usad
Tiv
u
P
a
l
k
B
a
y
G
u
l
f
o
f
M
a
n
n
a
r
TUTI
CO
RIN
Tiru
pulla
niM
anda
pam
Ram
esw
aram
Kad
alad
i
Dha
nusk
odi
Gun d arRr.
Va
i ga
i. R
Ma
dike
ttan
Oda
i
Vaippar R.
Ko ttagu
diAr
C h
a n n
e l
P a l k
Pal
Ar.
L E
G E
N D
Rai
nfal
l in
Mill
imet
ers
Abo
ve 6
00 (H
igh)
400
- 500
(Nor
mal
)
Bel
ow 4
00 (L
ow)
500
- 600
(Mod
erat
e)
Rev
enue
Vill
age:
Loc
atio
n &
Nam
eS
ayal
kudi!
Man
ali T
ivu
Kara
mpa
llam
Oda
i
! O
! P
"
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!! !
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
75
100
50
125
125 Sik
kal
Kal
ari
Iruve
li
Vala
nur
Kad
alad
i
Kal
lura
ni
Mel
man
dai
Idam
bada
l
Say
algu
di
Vepp
alod
ai
Ned
ungu
lam
That
hane
ri
Sira
ikul
am
Soo
rang
udi
Per
iaku
lam
Mila
vitta
n
Nar
ippa
iyur
Mel
akid
aram
Than
ichi
yam
San
kara
pper
i
Kila
Ara
sadi
Vala
sam
udra
m
Mel
a M
arud
ur
Viru
sam
patti
Kad
ugus
anda
iMel
asel
vanu
r
Kee
laki
dara
m
Terk
u K
alm
edu
Kan
nira
jpur
am
Kut
hira
imoz
hi
Pan
aydi
yend
al
Tutic
orin
VII
Vaip
par P
art-I
Pat
tana
mar
udur
M.S
hanm
ugap
uram
E.V
elay
udha
pura
m
D.D
urai
swam
ipur
am
Than
gam
mal
pura
m.K
.
SOU
THW
EST
MO
NSO
ON
SEA
SON
(196
5-20
04)
TUTI
CO
RIN
CO
AS
T
9° 15'
N 9° 0' N 8° 45'
N
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N
F i g
. 2.1
0
km0
510
Van
Tivu
Kos
war
i Tiv
uVila
ngu
shul
i Tiv
u
Kar
ia s
huli
Tivu
Upp
u Ta
nni T
ivu
Sha
li Ti
vuN
alla
Tan
ni T
ivu
Ana
ipar
i Tiv
uP
alliy
arm
unai
Tiv
u
Puv
aras
anpu
tti T
ivu
App
a Ti
vu
Tala
iri T
ivu Va
lai T
ivu
Mul
i Tiv
uM
usal
Tiv
u
Man
alip
utti
TivuKov
i Tiv
u
Pum
uric
han
Tivu
Shi
ngle
Tiv
u
Kur
usad
Tiv
u
P
a
l
k
B
a
y
G
u
l
f
o
f
M
a
n
n
a
r
TUTI
CO
RIN
Tiru
pulla
niM
anda
pam
Ram
esw
aram
Kad
alad
i
Dha
nusk
odi
Gun d arRr.
Va
i ga
i. R
Ma
dike
ttan
Oda
i
Vaippar R.
Ko ttagu
diAr
C h
a n n
e l
P a l k
Pal
Ar.
L E
G E
N D
Rai
nfal
l in
Mill
imet
ers
Abo
ve 1
25 (H
igh)
75 -
100
(Nor
mal
)
50 -
75 (L
ow)
100
- 125
(Mod
erat
e)
Bel
ow 5
0 (V
ery
Low
)
Rev
enue
Vill
age:
Loc
atio
n &
Nam
eS
ayal
kudi!
Man
ali T
ivu
Kara
mpa
llam
Oda
i
50
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
As far as the spatial distribution of northeast monsoon rainfall is concerned,
the Rameswaram Island and a small pocket in the mainland near Mandapam is
relatively high rainfall zone which recorded 600 mm of rainfall. This is followed by
the moderate rainfall of 500-600 mm zone, which includes the entire part of the study
area under Ramanathapuram Taluk, and it stretches upto Valinokkam. The mid
portion of the study area adjacent to the Gundar River falls under the normal rainfall
zone and it receives 400-500 mm of rainfall. In the rest of the areas of the west and
further towards south, the rainfall during this season is relatively less than 400 mm.
