Chapter 17 Review

Chapter 17 Review

1. The continental crust is deepest beneath

a. oceans. c. valleys.

b. mountains. d. rivers.

2. Oceanic crust isa. thicker and less dense than continental crust.b. thinner and less dense than continental crust.c. thicker and more dense than continental crust.d. thinner and more dense than continental crust.

Chapter 17 Review

3. About 80 percent of Earth’s volume is made up of

a. crust. c. inner core.

b. mantle. d. outer core.

4. Earth’s inner core isa. hot and solid. c. cool and solid.b. hot and liquid. d. cool and liquid.

Chapter 17 Review5. Earth’s lithosphere is composed of

a. the crust only.

b. the mantle only.

c. the crust and the upper portion of the mantle.

d. the mantle and the upper portion of the outer core.

6. One hypothesis states that plate movement results from convection currents in the

a. mantle. c. lithosphere.b. asthenosphere. d. outer core.

Chapter 17 Review

8. A divergent boundary occurs where two platesa. move toward each other. b. move away from each other.c. move past each other.

d. move over each other.

7. A geologic feature of divergent plate boundaries in oceanic crust is the formation of

a. trenches. c. U-shaped valleys.b. fossils. d. rift valleys.

Chapter 17 Review

10. A convergent boundary occurs where two platesa. move toward each other. b. move away from each other. c. move past each other.d. move over each other.

9. A zone where oceanic crust dives beneath continental crust is called a zone of

a. subduction. c. reduction.b. divergence. d. rifting.

Chapter 17 Review

10. A convergent boundary occurs where two platesa. move toward each other. b. move away from each other. c. move past each other.d. move over each other.

11. A transform fault boundary occurs where two platesa. move toward each other. b. move away from each other. c. move past each other.d. move over each other.

Chapter 17 Review

13. Earthquakes occur mostlya. in the middle of continents. b. in the asthenosphere. c. at plate boundaries.d. at the edges of the continents.

12. The reversal of Earth's magnetic poles, as indicated by the rock on the ocean floor, occurs on average every

a. 100 000 years. c. 300 000 years.b. 200 000 years. d. 400 000 years.

Chapter 17 Review

15. Longitudinal wavesa. travel the fastest.

b. cannot be detected in locations between 105º and 140º from an earthquake's epicenter.

c. travel through solids and liquids.d. all of the above.

14. The breakage of rocks along a fault line releases energy in the form of

a. P waves. c. heat.b. seismic waves. d. light.

Chapter 17 Review

17. Waves that cause the most damage during an earthquake are

a. surface waves. c. S waves.b. P waves. d. ocean waves.

16. Which of the following is not a characteristic of S waves?a. travel slower than P waves.

b. cannot be detected in locations more than 105º from an earthquake's epicenter.

c. travel through solids and liquids.d. only affect coastal regions.

Chapter 17 Review

19. The minimum number of seismograph stations necessary to determine the location of an earthquake'sepicenter is

a. one. c. three.b. two. d. four.

18. A seismograph measuresa. how much the surface of Earth moves during an earthquake.b. the speed of S waves.c. the force of the earthquake.d. the location of the epicenter.

Chapter 17 Review

21. The magnitude of earthquakes is expressed usinga. the Richter scale. b. the Mercalli scale. c. the amplitude of the P waves.d. the Mohs’ scale.

20. Scientists can calculate the distance from the seismograph station to the focus using

a. the difference in arrival times of P and surface waves.b. the difference in arrival times of P and S waves.c. the difference in arrival times of S and surface waves.d. none of the above.

Chapter 17 Review

23. The magma of shield volcanoes is rich ina. nitrogen and oxygen. c. silica.b. magnesium and iron. d. hydrogen.

22. The magma released from volcanoes isa. material from the core.b. molten rocks from the mantle and crust.c. liquid iron and nickel.d. radioactive.

Chapter 17 Review

25. Composite volcanoes are made up ofa. many layers of cinders and lava.b. many layers of lava rich in magnesium and iron.c. many layers of cinders.d. many layers of metamorphic rock.

24. A cinder cone volcano is caused bya. converging plates.b. diverging plates.c. large amounts of gas trapped in the magma.d. vents.

Chapter 17 Review

27. Which of the following is not among the nine most common rock forming minerals?

a. calcite c. feldsparb. gold d. quartz

26. A minerala. has a chemical formula. b. occurs naturally. c. has a characteristic internal structure.d. all of the above

Chapter 17 Review

29. Which of the following is not a rock type?a. igneous c. cubicb. sedimentary d. metamorphic

28. Which of the following is not a rock?a. granite c. marbleb. shale d. diamond

Chapter 17 Review

31. Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks that can potentially contain

a. fossils. c. fractures.b. minerals. d. faults.

30. Igneous rock forms froma. weathered rock particles. b. evaporation of water. c. magma.d. none of the above.

Chapter 17 Review

32. Igneous rocks that have mineral crystals easily seen with the unaided eye formed

a. extrusively. c. under water.b. intrusively. d. through compaction.

31. Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks that can potentially contain

a. fossils. c. fractures.b. minerals. d. faults.

Chapter 17 Review

34. Limestone can be metamorphosed intoa. gneiss. c. marble.b. shale. d. slate.

33. Sedimentary rocks are named according toa. the type of minerals they contain. b. where they were formed. c. when they were formed.d. the size of the fragments they contain.

Chapter 17 Review

36. Rocks that are changed by heat and pressure will form

a. sedimentary rocks. c. igneous rocks.b. metamorphic rocks. d. magma.

35. Which type of rock is formed from weathering?a. metamorphic rock c. igneous rockb. magma d. minerals

Chapter 17 Review

37. The rock labeled "B" is

a. igneous. b. metamorphic.c. sedimentary.d. magma.

Chapter 17 Review

38. The rock labeled "A" is

a. igneous. b. metamorphic.c. sedimentary.d. magma.

Chapter 17 Review

40. Radioactive isotopes are used toa. determine the absolute age of rocks. b. determine the relative age of rocks. c. determine how rocks are formed.d. determine how rocks are changed.

39. The principle of superposition is used toa. determine the absolute age of rocks. b. determine how rocks are formed. c. determine the relative age of rocks.d. determine how rocks are changed.

Chapter 17 Review

42. The most effective agent of physical weathering and erosion is

a. water. c. gravity.b. wind. d. plant roots.

41. Weathering that does not alter the chemical composition of the rock is calleda. chemical weathering. c. biological weathering.b. physical weathering. d. acid weathering.

Chapter 17 Review

43. The process in which sediment is laid down is calleda. erosion. c. weathering.b. deposition. d. cementation.

44. Which of the following valley shapes would glaciers produce?a. A c. Cb B d. D

Chapter 17 Review

45. Carbonic acid dissolved in water is aa. physical weathering agent. b. chemical weathering agent. c. biological weathering agent.d. mechanical weathering agent.

46. Underground limestone caves forma. from cooling and solidification of magma below the

surface.b. from the compacting and cementing of weathered rock

fragments.c. oxidation decomposes the minerals in the rock.d. when the calcite is dissolved by carbonic acid in rainwater.

Chapter 17 Review

47. Rain is naturallya. slightly acidic. c. slightly basic.b. very acidic. d. very basic.