2.9.2 Temperature The study area falls under the hot tropical climate. The months of April to July
are the hottest. The temperature declines to some extent on the outbreak of the
northeast monsoon. The study areas mean minimum temperature various from 18.0o C
in January to 26.5o C in June, and mean maximum temperature varies from 38o C in
May to 30.5oC in December. The relative humidity is high at 79% on an average and
it ranges between 80% and 90% in coastal area owing to the coastal nature.
2.10 SOIL AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION
Information regarding the soils of the study area was obtained from the Soil
Survey and Land Use Organisation, Department of Agriculture, Government of Tamil
Nadu State. There are four soil orders (viz, Entisol, Vertisol, Inceptisol, and Alfisol)
based on USDA Classification with 16 soil series found in the study area (Figure
2.12). The characteristics of these soil series and their distribution in the Tuticorin
Coast are described as follows:
2.10.1 Entisol (Recent soil) Entisols are those soils which are developed recently. Soils belonging to this
order are found on steep actively eroding slopes or on flood plains that receive new
deposits of alluvium at frequent intervals. Alluvial flood plains, deltas, shorelines
bordering, lagoons and estuaries usually have these soils. In the study area, these soils
have been drained mainly from the depositional process by the rivers. Within this soil
order, three soil types are found and they include recent soils, recent sandy soil, and
red sandy soil. Each of this soil types can be further subdivided into a number of soil
! H! H
! O
! O
! P
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!! !
!
!!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Psuf
Tupt
Tutp
Tupt
Ecsv
Vhsf
Tupt
Rpu
t
Tcsv
Rpu
t
Ecsv
Tfop
Vhsf
+Tup
t+Vu
tp
Rpu
t
Auo
tFh
sf
Tupt
Tupt
Vhsf
+Ecs
v
Tupt
Tupt
Tcsv
Cau
pt
Tupt
Rpu
t
Tutp
Rpu
t
Cau
op
Rpu
t
Tutp
Vhsf
+Fut
p
Rpu
t
Mar
sh
Vhsf
+Fut
p
Rpu
t
Vhsf
Tfop
+Aup
t
Vhsf
+Tup
t+Vu
tp
Cau
op
Ecsv
Cau
op
Vhsf
+Vuo
p
Vhsf
+Tup
t+Vu
tp
Cau
pt
Cau
op
Futp
Cau
op
Vhsf
+Fut
p
Cau
op
Sik
kal
Kal
ari
Pam
ban
Erv
adi
Iruve
li
Vala
nur
Nag
achi
Kal
lura
ni
Poo
sano
or
Vada
natta
m
Moo
kkai
yurP
eria
kula
m
Mee
nang
udi
Valin
ocka
m
Atta
ngar
ai
Kud
akot
tai
Mul
lakk
adu
Pul
iang
ulam
Mel
akid
aram
Than
ichi
yam
Noc
hiyu
rani
Kor
ampa
llam
San
kara
pper
i
Kila
Ara
sadi
Vala
sam
udra
m
S.T
hara
ikud
i
Mel
asel
vanu
r
Kan
jiran
gudi
Ret
taiy
uran
i
Vala
ntar
avai
Man
dapa
m (U
)
Mel
a A
rasa
di
Tutic
orin
VII
Kul
iyan
karis
al
Per
iasa
myp
uram
Kul
athu
r (E
ast)
M.K
umar
asak
kana
pura
m
SOIL
STU
TIC
OR
IN C
OA
ST
9° 15'
N 9° 0' N 8° 45'
N
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
79°
15'E
79°
0'E
78°
45'E
78°
30'E
78°
15'E
9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N
F i g
. 2.1
2
km0
510
Van
Tivu
Kos
war
i Tiv
uVila
ngu
shul
i Tiv
u
Kar
ia s
huli
Tivu
Upp
u Ta
nni T
ivu
Sha
li Ti
vuN
alla
Tan
ni T
ivu
Ana
ipar
i Tiv
uP
alliy
arm
unai
Tiv
u
Puv
aras
anpu
tti T
ivu
App
a Ti
vu
Tala
iri T
ivu Va
lai T
ivu
Mul
i Tiv
uM
usal
Tiv
u
Man
alip
utti
Tivu
Kov
i Tiv
u
Pum
uric
han
Tivu
Shi
ngle
Tiv
u
Kur
usad
Tiv
u
P
a
l
k
B
a
y
G
u
l
f
o
f
M
a
n
n
a
r
TUTI
CO
RIN
Tiru
pulla
niM
anda
pam
Ram
esw
aram
Kad
alad
i
Dha
nusk
odi
Gun d arRr.
Va
i ga
i. R
Ma
dike
ttan
Oda
i
Vaippar R.
Ko ttagu
diAr
C h
a n n
e l
P a l k
Pal
Ar.
L E
G E
N D
Ecs
vE
ntic
Chr
omus
terts
(Kov
ilpat
ti (K
vp))
Tcsv
Vert
isol
(Bla
ck s
oil)
Typi
c C
hrom
uste
rts (
Mud
ukul
lath
ur (M
dk))
Auo
t
Cau
pt
Tupt
Entis
ol (R
ecen
t soi
l)A
quic
Ust
orth
ents
(Kee
lapa
vala
m (K
pm))
Cal
cio
Ust
ipsa
mm
ents
(Ram
esw
aram
(Rm
w))
Typi
c U
stip
sam
men
ts
(Man
dapa
m (M
bm),
Tiru
chen
dur (
Tcr)
)
(Bas
ed o
n U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re)
Soil
clas
sific
atio
n
Fhsf
Vhs
f+Vu
op
Vhs
f+E
csv
Vhs
f
Alfi
sol (
Red
dish
Bro
wn
soil)
Vhs
f+Fu
tp
Verti
c H
aplu
stal
fs (K
adal
adi (
Kdl
))
Verti
c H
aplu
stal
fs+E
ntic
Chr
omus
terts
(Kad
alad
i (K
dl))
Verti
c H
aplu
stal
fs+V
ertic
Ust
roch
erep
t (Va
nnan
kund
u (V
nk))
Verti
c H
aplu
stal
fs+F
luve
ntic
Ust
rope
pts
(Pan
nerk
ulam
(Pnk
))
Fluv
entic
Hap
lust
alfs
(Mam
alla
kkar
ai (M
lk))
Verti
c H
aplu
stal
fs+T
ypic
Ust
rope
pts+
Verti
c U
stro
pept
s (A
ttank
arai
(Akr
))V
hsf+
Tutp
+Vut
p
Rpu
tR
hodi
c P
aleu
stal
fs (K
uthi
raim
ozhi
(Km
l), S
ayal
kudi
(Syk
))
Psu
fP
sam
men
tic P
aleu
stal
fs (K
udak
otta
i (K
dk))
Tfop
+Aup
t
Tutp
Typi
c Fr
agio
chre
pts+
Aqu
ic U
stip
sam
men
ts
(Tiru
ppul
lani
(Tpl
))
Typi
c U
stro
pept
s (P
aram
akud
i (P
mk)
)
Cau
op
Futp
Ince
ptis
ol (I
mm
atur
e so
il)
Fluv
entic
Ust
rope
pts
(Say
alku
di (S
yk))
Cal
cio
Ust
roch
rept
s (V
edal
ai (V
dl))
Rev
enue
Vill
age
Loca
tion
& N
ame
Say
alku
di!
Mar
sh la
nd
Tfop
Typi
c Fr
agio
chre
pts
(Tiru
ppul
lani
(Tpl
))
Sou
rce:
NB
SS
& S
oil S
urve
y an
d La
ndus
e O
rgan
isat
ion,
Coi
mba
tore
and
com
pile
d by
aut
hour
Kara
mpa
llam
Oda
i
Man
ali T
ivu
Ram
esw
aram
Sec
tor
Man
dapa
m S
ecto
r
Tutic
orin
Sec
tor
Ott
apid
aram
Sec
tor
Vila
thik
ulam
Sec
tor
Kad
alad
i Sec
tor
51
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
series. The important characteristics of these subdivisions and their distribution in the
study area are given in the following section.
3.10.1.1 Aquic Ustorthents-Auot (Keelapavalam): The Keelapalavam soil
series is characterised by dark brown colour, very deep, coarse, loamy, slightly
calcareous and neutral. Areas with these soils possess gentle slope and are prone for
water stagnation. In general, this soil series supports vegetation such as Palm,
Poovarasu and Tamarind. It is mainly found in the Ramanathapuram Taluk, between
Nochiyurani and Kalimankundu. It covers an area of 25.25 sq.km or 1.63 per cent of
the study area.
3.10.1.2 Typic Ustipsamments - Tupt (Mandapam and Tiruchendur): The
Mandapam and Tiruchendur soil series are characterised by deep to moderately deep,
wind transported shingle grain, and calcareous as well as non calcareous, red and
grayish brown and well drained soil. In general, this soil series largely supports
vegetation such as Palmyrah in the study area. It occurs in the Ramanathapuram
Taluk, along the shore line with a width of 1-2 km and distributed for about 788
sq.km. It is a predominant feature in the study area and occupies 50.8 per cent.
3.10.1.3 Calcio Ustipsamments - Caupt (Rameswaram): The Rameswaram
soil series are similar to Typic Ustipsamments (Mandapam and Tiruchendur) except
that they are deep and have unweathered sea shells in the profile. In this soil series the
major vegetations are Palmyrah and Coconut. About 21 sq.km or 1.34 per cent of the
study area comes under this soil series. They mainly occur in the Rameswaram Taluk,
far larger extenting between Pamban and Rameswaram.
2.10.2 Vertisol (Black soil)
Vertisols are commonly referred to as black soils. They are subjected to
cracking during summer season, mostly montmorillenite that shrink and swell over the
rainy seasons. They have wide deep cracks during moisture deficient periods.
Alkaline reaction is common to the various parent materials like calcareous
sedimentary rocks, basic igneous rocks and alluvial deposits. They are usually formed
over gentle slopes. The important soil series of this group found in the coastal zone
are detailed as follows.
2.10.2.1Typic Chromusterts - Tcsv (Mudukulathur): It is locally known as
Mudukulathur soil. It is characterized by black, deep, imperfectly drained, cracking
52
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
dry soils on nearly level land. In general, this soil series supports to raise cotton,
chillies, ground nuts and small millets. It is found in the Idampadal and Siraikulam
area of Ramanathapuram Taluk and covers an area of 18.20sq km that accounts for
0.69 per cent of the total study area.
2.10.2.2 Entic Chromusterts - Ecsv (Kovilpatti): It is called Kovilpatti soil
series. It is black, very deep, calcareous, moderately well drained, heavy textured,
with well developed crumb structure and well defined horizon soils derived from
gneiss. The profile invariably consists of gypsum in various stage of development.
This soil supports to cultivate cotton, chillies and pulses. It covers an area of about
240 sq km and is mainly distributed along the western margin, a little south of
Vaippar River. It occupies 15.4 per cent of the total area of the Tuticorin coastal zone.
2.10.3 Inceptisol (Immature soil)
Inceptisols are imperfectly or very poorly developed soils with indistinct
profile features that retain close resemblance to the parent material. The five major
great-groups soils found in the study area are:
2.10.3.1 Calcio-Ustochropts - Cauop (Vedalai): This soil series is
characterised by light brownish, very deep, coarse to fine loamy, occurring in low
lying swampy lands. They are calcareous and have calcic horizon. They have ochric
epipedon (surface layer has organic matter less than 1 per cent) and Ustic moisture
regime (the soil moisture control section is dry in some parts or all parts for 90 days
or more cumulative days). In general, this soil series supports vegetation such as
Prosopis, Acacia and Palmyra. It is found in the northeastern part of Rameswaram
Island, west and south of Vaigai River that altogether cover an area of 25 sq km or
1.63 per cent of the study area.
2.10.3.2 Typic Fragiochrepts - Tfop (Tiruppullani): The Tiruppullani soil
series is yellowish brown, very deep, coarse loamy, noncalcareous and mildly alkaline
soil. Areas with these soils possess gentle slope and slight erosion and moisture land.
Prosopis and palm are the major vegetations in the soil group. This soil is distributed
for about 14.8 sq km or 0.96 per cent of the total study area. A linear stretch of this
soil is found in Nochiyurani and Kalimankundu of the Ramanathapuram Taluk.
53
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
2.10.3.3 Typic Fragiochrepts+Aquic Ustipsamments – Tfop+Aupt
(Tiruppullani): This soil series is an extended and mixed soil of Typic Fragiochrepts.
2.10.3.4 Fluventic Ustropepts - Futp (Sayalkudi): This soil series is dark
yellowish brown, very deep, calcareous, moderately well drained, medium textured,
with well developed structure and moderately well defined horizon soil and developed
from old flood plains of river alluvium. In this soil, Cotton, Groundnut, Pulses and
small millets are being cultivated. It occurs in the Sayalkudi, Panaydiyendal,
Melakidaram and Melaselvanur areas of Kadaladi Taluk. It covers an extent of 42.36
sq km, which is about 2.73 per cent of the study area.
2.10.3.5 Typic Ustropepts - Tutp (Paramakudi): It is moderately deep light to
medium textured, non calcareous, brown soils with weak structural development. It is
found in the villages such as Panaydiyendal and Utrakosamangai of the
Ramanathapuram Taluk and covers about 0.89 per cent or 10.12 sq km of the study
area. Small millets are generally being grown in this soil.
2.10.4 Alfisol (Reddish Brown soil)
Alfisol are associated with moisture less continental climatic zones than the
mollisols. They are the most extensive soils found in the study area having mineral
content and usually moist. They have either an argillic or a nitric horizon. The vase
saturation is more than 50 per cent below top. The Alfisols soil orders are described in
the following paragraphs:
2.10.4.1 Fluventic Haplustalfs - Fhsf (Mamallakkarai): The Mamallakkarai
soil series is dark brown, deep, coarse loamy, calcareous and slightly alkaline soil. It
is found in the Kanjirangudi and Palamorekulam areas of the Ramanathapuram Taluk
and covers about 28 sq km or 1.8 per cent of the study area. The prosopis and thorny
shrubs are the major vegetation growing in this soil.
2.10.4.2 Psammentic Paleustalfs - Psuf (Kudakottai): The Kudakottai soil
series is characterized by very deep, loamy soils on flat areas, moderately eroded,
associated with very deep and excessively drained, sandy clay soils. In this soil series
groundnut, coconut, prosopis and acacia are being cultivated. It is mainly found in
Kudakottai, Kumbaram, Karan and Rettaiyurani areas of the Ramanathapuram Taluk.
It is distributed for an area of 22.67 sq.km, which accounts for 2.35 per cent of the
total study area.
54
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
2.10.4.3 Rhodic Paleustalfs - Rupt (Kuthiraimozhi): The Kuthiraimozhi soil
series is very deep, somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on gentle sloping
areas, moderately and severely eroded, associated with very deep and excessively
drained sandy soils. Acacia, Prosopis and Palms are the common vegetation in this
soil. The areas of Kuthiraimozhi, S.Taraikudi, Soorangudi, Thangammalpuram.K.,
and Sivagnapuram in the Kadaladi Taluk and Kadugusandai, Keelakidaram,
Melakidaram, Melaselvanur, and Thanichyam of the Ramanathapuram Taluk cover
Kuthiraimozhi soils for an area of 44.7 sq.km or 10.2 per cent of the study area.
2.10.4.4 Vertic Haplustalfs - Vhsf (Kadaladi): It is a dark grayish brown, very
fine loamy, calcareous, moderately alkaline soil. It is found in gentle sloping areas
and subjected to slight erosion. Palm and Prosopis are the predominant vegetation
found in this soil series. It occurs in the Sikkal, Kadaladi, Peikulam, Valanur in the
Ramanathapuram Taluk and Meenangudi, Silliyanvagaikkulam, Iruveli and
Archanipagam Usilangulam of the Kadaladi Taluk and altogether covers an area of
19.65sq km, which is about 1.62 per cent of the study area. It is also mixed with
Vertic Haplustalfs+Entic Chromusterts - Vhsf+Ecsv and Vertic Haplustalfs+Vertic
Ustrocherept (Vhsf+Vuop) soils.
2.10.4.5 Vertic Haplusstalfs+Fluventic Ustrocherept - Vhsf+Futp
(Pannerkulam): The Pannerkulam soil series is deep to very deep non-calcareous,
well drained, and medium to coarse textured, well developed structure and moderately
well defined horizons and red soils developed from weathered gneiss. About 10.4
sq.km or 1.2 per cent of the study area is under this soil series. It supports for growth
of Palmyrah, Acacia, Prosopis, Neem, Coconut, Ficus, Opunita, Erukku and
Tamarind. The areas of Kulayankarisal, Milavittan, Maravanmatam and
Ramasamypuram of the Tuticorin Taluk are covered with this soil series.
2.10.4.6 Vertic Ustropepts+Typic Ustropepts+Vertic Haplustalfs -
Vhsf+Tutp+Vutp (Villathikulam): This soil series is characterized by dark yellowish
brown, very deep, calcareous, moderately well drained, medium textured, with well
developed structure and moderately well defined horizon soils, developed from old
flood plains of river alluvium. It is not subject to any serious erosion. In this soil
series, crops like cotton, groundnut, pulses and small millets are being cultivated. It is
found in Villathikulam Taluk by covering villages Vedapatti, Vaippar, Virusampatti,
Poosanoor, Palakulam, Thathaneri, M. Kumarasakkanapuram, and Nedungulam. It is
55
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
distributed for an area of 42.36 sq.km, which accounts for 2.73 per cent of the study
area.
2.11 GENERAL LAND USE/ LAND COVER
The spatial distribution of land use/ land cover has been brought out (using
Indian Remote Sensing satellite data IRS-1D, LISS-III FCC image) as it the result of
permanent adjustment between constraining properties and socio-economic attributes
of the study area (Figure 2.13). The total area of the coast zone is 14,8865 ha. It could
be brought out under six major land use (Level I) categories. They are Built up lands
covering an area of 6,824 ha or 4.6 per cent, Agricultural lands 72,436 ha or 48.7 per
cent, Forests 9,601 ha or 6.4 per cent, Wastelands 45,611 ha or 30.6 per cent and
water bodies 1, 0054 ha or 6.8 per cent, and others 4,339 ha or 2.9 per cent of the total
study area. The predominant class of agricultural lands is followed by the wastelands.
These wastelands are in the central part and along the coast line of the eastern margins
of the study area. However, the wastelands along the coastline can be utilized if
proper conservation measures or alternatives are taken. They are suitable for scrub
forest. A detailed description of the land use / land cover is discussed in the third
chapter.
2.12 SOURCES OF IRRIGATION
The irrigation sources are Canals, Tanks, Wells and Tube wells. For the
Kalvoi – Sadayaneri (Thoothukudi District), the Government has sanctioned an
amount for the scheme of widening the existing Kalvoi – Sadayaneri Channel upto
Kalvoi Tank and widening the existing Sadayaneri Channel, excavation of Sadayaneri
Extension Channel, improvements to the existing Mudalur Odai from Karumeniyar to
Vairavantharuvai and excavating a link canal from Vairavantharuvai to
Puthantharuvai. For Malattar Anicut Scheme (Ramanathapuram District) and
Narayana Cauvery Channel (Ramanathapuram District), the Government has
sanctioned the scheme for Rehabilitation of Narayana Cauvery Channel and its anicut
(Mandalamanickam Anicut) to feed Sayalkudi tank and other 33 tanks in
Ramanathapuram District. This scheme gives irrigation support to 1942.97 ha of lands
including Mandalamanickam, Kamuthi, Mandalnadu, K.Nedungulam, Seemanendal,
Kundukulam, K.Veppankulam, O.Karisalkulam, Kovilankulam, Koomboothi,
M.Pudukulam and Villanendal villages of Kamuthi Taluk, Sayalkudi,
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56
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
M.Karisalkulam, N.Karisalkulam, A.Usilangulam, S.Vagaikulam, Pillayarkulam,
S.Keerandai and Keela Allikulam villages of Kadaladi Taluk in Ramanathapuram
District.
2.13 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
The village wise population of the study area (2001 census, Appendix 2.1) was
obtained from the Statistical Department, Government of Tamil Nadu. Accordingly,
the total population of the study area is 5,49,956 persons of which 86, 271 persons or
about 15.7 per cent of the population are in the villages of Tuticorin Taluk, where as
the villages of Ramanathapuram Taluk have 1,90,995 persons which account for 34.7
per cent. The distribution of population (Figure 2.14) in the villages of Ottapidaram,
Vilathikulam and Rameswaram Taluks is relatively less and altogether constitute only
24.4 per cent of the total population of the study area. The part of the study area
which falls under the Villathikulam Taluk possesses very less population among all
taluks. It constitutes only 23,938 persons which is just 4.4 per cent of the total
population of the study area. Accordingly, a large amount of population is
concentrated in the southern part of the study area whereas the central and other parts
have low population. The highest population is found in the Ramanathapuram taluk
which alone constitute (1,90,995 persons) 34.7 per cent of the total population of the
study area. It should be noted that Sippikulam, Alavangulam and Brahmankulam,
villages of the Kadaladi Taluk are uninhabited. The villages with relatively higher
population, that is, more than 10,000 persons are in Milavittan, Sankarapperi,
Tuticorin and Muttayyapuram of Tuticorin Taluk, Ervadi and Sayalkudi of Kadaladi
Taluk. The villages of Kilakkarai, Mandapam, Sakkarkottai and Alagankulam of
Ramanathapuram Taluk, and the villages of Rameswaram and Pamban of
Rameswaram Taluk, the villages of Ottapidaram and Villathikulam Taluks have not
exceeded the population of 100, 00 persons.
2.14 POPULATION DENSITY
The population density of Tuticorin coast is 338 persons per sq km. However,
there exists a wide variation in the population density among the taluks of the study
area. The population density is high in the Rameswaram Taluk (Figure 2.15) where
the density is 772 persons per sq km, followed by Tuticorin Taluk, 529 persons per sq
km and Ramanathapuram, 444 persons per sq km. It is lesser in Ottapidaram and
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llam
Oda
i
Man
ali T
ivu
8° 45' N
57
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
Vilathikulam Taluks where the density is 174 and 134 persons per sq km respectively.
The least population density is found in Ottapidaram Taluk which has only 174
persons per sq km.
Among the urban centres, the population density is maximum (45,703 persons
per sq km) in the Tuticorin. The other urban centres such as Killakarai (4,458 persons
per sq km) and Mandapam (1,726 persons) also possess higher population density.
Among the villages, the population density is relatively higher (>1000 persons/ sq
km) in Tuticorin of Tuticorin Taluk, Veerapandipuram, Melmandai, Poosanoor, T.
Subbiahpuram, Vedapatti, Kulathur (North), Kulathur (South), Kulathur (East), M.
Kumarasakkanapuram, Vembar, E. Velayudhapuram, Periyasamypuram,
Virusampatti, Nedungulam and Vaippar of Villathikulam Taluk, and
Enmanamkondan of Ramanathapuram Taluk. The remaining rural villages depicted
lower population density in the study area.
2.15 SEX RATIO
Sex Ratio is expressed as 'number of females per thousands males in the
population'. Sex ratio of the study area is 969 (Figure 2.16). Therefore the female
population is marginally less than the male population. Similar trend is observed for
the Taluks of Kadaladi (989), Ramanathapuram (905) and Rameswaram (936). In
Tuticorin and Ottapidaram Taluks, the case is reverse and the sex ratios are 1043 and
1010 respectively.
Among the villages of the study area, the sex ratio is maximum occurs in
Balamorekulam village of Ramanathapuram Taluk where the sex ratio is more than
1000 in most villages of Tuticorin Taluk. In majority of the villages of Ottapidaram
and Kadaladi Taluks, the sex ratio is less than 1000.
2.16 LITERACY
Literacy rate of population is defined as the percentage of literates to the total
population aged 7 years and above. In the study area, about 72.52 per cent of the
population is literates. However, the percentage of literates varies from 76 per cent to
58.4 per cent among the taluks of the study area (Figure 2.17). The maximum literacy
rate of 75.97 per cent is found in the Tuticorin Taluk followed by Ramanathapuram
Taluk 70.23 per cent, Rameswaram Taluk 68.42 per cent, Ottapidaram Taluk 65.82
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15'E
79°
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9° 15' N 9° 0' N
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SEX
RAT
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2001
TUTI
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9° 15'
N 9° 0' N 8° 45'
N
79°
15'E
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45'E
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78°
15'E
79°
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Kara
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Man
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8° 45' N
58
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
per cent, and Vilathikulam Taluk 65.80 per cent respectively. The literacy level is
very less in the Kadaladi Taluk which has only 58.43 per cent.
2.17 OCCUPATION
Main workers have worked for the major part of the reference period of 6
months or more and marginal workers have not worked for the major part of the
reference period, less than 6 months constituting about 31.94 and 4.18 per cent
respectively. The non-workers constitute about 56.60 per cent of the total population.
Among the taluks of the study area, the proportion of main workers is more than 40
per cent in Vilathikulam and Ottapidaram taluks whereas its proportion is low (< 25
per cent) in Kadaladi Taluk. Among the villages of the study area, the proportion of
the main workers is high in Tuticorin whereas it is found to be the least (7.7 per cent)
in Thangammalpuram.K., village of Kadaladi Taluk. The villages where the main
workers population is low are 87 per cent (Figure 2.18). The marginal workers
constitute just 4.18 per cent of the total population. Among the villages, the
proportion of marginal workers is maximum (56 per cent) in Thangammalpuram.K.,
village of Vilathikulam Taluk and the least (0.11 per cent) in the Mulur
Muthukumarapuram village of Ottapidaram Taluk. The non-workers population is
high (> 40 per cent of the population) in the Vilathikulam and Ottapidaram Taluks
whereas it is low (< 25 per cent) in Kadaladi Taluk.
Note: All workers that is who have been engaged in some economic activity
during the last one year, but are not cultivators or agricultural labourers or in
Household Industry, are 'Other Workers (OW)'. The workers that come under this
category of 'OW' include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers,
factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business,
transport banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests,
entertainment artists, etc.
2.18 TRANSPORT NETWORK
The study area is connected by the road and railway network (Figure 2.19).
The National Highways (NH) No.49 which connects Madurai and Rameswaram
passes through the northern part of the study area. The NH (No. 7A), which passes
through the southern part of the study area connects Tuticorin with other parts of the
State. Apart from this, the East Coast Road which connects Chennai and
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9° 15'
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79°
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78°
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8° 45' N
59
“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: [email protected] (2010)
Kaniyakumari passes through the study area that runs almost parallel to the coastline.
A number of State Highways (SH) criss-cross the various parts of the study area.
Tuticorin and Rameswaram, the two important urban centres of the study area are
well connected by rail while the Chennai-Tiruchirappalli-Rameswaram broad gauge
line passes thorough the northern part of the study area. Tuticorin being an important
Port town is well connected by sea with other parts of the country and world. The
much narrated Sethu Samundram Canal which is under construction, envisaging
facilitates the movement of larger vessels across the water of the Gulf of Mannar and
Palk Bay, lies closer to the study area.
2.19 TOURISM
The study area is a place of legend because Rameswaram is sacred for both the
Shaivite and Vaishnavite sects of Hinduism. The Ramanathaswami Temple is located
about a hundred meters from the shore. The Kurusadai Islands, west of the Pamban
Bridge are of great interest to marine biologists. The Gulf has been declared a
Biosphere Reserve. The coral reefs are beautiful and provide home to lots of sea-
creatures. Boat rides in the islands can be arranged from Mandapam. The district
headquarters at Ramanathapuram (55 km) is to be visited for the Ramvilas Palace of
Sethupati kings where the walls are very entertaining, with oil portraits of the kings
and murals of such sundry occasions as battles with Marathas and business meetings
with the British. Ervadi (21 km) is a place of pilgrimage for Muslims. It has the tomb
of Ibrahim Syed Aulia. An annual festival in memory of the Saint is held every
December. Uthirakosamangai has a statue of Shiva carved out of emerald and attracts
lots of pilgrims. Kanchirankullam (35 km) is a water Bird Sanctuary and is home to
many species throughout the year and the season is from November to February. The
spot Valinokkam (90 km) is a seaside village largely untouched by consumerism and
tourism. The water is clear and clean and ideal for swimming. The seaside is peppered
with little stalls selling wares of seashell art, corals, conches and palm leaf drawings.
It is hot and humid all through the year as the summer and winter temperatures do not
vary much. However, the months of Jan/ Feb are more comfortable than May/ June.